Soils Mechanics

In this study, Biopolymers are used as an attempt to create sustainable environment by eliminating the negative environmental impacts of using traditional admixtures in soil stabilization. Xanthan Gum is used as a biopolymer to treat expansive soil. A series of tests like, Standard Proctor Test, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS), One-Dimensional Consolidation and Standard Direct Shear tests were conducted on virgin soil and biopolymer (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5%) treated soils. The results revels that by addition of biopolymer content Maximum Dry Density (MDD) of soil decreases and Optimum Water Content (OMC) increases. The UCS value is increased by 4 times for the addition of 1% xanthan gum to soil for 28 day curing period. Compressibility of soil is deceased by 65% for 28day curing period. Shear parameters of treated soil shows improvement with addition of xanthan gum content. For further examination, SEM analyses were conducted on the tested samples and revealed that the soil fabric had white lumps and pores in the soil structure were filled with cementitious gel. Moreover, the resistance towards shear and compressibility of treated samples increased with curing times. Therefore, use of Xanthan Gum for soil stabilization is a solution for eco-friendly soil stabilizing material.

The growing popularity of GIS technology in Ethiopia has encouraged multiple scholars to investigate landslide hazards using quantitative approaches, despite its limitations. The present review examined the approach used in the evaluation of landslide hazards by five prior studies that shared catchments. The review results reveal that the controlling factors assumed by the five researchers were inconsistent and resulted in highly divergent frequency ratio (FR) values, even for the same factors. This implies that the contribution of a single instability factor can be inferred sufficiently for landslide hazard assessment and mapping; otherwise, the results are highly subjective and disputable. Since the soil type in the region was alluvial-colluvial in the five studies, and a majority of the failures occurred shortly after rainfall, rainfall data and basic soil properties (classification and shear strength) should not be overlooked. In addition to the nonstandard use of morphometric parameters, the inherent limits of GIS methodologies, the omission of hydrogeotechnical properties, and the observed subjective outcomes make the GIS-based approach imprecise, error-prone, and doubtful. The total effect will result in ineffective early warning systems and unworthy mitigation measures, resulting in significant life costs and damage. As a result, it is recommended that GIS technology should be coupled with software (TRIGRS, Scoops3D, SINMAP, OpenLISEM, GLM, and SLIP) that considers hydrogeotechnical properties to provide more reliable conclusions. In addition to using instability factors consistently, regional statistical correlations of all morphometric parameters can be developed, allowing for less complex and realistic empirical models to be used.

Testing the integrity of piles is a key aspect of geotechnical analysis, and the application of non-destructive methods allows for a reliable assessment of the condition of piles without causing physical damage to the structure. This paper focuses on the application of the Pile Echo Test (PET) method for verifying the mechanical properties and quality of piles that serve as supports for portal structures. The testing showed that the measured velocities ranged from 4000 to 5000 m/s, with amplifications between 25% and 35%, indicating that the piles do not have serious structural issues and that no material degradation has occurred that would affect the load-bearing capacity or stability of the piles. By using the PET method, the integrity of the piles can be precisely determined, thereby enhancing the safety and long-term stability of portal structures. The results of this study confirm the importance of applying this method in geotechnical analyses as a reliable technique for verifying the quality of piles.

Testing the integrity of piles is a key aspect of geotechnical analysis, and the application of non-destructive methods allows for a reliable assessment of the condition of piles without causing physical damage to the structure. This paper focuses on the application of the Pile Echo Test (PET) method for verifying the mechanical properties and quality of piles that serve as supports for portal structures. The testing showed that the measured velocities ranged from 4000 to 5000 m/s, with amplifications between 25% and 35%, indicating that the piles do not have serious structural issues and that no material degradation has occurred that would affect the load-bearing capacity or stability of the piles. By using the PET method, the integrity of the piles can be precisely determined, thereby enhancing the safety and long-term stability of portal structures. The results of this study confirm the importance of applying this method in geotechnical analyses as a reliable technique for verifying the quality of piles.

