Sports Physical Education

Physically challenge is the consequence of an impairment that may be physically, cognitive, mental, emotional, development or some combination of these. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to examine the health status, peak expiratory flow (PEF) and flexibility, motor fitness component of physically challenge school boy and compare them. Method: A total of ten (N=10) physically challenged boys was chosen randomly for this study, among them ten (N=10) were orthopedically disabled (OC), ten (N=10) were hearing impaired (HI) and ten (N=10) were visual impaired (VI). BMI, PEF, flexibility, motor fitness component were the criterion measure of this study. Mean SD were calculated as descriptive statistics and significance of inter group difference was analysis by ANOVA only 0.05 level was consider to judge the significance of the study. All the statistical procedure was done by the standard statistical software. Result: Result revealed that significant difference exist (P>0.05) in respect of BMI (F=6.5) among this OH,VI, HI. Mean value of challenged pupil was between WHO, IMCMR standard. Result also showed that significant difference exist (0.05 level) in respect of physiological and motor fitness variables among OC, VI and subjects. All group of the physically challenge boys of 14-16years old had lower health standard in respect of national and international standard in respect. The physical challenged boys of 14 -16 year old had lower health standard in respect of national and international standard and they are significant difference in physically variables (PEF) and motor fitness variable (Flexibility) and physiological variables among the groups viz. HI,OC AND VI. From the result we revealed that in respect of BMI, physiological and motor fitness variables point of view, I group was more healthy than HI & OC group In respect.

Strength endurance is the ability to sustain repeated muscle contractions or maintain a level of muscular force over an extended period. Power is the ability to generate maximum force quickly to propel the body as far as possible in a single explosive movement. Both components develop progressively from childhood to adulthood. This study aims to analyze and understand the development of power and strength endurance across different age groups. A total of 270 schoolgirls (aged 6-14 years; n = 30 per age group) from primary and secondary schools in Jashore, Bangladesh, participated in the study. Strength endurance was assessed via the 30-second sit-up test, and power was measured using the standing broad jump. Data were analyzed using SPSS v25, with means, standard deviations, and standard errors calculated. One-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, and LSD post hoc tests were conducted at a 0.05 significance level. Significant age-related differences were observed in both strength endurance and power. ANOVA results showed that age had a significant effect on standing broad jump performance, F(8, 261) = 25.07, p<.001, and sit-up performance, F(8, 261) = 11.74, p< .001. Post hoc analyses revealed that younger children, particularly those aged 6, performed significantly lower than older peers, with improvements leveling off in the later age groups. Age significantly influences physical performance in children, with older age groups showing better explosive power and core muscular endurance. Tailoring fitness programs to developmental stages and considering biological maturation, sex differences, and environmental influences is crucial.

Purpose: The main objective of the study is to determine the factors that influence the participation of secondary school students in competitive sports in Nairobi County, Kenya Methodology:  The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature review was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. Findings: The study revealed that social relationships, gender, household income and playing experiences are factors that influence secondary school students’ participation in competitive sports in Nairobi, Kenya. Unique Contribution to Theory and Practice: The Ministry of Education, through the county Director of Education should ensure that all secondary schools have basic sports facilities and equipment in order to promote sports participation. Schools principals should ensure every student identifies themselves with a sport.

Purpose: In this study, according to the genders of the spectators coming to the football games organized in stadiums; the purpose of the study is to identify the stakeholders' interest in the level of satisfaction with socio-cultural activities. Method: The research is limited to three football matches played in stadiums of Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray, Beşiktaş and Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality sports clubs during the 2012-2013 season.Considering the difficulties in using time, cost and scales, the study was limited to 1025 spectators in the implementation of the study. Our research model is descriptive research model. In this model, the investigator observes the events and does not make any changes in the events while doing his work. In other words, it tries to examine and identify the events.To collect data in order to determine the behaviors of the spectators watching football matches in the stadiums, expectations and satisfaction levels from stadium services; 13 questionnaires were prepared in stadiums with a total of 32 questions that will determine the socio-cultural activities and 19 of which will determine the socio-economic levels and attitudes of consumers.The universe of the study is the spectators, whose age is 15 and above, coming to the stadium in Turkey Super League football match while 1025 spectators, who come to Atatürk Olympic Stadium, İnönü Stadium, Şükrü Saraçoğlu Stadium and Turk Telekom Arena Stadium in Istanbul to watch the football match, create the sampling. The reliability of this measurement tool is calculated by various methods, and the most common method is the internal consistency method.The Cronbach Alpha reliability criterion calculated using this method was used in our study.The Cronbach Alpha value is a coefficient ranging from 0 to 1, and as the number approaches 1, the reliability of the scale is considered high. The reliability of the Stadium Marketer and Customer Satisfaction Scale was calculated as 0.91 in pilot practice with 306 spectators. Findings:According to the findings of the research, female spectators reported about arranging more sociocultural events in stadiums compared to male spectators. In addition, female spectators request stadiums to be used for multi-purpose purposes in sports rather than football matches. Discussion and Results: In 13 variable data collection studies on socio-cultural activities carried out in stadiums, there is 1 variant interest between the participants' thoughts and their demographic characteristics and their gender, and 12 variables are of no interest.In other words, the opinions of the participants on the socio-cultural activities of the stadiums differ according to the genders of the participants. However, although the gender of the participants varies in 12 variants, there is no change in their views. Accordingly, the features of the stadiums are more likely to meet the expectations of male spectators, which in a sense makes the spectator "masculine". The increased activation of comfort, safety and other sports branches, along with socio-cultural events to be promoted in the stadium, suggests that the stadiums will attract more female spectator. In this respect, hooliganism and slopping over -especially in football-can be avoided, so it is expected that sporting events would be more enjoyable.

