Sports Psychology

Purpose. Optimal respiratory and cardiovascular health is essential for well-being. Yogic practices, through breathing and postures, show promise in enhancing these functions. Purpose: This study investigated the effects of a twelve-week structured yogic intervention on selected respiratory and cardiovascular parameters in male students. Material & Methods. The study was conducted at Shyampahari Government Primary Teacher Training Institute, Birbhum, West Bengal, India, with 24 male participants aged 17-22. A control group (n=12) and an experimental group (n=12) were randomly assigned to the participants. The experimental group practiced an organized yogic practice that included relaxation, asanas, pranayama, and suryanamaskar. The control group, on the other hand, continued their usual activities. The following metrics were measured before and after the intervention: respiratory rate, resting pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, positive and negative breathholding times. Using IBM SPSS (version 25), the statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, paired t-tests for within-group differences, independent t-tests for between-group comparisons, and Shapiro-Wilk and Levene's tests for normality and variance at α=0.05. Results. The experimental group showed substantial improvements in all measures, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and positive and negative breathholding times, according to paired t-tests. In contrast, there were no significant changes in these parameters in the control group. Independent t-tests of pre-test showed no significant differences between the experimental and control groups across any variables. However, posttest comparisons between the groups showed significant differences in pulse rate and positive breath-holding time, favoring the experimental group, conversely, no significant differences were observed for other variables (p>0.05). Conclusions. A twelve-week yogic intervention significantly enhanced respiratory and cardiovascular function in the experimental group, supporting yoga's role as a complementary practice for improving physiological health. Incorporating yogic practices into fitness programs may yield substantial benefits for young adults.

Este texto examina la importancia de reconocer y valorar la cultura organizacional como un elemento crucial que puede afectar de manera positiva o negativa el rendimiento y el bienestar de los deportistas y otros involucrados, así como la función del profesional y el efecto posible de su intervención, teniendo como base la experiencia llevada a cabo en una organización deportiva (Aguilar, 2024).

High school sports in the United States are celebrated as cultural cornerstones that promote school spirit, community pride, and psychosocial development. Yet, their competitive and selective nature means that only a small minority of students benefit from these opportunities, while the majority may be excluded. This study examines the psychological implications of exclusivity in competitive sports for students’ sense of belonging and identity within the school context. Drawing on social identity theory and self-determination theory, the paper proposes that exclusion from school sports teams can weaken school identification, reduce perceived social integration, and affect psychosocial well-being. A mixed-methods design is proposed, combining quantitative survey data on belonging and identity with qualitative focus groups exploring lived experiences of both participants and non-participants. By linking these findings to broader educational and health management frameworks, the paper aims to provide insights into the dual role of sports as both a vehicle for inclusion and a mechanism of exclusion.

Keywords: high school sports, exclusivity, belonging, social identity, self-determination, adolescent development

The purpose of this study was to examine superstitious behavior usage frequencies according to gender, sport branch, active sport life duration and sport achievement importance in athletes. The sample consists of a total of 160 athletes at basketball, football, tennis and athletics branches in the 1st, 2nd, regional league, amateur league and special sports clubs in Mersin region. In this study for gathering data “Superstitious Ritual Questionnare” were used. Mann Whitney U test is applied to compare two independent groups, Kruskall Wallis test is applied to compare more than two independent groups in the study. SPSS 20.0 for Windows package program was used in data analysis and assessment. As a result, there is a significant difference between tennis division athletes and basketball division athletes in superstitious ritual usage frequency. Furthermore it is found that female athletes use superstitious rituals more than male athletes in gender. ÖzetBu çalışmanın amacı sporcularda c...

This research aimed to compare sports coaches’ perceived leadership behaviours during a season (pre-season, in-season and post-season) in terms of sports psychology. A total of 232 permanent and contracted sports coaches who work for Provincial Directorates of Youth Services and Sports voluntarily participated to the research. Leadership for Sport Scale-LSS was used for data collection. The scale was applied to sports coaches three times (pre-season, in-season and postseason). Data was analysed by descriptive statistics and variance analysis. If the variance analysis is significant at 0.05 level, Benferonni analysis was used as a post-hoc test. According to variance analysis there is a significant difference for democratic behaviour F (2.462)=3.723; p<0.025, training and instruction behaviour F (2,462)=6.523; p<0.000 and social support behaviour F (2.462)=7.925; p<0.000. Moreover, there was not any significant difference for autocratic behaviour F (2.462)=1.765; p&gt...

