Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius

The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of different Staphylococcus species isolated from pathological processes and lesions in domestic animals in the Czech Republic and to detect and describe oxacillin (methicillin)-resistant strains (MRS). During the years 2019–2020, a total of 5218 veterinary clinical samples from the Czech Republic were tested. Testing was performed by culture methods and typing by molecular phenotypic methods MALDI-TOF MS and PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the strains was performed by the disk diffusion method. A total of 854 staphylococci strains were identified (16.37% prevalence), out of which 43 strains of 6 species of staphylococci were MRS (n = 43; 0.82% prevalence). Of the MRS strains, the most prevalent species were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (n = 24; 0.46% prevalence) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 7; 0.13% prevalence). Susceptibility testing showed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and, depending on the species, al...

Canine dermatoses are commonly observed and are often caused by bacterial infections. One of the most prevalent pathogens responsible for various skin infections is Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Strains of Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which carry the mecA gene, pose a significant challenge due to their reduced sensitivity to standard antibiotics. The widespread use of antibiotics for animal development and treatment has made resistant S. aureus a major global health concern that impacts humans as well. In this study, clinical samples (skin swabs) were collected from dogs that had dermatoses. Skin samples from affected dogs were cultured to isolate bacterial colonies. The presence of the mecA and nuc genes was identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). An antibiotic sensitivity test was conducted to determine the resistance patterns of the isolated bacteria. Out of the 733 dogs screened for dermatoses, 107 were diagnosed with the condition, and 65 tested positive for bacteria. Among those, 41 had various bacterial infections, 6 were identified as MRSA, and 18 were S. aureus. These findings will provide valuable insights into the prevalence of MRSA in canine skin disorders and enhance our understanding of antimicrobial resistance within the field of veterinary medicine. Results of the study revealed the presence of the nuc and mecA genes in bacterial isolates obtained from cases of

The microbial communities on the skin of dogs include several species of bacteria, which contribute to skin health and disease. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, cultured at high frequency from the skin of dogs, is an opportunistic pathogen causing superficial pyoderma. Effective treatment against S. pseudintermedius infections is an important issue in veterinary medicine. However, multiple antibiotic-resistant mechanisms gradually developed by bacteria make treatment more challenging nowadays. Drug-resistant genes may have the chance to be transferred from infected dogs to other staphylococci in humans. The objective of this survey is to investigate the bacterial species that cause canine superficial pyoderma and characterize the antibiotic-resistant profiles and drug-resistant genes of isolated S. pseudintermedius. In addition, the possible risk factors causing S. pseudintermedius colonizing owners were also evaluated by a questionnaire survey. Sixty-five bacteria were isolated from dogs with superficial pyoderma, which included 47 S. pseudintermedius (72.3%), 12 other staphylococci (18.5%), 4 other Gram-positive bacteria (6.2%) and 2 Gram-negative bacteria (3.1%). Strains containing mecA and blaZ genes showed multiple-drug resistance characteristics. Dogs that received antimicrobial treatment within a recent month were at significantly higher risk of MRSP infections. Only five S. pseudintermedius strains (8.33%) were isolated from 60 samples of owners. Risk factor analysis indicated there was no significant association between S. pseudintermedius isolated from dogs and owners, but the "Keeping three or more dogs" and "Dogs can lick the owner's face" have high odds ratios of 3.503 and 5.712, respectively. MRSP isolates belonged to three different dru types, including dt11y (29.41%), dt11a (47.06%) and dt10cp (23.53%). In conclusion, the major pathogen of canine superficial pyoderma is found to be S. pseudintermedius in Taiwan, and isolates which are mecAor blaZ-positive are generally more resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Although S. pseudintermedius isolated from the owners might be transferred from their dogs, definite risk factors should be examined in the future study.

Caracterizada por um processo inflamatório no conduto auditivo externo a otite externa afeta grande parte dos pacientes na rotina clinica veterinária. Com patogenicidade fungica ou bacteriana, seu tratamento deve ser escolhido com base nos resultados dos exames clínicos e laboratoriais, desde a limpeza do conduto auditivo com soluções salinas e ceruminolíticos,  terapias antibióticas tópicas ou sistêmicas até intervenções cirúrgicas em casos mais graves. Dos pacientes estudados 16,6% dos animais possuíam uma infecção mista por Pseudomonas ssp. + Malassezia pachydermatis, 33,3% possuíam uma infecção mista por Staphylococcus ssp. + Malassezia pachydermatis, 25% possuíam infecção por Staphylococcus e 25% dos animais possuíam uma infecção causada somente por Malassezia pachydermatis. No teste de sensibilidade in vitro aos antimicrobianos alopáticos revelou que a amostra de Pseudomonas ssp foi sensível a todos os antimicrobianos testados. O isolamento de Staphylococcus ssp., Pseudomonas ...