Purpose: In this study, according to the genders of the spectators coming to the football games organized in stadiums; the purpose of the study is to identify the stakeholders' interest in the level of satisfaction with socio-cultural activities. Method: The research is limited to three football matches played in stadiums of Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray, Beşiktaş and Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality sports clubs during the 2012-2013 season.Considering the difficulties in using time, cost and scales, the study was limited to 1025 spectators in the implementation of the study. Our research model is descriptive research model. In this model, the investigator observes the events and does not make any changes in the events while doing his work. In other words, it tries to examine and identify the events.To collect data in order to determine the behaviors of the spectators watching football matches in the stadiums, expectations and satisfaction levels from stadium services; 13 questionnaires were prepared in stadiums with a total of 32 questions that will determine the socio-cultural activities and 19 of which will determine the socio-economic levels and attitudes of consumers.The universe of the study is the spectators, whose age is 15 and above, coming to the stadium in Turkey Super League football match while 1025 spectators, who come to Atatürk Olympic Stadium, İnönü Stadium, Şükrü Saraçoğlu Stadium and Turk Telekom Arena Stadium in Istanbul to watch the football match, create the sampling. The reliability of this measurement tool is calculated by various methods, and the most common method is the internal consistency method.The Cronbach Alpha reliability criterion calculated using this method was used in our study.The Cronbach Alpha value is a coefficient ranging from 0 to 1, and as the number approaches 1, the reliability of the scale is considered high. The reliability of the Stadium Marketer and Customer Satisfaction Scale was calculated as 0.91 in pilot practice with 306 spectators. Findings:According to the findings of the research, female spectators reported about arranging more sociocultural events in stadiums compared to male spectators. In addition, female spectators request stadiums to be used for multi-purpose purposes in sports rather than football matches. Discussion and Results: In 13 variable data collection studies on socio-cultural activities carried out in stadiums, there is 1 variant interest between the participants' thoughts and their demographic characteristics and their gender, and 12 variables are of no interest.In other words, the opinions of the participants on the socio-cultural activities of the stadiums differ according to the genders of the participants. However, although the gender of the participants varies in 12 variants, there is no change in their views. Accordingly, the features of the stadiums are more likely to meet the expectations of male spectators, which in a sense makes the spectator "masculine". The increased activation of comfort, safety and other sports branches, along with socio-cultural events to be promoted in the stadium, suggests that the stadiums will attract more female spectator. In this respect, hooliganism and slopping over -especially in football-can be avoided, so it is expected that sporting events would be more enjoyable.

The study investigates the complex decision-making process of South American high school student athletes considering pursuing higher education in Taiwan. Utilizing Expectancy-Value Theory (EVT) as a framework, the research examines the motivations and influencing factors driving this unique subset of international students, who balance academic objectives with athletic aspirations. The study featured a 42-question survey administered to 120 high school athletes from Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama. It highlights the three EVT pillarsexpectancy of success, subjective value of the educational outcome, and the individual's belief in overcoming challenges. Special emphasis is placed on the "Opportunity to Play" variable, examining the role of sports program quality and coaching in influencing the decision to study abroad. Results indicate that motivations for these student athletes are multifaceted and include cultural immersion, enhancement of language skills, quality of education, personal and career growth expectations, and global job market preparedness. Influencing factors span from familial support, social networks, safety, and healthcare systems to the impact of sports on academic decisions and digital media perceptions. This study holds significant value for administrators and researchers by providing insights into the interplay of academic and athletic factors in student athletes' international education decisions, underscoring the expectancy-value approach's applicability to a broader educational context.

The 2016 Rio de Janeiro paralympics were a great success. Technically, sports reached a high degree of excellence and various records were broken. One Iranian, on wheelchair, lifted 310 kg/683 lbs; a visually impaired Irish man ran 100m in 10”64 and the 1500m became a historic event. The top four visually impaired athletes beat Matthew Centrowitz ́s Olympic record. Recently, Jonah Kipkemoi, a 27 years old T46 functional classification paralympian won the men ́s 39 edition of Barcelona marathon.

The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao is implementing an Arabic learning program, the Arabic Language and Islamic Values Education (ALIVE), that integrates learners' beliefs and culture, fostering faith and values. However, the program faces moral crises like violence, promiscuity, free sex, and drugs. School participation and teacher involvement are crucial to address these issues. Furthermore, research on the Arabic Language and Islamic Values Education (ALIVE) Towards Tarbiyah Character Formation is limited, despite the program's implementation to improve Muslim students' religious and moral education in the Philippines. The degree to which pupils are aware of and comprehend the teachings of the Quran and Hadith, as well as how these teachings affect their conduct and interactions with their classmates, families, teachers, and the community, is unclear. Thus, the study explored how the ALIVE program influences tarbiyah character formation in Kabacan District Elementary Schools, shedding light on the role of Islamic education in shaping moral values among Filipino-Muslim students. The findings can help improve teaching practices, align the curriculum with students' cultural needs, and promote tolerance and peaceful coexistence. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed to analyze and interpret data. The sample size will be determined using Yamane's formula with a 5% margin of error. Two hundred fifty respondents were identified through purposive and stratified random sampling. Results revealed that the programs have the potential to shape students positively. There is a strong relationship between the Tarbiyah Character Formation and ALIVE, which indicates a strong positive correlation. The strong correlation suggests that Tarbiyah Character positively contributes to students' overall engagement and well-being, further underscoring the value of moral and character education. The essence of Tarbiyah is a life guidance that is relevant, dynamic, and universal, establishing Islam as a worldwide civilization. Hence, the findings affirm the program's positive impact in nurturing academic and character development, supporting its role in cultivating cultured graduates who embody human values within society.

Background: Tissue flossing bands are a relatively new treatment modality that have increased in popularity in recent years. There is evidence suggesting that tissue flossing could decrease pain and increase joint range of motion, but there is still a need for further studies in this matter. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effect of a single tissue flossing treatment on the perceived pain and upper extremity function among healthy collegiate baseball pitchers. Methods: Twenty apparently healthy collegiate baseball pitchers (age: 21 ± 2.49) participated in this study. Tissue flossing treatment was performed from the wrist to the elbow on the participant's throwing arm. Before and after treatment, perceived pain and upper extremity function was evaluated. Results: Following one round of tissue flossing treatment, the participants experienced a 27% decrease in perceived pain from baseline (3.05 ± 1.95 to 2.22 ± 2.04, p < 0.05). Participants did not experience a significant increase in perceived upper extremity function. In addition, participants did not report any complications as a result of the intervention. Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that in healthy collegiate baseball pitchers, tissue flossing bands treatment were capable of decreasing perceived pain.