RESUMEN: Los valores han sido entendidos como metas transituacionales y ligadas al afecto, relacionados con experiencias de vida y agentes socializadores, como la familia, la escuela, el grupo de pares y los centros deportivos. Se ha resaltado su influencia en las conductas y el autoconcepto, siendo una parte fundamental en la interacción de la identidad propia, con el mundo. Desde la disciplina psicológica, se ha considerado que la medición de variables contribuye a la comprensión teórica fortaleciendo el poder explicativo y predictivo. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en conocer el estado actual de conocimiento sobre los valores en el contexto deportivo: las temáticas asociadas a la investigación en valores y los instrumentos utilizados en publicaciones realizadas entre los años 2013-2023. Siguiendo las directrices del método PRISMA, se identificaron 437 artículos, de los cuales 43 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se identificaron cuatro temáticas, y para su esquematización se propusieron los términos: juego limpio, valores personales, dinámicas de género y normas sociales. El instrumento utilizado con mayor frecuencia fue el Cuestionario de Valores de Retrato. Se concluye que los valores en el contexto deportivo son multifacéticos y su estudio a través de diversos instrumentos ha permitido una mejor comprensión de su influencia en la conducta y el desarrollo personal de los deportistas. Se destaca la necesidad de adaptar estas categorías de valores atendiendo los diferentes contextos culturales, deportivos, etarios y de género.

In this interview, Claudia Rankine clarifies how real people function in her work, specifically Citizen, which features take-from-life figures like Serena Williams. Rankine clarifies how real individuals become a metaphor for a dynamic, specifically one in relation to social, cultural, and linguistic dynamics of injustice and oppression.

Superar una mirada superficial en relación al género en balonmano, mediante la identificación de diferencias entre chicas y chicos en competiciones de alto nivel es objetivo del presente trabajo. Sobre qué variables o criterios (lanzamientos, efectividad, espacio y señalizaciones arbitrales) y categorías observacionales descansan estas diferencias resulta esencial para poder identificar comportamientos estratégicos. Se recurrió a una metodología observacional para registrar los eventos del juego. Fueron seleccionados dos partidos de balonmano femenino y dos partidos masculinos, pertenecientes a las fases finales de los juegos olímpicos de Londres 2012. El diseño observacional fue nomotético, puntual y multidimensional. Se diseñó una herramienta ‘ad hoc’, puesta en práctica por dos evaluadores. Una vez fueron registrados los datos mediante el software Lince, fueron analizados mediante la técnica de reducción de datos Theme. Los resultados evidenciaron la existencia T-patterns en func...

The existing study was primarily conducted with the determination to assess the perception of athletes regarding communication skills on part of coach and its role in uplifting of athletic performance. Athletes of various activities from Punjab University (n-300) were taken as a population of the study and thus 100 athletes were selected as sample by using the available sample technique. In order to collect the required data about various perspectives of the said issue, the comprehensive questionnaire was developed and distributed among the respondents (athletes of Punjab University) and got back after filling by respondents. The gathered data were administered through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, version 26). On basis of data analysis, it was concluded that a coach as well as a trainer with good communication skills can make a coaching process easy and effective for his/her players. Based on conclusion, it is recommended that coaches and trainers need to use proper communication skills for the uplifting of player performance.

The existing study was primarily conducted with the determination to assess the perception of athletes regarding communication skills on part of coach and its role in uplifting of athletic performance. Athletes of various activities from Punjab University (n-300) were taken as a population of the study and thus 100 athletes were selected as sample by using the available sample technique. In order to collect the required data about various perspectives of the said issue, the comprehensive questionnaire was developed and distributed among the respondents (athletes of Punjab University) and got back after filling by respondents. The gathered data were administered through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, version 26). On basis of data analysis, it was concluded that a coach as well as a trainer with good communication skills can make a coaching process easy and effective for his/her players. Based on conclusion, it is recommended that coaches and trainers need to use proper communication skills for the uplifting of player performance.

Mental imagery is used to recreate a sporting scenario in the mind to enhance sporting technique and performance. Less research has been done on internal and external imagery both in combination. The aim of this study was to see the effect of mental imagery in enhancing soccer passing and control skills in male collegiate-level players. The study evaluated 60 male collegiate soccer athletes, allocated into imagery and control groups. Both the groups were tested for their passing and control skills using Loughborough soccer passing test (LSPT) and McDonald Soccer skill test, followed by mental imagery intervention for a period of 3 weeks for the experimental group. Post-intervention LSPT and McDonald soccer test scores were taken again for both the groups. Within group statistical analysis of data was done using Wilcoxon signed rank test for of the two means pre-and post-intervention and between groups using Mann-Whitney U test. Results showed that there was a notable improvement in the LSPT and McDonald soccer test score measured pre and post imagery. Mental imagery can be a beneficial technique in improving skill-specific training in collegiate-level athletes, for maintaining focus on skillsets, strength and power post-injury and surgery, during detraining and return to sport.

The Future Projection is considered an important component of the motivation and content of various psychological formations, which express the temporal perspective of the motivation of the subject. The objective of this article is to approach the study of Future Projections from the point of view of Psychology, making an analysis of its main schools and currents of thought. Terms or categories are highlighted, such as objectives, goals, projects, intentions, ideals, and aspirations, which allow shaping the purposes of the individual in the construction of their future

The purpose of this article is to review and analyze human values as a study object in sciences such as Philosophy, Sociology, Pedagogy, and psychology, offering an evaluation of the main currents and historical trends. With a greater emphasis on the main authors who have investigated the subject of Psychological criteria, such as Behaviorism, Cognitive Psychology, Psychoanalysis, Humanism, and Historical-Cultural Perspectives. Offering relevant information for researchers who want to delve deeper into the topic.