The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens is one of the biggest threats to human health and food security. The discovery of new antibacterials, and in particular the finding of new scaffolds, is an imperative goal to stay ahead of the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Herein we report the synthesis of a 3-decyltetramic acid analogue of the ureido dipeptide natural antibiotic leopolic acid A. The key step in the synthetic strategy is an intramolecular Lacey-Dieckmann cyclization reaction of a linear precursor to obtain the desired 3-alkyl-substituted tetramic acid core. The synthesized analogue is more effective than the parent leopolic acid A against Gram-positive () and Gram-negative (. ) bacteria (MIC 8 µg/mL and 64 µg/mL, respectively). Interestingly, the compound shows a significant activity against strains expressing a multidrug-resistant phenotype (average MIC 32 µg/mL on 30 strains tested). These results suggest that this molecule can be considered a promisi...

RESUMO.-[Atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do extrato orgânico de Cladonia substellata Vainio e ácido úsnico frente Staphylococcus spp. obtidos de cães e gatos.] Cladonia substellata Vainio é um líquen encontrado em diversos continentes do mundo, inclusive no nordeste do Brasil, possui vários metabólitos secundários com atividade biológica, entre eles, o ácido úsnico, que tem apresentado uma vasta gama de atividades biológicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do extrato orgânico de C. substellata e do ácido úsnico purificado.

Biofilm-forming ability is increasingly being recognized as an important virulence factor in several Staphylococcus species. This study evaluated the biofilm-forming ability of sixty canine derived clinical isolates of S. pseudintermedius, using three phenotypic methods, microtiter plate test (MtP), Congo red agar method (CRA) and tube adherence test, and the presence and impact of biofilm-associated genes (icaA and icaD). The results showed that icaA and icaD genes were detected concomitantly in 55 (91.7%) of 60 isolates. A majority (88.3%) of the strains screened had matching results by the tube adherence test, MtP and PCR analysis. Better agreement (95%) was found between the PCR-based analysis and the CRA. Results of the icaA and icaD gene PCRs showed good agreement with CRA results, with a kappa of 0.7. Comparing the phenotypic methods, the statistical analysis showed that the agreement among the phenotypical tests using categorical data was generally good. Considering two classes (biofilm producer and biofilm non-producer), the percentage of matching results between the CRA method and the tube adherence test and between the CRA method and the MtP was 93.3%. A concordance of 100% was revealed between the MtP and the tube adherence test. The results indicate a high prevalence of the ica genes within S. pseudintermedius isolates, and their presence is associated with in vitro formation of a biofilm. A combination of phenotypic and genotypic tests is recommended for investigating biofilm formation in S. pseudintermedius.

ABST RACT Antimicrobial resistance is of great concern in human and veterinary medicine. Corticosteroid treatment is often administered together with antibiotics or prior to antibiotic treatment which might influence antibacterial resistance to Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. The objective of this study was to examine whether there is an association between corticosteroid treatment and either methicillin, quinolone or multidrug resistance to Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in dogs presented to the Dermatology Department of the veterinary teaching hospital. Medical records were collected from 138 dogs with pyoderma and otitis externa from which Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was isolated. The bacteria was isolated by bacterial culture and sensitivity tests were performed. Information regarding prior systemic or topical antimicrobial exposure and prior systemic or topical corticosteroid exposure was collected. An association between antibiotic treatment (AB) and multidrug resistance...

Increased emergence and spread of multidrug resistant bacteria including methicillin resistant S. aureus(MRSA) and their biofilms have created immense clinical problem in treatment of bacterial diseases. Biofilms are difficult to eradicate with standard antimicrobial treatments due to high antibiotic resistance level compared to free living cells. Biofilm formation by isolated S. aureus was first assayed by macro tube and microtitre plate assays. We demonstrate here that the selected essential oils and some of their compounds (eugenol, cinnamaldehyde,citral and geraniol) showed varying levels of antibacterial activity and sub-MICs of these agents effectively inhibit biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus strains. The order of antibacterial activity was found as T. vulgaris> S. aromaticum> eugenol> cinnamaldehyde> citral> C. citratus> C. martini> geraniol> C. nardus. The antibofilm activity of tested oil (Thymus vulgaris) and compounds (eugenol) at 2xMIC v...

Helicobacter pylori is a microaerophilic bacterium that chronically infects the human gastric mucosa. Infections caused by this pathogen are difficult to treat, mainly due to the increased resistance of this species to conventional antibiotics. Therefore, it is important to develop antibiotic alternative or complementary approaches to tackle H. pylori infections. Bacterio(phages) have proven to be efficient antibacterial agents, however it is very difficult to isolate strictly lytic phages infecting H. pylori. Nevertheless, this bacterial species presents prophages in their genomes and although strictly lytic phages have been consensually preferred for phage therapy purposes, temperate prophages holds a great but an exploited potential. In the present work, we developed a new PCR-based screening method to detect the presence of prophages genes in a set of H. pylori Portuguese clinical strains. The genomes of selected strains were then sequenced using a combined Illumina platform and...

