Spark ignition Plugs.

Seven combustible mixtures of condensate / kerosene were evaluated with the aim to delimit the extent at which the adulteration of kerosene (HHK) with condensate samples from two different sources becomes hazardous for domestic use. Results of the quality assurance test (low flash point, high flame height, high flame width, low smoke point) show that 3-100 % v/v of condensate in the adulterated blends are undesirable for domestic purposes. Condensate-adulterated kerosene has been tagged the ‘killer product’ because of the high degree of burns associated with its explosion.

Five combustible mixtures of automotive gas oil and dual purpose kerosene were obtained from a retail outlet and blended into different automotive gas oil (AGO) and dual purpose kerosene (DPK) proportions (85:15, 75: 25, 50:50, 25:75 & 15:85% (v/v)). Samples were analyzed using densitometer, hydrometer, karl fischer titrator, pour and cloud point tester based on American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM) with the aim of delimiting the degree to which adulteration affects the quality of the pure sample, impact on the environment as well as the effects on compression ignition engines. Results obtained from the analyses of the blended ratios show the following parameters in the ranges; density (0.858–0.827g/cm3); specific gravity@60 0F (0.859–0.828), kinematic viscosity (4.800–1.200 cSt), cloud point (7.000–2.000 oC), pour point (-15.000 – < -34.000 oC) and moisture content (500.000–1200.000 ppm). Results of the analyses showed that 85 % dual purpose kerosene in the blended ...

Preprogrammed monitoring of engine failure due to spark plug misfire can be traced using a method called machine learning. Unluckily, a challenge to get a high-efficiency rate because of a massive volume of training data is required. During the study, these failure-generated were enhanced with a novel statistical signal-based analysis called Z-freq to improve the exploration. This study is an exploration of the time and frequency content attained from the engine after it goes under a specific situation. Throughout the trial, the misfire was formed by cutting the voltage supplied to simulate the actual outcome of the worn-out spark plug. The failure produced by fault signals from the spark plug misfire were collected using great sensitivity, space-saving and a robust piezo-based sensor named accelerometer. The achieved result and analysis indicated a significant pattern in the coefficient value and scattering of Z-freq data for spark plug misfire. Lastly, the simulation and experimental output were proved and endorsed in a series of performance metrics tests using accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for prediction purposes. Finally, it confirmed that the proposed technique capably to make a diagnosis: fault detection, fault localization, and fault severity classification.

Exhaust Manifold and Exhaust Header is one of the important additives of IC engine for enhancing the volumetric performance. The volumetric performance of the engine may be expanded with the aid of using decreasing the backpressure and growing the exhaust pace with inside the exhaust manifold and header. These studies examine the float via unique fashions of exhaust manifold and exhaust header the use of CFD and Thermal evaluation for a 6 cylinder inline engine. The layout of exhaust manifold is changed to get gold standard geometry. The evaluation consequences of fashions are as compared for returned stress and pace of exhaust fuel line. By evaluating the consequences of fashions the lower in returned stress is located which make sure development in volumetric performance of the engine.

Short text by Joe Woods in "Import Service"
4 pages, 2000

Content
» How's it work ?  1
» Compression testing  3

An engine most of us have always found interesting, but (if you're like me) haven't worked on enough to know as well as our interest would incline is the Wankel rotary used on Mazdas, mostly in recent years their RX-7 sports cars. The last new ones imported were for model year 1995, and rumor has it Mazda's major partner, Ford, wants to engineer the disappearance of the unconventional rotary engine. But who knows anything about corporate policies? That was also the last year before OBD-II, which might account for it. The question I pursued was how to determine what to do if you get an RX-7 in your shop that runs poorly or not at all but the fuel and ignition systems seem to work normally. When is a Mazda-Wankel rotary mechanically worn out or broken? When should you swap that block-if that's what you call the… er, engine case-for a rebuilt? I've heard of Mazda rotaries still running fine after more than 300,000 miles, and you probably have, too. But we've both heard of them locking up or spinning airlessly far short of 50,000. What tests can we do to tell whether we have a 'keeper' or a 'heaver' on our hands?