The purpose of this study was to compare physical fitness variable flexibility of Kabaddi and Kho-Kho Players. To fulfill the objective of the study, 15 Kabaddi and 15 Kho-Kho male players were selected as subject from GGV, Bilaspur, who have participated at university level an did not participate in any other special training or the coaching programme. The subject age ranged from 20 to 25 years. The component of physical fitness which was selected for the present study measured by sit and reach test. Measure scale was in inch. In order to analyze the data t-test was used. Investigator observed the significant different between Kabaddi and Kho-Kho players. The result shows that Kabaddi players were having more flexibility than KhoKho players.

The purpose of this study was to compare physical fitness variable flexibility of Kabaddi and Kho-Kho Players. To fulfill the objective of the study, 15 Kabaddi and 15 Kho-Kho male players were selected as subject from GGV, Bilaspur, who have participated at university level an did not participate in any other special training or the coaching programme. The subject age ranged from 20 to 25 years. The component of physical fitness which was selected for the present study measured by sit and reach test. Measure scale was in inch. In order to analyze the data t-test was used. Investigator observed the significant different between Kabaddi and Kho-Kho players. The result shows that Kabaddi players were having more flexibility than KhoKho players.

Sport is an integral part of the culture of almost every nation. However, its use to promote gender equity and empower girls and women is often overlooked because sport is not universally perceived as a suitable or desirable pursuit for girls and women. This article aims analyze the trend of women’s participation in sports and physical activity at international and national levels. As we know about the Olympic Games, this is a platform of maximum countries of world to meet together for sports. So Olympic Games are the best representatives of all games and sports competition at various levels. Present article explains the ratio of women’s participation in Olympic Games and their trend. This article shows that the women participants in Olympic Games was persistently increased and exactly after 100 years i.e., in 2000 Sydney Olympics the number of women participants increased up to 4069 (38.2% of total athletes). In 2012 Olympic Games which were held in London, 4862 women participated ...

Sport is an integral part of the culture of almost every nation. However, its use to promote gender equity and empower girls and women is often overlooked because sport is not universally perceived as a suitable or desirable pursuit for girls and women. This article aims analyze the trend of women’s participation in sports and physical activity at international and national levels. As we know about the Olympic Games, this is a platform of maximum countries of world to meet together for sports. So Olympic Games are the best representatives of all games and sports competition at various levels. Present article explains the ratio of women’s participation in Olympic Games and their trend. This article shows that the women participants in Olympic Games was persistently increased and exactly after 100 years i.e., in 2000 Sydney Olympics the number of women participants increased up to 4069 (38.2% of total athletes). In 2012 Olympic Games which were held in London, 4862 women participated ...

Background: Dynamic balance integrating proprioception, reaction ability, and coordination is essential in combat sports where stability under motion underpins both offense and defense. This study examined the association between dynamic balance and punching performance (speed and power) in elite boxers. Methods: Eleven national-level male boxers (aged 18-25 years; ≥5 years training experience) completed dynamic balance assessment using the Sensamove Sensabalance Miniboard. Proprioception, reaction ability, and coordination were recorded individually, standardized into z-scores, and summed to yield a composite dynamic balance score. Punching performance was assessed using Corner® trackers. Pearson's correlations were used (α = 0.05). Results: The composite dynamic balance score showed significant inverse correlations with punch speed (r =-0.723, p = 0.012) and punch power (r =-0.764, p = 0.006). Since higher scores indicated greater deviation from optimal balance, these results demonstrate that athletes with better balance achieved faster and more powerful punches. Conclusion: Dynamic balance is a strong predictor of striking performance in elite boxing. Integrating targeted balance training into boxing programs is recommended to enhance athletic output and competitive success.

The purpose of the present study was to find out the pre-competition anxiety between handball and volleyball players of Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G). Anxiety refers to a sort of nervous and fear emotion formed by frustration or increasing the sense of failure and guilty, which results the players unable to achieve their goals. For the present study the researcher selected 24 male (12 handball and 12 volleyball players) from Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G), as a subjects and the age ranged from 18-27 years. The variables selected for the present study were Sports Competitive Anxiety Test (SCAT) developed by Rainer Marten, 1990 (independent variable) and handball and volleyball players (dependent variables). For comparing the means of selected variables, descriptive analysis and independent t-test were applied at 0.05 level of significant. The result of the present study showed that there was significant difference found in pre-competition anxiety (SCAT) between handball players and volleyball players of Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G). On the basis of the results it was concluded that the male volleyball players have more anxiety level than the male handball players.

The purpose of the present study was to find out the pre-competition anxiety between handball and volleyball players of Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G). Anxiety refers to a sort of nervous and fear emotion formed by frustration or increasing the sense of failure and guilty, which results the players unable to achieve their goals. For the present study the researcher selected 24 male (12 handball and 12 volleyball players) from Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G), as a subjects and the age ranged from 18-27 years. The variables selected for the present study were Sports Competitive Anxiety Test (SCAT) developed by Rainer Marten, 1990 (independent variable) and handball and volleyball players (dependent variables). For comparing the means of selected variables, descriptive analysis and independent t-test were applied at 0.05 level of significant. The result of the present study showed that there was significant difference found in pre-competition anxiety (SCAT)...