A female adult red fox was found dead in the Flemish countryside (Belgium). At necropsy, a pronounced global distention of the uterus was noted with a prominent dilation of the upper end of the right horn and two dilations of the external wall (myometrium) of the left horn. The uterine lumen was filled with a green to yellowish pasty material. A pure culture of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was isolated. The diagnosis of pyometra caused by S. pseudintermedius was made. Pyometra in wild canids has been rarely reported. The cause of death is suggested to be similar to the cause described in dogs, namely septic shock. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case report of closed pyometra with isolation of S. pseudintermedius in a red fox. Een vrouwelijke volwassen vos die dood werd aangetroffen op een veld in Vlaanderen (België) werd binnengebracht voor autopsie. De uterus was opvallend vergroot met dilatatie van de rechterhoorntop en dilataties van het myometrium van de linkerhoorn. Het lumen van de uterus was gevuld met groengele pasteuze inhoud. Het bacteriologisch onderzoek van deze inhoud resulteerde in een reincultuur van Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. De diagnose van pyometra veroorzaakt door S. pseudintermedius werd gesteld. Pyometra bij wilde hondachtigen is zelden beschreven. Er wordt aangenomen dat de reden van sterfte gelijkaardig is aan die bij de hond, namelijk septische shock. Volgens de auteurs is dit het eerste beschreven geval van een gesloten pyometra met isolatie van S. pseudointermedius bij een volwassen vos.

Biofilm-forming ability is increasingly being recognized as an important virulence factor in several Staphylococcus species. This study evaluated the biofilm-forming ability of sixty canine derived clinical isolates of S. pseudintermedius, using three phenotypic methods, microtiter plate test (MtP), Congo red agar method (CRA) and tube adherence test, and the presence and impact of biofilm-associated genes (icaA and icaD). The results showed that icaA and icaD genes were detected concomitantly in 55 (91.7%) of 60 isolates. A majority (88.3%) of the strains screened had matching results by the tube adherence test, MtP and PCR analysis. Better agreement (95%) was found between the PCR-based analysis and the CRA. Results of the icaA and icaD gene PCRs showed good agreement with CRA results, with a kappa of 0.7. Comparing the phenotypic methods, the statistical analysis showed that the agreement among the phenotypical tests using categorical data was generally good. Considering two classes (biofilm producer and biofilm non-producer), the percentage of matching results between the CRA method and the tube adherence test and between the CRA method and the MtP was 93.3%. A concordance of 100% was revealed between the MtP and the tube adherence test. The results indicate a high prevalence of the ica genes within S. pseudintermedius isolates, and their presence is associated with in vitro formation of a biofilm. A combination of phenotypic and genotypic tests is recommended for investigating biofilm formation in S. pseudintermedius.

Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) can be challenging to treat because they are often resistant to many other antimicrobial agents. We assessed the susceptibility of 29 MRSP isolates from dogs to taurolidine in vitro. There was no growth at 0.12% taurolidine and light growth at 0.06% for all isolates. Taurolidine was reliable at inhibiting growth of MRSP at a concentration of 1,200 µg/mL.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) have been recognized as significant pathogens in veterinary medicine. There have been documented cases of MRSA infection and colonization in veterinary critical care units, in veterinary personnel, and in equine and feline patients. To date, there have been no studies examining the prevalence of MRSA or MRSP colonization of cats and dogs in animal shelters in the United States. The purpose of the current study was to determine the prevalence of MRSA and MRSP in cats and dogs in a northern Colorado animal shelter. Samples were collected from 200 cats and 200 dogs in an open admission shelter. Each species was divided into 2 smaller groups: 100 dogs or cats housed in the stray ward and 100 dogs or cats housed in the adoption area. Samples were evaluated for the prevalence of MRSA or MRSP, which was verified through aerobic culture and Kirby-Bauer agar disc diffusion to confirm antimicrobial sensitivity. Results revealed MRSA in 0.5% of cat samples, MRSA in 0.5% of dog samples, and MRSP in 3% of dog samples. These results are consistent with previously published prevalence rates for these 2 organisms in non-shelter populations of dogs and cats, indicating that cats and dogs from this Colorado shelter do not appear to pose any greater risk to the public than do cats and dogs in the general pet population.

Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) can be challenging to treat because they are often resistant to many other antimicrobial agents. We assessed the susceptibility of 29 MRSP isolates from dogs to taurolidine in vitro. There was no growth at 0.12% taurolidine and light growth at 0.06% for all isolates. Taurolidine was reliable at inhibiting growth of MRSP at a concentration of 1,200 µg/mL.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether S. pseudintermedius is misdiagnosed as S. aureus by clinical laboratories when isolated from humans with dog bite wounds. In addition, we attempted to determine whether S. pseudintermedius isolates related to dog bite wounds share phenotypic and genotypic traits. S. pseudintermedius was identified by PCR targeting the nuc gene. Isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility using VetMIC GP-mo microdilution panels. The occurrence of genes encoding leukocidins, exfoliatins, pyrogenic toxin superantigens and enterotoxins was determined by PCR. The relatedness of S. pseudintermedius isolates was investigated using Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST). Out of 101 isolates defined as S. aureus by human clinical microbiology laboratories, 13 isolates were re-identified as S. pseudintermedius and one isolate was confirmed to carry the mecA gene, i.e. methicillin-resistant (MRSP). The MRSP isolate was also defined as multi-resistant. Two...