german keywords: Wankelmotor / Kreiskolbenmotor
English Keywords: Wankel Engine / Wankel Rotary Engine / Rotary Piston Engine / Rotary Combustion Engine

Exhaust Manifold and Exhaust Header is one of the important additives of IC engine for enhancing the volumetric performance. The volumetric performance of the engine may be expanded with the aid of using decreasing the backpressure and growing the exhaust pace with inside the exhaust manifold and header. These studies examine the float via unique fashions of exhaust manifold and exhaust header the use of CFD and Thermal evaluation for a 6 cylinder inline engine. The layout of exhaust manifold is changed to get gold standard geometry. The evaluation consequences of fashions are as compared for returned stress and pace of exhaust fuel line. By evaluating the consequences of fashions the lower in returned stress is located which make sure development in volumetric performance of the engine.

Preprogrammed monitoring of engine failure due to spark plug misfire can be traced using a method called machine learning. Unluckily, a challenge to get a high-efficiency rate because of a massive volume of training data is required. During the study, these failure-generated were enhanced with a novel statistical signal-based analysis called Z-freq to improve the exploration. This study is an exploration of the time and frequency content attained from the engine after it goes under a specific situation. Throughout the trial, the misfire was formed by cutting the voltage supplied to simulate the actual outcome of the worn-out spark plug. The failure produced by fault signals from the spark plug misfire were collected using great sensitivity, space-saving and a robust piezo-based sensor named accelerometer. The achieved result and analysis indicated a significant pattern in the coefficient value and scattering of Z-freq data for spark plug misfire. Lastly, the simulation and experimental output were proved and endorsed in a series of performance metrics tests using accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for prediction purposes. Finally, it confirmed that the proposed technique capably to make a diagnosis: fault detection, fault localization, and fault severity classification.

Combustion is one of the most prominent energy conversion processes used in all areas of human life, even though it is being used on a large scale in various fields it has vital drawbacks like emission of greenhouse gases from IC engines majorly affecting the environment on a global level. One of the reasons of this issue being improper or inefficient ignition of the air-fuel mixture. However, this can be reduced to an extent by employing methods like lean combustion and re-circulating the exhaust gases. This is when the need of an alternative ignition system is required, one such concept being LASER IGNITION SYSTEM for internal combustion engines. On comparison laser ignition system provides number of potential benefits over conventional ignition by electric spark plug. Use of laser ignition system comes with advantages like-Reduction of NOx emission by 20% also improved efficiencies are obtained. The thermodynamic requirements of high compression ratios and high power density are fulfilled well by this system. Therefore, laser ignitors could replace conventional spark plugs in automobile industry. This not only provides better performance and fuel economy, but would also create less harmful emissions.

Comparatively Lower priced adulterants are commonly added to gasoline and diesel in India and other parts of the world also. Out of these lower priced, substandard, inferior adulterants some contribute towards the increase in the pollutants emitted from the internal combustion engines though all of them reduce the tax revenue of any country which directly affects the development of the whole mankind. This paper narrates the harmful outcomes of the different types of fuel adulterations on quality of air and discusses the different methods of adulteration detection and testing.

Vibration monitoring is the most widely used condition monitoring technique, where the machine's vibrations are analyzed to determine incipient faults. The early detection of a fault has many advantages as detecting a simple fault before causes too complicated problems. Every machine contains mechanical parts that emit a vibration. These vibrations can be monitored and recorded as a reference signal, displaying it using different strategies such as the time domain, frequency domain, time-frequency domain simultaneously. The root mean square (RMS) method is used to analyze the signal to obtain the signal code. This paper presents a monitoring method, displaying, analyzing and coding of the vibration signal using a newly invented device called Immediate Diagnosis Device (IDD) presented by the same authors to detect the Daewoo Lanos engine faults using a mobile device. A vibration sensor (model: 333B32) was installed on the engine body to monitor the engine vibrations at different engine speeds 900 and 1500 rpm. The measured signal is fed to IDD and passes through a series of operations and processing in its components to assess the engine fault. Through IDD, the vibration signals were sent to the processing unit microcontroller 32BIT-72MHZ-12BIT ADC, Serial Interface (STM32F103C8T6) to store and process it. Then compares it with the reference data by using Microsoft Visual Studio and the C ++ language program, the final result will be displayed a message on the device screen LCD (16X2 8BIT) to explain the fault reason.