Muchos psicólogos deportivos recomiendan escuchar música como parte de la preparación mental del deportista a la competición. ¿Puede esto hacernos pensar que la música tenga un cierto efecto ergogénico? Relacionar música y deporte ha despertado interés desde hace muchos años; sin embargo, hoy por hoy, los hallazgos son todavía contradictorios. Parece haberse demostrado la utilidad de la música como ayuda al aprendizaje y al perfeccionamiento de habilidades motoras y, en el ámbito hospitalario, a la reducción de la ansiedad y el estrés ante varias enfermedades y diversas pruebas diagnósticas de carácter invasivo. En lo que sí parecen estar de acuerdo todos los estudios es en la ausencia de un efecto ergogénico de la música per se. Varios trabajos abogan por la importancia del ritmo de la música para aumentar el rendimiento deportivo, dado que parece existir una predisposición innata en el hombre a sincronizar movimientos, con lo que, ayudados por un ritmo musical alto (> 100 bpm), los actos motores serían más eficientes y, en consecuencia, podría mejorarse el rendimiento físico. Prácticamente la totalidad de los estudios coinciden en la capacidad de la música para disuadir estímulos externos y focalizar la atención del sujeto en la tarea física que está ejecutando, a la vez que minimiza la sensación de fatiga que acompaña al ejercicio. También se relata la importancia de que la música suscite una vivencia extramusical y una asociación deportiva por parte del individuo y no necesariamente debiera tratarse de una música "conocida" por el deportista. Es difícil hallar en la literatura científica trabajos estructurados de manera similar, por lo que muchas variables artefactan la comparación adecuada entre los estudios publicados. Hoy por hoy, cuánto de ergogénico posee la música realmente no parece tener aún respuesta, pese a que parecen haber evidencias suficientes para contemplarla como un arma psicológica.

Our research aims to investigate how language as a social practice is used to represent different ideologies. We are trying to analyze how the choice of lexical items is construed in the particular ideological construction on the part of speaker. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) treats language as a type of social practice. We are applying the models of Van Dijk and Kress to analyze how analysis, when used within a socio-cultural context discourse, provides sufficient material to study language as a construction of our ideologies. It is further probed that media is not as neutral as it claims itself to be or as it is supposed to be. Ideologies play a vital role constituting attitudes and specifications of different elements of society and provide propagation of goals and interest of that very element.

Objective: This study focused on three main areas: stress, mental toughness, and anxiety in order to examine the psychological profiles of male and female Kho Kho players under the age of 18. Material & Method: At the 2025 Khelo India Youth Games in Bihar, 150 young athletes-75 male and 75 females-participated in the study. The researchers used established instruments, such as the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Goldberg's Mental Toughness Questionnaire, and the Sports Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT), to evaluate their psychological states. Findings: Some significant gender differences were found in the results. Statistical analysis confirmed that female players reported significantly higher levels of stress and anxiety than their male counterparts (p < 0.05). It's interesting to note that, despite both males and females scoring relatively low in this category, there were no discernible differences between the two groups when it came to mental toughness. Both male and female athletes showed average levels of anxiety, moderate levels of stress, and low levels of mental toughness when compared to normative data. Conclusions: These observations highlight the necessity of gender-sensitive psychological instruction and support networks in young athletes. We can improve performance in Kho Kho and better support mental health by addressing these psychological factors, which will ultimately create a healthier athletic environment for all young athletes.

Mental imagery is used to recreate a sporting scenario in the mind to enhance sporting technique and performance. Less research has been done on internal and external imagery both in combination. The aim of this study was to see the effect of mental imagery in enhancing soccer passing and control skills in male collegiate-level players. The study evaluated 60 male collegiate soccer athletes, allocated into imagery and control groups. Both the groups were tested for their passing and control skills using Loughborough soccer passing test (LSPT) and McDonald Soccer skill test, followed by mental imagery intervention for a period of 3 weeks for the experimental group. Post-intervention LSPT and McDonald soccer test scores were taken again for both the groups. Within group statistical analysis of data was done using Wilcoxon signed rank test for of the two means pre-and post-intervention and between groups using Mann-Whitney U test. Results showed that there was a notable improvement in the LSPT and McDonald soccer test score measured pre and post imagery. Mental imagery can be a beneficial technique in improving skill-specific training in collegiate-level athletes, for maintaining focus on skillsets, strength and power post-injury and surgery, during detraining and return to sport.

Some common performance enhancement strategies used by tennis players are related to a pre-service mental preparation routine. This study provides an insight on the efficacy of the implementation of mental routines on performance of young tennis players (aged between 11 and 14-years old). Specifically, we compared several performance indicators before and after the intervention, and when players performed vs when they did not perform the mental routines. We also tested whether mental toughness was a good predictor of performance, using behavioral measures to assess both mental toughness and performance. The results revealed: (1) a positive impact of the intervention program on performance efficacy; (2) athletes won more service games after the intervention program; and (3) mental toughness, explained by pre-service routines and players' ability to positively manage errors, was a good predictor of players' overall performance.