The rise of drug-resistant bacteria, particularly in animals, poses a major challenge in veterinary medicine. Antibiotic development lags behind the increasing resistance. To tackle this, alternative therapies have been explored, such as the use of natural products and plant extracts. This study evaluates the laboratory efficacy of plant derivatives of the Alliaceae group (which includes garlic and onion) as antimicrobial agents, with encouraging results. Although further research is needed, these findings suggest a potential role for these natural compounds in veterinary medicine.

The ability of biofilm formation seems to play an important role in the virulence of staphylococci. However, studies reporting biofilm formation of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from animals are still very scarce. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the biofilm-forming capacity of CoNS and S. pseudintermedius isolated from several animal species and to investigate the effect of conventional antimicrobials on biofilm reduction. A total of 35 S. pseudintermedius and 192 CoNS were included. Biofilm formation was accessed by the microtiter plate assay and the biofilms were stained by crystal violet. Association between biofilm formation and staphylococci species and antimicrobial resistance was also performed. Biofilm susceptibility testing was performed with tetracycline and amikacin at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and 10 × MIC. The metabolic activity of the biofilm cells after antimicrobial treatment was accessed by the XTT assay. All isolates formed biofilm, with S. ...

Frequent occurrence of microbial resistance to biocides makes it necessary to find alternative antimicrobial substances for modern veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to obtain biodegradable silver nanoparticle-containing (AgNPs) foils synthesized using non-toxic chemicals and evaluation of their activity against bacterial pathogens isolated from oral cavities of cats, dogs and horses. Silver nanoparticle foils were synthesized using sodium alginate, and glucose, maltose and xylose were used as reducing agents. The sizes of AgNPs differed depending on the reducing agent used (xylose < maltose < glucose). Foil without silver nanoparticles was used as control. Bacterial strains were isolated from cats, dogs and horses by swabbing their oral cavities. Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli were isolated on selective chromogenic microbiological media. The bactericidal effect of AgNPs foils obtained using non-toxic chemical compounds against E. coli, ESBL, S. aureus and MRSA isolated from oral cavities of selected animals was confirmed in this study. No statistically significant differences were observed between the foils obtained with different reducing agents. Therefore, all types of examined foils proved to be effective against the isolated bacteria.

Genetic characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) from Thailand and Israel revealed the presence of a predominant atypical clonal lineage which was not typeable by SmaI-PFGE and SCCmec typing. All the atypical isolates (n ‫؍‬ 34) belonged to CC45 (30 ST45 and 2 ST179 isolates, 1 ST57 isolate, and 1 ST85 isolate). The isolates originated from healthy and diseased dogs and cats, as well as from the environment of one clinic. Cfr9I-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (Cfr9I-PFGE) and dru typing permitted the further distinction of CC45 isolates from the two different countries. Microarray analysis identified genes that confer resistance to ␤-lactams (mecA; blaZ), aminoglycosides [aac(6=)-Ie-aph(2=)-Ia; aph(3=)-III; ant(6)-Ia], macrolides and lincosamides [erm(B)], tetracyclines [tet(M)], trimethoprim [dfr(G)], streptothricin (sat4), and chloramphenicol (cat pC221). Fluoroquinolone resistance was attributed to specific amino acid substitutions, i.e., Ser84Leu in GyrA and Ser80Ile and Asp84Asn in GrlA. A novel pseudo-staphylococcal cassette chromosome (⌿SCCmec 57395) element was identified in MRSP strain 57395 (sequence type ST45) by whole-genome sequencing. The 12,282-bp ⌿SCCmec 57395 element contained a class C1 mec gene complex but no ccr genes. In addition to the methicillin resistance gene mecA, ⌿SCCmec 57395 also carried determinants of resistance to heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, and copper. Bsu36I restriction analysis of the ⌿SCCmec 57395 element amplified by long-range PCR revealed the presence of ⌿SCCmec 57395 in the 33 additional isolates of MRSP CC45. The ⌿SCCmec 57395 element represents a new class of SCCmec and has been identified in MRSP of CC45, which is a predominant clonal lineage in Israel and Thailand.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates harbor two new staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements that belong to class A, allotype 3 (SCCmec II-III), and to the new allotype 5 (SCCmec VII). Analysis of the complete nucleotide sequences of the topoisomerase loci gyrB/gyrA and grlB/grlA revealed mutations involved in fluoroquinolone resistance.

The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA, hsp60, nuc, sodA, tagAHGBD, dnaJ and rpoB gene sequences of strain MI 10-1553 T are KY019172, KY056141, KY056142, KY056143, KY056144, KY496628 and KY496627 respectively. The complete genome sequence of strain MI 10-1553 T has been deposited into GenBank under accession numbers CP048279. The associated BioProject and BioSample accession numbers are PRJNA602989 and SAMN13915443, respectively. The raw reads were deposited into the SRA database with accession numbers SRR10973935 (Illumina) and SRR10973936 (ONT). Four supplementary figures are available with the online version of this article.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an opportunistic pathogen in dogs. Four housekeeping genes with allelic polymorphisms were identified and used to develop an expanded multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme. The new seven-locus technique shows S. pseudintermedius to have greater genetic diversity than previous methods and discriminates more isolates based upon host origin.