The significance of petroleum product consumption in most countries is growing owing to different reasons like urbanization, population increase, development events and life style changes, which in turn leads to prevalent environment pollution. Adulterant refers to the substance that gets added to another and may not be legally allowed in most of the cases. A petroleum fuel is one such case which is vulnerable to adulteration specifically for improving the profit margins. Detection of this petroleum fuels adulteration is challenging as they are naturally present in the compounds already. The compositional variations of these fuels are determined using various physico-chemical properties measurements. For discriminating the adulterated samples from the unaltered ones, the statistical designs along with the data mining help. Monitoring of the quality of fuel is essential at the distribution point for the prevention of adulteration. We propose to use a fuel adulterations setup that is portable, in expensive and is capable of providing the results in a short time. This includes the use of a light weight optical fiber sensor that gives high performance with low attenuation and there are no fire hazards, as well as they are resistant to harsh environments for testing. The distilled curves along with principal component analysis and support vector machine based classification helps us to build a model that is capable of this adulteration detection.

Adulteration of petrol (gasoline) and diesel using petrochemical based products has often been reported in developing countries. This leads to the degradation of engine performances and fugitive emissions. Having similar chemical properties, the fuel and the adulterant cannot be distinguished easily leading to complications in identification and quantification of the adulterants. In this investigation, a synchronous fluorimetric analysis method was modified targeting to obtain the fingerprints for these fuels based on their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content. In a synchronous fluorescence scan, both the excitation and emission wavelengths are scanned keeping the wavelength difference at a fixed value. PAHs are a group of compounds with fused benzene ring systems, which are naturally present and/or formed during fuel processing that exhibit significant differences in their synchronous fluorescence scans. Simulated adulterated samples of petrol or diesel with kerosene, diluted in hexane, were prepared from the fuels collected from the petroleum refinery. These simulated fuel samples showed linear variations of the synchronous emission intensity with the level of kerosene in the fuel at specific wavelengths. This relation was utilized to investigate the level of adulteration for petrol and diesel available at different petrol stations. Diesel adulteration was found to be in the range of 0 to 35 % while petrol adulteration was found to be in the range of 0 to 48 % in Colombo and its suburbs.

From the nineteenth century, the mechanical transformation needs an incredible nuclear power creation. The pre-owned advances have a few specialized issues making hurt people and harming materials. There are numerous ways by which altering existing methods will assist with diminishing the uses. The work proposes the best approach to assemble and use the minimal expense Stirling motor for the efficient power energy application. A protected outside burning motor was the creation proposed by Robert Stirling to save human existence and materials. This motor is imagined for working with various temperatures without start inside by squander heat recuperation. It is worked by cyclic pressure and extension measure. The plan interaction includes the plan of chambers, heat expansion, dismissal, proficiency, power yield and some more. This motor is agreeable for individuals since it is very, less loud and minimized in size and alpha motor has more noteworthy proportion contrasted with differen...

Fuel is very important in our everyday activities, it has been used in companies, industries, organizations and automobiles. It also serves as a means for generating electricity. Adulteration of petroleum products is hard to detect because the existing components of the fuel constitute the adulterants. The adulterants alongside other cheap hydrocarbons are mixed with the base fuel to degrade its quality and for the monetary benefits of the business vendors. This makes the adulterated fuel to pose a very serious danger to the consumers. This research project developed an IoT-based fuel adulteration detection system using a weight sensor-based technique. The IoT-based system helps to notify and give information about the fuel adulteration to the user immediately on a registered website called thingspeak. The average detection accuracy and response time of the system are 96.37% and 1.34 seconds respectively. These results emphasize the crucial function of adulteration detection system in fuels, as it detects adulteration of liquids effectively and accurately for automobile users and thereby reducing the risk of adulteration in fuels.