The reasons why athletes, especially young people, seek to adhere to sports practice has aroused the interest of research. The aim of this study was to identify the reasons for the sports practice of young soccer and volleyball athletes according to gender, age, family economic class, practice time and level of competitiveness. 188 athletes, 56 volleyball athletes and 132 soccer players aged 10-16 participated in the study. The reasons for the sport were identified through the Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ). The data were analyzed through Covariance Analysis. The results indicated that, in general, the most important reason for sports practice was "Technical Competence" (4.51±0.54), followed by factors of intermediate importance: "Competition" (4.30±0.73), "Group Activity" (4.29±0.71) and "Physical Fitness" (4.25±0.64). Low-income families (C) attributed greater importance to the motivation factors related to "Social Recognition" and "Group Activity". Athletes with lower practice time conceded less relevance to "Group Activity" and "Affiliation", while those with a national competitive level demonstrated greater importance to all motivation factors, with the exception of "Competition." Young athletes have been motivated to practice sports, especially for reasons related to self-realization, improvement of technical skills and overcoming challenges. Differences were also identified between family economic class groups, practice time and competitive level in the motivation factors for sports practice.

A sports practice for young people has been shown as an important tool in searching for physical, psychological and social benefits. However, some international surveys pointed out that only one part of the children and youths practice sports with some regularity, and that those who start a sports practice, there is a high rate of abandonment. In this sense, experts point out that understanding the reasons that lead to a sport practice can be an important way to understand this phenomenon, especially for the school athlete. Thua, the objective of this study was to identify the reasons for sports practice of school athletes in different sports modalities participating in the School Games of Paraná - 2016 and the variables, gender, age, and training time. In total, 2014 school athletes (1050 girls and 964 boys), aged 10 to 17, participated in the study. The results demonstrate that school athletes gave greatest importance to aspects related to improvement in technical skills, tackling...

Some surveys pointed out that only one part of the children and youths practice sports with some regularity, and that those who start a sports practice, there is a high rate of abandonment. In this sense, experts point out that understanding the reasons that lead to a sport practice can be an important way to understand this phenomenon, especially for the school athlete. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the reasons for sports practice of school athletes participating in the School Games of Paraná 2016 and the variables, gender, age, and training time. In total, 2014 school athletes participated in the study. The results demonstrate that school athletes gave greatest importance to aspects related to improvement in technical skills, tackling challenges and exposure to risks, learning new skills, and moving to a higher level.

Increased research on passion in exercise calls for direct examination of possible moderating variables, such as culture and gender, that could influence the interpretation of the research results. This study using a nation by gender between-participants design, examined differences in obsessive- and harmonious passion in Spanish and Hungarian physically active individuals. Participants (n = 1002) completed the Passion Scale, reported their gender, age and weekly hours of physical activity. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed that the experiencing of physical activity-related obsessive- and harmonious passion differed between the 2 countries and Hungarian women scored significantly higher on harmonious and obsessive passion than Spanish women. However, Hungarian men only scored significantly higher on obsessive passion, but not harmonious passion compared to Spanish men. These results suggest that gender and cultural differences are likely to affect the interpretation and g...

Objective: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks S.A.Q. training programme on selected physical fitness variables. Method: For the purpose of study the subjects were 30 male cricket players from Bilaspur. The subjects were selected randomly from the group of students attending the regular cricket match practice sessions at GGU ground, Bilaspur. The researcher had been selected the following variables for the present study: physical fitness Variables: i.e. Speed, agility, Reaction Time, Explosive Strength, and Flexibility. The data was collected before and after eight weeks of training. The participant were tested on 50-metre sprint (speed), 4*10 meter shuttle run (agility), scale drop test (reaction time), standing broad jump (explosive strength) and sit and reach test (flexibility). The data was analyzed by applying paired t-test. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Result: The findings of the present study have indicated that S.A.Q. drills training of eight weeks have significant effect on selected physical fitness variables i.e., speed, agility, reaction time, explosive strength, and flexibility of cricket players. Hence the hypothesis earlier set that S.A.Q. drills training programme would have been significant effect on selected physical fitness variables in light of the same the hypothesis is accepted. Conclusion: Significant effect of S.A.Q. training was found on Reaction time, explosive strength and Flexibility. Significant effect of S.A.Q. training was found on Speed agility, Quickness.
Keywords:Speed, Agility, Quickness, Physical Fitness variables.