Bacterial keratitis is a serious and vision-threatening condition in veterinary and human patients, one that often requires culture and susceptibility testing to adjust therapy and improve clinical outcomes. The present study challenges the antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) paradigm in ophthalmology, enabling more accurate in vitro-to-in vivo translation by incorporating factors normally present during host-pathogen interactions in clinical patients. Thirty bacteria (10 Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, 10 Streptococcus canis, 10 Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were isolated from canine patients with infectious keratitis. For each isolate, commercial plates (Sensititre™ JOEYE2) were used to assess the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 17 different antibiotics in the absence (0% albumin, control) or presence of canine albumin (0.01–2%). For Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, the experiment was repeated with actual tear fluid collected from canine eyes with ocular surface inflam...

Background and Aim: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus aureus are common colonizing pathogens in companion animals. These opportunistic pathogens can cause infections of varying frequency and severity in humans and pets. Studies on Staphylococcus colonization in veterinarians are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the colonization of the nostrils and hands by S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and S. pseudintermedius among healthy clinical practice veterinarians in the province of Malaga (Spain), with a particular focus on their potential antibiotic resistance.

Materials and Methods: A request for voluntary participation was extended to professionals from the Official College of Veterinarians of Malaga. Nasal and hand swabs were collected by two trained technicians in January 2024, and all samples were delivered to the laboratory within 24 h. Gram staining, catalase, oxidase, and coagulase tests were performed. The susceptibility of the isolated bacteria to 11 antibiotics was evaluated.

Results: A total of 50 clinical practice veterinarians were enrolled in the study, comprising 36 women and 14 men from 31 veterinary clinics across Málaga province. A total of 32% of the nasal samples yielded S. aureus, whereas 64% were found to contain S. epidermidis. In total, 30% of the hand samples yielded S. aureus and 30% yielded S. epidermidis. The participants did not exhibit any strains of S. pseudintermedius in their nasal samples or hands. Two strains (11.1%) of methicillin-resistant S. aureus were isolated from 18 strains isolated from nostrils. Furthermore, a high prevalence of S. aureus strains resistant to ampicillin (94.4%) and amoxicillin (72.2%) was observed.

Conclusion: The colonization profiles of veterinary professionals were similar to those observed in the general population. Further research is required among veterinary professionals, companion animals, and their owners to better understand the colonization processes and the pet-human interface within a “One Health” approach.

Keywords: antibiotic resistance, drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, one health, Seroprevalence, Staphylococcus colonization, veterinarians.

This study determined the diversity of species and antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci isolated from dogs with a presumptive diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI). Urine samples from 348 dogs with clinical signs of UTI, according to clinical examination and urinalysis, were processed for isolation of Staphylococcus. Colonies in pure culture were identified by biochemical reactions and tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials. Seventy isolates of staphylococci were obtained (20.1%). Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was the most frequent species (32.8%), followed by S. epidermidis (18.6%), S. simulans (15.7%), S. schleiferi schleiferi (11.4%), S. aureus (11.4%), S. schleiferi coagulans (7.2%) and S. saprophyticus (2.9%). All the isolates were resistant to at least 1 drug and 77.1% were multiresistant. The study reports the alarming antimicrobial resistance of members of the Staphylococcus genus isolated from canine UTI and highlights the importance of coagulase-negativ...

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the predominant coagulase-positive species in the normal flora of dogs and cats. It can be isolated from the nares, mouth, anus, groin and forehead of healthy dogs and cats. S. pseudintermedius is an opportunistic pathogen most frequently encountered in canine and feline skin and ear infections. Methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) emerged in Brazil in the late nineties. Today, two different clones dominate in the population of dogs and cats. Dominant European clone ST71 appeared in Germany in 2005 and has rapidly spread around the world, while lineage ST68 dominates in North America. Both clones are multiresistant and present one of the biggest problems of antimicrobial resistance in the veterinary medicine. Besides all beta-lactam antimicrobials, they are typically resistant to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, lincosamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol and in many cases to tetracycline and chloramphenicol. The treatment ...

Time-kill curves (TKCs) are more informative compared with the use of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as they allow the capture of bacterial growth and the development of drug killing rates over time, which allows to compute key pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters. Our study aimed, using a semi-mechanistic mathematical model, to estimate the best pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices (ƒAUC/MIC or %ƒT &gt; MIC) for the prediction of clinical efficacy of veterinary FQs in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli collected from canine pyoderma cases with a focus on the comparison between marbofloxacin and pradofloxacin. Eight TCKs for each bacterial species (4 susceptible and 4 resistant) were analysed in duplicate. The best PK/PD index was ƒAUC24h/MIC in both staphylococci and E. coli. For staphylococci, values of 25–40 h were necessary to achieve a bactericidal effect, whereas the calculated values (25–35 h) for E. coli were lower than...