Preprogrammed monitoring of engine failure due to spark plug misfire can be traced using a method called machine learning. Unluckily, a challenge to get a high-efficiency rate because of a massive volume of training data is required. During the study, these failure-generated were enhanced with a novel statistical signal-based analysis called Z-freq to improve the exploration. This study is an exploration of the time and frequency content attained from the engine after it goes under a specific situation. Throughout the trial, the misfire was formed by cutting the voltage supplied to simulate the actual outcome of the worn-out spark plug. The failure produced by fault signals from the spark plug misfire were collected using great sensitivity, space-saving and a robust piezo-based sensor named accelerometer. The achieved result and analysis indicated a significant pattern in the coefficient value and scattering of Z-freq data for spark plug misfire. Lastly, the simulation and experimen...

Preprogrammed monitoring of engine failure due to spark plug misfire can be traced using a method called machine learning. Unluckily, a challenge to get a high-efficiency rate because of a massive volume of training data is required. During the study, these failure-generated were enhanced with a novel statistical signal-based analysis called Z-freq to improve the exploration. This study is an exploration of the time and frequency content attained from the engine after it goes under a specific situation. Throughout the trial, the misfire was formed by cutting the voltage supplied to simulate the actual outcome of the worn-out spark plug. The failure produced by fault signals from the spark plug misfire were collected using great sensitivity, space-saving and a robust piezo-based sensor named accelerometer. The achieved result and analysis indicated a significant pattern in the coefficient value and scattering of Z-freq data for spark plug misfire. Lastly, the simulation and experimen...

Fuel is very important in our everyday activities, it has been used in companies, industries, organizations and automobiles. It also serves as a means for generating electricity. Adulteration of petroleum products is hard to detect because the existing components of the fuel constitute the adulterants. The adulterants alongside other cheap hydrocarbons are mixed with the base fuel to degrade its quality and for the monetary benefits of the business vendors. This makes the adulterated fuel to pose a very serious danger to the consumers. This research project developed an IoT-based fuel adulteration detection system using a weight sensor-based technique. The IoT-based system helps to notify and give information about the fuel adulteration to the user immediately on a registered website called thingspeak. The average detection accuracy and response time of the system are 96.37% and 1.34 seconds respectively. These results emphasize the crucial function of adulteration detection system in fuels, as it detects adulteration of liquids effectively and accurately for automobile users and thereby reducing the risk of adulteration in fuels.

The quantum of petroleum product utilization in India is increasing due to increase in population, urbanization, development activities and changes in life style, which leads to widespread pollution in the environment. Thus tailpipe emissions from low level public transport such as auto rickshaw is a menace and become a serious problem due to their contribution in pollution and bypassing the subsidized kerosene to adulteration market. As fuel prices rise, the public transport driver cuts costs by blending the cheaper hydrocarbon into highly taxed hydrocarbon. The blending may be as much as 80-90%. Fuel adulteration is essentially an unintended consequence of tax policies and the attempt to control fuel prices, in the name of fairness. Air pollution is the ultimate result. This problem is not unique to India, but prevalent in many developing countries including those outside of south Asia. This problem is largely absent in economies that do not regulate the ability of fuel producers ...

Extracting the knocks characteristics is the key of ignition control in auto-ignition compression engines, especially those severely suffered from abnormal consumption in the engine chamber. Most of the advanced detecting methods of knocking are generally related to the two main variables, including engine cylinder pressure signals and the engine cylinder block vibration signals, commonly measured using piezoelectric accelerometer sensors. Being familiar with different approaches capable of determining the engine knocking occurrence probability as well as providing suitable methods for knock intensity evaluation is significantly helpful to propose a comprehensive predicting model for measuring the level of oscillation pressure waves frequencies originated by the knocks. Following by predicting the knock intensity and extracting the knock feature, optimizing the engine operation in terms of fuel consumption, thermal efficiencies, and lifetime duration would be possible. For this aim, the current paper is addressed with overviewing upon the researches performed in the regard of developing high accurate models and optimized knock detection approaches.