Background: The change from high school to higher education brings substantial psychological hurdles especially when studying programs that require physical demands such as physical education. The existing study provides insights into mental health challenges among university students in general yet fails to present specific data about respective academic experiences for physical education majors. The researchers conducted this study to determine how depressed and anxious and stressed first-year BPED students compared with students at the MPED level. Methods: The assessment of mental parameters used the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in a study that followed a cross-sectional research design. An evaluation of physical education student psychological well-being was conducted with A total of 384 students, 198 B.P.Ed & 186 M.P.Ed (285 male & 89 females), who studied at Indian universities/institutes running BPED and MPED programs. The online Google Forms questionnaires served to collect data from participating students. Analysis using independent t-tests showed depression and anxiety intensity as well as stress levels between groups after gender-specific comparison tests were carried out. Result: Students majoring in MPED exhibited more depression combined with anxiety and stress compared to BPED students with larger differences observed in male participants. All anxiety stress and depression measures reported higher significance in male participants from MPED classes relative to male students from BPED classes (anxiety: p<0.001; stress: p=0.033; depression: p<0.001). Results indicate that only stress levels obtained significant statistical

Parents play a key role in the youth sports educational experience. They are responsible for the introduction of their children to physical or sporting education and their involvement has been associated with sport participation in early stages. The aims of this cross-sectional study were, first, to assess the perceived and desired parental involvement by children and, secondly, to examine their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with any specific behavior. 80 male soccer players filled the Parental Involvement in Sport Questionnaire (PISQ) before or after a training session in presence of a coach. PISQ results revealed excessive active involvement and pressure, insufficient praise and understanding and satisfactory directive behavior from children’s parents. Our findings suggest that excessive parental involvement can cause pressure on children who would prefer parental participation characterized by praise and understanding. A balance between a supporting involvement without putting ...

Background. The concept of mental workload (MW) is a conceptual framework for evaluating the balance between the cognitive resources allocated to a task and those available to an individual. MW is influenced by the effort expended, the complexity of the task, and the individuals total processing capacity and resources.
Objective. This paper aims to explore MW in the field of sport and its relationship with other psychological variables, such as anxiety and burnout. This approach is not widely used in this context so this analysis is considered novel and unique.
Design. This paper is a cross-sectional study, with a sample selected by convenience sampling, consisting of Bulgarian athletes divided into three qualification categories: athletes competing at international competitions, athletes participating in national-level competitions, and non-professional athletes. The sample consisted of 107 athletes from various sports, with 62% male and 38% female participants.
The instruments used to assess the different psychological variables included the NASA-TLX for MW and an abbreviated questionnaire derived from the SAS-2 for Anxiety and Burnout based on ABQ.
Results. Athletes' mental workload is multifaceted, influenced by physical and psychological factors, which may also act as a protective factor against anxiety. Team sports show higher levels of mental workload due to contextual uncertainty (entropy), which could reduce performance anxiety. Two athlete profiles emerged: a bright side (high effort, low anxiety) and a dark side (low effort, high anxiety).
Conclusion. These findings contribute to existing knowledge in sports psychology, providing deeper insights into the role of mental workload in athletic preparation and its potential function as a protective factor against anxiety.

Psychological resilience has emerged as a central construct in sports psychology, particularly in its influence on athletes' behavioral consistency under high-stakes conditions. This study explores how resilience contributes to performance stability among elite athletes during high-pressure competitions, using a mixed-method approach grounded in psychological assessments and behavioral observations. Drawing on established theories and empirical evidence pre-2023, we critically examine individual differences in resilience, the role of coping strategies, and their manifestation in consistent athletic behavior under duress. Our findings suggest that higher resilience levels are significantly correlated with behavioral consistency and optimal performance, highlighting the need for targeted resilience training in elite sports preparation programs.

After his airplane was shot down over North Vietnam, Admiral James Stockdale underwent seven years of isolation and torture. Stockdale, however, was trained as much in Western philosophy as military strategy. Once freed, Stockdale explained that he survived and kept his sanity because he gave up on the idea of ever being rescued. He instead accepted his conditions as the new normal. As Stockdale saw it, he was essentially testing Epictetus‘s Stoic doctrines in a laboratory of human behavior, which is the subtitle of his book. Yet, look up Stockdale online and you‘ll find that almost everyone now denatures what he had to say. Stockdale explicitly says that he thrived by letting go of hope. Few people, however, are prepared to hear/accept this. They instead hold that he thrived by never letting go of hope. This certainly sounds good. However, what if one of the brutal facts requiring confrontation is that you won’t prevail in the end, regardless of what you do? This is the possibility I want to explore.

There has been a rapid proliferation of empirical research on the relationship between sport participation and mental health. As a result of this movement, there has been an increased focus on the constructs that can predict or explain mental health outcomes in sport. Psychological safety in sport is among the constructs surfaced in the movement. Despite this, there is a considerable lack of conceptual clarity regarding how to define psychological safety and how it can be fostered in sport. As such, the aim of this study was to provide conceptual clarity of the term psychological safety in the context of sport. To achieve this aim, we first systematically searched for all currently available studies that have discussed psychological safety in a sport context. Then, a concept analysis approach was applied wherein the definitions, attributes, antecedents, and consequences were thematically analysed across 67 studies. As a result of this synthesis, psychological safety in sport was conceptualised as a continuous, group level construct that is perceived (and reported) at an individual level. We also provide a descriptive model of psychological safety in sport that we hope lends clarity and debate to the field moving forward.

Self-confidence can be defined as the belief in one&#x27;s abilities to achieve success, and it often has been identified as a most important mental skill for a success in sport by individuals engaging in competitive sports, including athletes and coaches. This study examined the ...