The Staphylococcus pseudintermedius group (SIG) is an emerging threat in veterinary medicine, particularly methicillin-resistant (MRSP) isolates, which are frequently associated with multidrug resistance. Reliable identification of SIG members is critical to establish correct antimicrobial treatments. However, information on the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns of MRSP in some regions is still limited. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial resistance of SIG isolates recovered from animals at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Complutense University of Madrid (Spain) during a 10-year period (2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016). A total of 139 selected Staphylococcus isolates were subjected to species-level identification by different bioanalytical techniques (PCR, VITEK, MALDI-TOF) and subsequent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Methicillin-resistant isolates (n = 20) were subjected to whole genome sequencing for further characterization of their antibiotic resistance determinants. Our results showed that there was a good correlation between PCR and MALDI-TOF identification, whereas VITEK showed very divergent results, thus confirming MALDI-TOF as a good alternative for species-level identification of coagulase-positive staphylococci. Notably, S. pseudintermedius, including the epidemic MRSP genotype ST71, was the only SIG species found among canine isolates. In addition, we found a high prevalence of multidrug resistance and resistance to fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins and macrolides. Finally, diverse genes associated with antibiotic resistance were detected among MRSP isolates, although the genetic basis of some of the resistant phenotypes (particularly to fluoroquinolones) could not be determined. In conclusion, our study reveals the circulation of MRSP in the veterinary setting in Spain, thus highlighting the emerging threat posed by this bacterial group and the need for further epidemiological surveillance.

Background Methicillin-resistant staphylococci can colonize and cause diseases in companion animals. Unfortunately, few molecular studies have been carried out in Brazil and other countries with the aim of characterizing these isolates. Consequently, little is known about the potential role of companion animals in transmitting these resistant bacteria to humans. In this work we searched for mecA gene among Staphylococcus isolates obtained from nasal microbiota of 130 healthy dogs and cats attended in a veterinary clinic located in the west region of Rio de Janeiro. The isolates recovered were identified to the species level and characterized using molecular tools. Results A community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) isolate related to USA1100 (Southwest Pacific clone) and susceptible to all non-β-lactams was detected in a cat (1.7%, 1/60). Another coagulase-positive isolate harboring mecA was recovered from a dog (1.4%, 1/70) and identified as Staphyloc...

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is considered a primary pathogen of canine skin and soft tissue infections, which can be found in several sites of the body, including nares, perineum-rectum, and mouth. The importance of this bacteria has brought this study to determine the carriage and antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. pseudintermedius from dogs, personnel (Veterinarians and Animal health attendants), and surfaces (door handles, examination tables, weighing scales, thermometers, drip stands and trays, floors, and refrigerators doors) at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Two hundred and ten (n = 210) swab samples were collected and continued to phenotypic bacteriologic culture identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Fifty (50) questionnaires were collected from dog owners for demographic information and other variables. The result showed that 65.7% (138/210) of S. pseudintermedius phenotypes were recovered from dogs, surfaces, and personnel. Overall, male dogs had a higher carriage of 73.3% (11/15) than females of 65.7% (23/35). The total carriage per body part was 74% (37/50) in the nasal cavity, 72% (36/50) in the perineum, and 58% (29/50) in the oral cavity. A total of dogs sampled 10% (5/50) had a history of previous surgeries within the last 6 months and 64% (32/50) of antimicrobial use for either prophylaxis or therapeutic purposes. Frequency of dog baths showed 42% (21/50) at least twice a week, while the others 58% (29/50) responded that they bathed their dogs if only necessary. All personnel revealed 100% (10/10) of S. pseudintermedius phenotypes in their nasal cavity, while 52% (26/50) of surfaces within the Veterinary Hospital were contaminated with S. pseudintermedius. Seventy-one 71% of the Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR) phenotypes, with a very high resistance to tetracycline (67.6%) and erythromycin (44.9%).

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is considered a primary pathogen of canine skin and soft tissue infections, which can be found in several sites of the body, including nares, perineum-rectum, and mouth. The importance of this bacteria has brought this study to determine the carriage and antimicrobial resistance profiles of S. pseudintermedius from dogs, personnel (Veterinarians and Animal health attendants), and surfaces (door handles, examination tables, weighing scales, thermometers, drip stands and trays, floors, and refrigerators doors) at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Two hundred and ten (n = 210) swab samples were collected and continued to phenotypic bacteriologic culture identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Fifty (50) questionnaires were collected from dog owners for demographic information and other variables. The result showed that 65.7% (138/210) of S. pseudintermedius phenotypes were recovered from dogs, surfaces, and personnel. Overall, male dogs had a higher carriage of 73.3% (11/15) than females of 65.7% (23/35). The total carriage per body part was 74% (37/50) in the nasal cavity, 72% (36/50) in the perineum, and 58% (29/50) in the oral cavity. A total of dogs sampled 10% (5/50) had a history of previous surgeries within the last 6 months and 64% (32/50) of antimicrobial use for either prophylaxis or therapeutic purposes. Frequency of dog baths showed 42% (21/50) at least twice a week, while the others 58% (29/50) responded that they bathed their dogs if only necessary. All personnel revealed 100% (10/10) of S. pseudintermedius phenotypes in their nasal cavity, while 52% (26/50) of surfaces within the Veterinary Hospital were contaminated with S. pseudintermedius. Seventy-one 71% of the Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR) phenotypes, with a very high resistance to tetracycline (67.6%) and erythromycin (44.9%).