Background: Tissue flossing bands are a relatively new treatment modality that have increased in popularity in recent years. There is evidence suggesting that tissue flossing could decrease pain and increase joint range of motion, but there is still a need for further studies in this matter. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effect of a single tissue flossing treatment on the perceived pain and upper extremity function among healthy collegiate baseball pitchers. Methods: Twenty apparently healthy collegiate baseball pitchers (age: 21 ± 2.49) participated in this study. Tissue flossing treatment was performed from the wrist to the elbow on the participant’s throwing arm. Before and after treatment, perceived pain and upper extremity function was evaluated. Results: Following one round of tissue flossing treatment, the participants experienced a 27% decrease in perceived pain from baseline (3.05 ± 1.95 to 2.22 ± 2.04, p &lt; 0.05). Participants did not experience a significant incr...

The present study aimed to assess male and female Taekwondo (TKD) players based on four domains of World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) -BREF and to find the dominant domain in TKD players&#39; life. Forty-six (46) male and fifty-five (55) female participants were included in the study through purposive random sampling. The information on four quality of life domains, i.e., physical health, psychological, social relationship, and environment, were gathered through the WHOQOL-BREF Bengali version (WHO, 2020) questionnaire. The researchers analysied the data through descriptive analysis, ANOVA, LSD, and students&#39; t-tests at 0.05 level of significance. The analysis revealed that irrespective of Gender, the social relation domain plays a dominant role in TKD players&#39; life, and the male TKD players are better than their female counterparts in the physical health domain only. Based on the result, we concluded that regular practice and participation in the TKD program...

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the peak power and relative peak power output between raiders and defenders in professional kabaddi players using the counter movement jump test. Method: A total of 16 professional male kabaddi players, evenly split into 8 raiders, and 8 defenders with an average kabaddi experience of 6 years (aged 22.5 ± 3.1 years, height 175.1 ± 6.3cm and weight 78.7 ± 0.5kg) participated in this study. A counter movement jump test on a force platform was performed to determine their power output values along with their whole-body composition analysis. All players have played in national, international, or pro league competitions. During their 8-week pre-season camp in September–October 2022, these athletes trained and were tested at Inspire Institute of Sport in Bellary, India. Results: The results indicated that there is no significant difference in peak power output with respect to a Kabaddi player’s playing position or training age. But a significa...

The main purpose of the study was to compare the mental toughness in relation to agility and reaction ability among different level of female kho kho playres. Total 90 (ninety) female kho kho players were selected from West Bengal under the district of North 24 Paraganas for the purpose of present study. Out of 90 (ninety) female kho kho players were subdivided into three different group i.e. sub junior level (N30), junior level (N30) and senior level (N30). The age of the subjects ranged between 11-19 years. Random group design was adopted for this study. Mental toughness, agility and reaction ability were considered as the variables for the purpose of the present study. Mental toughness was measured by 'mental toughness questionnaire', agility was measured by 4*10 yard shuttle run and reaction ability was measured by 'Nelson foot reaction time' test. The collected data were statistically treated on the basis of correlation coefficient with 0.05 level of significance. Further one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done on three different variables among three different levels of kho kho players. Later the LSD (equivalent to no adjustment) post-hoc test was done on those dimensions in which "F" ratio's were found to be significant, in order to verify whether the difference really exist or not for which the level of significance was set at 0.05 level of confidence. The result of the present study showed that there were positive relationship was found of different level (sub junior, junior and senior) of kho kho players on mental toughness in relation to agility and reaction time. Further the result observed that significant differences were found in respect of mental toughness, agility and reaction ability among different level of female kho kho players.

The 2016 Rio de Janeiro paralympics were a great success. Technically, sports reached a high degree of excellence and various records were broken. One Iranian, on wheelchair, lifted 310 kg/683 lbs; a visually impaired Irish man ran 100m in 10”64 and the 1500m became a historic event. The top four visually impaired athletes beat Matthew Centrowitz ́s Olympic record. Recently, Jonah Kipkemoi, a 27 years old T46 functional classification paralympian won the men ́s 39 edition of Barcelona marathon.

Co-curricular activities encompassing uniform units, clubs, and associations are compulsory courses in all educational institutions in Malaysia. The implementation of co-curricular activities requires neat preparation in order to reduce exposure to the risk of loss, injury, and accidents during the activities. Therefore, this study aimed to produce an instrument for effective co-curricular activity risk management (also known as (CoARM) to guide administrators, lecturers, and students, in conducting safe co-curricular activities, especially at Malaysian teacher education institute (TEIM). This study used the Fuzzy-Delphi method involving 30 experts in the field of co-curriculum from public universities and TEIM. The questionnaire was constructed based on the analysis of field expert interviews and a literature review. It was then sent for expert agreement on the elements, sub-elements, and content of CoARM at TEIM. The findings distinguish three (3) elements and fifteen (15) sub-elements of CoARM when planning and implementing cocurricular activities. The first element was the human element involving trainers, participants, support staff, service providers, and external agencies. The second element, the equipment element, involved anchorage, accommodation, facilities for special activity equipment, and safety equipment. The third element was the environment element with the sub-elements of weather, location, activity routes, security threats, and rescue routes. The CoARM instrument is expected to provide new knowledge as well as to serve as a guide in the field to increase the public's confidence in organising cocurricular activities at Malaysian educational institutions and as a reference source in the future construction of CoARM modules.

Co-curricular activities encompassing uniform units, clubs, and associations are compulsory courses in all educational institutions in Malaysia. The implementation of co-curricular activities requires neat preparation in order to reduce exposure to the risk of loss, injury, and accidents during the activities. Therefore, this study aimed to produce an instrument for effective co-curricular activity risk management (also known as (CoARM) to guide administrators, lecturers, and students, in conducting safe co-curricular activities, especially at Malaysian teacher education institute (TEIM). This study used the Fuzzy-Delphi method involving 30 experts in the field of co-curriculum from public universities and TEIM. The questionnaire was constructed based on the analysis of field expert interviews and a literature review. It was then sent for expert agreement on the elements, sub-elements, and content of CoARM at TEIM. The findings distinguish three (3) elements and fifteen (15) sub-elements of CoARM when planning and implementing cocurricular activities. The first element was the human element involving trainers, participants, support staff, service providers, and external agencies. The second element, the equipment element, involved anchorage, accommodation, facilities for special activity equipment, and safety equipment. The third element was the environment element with the sub-elements of weather, location, activity routes, security threats, and rescue routes. The CoARM instrument is expected to provide new knowledge as well as to serve as a guide in the field to increase the public's confidence in organising cocurricular activities at Malaysian educational institutions and as a reference source in the future construction of CoARM modules.