In the healing process of sports injuries, conditioning and rehabilitation may appear as separate processes. Under the guidance of a physiotherapist, an athletic trainer, or both, an athlete frequently transitions from the rehabilitation environment to a strength and conditioning professional in order to make a focused return to sports training. The initial goals of each are often varied because the application period includes different phases of healing after an injury. The primary goals of post-injury rehabilitation are to reduce dysfunction, promote tissue repair, and offer a methodical gain in strength and range of motion. Clear return-to-play objectives are crucial during the recovery-to-function stages. A comprehensive awareness of specific rules and requirements is necessary when developing and implementing an athlete's rehabilitation programme. Everyone involved in the athlete's care needs to work alongside and interact with one another. Providing the evidence that currently supports the use of conditioning principles in sports recovery and providing suggestions for how these principles might be applied at different phases of a planned recovery regimen are the goals of this study.

Youth development has been associated with indicators of 5Cs model of competence, confidence, connection, character and caring in promoting positive youth development (PYD). The PYD has emerged as a holistic and strength-based perspective that have internal and external resources for healthy and successful development with the indicators of 5Cs dimensions, that empower the youth through sports participation. Sport as a valued activity serves as a vehicle to promote physical activity and positive development. Although participation in sports as enhances youth development through acquisition of important skills and attitudes generalize beyond sports to meaning areas of lives. Hence, youth who are involved in sporting foster positive development in sport environments and less likely to experience feelings such as depression, anxiety, anti-social behaviours and drugs abused. This more likely lead to a healthy satisfying and productive life. The 5Cs model associated with influences of supportive relationships and practicing life skills enhance individual strength culmination contributes and promote PYD. However, due to the increased costs, early specialization and untrained coaches, youth sport and development has been in a crisis. Researchers have suggested that sport is prominently applies to positive youth development through the 5Cs model and positive youth development (PYD) within the context of sports. It provides a valuable framework of promoting holistic growth in young athletes through sport programmes participation. It was suggested that by integrating the 5Cs, sports can act as a transformative tool contributing to youth's success in life beyond the playing field.

Significance Sporting events can bring people together and forge strong loyalties, but the mechanisms behind their social impact remain unclear. Our study reveals that events peripheral to the game, such as the pregame ritual of Rua de Fogo performed by Brazilian football fans, elicit intense emotional synchrony, surpassing even that observed during game play. Using wearable sensors to track heart rate patterns, we show how ritualized group interactions create strong emotional alignment, even among those not participating in physical actions. These findings extend our understanding of the emotional dynamics of collective gatherings, offering insights into the universal human need for connection in shared experiences. Our study has broad implications for collective gatherings in domains such as religion, art, politics, and entertainment.

We designed an ad hoc observation instrument for analyzing and interpreting the ready and set phases of block starts in track events. To test the reliability, validity, and functionality of the instrument, we analyzed datasets corresponding to six block starts by five junior female athletes. The reliability of the instrument was shown by calculating Cohen’s kappa coefficient for quantitative intraobserver agreement using the order parameter (κ = .970). Validity was demonstrated using generalizability theory (e 2 = .00), which also showed that the number of athletes (e 2 = .997) and starts included in the sample (e 2 = 1) were sufficient to achieve the desired level of measurement precision. The functionality of the instrument was tested by searching for hidden temporal patterns in the datasets using the software program THEME. We detected specific technical differences (adjustment and error) both within and between athletes with respect to the ideal starting technique

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of physical education and play activities on the school social behavior of children with mild-level intellectual disabilities. Quantitative research methods were employed, utilizing the pre-test, post-test, post-test-retention control group model, as well as the general screening model. A sample group was formed using a simple random sampling approach. The School Social Behavior Scale (SSBS) was employed to assess school social behavior. Over a 24-week period, physical education and play sessions were conducted for two hours each week, and data were collected from the participants using these scales. The study comprised 20 children with mild-level intellectual disabilities (14 boys and 6 girls), aged seven to nine years, who attended Asha Kiran Special Needs School, Bengaluru, Karnataka. The results of the SSBS indicated a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in the subdimensions of social competence, including interpersonal relations, self-control, and academic skills, favoring the test group over individuals exhibiting aggressive or nervous behaviors. However, no significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in the sub-dimensions related to antisocial-aggressive and destructive-demanding behaviors. This study demonstrated that the 24-week physical education and play interventions for children with mild-level intellectual disabilities had a discernible impact on their school social behavior.