Objectives: Methicillin-resistant staphylococci, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP), pose a threat to animal and human health worldwide. Veterinary staff and pets may play a role in the spread of resistant clones. Methods: A total of 125 samples from veterinary staff (n = 50), dogs (n = 49) and cats (n = 26) were investigated. Obtained isolates were tested for the methicillin resistance gene mecA and were subjected to multiplex PCR to differentiate coagulase-positive species. Following SCCmec and spa typing, isolates were tested for the presence of various toxin and virulence genes and phenotypic resistance to common antimicrobials. Results: Overall, 4 MRSA were isolated from two veterinarians and two dogs and 19 MRSP were found in eleven dogs (12 isolates) and five cats (7 isolates). The MRSA isolates possessed sea (2) and eta (3) virulence genes and the MRSP isolates possessed sea (6), expA (15), expB (1) and siet (19) genes. SCCmec type II and three spa types (t186, t1816 and t10897) were identified in the MRSA isolates. Most of the MRSP isolates belonged to SCCmec types II (2 isolates) and V (10 isolates); however, the remaining 7 isolates were untypeable and contained class C1 mec. The majority of isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Conclusion: These findings show that pets and veterinarians could be potential sources of MDR-MRSA and MDR-MRSP in Iran. Taken together, these findings warrant future investigations on the epidemiology and public-health significance of MDR-MRSA and MDR-MRSP both in veterinarians and companion animals in Iran.

Resistance in canine pathogenic staphylococci is necessitating re-evaluation of the current antimicrobial treatments especially for biofilm-associated infections. Long, repeated treatments are often required to control such infections due to the tolerance of bacteria within the biofilm. To comply with the goal of better antibiotic stewardship in veterinary medicine, the efficacies of the available drugs need to be directly assessed on bacterial biofilms. We compared the activities of amoxicillin, cefalexin, clindamycin, doxycycline, and marbofloxacin on in vitro biofilms of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus aureus. Exposure of biofilms for 15 h to maximum concentrations of the antibiotics achievable in canine plasma only reduced biofilm bacteria by 0.5-2.0 log 10 CFU, compared to the control, except for marbofloxacin which reduced S. aureus biofilms by 5.4 log 10 CFU. Two-antibiotic combinations did not improve, and even decreased, bacterial killing. In comparison, 5 min-exposure to 2% chlorhexidine reduced biofilms of the two tested strains by 4 log 10 CFU. Our results showed that S. pseudintermedius and S. aureus biofilms were highly tolerant to all the drugs tested, consistent with the treatment failures observed in practice. Under our in vitro conditions, the use of chlorhexidine was more efficacious than antimicrobials to reduce S. pseudintermedius biofilm.

Background -Elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels to Malassezia or Staphylococcus species in human atopic dermatitis are related to the skin severity index; a similar association has not been reported in atopic dogs. Objectives -To investigate serum levels of allergen-specific IgE, total specific IgG and IgG subclasses (IgG1 and IgG2) for M. pachydermatis and S. pseudintermedius, and to correlate them with the severity of dermatitis in dogs. Animals -Serum samples were collected from dogs categorized by age and disease status. Groups 1 and 2: <3year-old healthy (n = 9) and atopic dogs (n = 9), respectively; and groups 3 and 4: ≥3-year-old healthy (n = 11) and atopic dogs (n = 14), respectively. Methods and materials -Antibody levels were measured by ELISA. The Canine Atopic Dermatitis Lesion Index (CADLI) was analyzed in relation to antibody levels. Results -Specific IgE and total IgG against M. pachydermatis and S. pseudintermedius were significantly increased in atopic dogs of all ages. Although differences between atopic and healthy dogs, with regard to specific IgG1 and IgG2 levels to each microbe, varied in significance within age groups. No significant relationships were found between the CADLI and any specific immunoglobulin levels for both microbe types. Conclusions and clinical importance -In dog skin, microbes may act as allergens triggering inflammatory responses via IgE-and IgG-dependent pathway(s). The affinity of the IgG subclass produced may vary according to antigen type. Specific IgE levels may be related to clinical disease in dogs and not to skin lesion severity.

BackgroundElevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels to Malassezia or Staphylococcus species in human atopic dermatitis are related to the skin severity index; a similar association has not been reported in atopic dogs.ObjectivesTo investigate serum levels of allergen‐specific IgE, total specific IgG and IgG subclasses (IgG1 and IgG2) for M. pachydermatis and S. pseudintermedius, and to correlate them with the severity of dermatitis in dogs.AnimalsSerum samples were collected from dogs categorized by age and disease status. Groups 1 and 2: &lt;3‐year‐old healthy (n = 9) and atopic dogs (n = 9), respectively; and groups 3 and 4: ≥3‐year‐old healthy (n = 11) and atopic dogs (n = 14), respectively.Methods and materialsAntibody levels were measured by ELISA. The Canine Atopic Dermatitis Lesion Index (CADLI) was analyzed in relation to antibody levels.ResultsSpecific IgE and total IgG against M. pachydermatis and S. pseudintermedius were significantly increased in atopic dogs of all ages. Al...