The aim of the study was to find out the effect of six weeks pilates training on core muscles and BMI of obese children. Ten (10) male children aged 12 to 18 years from Bolpur, Birbhum, West Bengal, India have been selected and purposively divided into Pilates Training Group (PTG) (N=05) and Control Group (CG) (N=05) according to WHO BMI Index (Rush, 2004). Six weeks pilates training programme has been formulated to see the effectiveness of training programme on core muscles strength and BMI. The core muscles strength has been tested by ‘Bunkie Test’ through the performance of functional lines before the training starts and after completion of six weeks pilates training programme and BMI has been calculated by height and weight. Significant improvement in core muscles strength as well as on BMI has been found by analysing and comparing the pre-test and post-test score through descriptive analysis and ANCOVA among the obese children of PTG and CG. So it can be concluded that six week...

This research investigates and compares the Speed Performance of male Kho-Kho and Kabaddi players at the university level. Both sports, rooted in India's cultural heritage, demand exceptional physical and physiological capabilities. The study focuses on motor fitness attributes such as speed. A sample of 60 players, 30 from each sport, aged 17-24 years, was assessed through standardized tests. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the two groups. Kho-Kho players exhibited superior speed (mean time: 7.56 seconds) and agility due to the game's emphasis on rapid directional changes and short bursts of activity. In contrast, Kabaddi players demonstrated higher muscular strength, aligning with the sport's demand for sustained physical effort and strategic gameplay. The findings underline the specific Speed Performance each sport. This research contributes to the understanding of athletic performance in traditional Indian sports and offers insights for coaches to tailor training programs that enhance player performance. Moreover, the study highlights the potential for further research on optimizing fitness components to elevate the global competitiveness of these indigenous game

The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of motivation and self-confidence of swimming athletes on the results of the 50 meter freestyle. This research is descriptive quantitative with a correlational approach. The sample for this research was selected through purposive sampling, so that the athletes involved were athletes who had won at the provincial level. A total of 32 athletes aged 13 -17 years, athlete characteristics (mean ± SD), age 16.03±3.6 years, training experience 6.8±7.8 years, competition involvement in 1 year is 2 -4 times. The instrument uses a questionnaire and a 50 meter swimming test which is then recorded based on the best time. The data shows a normal distribution and the linearity test is carried out through the F test (p-value > 0.05) which explains the influence between motivation and self-confidence and the results of the 50 meter freestyle swimming which are declared linear. Correlation results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between motivation and self-confidence on the results of the 50 meter freestyle swimming 0.000 < 0.05. The coefficient of determination shows that the influence of motivation and self-confidence on freestyle swimming results is (R2 = 0.877) or 87.7%. The conclusion is the importance of psychological factors such as motivation and self-confidence in achieving good results in swimming. These results can serve as a guide for coaches and athletes to strengthen motivation and build self-confidence which in turn can improve performance and achieve better results in swimming competitions.

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor difficulties that affect individuals’ activities of daily living, and pose an increased risk to their health, and psychosocial development. The purpose of the study was to compare abdominal, and hip-flexors muscle strength, and endurance, flexibility of the lower back, and hamstrings muscles, Body Mass Index (BMI) and lower body explosive power between adolescents with motor difficulties and their peers without motor difficulties in a physical education setting. The initial sample consisted of 250 adolescents, 12-15 years old, who were assessed using Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2-Motor Test (MABC-2). Twenty-three adolescents who felt below the 15th percentile, according to the Battery’s Norm, formed the motor difficulties (MD) group. Twenty-three age- and sex-matched peers with MABC-2 scores equal to, or above the 16th percentile were selected randomly, forming the non-moto...

That physical education and sports for children is indisputable, this has been proven and proven by scientific achievements, they even say that, to categorize physical education and sports for children as a separate branch of sports, unlike adults, ie a branch of independent of sports science and sports system. In addition of traditional methods of education and their possibilities to realize them in practice this study aims to attract attention of educators in the new models of social education adjusting this with preschool children interests. For the realization of our study, have selected 80 children from four Tirana’s preschools city, that seems to be the bigger city, center of economic, social, administrative, culture, academic, industrial, medial of Albania, with purpose to have a big representation of all socialeconomics layers. The children are separated in two equal groups. Collected data, in begin, middle and in the end of tests and questionnaires were under a statistical ...

The present study aimed to assess male and female Taekwondo (TKD) players based on four domains of World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) -BREF and to find the dominant domain in TKD players&#39; life. Forty-six (46) male and fifty-five (55) female participants were included in the study through purposive random sampling. The information on four quality of life domains, i.e., physical health, psychological, social relationship, and environment, were gathered through the WHOQOL-BREF Bengali version (WHO, 2020) questionnaire. The researchers analysied the data through descriptive analysis, ANOVA, LSD, and students&#39; t-tests at 0.05 level of significance. The analysis revealed that irrespective of Gender, the social relation domain plays a dominant role in TKD players&#39; life, and the male TKD players are better than their female counterparts in the physical health domain only. Based on the result, we concluded that regular practice and participation in the TKD program...