As we are moving towards the developed country, the need of fossil fuel is increasing day by day with increasing population. We need alternative to replace fossil fuel. In IC engine, the chemical energy get converted into mechanical energy, i.e., the low grade energy get converted into high grade energy. The IC engine we use cause more pollution. So to overcome this problem, the electromagnetic force and compressed air is use to run the engine. The solenoid compressed hybrid air engine which uses electric energy and compressed air to run, can replace the use of IC engine. As we pass current through the copper wire winding, the magnetic field generated near the copper wire. The polarity of the magnetic field can vary according to the current. The magnet attached at the piston get attracted up as the polarity of permanent magnet and this force is transferred to the connecting rod and crankshaft assembly, which transfer the reciprocating motion of piston into rotating motion of cranksh...

Diesel is one of the fuels used in automobiles. But diesel is often adulterated with Kerosene which harms the engine and reduces the life of automobiles. An electronic technique has been developed to determine the adulteration in diesel by kerosene, in which the light is passed in an optical fiber, the cladding of which is removed over a small area, where the evanescent wave interacts with the measurand. The light received is converted into a proportional current and then into voltage. The technique is simple, compact and portable. The results obtained are similar to the results obtained from UV-VIS spectrophotometer. .

In recent years, the frequent reported cases of low engine performance and increasing emission of dangerous pollutants from vehicles in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. This triggered the study which aimed at the investigation of the API gravity of gasoline in some selected dispensing stations and its effects on gasoline engines in the region. And was accomplished by the underpinned objectives: to estimate the specific gravity of the sampled gasoline and to compute the API gravities using the required correlations. Furthermore, the data collected from the experiment were computed in the given equations and outcomes obtained were analysed with spread-sheet tool in Microsoft Excel 2012. The experimental results show that the specific gravity and the API gravity in the region under the time of study are between 0.71 and 0.73, and 69 and 62, respectively. These results concluded that the presence of impurities exist in the sampled gasoline due to adulteration and poor quality of refining process...

The aim of this paper is to represents a dynamic behavior of rotor bearing system wirth simply supported beam for three different position disc. rotating machinery such as compressors, turbines, pumps, jet engines, turtobo chargers, etc. are subject to vibrations. rotating machines are operated in very high speed and they are subjected to some unbalance force due to vibration from that machine pass to the foundation of machine.so the analysis of the dynamics parameter of rotor it is important to determine force transmissibility, natural frequency, critical speed and amplitudes of rotor system.

India today has an in depth network of underground pipelines used for the transportation and distribution of gas. Large factories, fertilizer factories and other industrial enterprises are the most consumers in PNG and today, however, with the rise in its popularity, it's currently utilized in the domestic sector similarly as a fuel within the automotive sector in large metropolitan cities. To bring gas to those end users within the boundaries of a significant city, it's necessary to create city gas distribution pipeline networks. India today has an intensive network of underground pipelines used for the transportation and distribution of fossil fuel. Large factories, fertilizer factories and other industrial enterprises are the most consumers in PNG and today, however, with the rise in its popularity, it's currently employed in the domestic sector additionally as a fuel within the automotive sector in large metropolitan cities. To bring gas to those end users within the boundaries of a significant city, it's necessary to create city gas distribution pipeline networks, these networks have already been founded within the cities of Delhi,

A Rotary engine is an internal combustion engine, but it works during a completely different way than the traditional piston engine. Like a piston engine, the rotary engine uses the pressure created when a mixture of air and fuel is burnt. In a piston engine, that pressure is contained within the cylinders and forces pistons to maneuver back and forth. The rod and crankshaft convert the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotational motion which will be wont to produce power. In a rotary engine, the pressure of combustion is contained during a chamber formed by a part of the housing and sealed in by one face of the triangular rotor, which is what the engine uses rather than pistons.