The normal oral flora comprises a diverse group of microorganisms and then 300 species inhabit the oral cavity of which about 50 are found routinely and account for the majority of the cultivable strains, these factors, together with the fact that the indigenous microbiota plays an important role in health and disease of a human and animals.It contribute to the development of the immune system and provide resistance to colonization by allochthonous or pathogenic microorganisms. The aim of our study is to determine the most frequent microorganisms as normal flora in healthy individuals. A total of 30 healthy students, all belongs to Jinnah University for Women of same age group were studied. Throat swabs were plated with human-blood agar, chocolate agar and apply bacitracin disk on both plates, SDA agar were incubating for 24 hours for isolation of Candida species. Organisms were cultured on Blood agar, SDA agar, Mannitol salt agar to observe the colonies. Different spot test like catalase and coagulase test were performed for identification of Staphylococcus species. Identification was also done by microscopic examination by gram stain. Catalase-positive, gram-positive rods were found to be as most frequent microorganisms as normal flora of healthy students and were only microorganisms detected 46.6% and total Staphylococcus species were (30%); Staphylococcus aureus (13%) and other Staphylococcus species (17 %) where as Streptococcus species (catalase-negative gram positive cocci) isolated from oral specimen of healthy individuals.

The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) that causes pyoderma has been gradually shifting, according to many surveillance studies, with annual changes. The empirical co-trimoxazole regimen remains interesting, but research on co-trimoxazole susceptibility to MRSP is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of co-trimoxazole to canine pyoderma MRSP isolates. Sixty isolates of S. pseudintermedius were identified as 16 MRSP and 44 methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) using an oxacillin disk diffusion test and VITEK 2 system with VITEK GP card. Using the VITEK 2 system with a VITEK AST-GP81 card, the susceptibility rates of MRSP (15.00%) and MSSP (35.00%) to co-trimoxazole was observed. The median MIC of co-trimoxazole on MSSP (median, ≤10; IQR, 10–320) was lower than that of MRSP (median, ≥320; IQR, 10–320) (p = 0.5889, Mann-Whitney test). Percent attainment of PK/PD targets in MRSP (q 12 h, 43.75; q 8 h...

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the predominant coagulase-positive species in the normal flora of dogs and cats. It can be isolated from the nares, mouth, anus, groin and forehead of healthy dogs and cats. S. pseudintermedius is an opportunistic pathogen most frequently encountered in canine and feline skin and ear infections. Methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) emerged in Brazil in the late nineties. Today, two different clones dominate in the population of dogs and cats. Dominant European clone ST71 appeared in Germany in 2005 and has rapidly spread around the world, while lineage ST68 dominates in North America. Both clones are multiresistant and present one of the biggest problems of antimicrobial resistance in the veterinary medicine. Besides all beta-lactam antimicrobials, they are typically resistant to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, lincosamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol and in many cases to tetracycline and chloramphenicol. The treatment of MRSP infections is a new challenge in veterinary medicine because of the very limited therapeutic options. The multidrug-resistance pattern results in a potential pressure for veterinarians to use antimicrobials licensed in human medicine, such as vancomycin, mupirocin and rifampicin. This opens ethical questions because of the possible emergence of resistance to these antimicrobials. Although the zoonotic potential is much lower than for MRSA, veterinarians are at a higher risk for becoming colonized and should be aware of the zoonotic risk.

Staphylococcus intermedius from pigeons, dogs, foxes, mink, and horses, was characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to evaluate the use of this typing method for discriminating among strains. SmaI cut the chromosomal DNA into 7-13 fragments ranging from approximately 48 kb to 655 kb, with most of the detectable fragments being smaller than 172 kb. S. intermedius from various animals had a high degree of restriction fragment length polymorphism. Pigeon strains have a similar genotype, despite the difference in their isolation area. Phage typing indicated that the dog, fox, and mink strains belong to the canine I or canine II type. The PFGE method further differentiated the mink strains from the dog and fox strains with regard to three fragments between 256 kb and 570 kb. As such, genomic DNA fingerprinting by PFGE appears to be an effective technique for discriminating S. intermedius strains from various animals. A combination of PFGE typing and phage typing would provide more detailed information than the single method for ecological investigations of S. intermedius.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a commensal bacterium and a major opportunistic pathogen of dogs. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) is also becoming a serious concern. We carried out a population genomics study of 130 clinical S. pseudintermedius isolates from dogs and cats in the New England region of the United States. Results revealed the co-circulation of phylogenetically diverse lineages that have access to a large pool of accessory genes. Many MRSP and multidrug-resistant clones have emerged through multiple independent, horizontal acquisition of resistance determinants and frequent genetic exchange that disseminate DNA to the broader population. When compared to a Texas population, we found evidence of clonal expansion of MRSP lineages that have disseminated over large distances. These findings provide unprecedented insight into the diversification of a common cutaneous colonizer of man’s oldest companion animal and the widespread circulatio...

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an important opportunistic pathogen of companion animals, especially dogs. Since 2006 there has been a significant emergence of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) mainly due to clonal spread. This article reviews research on MRSP with a focus on occurrence, methods used for identification, risk factors for colonization and infection, zoonotic potential and control options. Potential areas for future research are also discussed.