This paper discusses the role of Nahdlatul Wathan Diniyah Islamiyah (NWDI) in the victory of the Zulkiflimansyah-Siti Rohmi Djalillah (Zul-Rohmi) pair in the 2018 NTB regional election. Zulkiflimansyah-Siti Rohmi Djalillah (Zul-Rohmi) in the 2018 NTB regional election. The research This research aims to find out the role of NW in Zul-Rohmi's victory and the reasons why NW placed its cadre as Cawag. NW placed its cadre as Cawagub. This research uses a qualitative method qualitative method with data collection techniques of documentation and interviews. Theories used in this research are used in this research are theories of civil society, political parties, and elections, and elections. Results The results of this study show the significant role of NWDI as a civil society in political contestation (Pilkada) 2018. in the 2018 political contestation (Pilkada). In the election, the pair zul-Rohmi, supported by NWDI, won the contestation. The influence of The influence of the leader of the NWDI organization has a big role in attracting votes. The existence of Tuan Guru Bajang (TGB) who is the leader of NWDI has a strong influence in mobilizing his congregation to vote for Zulkul-Rohmi. in mobilizing his congregation to vote for Zulkieflimansyah-Siti Rohmi Djalillah. The influence of TGB was also seen in the contestation of the previous period which also won the NTB Provincial Election. As for the reason NWDI placed its cadre as a candidate for deputy governor, not as a candidate for governor, is due to the socio-cultural conditions of the NTB community. the socio-cultural conditions of the people of NTB who still adhere to a patriarchal culture that does not want women leaders and the experience factor. patriarchal culture that does not favor women leaders and the experience factor of its cadres.

Reaction time (RT) is a true pointer of eye-hand coordination, response, and alertness of a person. In sports and daily life, the majority of work is done by the use of auditory and visual information. RT is a measurement of how quickly the particular tasks are done. The purpose of this study was to investigate auditory and visual simple reaction time of university male team branch athletes (basketball, handball, volleyball, football, and cricket) and non-athletes. Totally forty (40) subjects randomly participated in this study; among them (n=20) were team branch athletes and the rest (n=20) non-athletes. AudioVisual Reaction Timer (AVRT) was used to collect auditory reaction time (ART) and visual reaction time (VRT) data. Ten values of ART and VRT of dominant and non-dominant hands were recorded. Excluding the two fastest and slowest values, and the average for the middle six values saved as two digits of milliseconds were RT data. Descriptive statistics-mean, SD, and Inferential statistics-dependent and independent t-test was applied to check the level of significance (p<0.05 and p<0.01). Paired sample t-test of university athletes and non-athletes ART was statistically significant than that of VRT (p<0.01). A significant difference was found of ART and VRT between dominant and non-dominant hands of both groups together (p<0.01). Independent t-test of ART and VRT of dominant and non-dominant hands between athletes and non-athletes was statistically significant (p<0.05). In summary, it can be said that in athletes and non-athletes groups auditory reaction time (ART) was faster than the visual reaction time (VRT) and considering both the groups together, the dominant hand was superior to the non-dominant hand in quickness. However, ART and VRT of dominant and non-dominant hands of university athletes took the upper hand over the nonathletes group.

Background: In modern India the Indian Super League (ISL) is top professional and popular league in the game of Football. The ISL was started in 2013 with 8 teams. The study was framed to review the performance of three ISL session that is 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20. To the best of our knowledge, there is no research that has examined the team performance of any session of ISL. Objectives: The main objective of this study is to analyze the three session of Indian Super League (ISL) in respect of Goal, Ball passions &Passing accuracy, Discipline, Attendance and Miscellaneous.

This study aims to explore the efforts of revitalizing Islamic education at Madrasah NWDI in Lombok, Indonesia, with a focus on how Madrasah NWDI plays a role in preserving and reviving the national hero heritage of Indonesia during the colonial period. The primary issue addressed is how Madrasah NWDI has implemented the values of national heroes and local culture in its Islamic education, as well as how this relates to the challenges of contemporary education. The research employs historical research, document analysis, and interviews to gather relevant data. The findings reveal that Madrasah NWDI has played a significant role in upholding national and religious values and the spirit of national heroes. Education in this madrasah promotes character, morality, and leadership, which are relevant to the development of Islamic education today. This study makes a significant contribution to understanding the importance of Islamic education in preserving and rekindling the national heritage during the colonial era and its relevance in the context of present-day Islamic education. The conclusion underscores the pivotal role of Madrasah NWDI in inheriting and revitalizing the values of Indonesian national heroes. This research reinforces the understanding that Islamic education can serve as an agent of change that fosters national and religious spirit amidst ongoing societal transformations.

The aim of this research is to conduct a comprehensive evaluation on the level of Good Governance within the All India Football Federation (AIFF). Utilizing the National Sports Governance Observer (NSGO) tool, the study meticulously assesses AIFF's governance practices while identifying areas of strength and weaknesses. Notably, the dimensions of Transparency and Democracy emerge as a commendable aspect by receiving a positive score of 73% and 61% on the AIFF's governance framework; however, Internal Accountability and Societal Responsibility reveal room for Improvement. The study's recommendations form a foundational roadmap to enhance AIFF's governance. By shedding light on AIFF's governance landscape and offering a strategic pathway for enhancement, this research underscore the vital significance of effective governance in sports organisation, contributing to the broader discourse on elevating governance standards within the domain of Football administration.

This article presents a comprehensive review on India's sporting journey in the Asian Games, shedding light on the nation's remarkable milestones and continuous progress in the prestigious multi-sport event. Through an in-depth analysis of historical data, the study examines India's performance across various editions of the Asian Games, spanning disciplines from athletics to aquatics. The narrative traces the evolution of India's participation, highlighting key moments that have defined the country's presence on the continental sporting stage. The article explores the factors influencing India's successes and challenges, considering aspects such as infrastructure development, coaching methodologies, and the emergence of new talents. Furthermore, it discusses the impact of India's achievements in the Asian Games, emphasizing the role of sports in fostering national pride and unity. By synthesizing historical achievements with contemporary trends, this review provides valuable insights into India's ongoing efforts to excel in the Asian Games and sets the stage for future prospects in the realm of international sports.

Physical activity plays a vital role in the prevention and treatment of Type2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) (Hayes and Kriska, 2008). During the COVID-19 pandemic, physical activity is shown to be imperative in helping support a strong immune system (Chastin et al., 2021) and patients with COVID-19 who have been consistently physically inactive have a significantly higher risk of severe outcomes than patients who were doing some activity (Sallis et al., 2021). Therefore, the objective of this qualitative study was to evaluate the sufferer’s perception of physical inactivity and its social determinants among people with diabetes. Interviews were conducted with 14 participants with diabetes aged 40-60 years old living in the UAE in June-July 2021. The barriers of physical activity were explored through in-depth, semi-structured, audio-taped interviews. Barriers for physical inactivity were grouped around five themes: (1)Life-altering COVID-19: the pandemic that changed the world (2)Social ...