This research was motivated by the need for more application of physical education learning models in the form of games, especially in volleyball learning. It is known that many students feel bored and unenthusiastic when taking volleyball lessons. Apart from that, students find it difficult and are not mentally prepared to carry out volleyball techniques; as a result, they feel anxious or afraid when doing these techniques in front of other friends. This experimental type of research aims to determine the effect of mental training and playing circuits-based training programs on the learning outcomes of elementary school volleyball students. This study included 44 fifth-grade students from 2 classes at Sekolah Dasar Pembangunan Laboratorium Universitas Negeri Padang. Purposive sampling technique was utilised. A pre-and post-test of volleyball skills were determined by volleyball experts. The paired t-test was used to analyze the data. Data analysis revealed that mental training-based training programs and playing circuits affected the learning outcomes of volleyball for elementary school students at Sekolah Dasar Pembangunan Laboratorium Universitas Negeri Padang. Results indicated significant differences between pre-and post-quality basic volleyball technical skills test (pre: highest score: 70; lowest score: 60; average score: 64.09  2.81 vs. post: highest score: 77; lowest score: 65; average score: 68.68  3.09; p = 0.000). The learning model based on mental training and playing sequences may improve basic volleyball technical skills and increase students' selfconfidence and motivation when participating in learning.

Bu araştırma, Türkiye Süper Liginde yer alan Türk futbolcuların Covid-19 salgınından dolayı ara verilen maçların tekrar başlaması hakkındaki görüşlerinin ortaya konulması amacı ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma tekniklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma desenlerinden olgubilim deseni kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu, amaçlı örneklem yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma grubu, Türkiye Süper Ligde futbol oynayan yaşları 22 ile 32 arasında değişen, araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılmayı kabul eden 17 profesyonel Türk futbolcusudur. Araştırmadaki veriler, yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme yöntemi kullanılarak elde edilmiş ve betimsel analiz yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen veriler, olumlu ve olumsuz görüşler olarak ikiye ayrılmıştır. Maçların başlaması ile ilgili olumlu görüşler, fizyolojik, psikolojik, sosyolojik ve ekonomik olmak üzere dört kategori altında toplanırken, olumsuz görüşler ise fizyolojik ve psikolojik olmak üzere iki kategori altında toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, katılımcı görüşleri değerlendirildiğinde olumlu görüşe sahip futbolcuların çoğunlukla ekonomik olarak kayıplarının giderilmesi için maçların başlaması gerekliliği üzerinde durdukları tespit edilmiştir. Olumsuz görüş bildiren futbolcuların ise futbolun temasa dayalı bir spor olmasından dolayı virüsün kendilerine ve kendilerinden de başkalarına bulaşmasından endişe ettikleri ve buna bağlı olarak yeterli performans sergileyememe kaygısı yaşadıkları görülmüştür.

Bu arastirma, Turkiye Super Liginde yer alan Turk futbolcularinin, Covid-19 salginindan dolayi ara verilen maclarin tekrar baslamasi hakkindaki goruslerinin ortaya konulmasi amaci ile yapilmistir. Arastirmada nitel arastirma yontemi tekniklerinden yararlanilmistir. Arastirmada nitel arastirma desenlerinden olgubilim deseni kullanilmistir. Arastirmanin calisma grubu, amacli orneklem yontemi kullanilarak belirlenen Turkiye Super Ligde futbol oynayan yaslari 22 ile 32 arasinda degisen, arastirmaya gonullu olarak katilmayi kabul eden 17 profesyonel Turk futbolcusudur. Arastirmadaki veriler, yari yapilandirilmis gorusme yontemi kullanilarak elde edilmis ve betimsel analiz yontemi kullanilarak analiz edilmistir. Calisma sonucunda elde edilen veriler, olumlu ve olumsuz gorusler olarak ikiye ayrilmistir. Maclarin baslamasi ile ilgili olumlu gorusler, fizyolojik, psikolojik, sosyolojik ve ekonomik olmak uzere dort kategori altinda toplanirken, olumsuz gorusler ise fizyolojik ve psikolojik ol...

With the human genome project, in addition to determining the number, structure and physical maps of our genes which were previously supposed to be between 20-25 thousands, genetic regions affecting athletic performance have also been identified.It has been determined that endurance, athletic ability and musculoskeletal as well as central nervous system (CNS) are effective in succeeding in today's sporting events and play an important role in performance. Parameters affecting psychological performance such as stress, anxiety, aggression are effective in determining sportive achievements. Determining the genetic predisposition of the athletes in stressful environments or in sports where stress is prominent allows them to be guided by psychologists at an early age and contributes to sporting success. Related to the behavioral characteristics of the athletes, genes leading to resistance to stress, personality traits and aggressive behaviours like 5-HTT, DRD4, DRD5, ADRD1, COMT, BDNF, NRG1, GLUT4 and SLC2A4 and polymorphisms within these genes have been investigated in our review.

Background and objectives. Football is a popular sport with a large following. Motivation is a key factor in an athlete's success in winning matches or achieving sports milestones. However, intense emotions and turmoil can disrupt an athlete's performance, making motivation essential to regain focus. Therefore, this study aims to examine the relationship between emotions and achievement motivation in football athletes. Materials and methods. This research was conducted with quantitative methods. The sampling technique used was convenience sampling, resulting in a sample of 25 male Student Activity Unit (UKM) football players aged 19-24. Results. The research concluded a negative relationship between emotions and achievement motivation in football athletes. The correlation coefficient obtained was-0.440, indicating a negative correlation. Conclusions. In other words, as boredom levels increase, achievement motivation in football athletes decreases, and conversely, lower boredom levels are associated with higher motivation.