Stem Cell Travel

This report is published with the financial support of the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme European Commission-Directorate General Home Affairs. Timothy Caulfield led the group's discussion, wrote the first draft of the article, and integrated the co-authors' comments. W.D. led the group's discussion and participated in the writing of the article. M.B. participated in the group's discussions and/or provided comments to the draft. I.C. participated in the group's discussions and/or provided comments to the draft. I.C. participated in the group's discussions and/or provided comments to the draft. G.D. participated in the group's discussions and/or provided comments to the draft. J.G. participated in the group's discussions and/or provided comments to the draft. N.I. participated in the group's discussions and/or provided comments to the draft. M.S. participated in the group's discussions and/or provided comments to the draft.

This report is published with the financial support of the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme European Commission -Directorate General Home Affairs. The HOTT project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which can be made of the information contained therein. Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal P a g e 6 | 79 'organ vending'. Records were assessed based on eligibility criteria. The following records were excluded: offtopic records including tissue, blood, gamete, cell, bone marrow and all other articles not related to organ donation and transplantation; non-English titles; and all records published before 1 January 2000. Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal P a g e 10 | 79 Appendix 1 enclosed to this report presents the detailed search strategy. Priority was given to scientific works that present data based on qualitative and/or quantitative study methods. Studies that lacked (a clear description of) methodologies were carefully scrutinized and used only if they could be backed up by secondary, scientific sources. Care was also taken with the use of media sources, such as website contents and newspaper articles. We only used these sources if they could be confirmed by scientific studies.

This report is published with the financial support of the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme European Commission -Directorate General Home Affairs. The HOTT project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which can be made of the information contained therein. Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal P a g e 6 | 79 'organ vending'. Records were assessed based on eligibility criteria. The following records were excluded: offtopic records including tissue, blood, gamete, cell, bone marrow and all other articles not related to organ donation and transplantation; non-English titles; and all records published before 1 January 2000. Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal P a g e 10 | 79 Appendix 1 enclosed to this report presents the detailed search strategy. Priority was given to scientific works that present data based on qualitative and/or quantitative study methods. Studies that lacked (a clear description of) methodologies were carefully scrutinized and used only if they could be backed up by secondary, scientific sources. Care was also taken with the use of media sources, such as website contents and newspaper articles. We only used these sources if they could be confirmed by scientific studies.

The article aims to discuss the intricacies of the fertility industry in India through Raj Mehta’s directorial debut, Good Newws (2019). The movie serves as a social commentary by building upon the tragic switching of sperms between two infertile couples who decide to undergo In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) treatment. The film thereby reveals how healthcare corporations capitalise on socio-cultural politics of reproduction to commodify and market infertility solutions, which is then followed by a consistent disregard for patient-centred care. Within this context, the paper examines three components of the fertility industry operating in India. It commences by employing a feminist and sociological perspective to expose the ways in which societal and cultural obligations to have a child motivate infertile couples to seek treatment at IVF clinics. The second section uses Barthe’s concept of signification to delineate the marketing strategies that fertility clinics employ to attract desperate couples into availing their services. Finally, through the lens of the care ethics theory, the third section then explores the commercially motivated doctor-patient relationship in the fertility industry, which is characterised by a consistent violation of care ethics. Consequently, the study concludes by positioning Good Newwz (2019) within the continuum of infertility-themed Bollywood films, bringing fresh subjects of IVF technology and marketing to the forefront of conversations to raise critical awareness about the exploitative practices prevalent in the Indian healthcare system.

Physicians and other health care professionals seem well placed to play a role in the monitoring and, perhaps, in the curtailment of the trafficking in human beings for the purpose of organ removal. They serve as important sources of information for patients and may have access to information that can be used to gain a greater understanding of organ trafficking networks. However, well-established legal and ethical obligations owed to their patients can create challenging policy tensions that can make it difficult to implement policy action at the level of the physician/patient. In this article, we explore the role-and legal and ethical obligations-of physicians at 3 key stages of patient interaction: the information phase, the pretransplant phase, and the posttransplant phase. Although policy challenges remain, physicians can still play a vital role by, for example, providing patients with a frank disclosure of the relevant risks and harms associated with the illegal organ trade and an honest account of the physician's own moral objections. They can also report colleagues involved in the illegal trade to an appropriate regulatory authority. Existing legal and ethical obligations likely prohibit physicians from reporting patients who have received an illegal organ. However, given the potential benefits that may accrue from the collection of more information about the illegal transactions, this is an area where legal reform should be considered.

Physicians and other health care professionals seem well placed to play a role in the monitoring and, perhaps, in the curtailment of the trafficking in human beings for the purpose of organ removal. They serve as important sources of information for patients and may have access to information that can be used to gain a greater understanding of organ trafficking networks. However, well-established legal and ethical obligations owed to their patients can create challenging policy tensions that can make it difficult to implement policy action at the level of the physician/patient. In this article, we explore the role-and legal and ethical obligations-of physicians at 3 key stages of patient interaction: the information phase, the pretransplant phase, and the posttransplant phase. Although policy challenges remain, physicians can still play a vital role by, for example, providing patients with a frank disclosure of the relevant risks and harms associated with the illegal organ trade and an honest account of the physician's own moral objections. They can also report colleagues involved in the illegal trade to an appropriate regulatory authority. Existing legal and ethical obligations likely prohibit physicians from reporting patients who have received an illegal organ. However, given the potential benefits that may accrue from the collection of more information about the illegal transactions, this is an area where legal reform should be considered.