Obesity and overweight result from accumulation of body fats that may impair health [1]. They occur when the energy intake exceeds energy requirements. This could occur as a result of many factors including increased food intake, physical inactivity, and genetic factors [2]. Obesity and overweight are considered to be epidemics of the 21st century [3]. They affect 1.4 billion people aged 18 and over worldwide [4]. By 2030, the number of overweight people is expected to reach 3.3 billion [4]. In industrialized countries, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is up to almost 40% [5]. This prevalence is now rapidly increasing in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs), so in Africa it has exceeded the threshold of 30% for both men and women [6]. Finucane et al. [7], noted that the increase in prevalence is observed in all age groups of the population, including adults and children. The number of obese children and adolescents (aged 5-19) has increased tenfold over the past four decades globally [4]. The number of obese and overweight children in Africa has almost doubled in 20 years. According to Youfa and Hyunjung [8], the prevalence of obesity in children aged 7 to 11 has practically doubled in two decades, from 4% to 7%. High Income Countries (HICs) were the first to experience this phenomenon. More recently, Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) have been facing a similar, but faster, nutrition transition process, so that in Africa, the prevalence of obesity may exceed that found in some HICs [9]. This phenomenon of nutrition transition is due to changing dietary habits and sedentary lifestyles related to a rapid development of urban industrial environments involving processed high-calorie food, easy

Physical education teachers face the challenge of providing motivating and enjoyable experiences during physical education classes on a daily basis. Thus, the level of students' motivation for physical education takes on special importance. The main objective of this work was to establish the motivations of students of regular and professional education regarding the practice of collective or individual modalities in physical education classes. Fifty-one students participated in the study (36 men and 15 women; mean age = 15.67 ± 1.0). The sample was divided into two classes; one of regular education and another of professional education. The students answered a questionnaire that aimed to verify their motivations regarding the preference of individual or team sports during physical education class. The results show a clear preference for the practice of team sports, compared to individual sports, regardless of the type of student education. It was concluded that, both regular and professional education students were more motivated to practice team sports during physical education. In addition, the results show a greater predominance in the teaching of team sports during physical education classes.

As digit ratio (2D:4D) factor corresponds with high level of performances, fine-tune skills and immense ability were evidently found, but however the impact of 2D:4D on aerobic and anaerobic fitness components among younger subjects has yet to be fully understood. Thus, the main objective of this study is to examine the role of 2D:4D towards performance in physical fitness tests comprising of both aerobic-based and anaerobic-based elements. Results were collected from six physical fitness tests involving 594 primary schoolchildren (aged 10 to 12 years old) of both genders. Fingers images were taken through hand scanning method and the ratios were measured and calculated. Priorly, effect of covariances (age and body mass index) was found to have no effect on the fitness tests. For male students, the low 2D:4D of both hands showed various significant relationship with non-anaerobic based tests acquiring lower R 2 below 10%. Both genders reported to have higher percentage of variability of dependant variables detected at anaerobic based tests with the highest was found at standing broad jump test. Meanwhile, for the female subjects mixed results were found with all aerobic based tests scored lower R 2 below 10%. Overall, low digit ratio was much prominent in anaerobic-based tests in both male and female subjects. This study suggests that 2D:4D thrives more in anaerobic based events/tests among younger subjects and with thorough research, it is possible to implement 2D:4D as additional instrument in identifying sports talents and categorizing potential athletes according to the related fitness components.

As digit ratio (2D:4D) factor corresponds with high level of performances, fine-tune skills and immense ability were evidently found, but however the impact of 2D:4D on aerobic and anaerobic fitness components among younger subjects has yet to be fully understood. Thus, the main objective of this study is to examine the role of 2D:4D towards performance in physical fitness tests comprising of both aerobic-based and anaerobic-based elements. Results were collected from six physical fitness tests involving 594 primary schoolchildren (aged 10 to 12 years old) of both genders. Fingers images were taken through hand scanning method and the ratios were measured and calculated. Priorly, effect of covariances (age and body mass index) was found to have no effect on the fitness tests. For male students, the low 2D:4D of both hands showed various significant relationship with non-anaerobic based tests acquiring lower R2 below 10%. Both genders reported to have higher percentage of variability...

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor difficulties that affect individuals’ activities of daily living, and pose an increased risk to their health, and psychosocial development. The purpose of the study was to compare abdominal, and hip-flexors muscle strength, and endurance, flexibility of the lower back, and hamstrings muscles, Body Mass Index (BMI) and lower body explosive power between adolescents with motor difficulties and their peers without motor difficulties in a physical education setting. The initial sample consisted of 250 adolescents, 12-15 years old, who were assessed using Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2-Motor Test (MABC-2). Twenty-three adolescents who felt below the 15th percentile, according to the Battery’s Norm, formed the motor difficulties (MD) group. Twenty-three age- and sex-matched peers with MABC-2 scores equal to, or above the 16th percentile were selected randomly, forming the non-moto...