The main purpose of this paper is to find the concentration of adulterants in the gasoline using density method in LABVIEW. The researches have been made in many techniques to find the adulterants in petrol. For example distillation test, chemical maker test, evaporation test, gas chromatography may measure the adulterants specifically. Even there are digital densitometers to measure the density of petrol which are expensive and need a controlled environment and there is a very small change of density even for high level of adulterants. The above reasons and techniques led the project to use the density technique in NI-LABVIEW using CRIO through load cell sensor and flow sensor. In this paper, Compact RIO is connected to LABVIEW and the density is calculated. By this paper, certain measures can be assured to the life of engine and can decrease the pollution to some extent.

Five combustible mixtures of automotive gas oil and dual purpose kerosene were obtained from a retail outlet and blended into different automotive gas oil (AGO) and dual purpose kerosene (DPK) proportions (85:15, 75: 25, 50:50, 25:75 & 15:85% (v/v)). Samples were analyzed using densitometer, hydrometer, karl fischer titrator, pour and cloud point tester based on American Standard for Testing and Materials (ASTM) with the aim of delimiting the degree to which adulteration affects the quality of the pure sample, impact on the environment as well as the effects on compression ignition engines. Results obtained from the analyses of the blended ratios show the following parameters in the ranges; density (0.858-0.827g/cm 3); specific gravity@60 0 F (0.859-0.828), kinematic viscosity (4.800-1.200 cSt), cloud point (7.000-2.000 o C), pour point (-15.000-<-34.000 o C) and moisture content (500.000-1200.000 ppm). Results of the analyses showed that 85 % dual purpose kerosene in the blended mixture fell below American Standard for testing and materials (ASTM) and Department for Petroleum Resources (DPR) acceptable standard in terms of viscosity. A maximum of 15% dual purpose kerosene in the blended mixture fell within ASTM specification in terms of moisture content. Specific gravity, density, cloud point and pour point of all the bended samples were within specification. Adulterating automotive gas oil with dual purpose kerosene at (≥ 15:85 %) AGO:DPK ratio as well as the use of biomass as an alternative source of energy due to diversion of dual purpose kerosene for adulteration, results in the release of various types of harmful poly aromatic hydrocarbons to the environment through the exhaust of diesel engines and cooking respectively. It can also lead to reduction in compression ratio, power loss as well as wear and tear of engine parts. Capsule Summary: Adulterating AGO with DPK above acceptable limit could result in heavy smoking of exhaust pipes thereby releasing polyaromatic hydrocarbons to the environment which can cause health effects like decrease in immune function, kidney and liver damage, lung abnormalities, cancer in humans and animals as well as various damages to engine parts. Cite This Article As: T. N. Chikwe and M. C. Onojake. Adulterating the quality of automotive gas oil using dual purpose kerosene: Effects on compression ignition engines, humans and environment. Chemistry International 6(2) (2020) 75-82.

This report presents a summary of activities I was involved in during an internship at NNPC/PPMC Yola depot from May 20 to August 20, 2015. The activities that I was involved in included but were not limited to sampling as well as analyzing petroleum products (PMS, DPK, and AGO). During my internship, I learnt how to differentiate between the three products received at the depot. I was also able to perform some standard test for analysis of petroleum products such as density measurement, distillation, as well as flash point determination. This internship was a perfect opportunity to apply some of the knowledge that I have learned in previous courses. In addition, I was able to develop some additional soft skills like communication, team work, and flexibility.  I was taught about safety with the point of interest being fire prevention & firefighting; hence, I was able to understand the different types of fire and methods for firefighting. Finally, I learned how the depot works, its different departments, and how the personnel from the different departments work together to achieve the depot mission.

Fuels that are contaminated or whose quality has been weakened by adding inferior quality ones are referred to as adulterated fuels. There has been hardly any data in developing nation but the rising consciousness in tailpipe emission levels has prompted some action towards curbing adulteration. Increased emission of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter intoxicate the air from such fuels. Experts say health problem could result from harmful tailpipe emission and cancer using pollutants, through not all form of adulterants are harmful. Here the monitoring of liquid adulteration particularly that of petrol is done by setting a limited range of the specific gravity of petrol and maintaining temperature corrections at various temperature points to obtain an accurate specific gravity reading. In this manner, one parameter of the adulteration of petrol will be distinguished from pure petrol.