Kidney trade has been on the rise despite the domestic and international law enforcement aiming to protect the vulnerable population from potential exploitation. Regional hubs are emerging in several parts of the world including South Asia, Central America, the Middle East and East Asia. Kidney trade networks reported in these hot spots are often complex systems involving several players such as buyers, sellers and surgery countries operating across international borders so that they can bypass domestic laws in sellers and buyers' countries. The exact patterns of the country networks are, however, largely unknown due to the lack of a systematic approach to collect the data. Most of the kidney trade information is currently available in the form of case studies, court materials and news articles or reports, and no comprehensive database exists at this time. The present study thus explored online newspaper scraping to systematically collect 10 419 news articles from 24 major English newspapers in South Asia (January 2016 to May 2019) and build transnational kidney trade networks at the country level. Additionally, this study applied text mining techniques to extract words from each news article and developed machine learning algorithms to identify kidney trade and non-kidney trade news articles. Our findings suggest that online newspaper scraping coupled with the machine learning method is a promising approach to compile such data, especially in the dire shortage of empirical data.

Physicians and other health care professionals seem well placed to play a role in the monitoring and, perhaps, in the curtailment of the trafficking in human beings for the purpose of organ removal. They serve as important sources of information for patients and may have access to information that can be used to gain a greater understanding of organ trafficking networks. However, well-established legal and ethical obligations owed to their patients can create challenging policy tensions that can make it difficult to implement policy action at the level of the physician/patient. In this article, we explore the role-and legal and ethical obligations-of physicians at 3 key stages of patient interaction: the information phase, the pretransplant phase, and the posttransplant phase. Although policy challenges remain, physicians can still play a vital role by, for example, providing patients with a frank disclosure of the relevant risks and harms associated with the illegal organ trade and an honest account of the physician's own moral objections. They can also report colleagues involved in the illegal trade to an appropriate regulatory authority. Existing legal and ethical obligations likely prohibit physicians from reporting patients who have received an illegal organ. However, given the potential benefits that may accrue from the collection of more information about the illegal transactions, this is an area where legal reform should be considered.

This report is published with the financial support of the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme European Commission-Directorate General Home Affairs. The HOTT project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which can be made of the information contained therein.

This report is published with the financial support of the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme European Commission-Directorate General Home Affairs. The HOTT project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which can be made of the information contained therein. Appendix enclosed to this report presents the detailed search strategy. Priority was given to scientific works that present data based on qualitative and/or quantitative study methods. Studies that lacked (a clear description of) methodologies were carefully scrutinized and used only if they could be backed up by secondary, scientific sources. Care was also taken with the use of media sources, such as website contents and newspaper articles. We only used these sources if they could be confirmed by scientific studies.

This report is published with the financial support of the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme European Commission -Directorate General Home Affairs. The HOTT project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which can be made of the information contained therein. Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal P a g e 6 | 79 'organ vending'. Records were assessed based on eligibility criteria. The following records were excluded: offtopic records including tissue, blood, gamete, cell, bone marrow and all other articles not related to organ donation and transplantation; non-English titles; and all records published before 1 January 2000. Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal P a g e 10 | 79 Appendix 1 enclosed to this report presents the detailed search strategy. Priority was given to scientific works that present data based on qualitative and/or quantitative study methods. Studies that lacked (a clear description of) methodologies were carefully scrutinized and used only if they could be backed up by secondary, scientific sources. Care was also taken with the use of media sources, such as website contents and newspaper articles. We only used these sources if they could be confirmed by scientific studies.

This report is published with the financial support of the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme European Commission-Directorate General Home Affairs. The HOTT project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which can be made of the information contained therein. Appendix enclosed to this report presents the detailed search strategy. Priority was given to scientific works that present data based on qualitative and/or quantitative study methods. Studies that lacked (a clear description of) methodologies were carefully scrutinized and used only if they could be backed up by secondary, scientific sources. Care was also taken with the use of media sources, such as website contents and newspaper articles. We only used these sources if they could be confirmed by scientific studies.

This report is published with the financial support of the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme European Commission-Directorate General Home Affairs. The HOTT project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which can be made of the information contained therein. Appendix enclosed to this report presents the detailed search strategy. Priority was given to scientific works that present data based on qualitative and/or quantitative study methods. Studies that lacked (a clear description of) methodologies were carefully scrutinized and used only if they could be backed up by secondary, scientific sources. Care was also taken with the use of media sources, such as website contents and newspaper articles. We only used these sources if they could be confirmed by scientific studies.

The increasing demand for human egg cells has led to reproductive tourism and a transnational egg trade. The activity flourishes due to poverty and criminality, as well as medical needs (infertility) and cultural needs (the dream of parenthood). Other factors are fundamental concepts, such as the view of the body as an object of utility and value. This article aims to go behind the normative discussions that usually surround different forms of assisted reproductive technology (ART), fertility tourism, and the egg trade. It further calls for an understanding of how the local, culturally embedded use of reproductive technology is put into practice. The material,