Breast cancer is the commonest of all cancers and one of the major threats to health especially among women (Lakeshore Cancer Centre, 2014). Report on the incidence of breast cancer reveals that one out of every eight women in the world stand a chance of having the disease in her lifetime (American Cancer Society, 2015). Although the incidence of breast cancer is increasing all over the world, the rate of increase is reportedly higher in developing countries where late detection of disease is common (World Health Organization, 2015). Most of this increase in incidence of breast cancer is as a result of changes in lifestyle which puts individuals at a risk of developing the disease. Breast cancer in African women tends to occur in pre-menopausal women with a peak incidence between the ages of 35 and 45 years (Somdyala, Bradshaw, Gelderblom and Parkin, 2010) and mortality rates for African Women are relatively higher when compared to women in Western countries (Fragen & Newman, 2015). American Cancer Society (2015-2016) described breast cancer as a group of diseases that cause cells in the breast to change and grow out of control and that breast cancer beg9ins in the breast tissue that is made up of glands for milk production, called lobules, and the duct that connect the lobules to the nipple. The disease of breast cancer has posed a serious problem in Nigeria. A major worry about breast cancer in Nigeria is the continuous rise in the number of cases and deaths (Cancer Epidemiology, 2012), a situation which confirms lakeshore cancer centre prediction that breast cancer may rise to 42 million by 2020 in both males and females in the country. Ep9idemiological studies have identified a number of risk factors that are associated with increased risk of a woman developing breast cancer. Lester in 2007, observed that the notable risk factors for breast cancer include age (age at menarche, first child birth and menopause). Parity; use of contraceptive pills and null parity. Previous thoracic radiation therapy and the use of hormones with history of present or past use of

Introduction: Repetitive strain injury RSI, also known as WRULD (work related upper limb disorder), is a term used to denote a group of injuries affecting muscle, tendons and nerves affecting neck and upper limbs.

Objectives: The study was conducted to assess nature, type and awareness of RSI among software professionals.

Methodology: Cross sectional study was carried out using predesigned semi structured questionnaire to assess nature and type of RSI in software professionals.

Result: - Symptoms of 74% software professionals fall into the category of RSI. 86.5% subjects were having more than 10 years experience. 69% subjects complain of poor posture. 83% subjects agreed of using towel roll or any back support. 55% subjects were involved in subconscious frequent self massage. Average weight of all the professionals were 73 Kg and average height was 5’8”, thus the average BMI was 24.47 making all professionals overweight.

Conclusion: RSI is invariably being faced by software professionals. It is definitely causing physical and mental morbidity to software professionals. A large multicentric study is needed to corroborate the findings.

Sport psychology help professional and amateur athletes to deal with their problems, improve their performance and achieve their goals. Sports psychology can even help people outside the playground. Sports psychology important for successful performance in most sports, it can help all athletes to Enhance performance, Cope with the pressures of competition, Recover from injuries, Keep up an exercise program and enjoying their sports. The present conceptual paper will review general psychological factors that already affect the athletes" performance and sports.

This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

The purpose of this study is to examine the balance and attention characteristic of dance exercise. 200 university students with a mean age of 20.63+1.59, who studied at the Faculty of Sport Sciences at Muğla Sitkı Koçman University in the 2016-2017 academic year participated in the study. University students participating in the study were taught 3 hours of Latin dance (salsa, bachata) once a week for 12 weeks. The "d2 attention test", which validity and reliability was performed in Turkish by Çağlar and Koruç [1], developed by Brickenkamp [2], was used to determine students' attention attributes related to dance exercise. Data analysis, frequency analysis, Impulsive statistics. Kolmokorov-Smirnov test, ttest, Mann-Whitney U test were used. As a result, there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups of the body weight pretest and posttest values of the students participating in the research. A significant difference was found between the experimental and control groups in the balance posttest value. A positive change was determined in the attention, error, and concentration post-test values of the students who participated in the dance study. It has been determined that dance work positively affects balance and attentiveness.

Heading a ball has two features that are likely to make landing different from a typical countermovement jump landing. The first being the heading motion itself and the second being multitasking. Two studies investigated the effect of a soccer heading motion on landing mechanics and reported greater peak vertical ground reaction force (GRF) when doing the heading motion compared to a vertical jump with no heading motion [6, 7].However, in both studies the ball was suspended, thus, not accounting for players visually tracking a moving ball and timing their jump. Adding multiple multitasking situations to vertical jumps has been investigated but not during a soccer header and in some cases, the added cognitive task was not sports related. One study compared vertical jumplanding mechanics with no additional cognitive condition to landing while counting Abstract: Soccer players experience many injuries during jump landing after heading a ball. Some have attributed these injuries to multitasking during a jump with a header. The purpose of the study was to compare vertical ground reaction force (GRF) during jump landings from a vertical jump to that of a jump with an attempt to head a soccer ball. Fourteen Division II women soccer players (age 19.35 ± 0.93years; weight 569 ± 80 N; height 163 ± 6cm) completed a series of three jump conditions, three times each. These jumps included maximum countermovement vertical jumps (VJ), jumps where they headed a soccer ball (JH), and jumps where they attempted to head a soccer ball but missed (JM).The JH condition was uses for deception as participants were unaware of the JM condition. Data from VJ and JM were compared. Participants showed greater peak GRF and peak loading rate (LR) on the dominant compared to the nondominant limb for the JM condition (p<0.05). Injury prevention programs may improve by integrating sport specific multitasking exercises into their routines. Adding different cognitive elements could yield better research representation of what happens during landing in real game situations.

There are a large number of variables that influence the development of technical actions in soccer. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyse the effects of the surface (grass, turf or dirt) on teams' and players' performances from a technical perspective. Fifty-four games in three different formats (5v5, 7v7 and 9v9) divided into two age groups (U-9 and U-14) at three Spanish soccer clubs were filmed and analysed. This study used the observational and descriptive method and was carried out by systematic direct observation, considering different types of behaviour within a set of defined technical offensive variables. Results showed that there were significant differences, and grass pitches generated more attacks (shots per minute: 0.69; touches per game: 258), while turf and dirt pitches generated less offensive play (shots per minute: 0.49 for turf / 0.30 for dirt; touches per game: 224 for turf / 252 for dirt).Conclusion: the data revealed that the characteristics of the playing surface have a strong influence on the development of the players' technical performance.

The literature suggests that one of the key determinants of success at rugby union international competitions is the anthropometric profile of players. The Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU) long-term player development (LTPD) model is a framework designed to guide the development of the tactical, physical, and psychological domains of sporting participation. In Ireland, the Train-to-Train stage of the IRFU model is a critical stage, whereby the next developmental progression would include the transition of players into professional academies. To date, no previously published studies have examined the anthropometric profile of Irish Schools' rugby union players at the Train-to-Train stage of the IRFU model. The anthropometric profile of 136 male adolescent rugby union players at the Train-to-Train stage of the IRFU model was assessed using total-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Significant differences in height, body mass, body fat percentage, fat mass, lean mass, and fat-free mass were observed between players assigned to the forward and back units, and for specific position categorizations within each unit. Direct logistic regression revealed that body mass was a statistically significant (p , 0.01) predictor of unit position classification, with an odds ratio of 2.35, indicating that the players with a higher body mass were twice as likely to be classified as forwards. The results of this study indicate that at the Train-to-Train stage of the IRFU model, forward and back units have distinctly different anthropometric profiles. Furthermore, anthropometric differentiation also exists within specific position categorizations within each of these playing units. Thus, anthropometric profiling should be carried out on a systematic and periodic basis, because this will allow for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the implementation strategies of the IRFU model on a national basis.

The literature suggests that one of the key determinants of success at rugby union international competitions is the anthropometric profile of players. The Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU) long-term player development (LTPD) model is a framework designed to guide the development of the tactical, physical, and psychological domains of sporting participation. In Ireland, the Train-to-Train stage of the IRFU model is a critical stage, whereby the next developmental progression would include the transition of players into professional academies. To date, no previously published studies have examined the anthropometric profile of Irish Schools' rugby union players at the Train-to-Train stage of the IRFU model. The anthropometric profile of 136 male adolescent rugby union players at the Train-to-Train stage of the IRFU model was assessed using total-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Significant differences in height, body mass, body fat percentage, fat mass, lean mass, and fat-free mass were observed between players assigned to the forward and back units, and for specific position categorizations within each unit. Direct logistic regression revealed that body mass was a statistically significant (p , 0.01) predictor of unit position classification, with an odds ratio of 2.35, indicating that the players with a higher body mass were twice as likely to be classified as forwards. The results of this study indicate that at the Train-to-Train stage of the IRFU model, forward and back units have distinctly different anthropometric profiles. Furthermore, anthropometric differentiation also exists within specific position categorizations within each of these playing units. Thus, anthropometric profiling should be carried out on a systematic and periodic basis, because this will allow for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the implementation strategies of the IRFU model on a national basis.

The aim of the study was to find out the effect of six weeks pilates training on core muscles and BMI of obese children. Ten (10) male children aged 12 to 18 years from Bolpur, Birbhum, West Bengal, India have been selected and purposively divided into Pilates Training Group (PTG) (N=05) and Control Group (CG) (N=05) according to WHO BMI Index (Rush, 2004). Six weeks pilates training programme has been formulated to see the effectiveness of training programme on core muscles strength and BMI. The core muscles strength has been tested by ‘Bunkie Test’ through the performance of functional lines before the training starts and after completion of six weeks pilates training programme and BMI has been calculated by height and weight. Significant improvement in core muscles strength as well as on BMI has been found by analysing and comparing the pre-test and post-test score through descriptive analysis and ANCOVA among the obese children of PTG and CG. So it can be concluded that six week...

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sports energy gel drink from chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) on the VO 2 max capacity of football and futsal players in Semarang. This is a quasiexperimental research using a crossover design on twenty-two (22) football and futsal players residing in Semarang, Indonesia. The duration of the study was five weeks, whereby 22 subjects in the control group were given 300 ml of mineral water added with butterfly pea extract as natural colorant, while another 22 subjects in the treatment group were given 300 ml of sports gel drink from chia seed 30 minutes before starting the exercise, twice a week. Data on weight, height, body fat percentage, energy and nutrient intake, and VO 2 max capacity were collected. The results showed that there was a significant increase in the player's VO 2 max capacity value after treatment with sports gel treatment (p=0.001), but there was no significant increase in the control group (p=0.314). Nutritional status, body fat percentages, physical activity, energy intakes, macro and micronutrients intake were found not to be correlated with VO 2 max capacity. It can be concluded that administration of 300 ml sports gel drink from chia seeds before training increases the player's VO 2 max capacity.

The purpose of the present study, which was part of a research project entitled "Development, testing and implementation of systematic observation/assessment tools for the teaching effectiveness of physical education teachers", was to evaluate the elementary physical educators' teaching practices and to examine the possible influence of teacher's gender and school grade on them. The teaching practices of 40 PE teachers (19 males and 21 females) were observed and evaluated via the general assessment framework of the Presidential Decree (P.D.) 152/2013; a rubric that the Greek Ministry of Education released for the assessment of all school teachers. The P.D 152/2013 was adapted, clarified and tested for the PE subject and consists of three categories, seven criteria and 26 indicators of teaching effectiveness, described on four performance levels (Incomplete, Sufficient, Very Good, Excellent). Multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant main effects a) of teacher gender on the criterion "Interpersonal relationships and expectations" in favour of males, and b) of teaching grade on the criteria "Interpersonal relationships and expectations", "Classroom organization" and "Instructional activities and Educational materials" where participants appeared more effective in upper grades. It seems that the teacher gender and the school grade play an important role on different factors of effective teaching in PE and should be taken into account in the development and implementation of teacher training programs. This research was implemented through the Operational Program "Human Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning" and is co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund) and Greek national funds.

This study was to find out the effect of various combined training such as aerobic with plyometric training, plyometric with speed training and aerobic with speed training on speed among basketball players in UAE. Just sixty female basketball players between the ages of 12 and 18 who attended different secondary schools in the United Arab Emirates—namely, Gulf Indian School Dubai, Our Own School Dubai, and Cambridge International School Dubai—were chosen as study participants in order to fulfil the study's objectives. Group I (n = 15) underwent aerobic and plyometric training, Group II (n = 15) underwent aerobic and speed training, Group III (n = 15) underwent plyometric and speed training, and Group IV (n = 15) served as the control. Each group consisted of 15 subjects and training was given for three days a week for twelve weeks. Prior after the training period speed was measured by using 50 mts run test. The paired ‘t’ test and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was applied as statistical tool for the present study. The Scheffé S test was used as post-hoc test at whatever point the ‘F’ - ratio of the adjusted post-test means were discovered to be significant at 0.05 level of significance. Both, aerobic with plyometric training, plyometric with speed training and aerobic with speed training influence on speed when compared with control group. From the results of the study, it was concluded that plyometric with speed training group was better than other training group for improve speed among female basketball players.