An assessment of existing construction processes examined the specifications of each and feasibility when implemented, focusing especially on costs, which is achieved by setting combinations of processes that enable the best result in the formation of rings for wells was performed foundation. Determining the most cost effective and optimal method for the construction of caissons rings, based on the premise that the material cost increases in all tested construction methods is certainly concrete. This is where will focus most of the research without leaving aside other construction materials other threads that if left unchecked can lead to significant cost overruns, as well the mix design is one increases or decreases the value is known monetary concrete , so if you use concrete of a mix design of 3000 psi for every activity, knowing that much of it should use concrete with a designed mix with a resistance of 2000 psi , the increase money as significant serious volume , and if you also take into account that the foundation the make not one, but dozens of Caisson 's depending on the design , this increases excessively consuming counting and waste, primarily due to non-execution of a good building model and tracking wrong parameters . In the company where the most used construction process and / or current standard called was analyzed , it was evident that the process generated by consumption overruns enough high-strength concrete for activities that did not need , in addition to not requiring contractor performing of these , which as a matter of delivering faster results the work were made using unnecessary resources , generating monetary involvement with the contracting entity of the project, considering that this particular case the foundation has 42 Caisson 's an average cost each $ 31 MC 474.37 '333 Colombian pesos .

The construction sector accounts for a considerable share of the carbon emissions globally. While extensive research has examined the embodied carbon and cost optimisation of superstructures, comparatively little attention has been given to optimising deep foundations with respect to these criteria. This study employs a hybrid genetic algorithm to optimise the embodied carbon and construction cost of six pile types across various soil conditions and load capacities. The results indicate that timber piles have the lowest embodied carbon, with reductions of approximately 70 % and 60 % compared to solid concrete piles in clayey and sandy soils, respectively. Hollow concrete piles exhibit lower emissions than solid alternatives, particularly at higher capacities. Steel piles, while structurally efficient, generally have higher embodied carbon than its other counterparts. Conversely, cost optimisation results show that solid and hollow concrete piles are the most economical, whereas timber piles are the most expensive due to their limited load capacity. A case study of a high-rise building in London's undrained clay demonstrated that carbon-optimised pile designs could achieve the same load capacity while reducing embodied carbon by 45 %-69 % and lowering construction costs compared to the as-built design. These findings highlight the potential for significant reductions in the embodied carbon of deep foundations through optimisation, without requiring changes to materials, design methods, or construction practices. The study underscores the call for industry-wide adoption of computational optimisation techniques to support sustainable foundation design.

This study analyzes bearing capacity and settlement for a strip footing at the proposed nit Patna Bihta campus site. It uses the Random Finite Element Method (RFEM) based software, which combines viscoplastic finite element analysis with random field theory. The program generates random realizations of the soil domain using local average subdivision method. The average response of the soil domain with variable properties is estimated using Monte-Carlo simulation. The study assumes random variation of soil parameters like cohesion, friction angle, and elastic modulus, while Poisson's ratio and dilation angle are treated as deterministic variables. The study also considers the cross correlation between cohesion and friction angle. For no cross correlation, theoretical predictions are made for mean and standard deviation of bearing capacity which are verified using Monte Carlo simulation based RFEM results. The probability of bearing capacity failure is also calculated using random finite element analysis and compared with theoretical results. The stochastic analysis of bearing capacity problem indicates that conservative results can be obtained with Prandtl's bearing capacity formula with consideration correlation length equal to the width of the footing. In settlement analysis, elastic settlement of strip footing on spatially variable soil is presented. Locally averaged log normally distributed random fields of elastic modulus are generated to conduct probabilistic settlement analysis using RFEM and it is seen that there is very good agreement between the predicted and the actual value of settlement at small and large correlation lengths. It is concluded that RFEM is a very suitable and efficient tool for investigation of the effect of variation of soil properties in determining the overall mean response for the bearing capacity and settlement behavior.

This paper presents the idea on determination of liquid limit and plastic limit with soil electrical resistivity in geotechnical investigations. Depending on the moisture contents, the soil behavior is revealed as solid, semisolid, plastic and liquid states in geotechnical engineering and other division of civil engineering. Determination of liquid limit and plastic limit of soil in conventional laboratory test is very tedious, slower and costly for the laboratory testing example as fall cone testing with a lot of collected soil sample. In this work, a method of soil liquid limit and plastic limit determination with electrical resistivity is revealed to define the state of soil as well as the relationship of soil particle distribution in the soil site investigations of geotechnical engineering. In addition, soil resistivity measurements with moisture contents and conventional laboratory test as fall cone test are performed whereas experimental results in laboratory and results from the available literature review are considered. A good correlation of soil electrical resistivity and moisture contents is demonstrated in results to determine the liquid limit, LL and plastic limit, PL in soil behavior. The research is most significant to obtain faster, cost-effective and consistent performance in soil liquid limit and plastic limit determination through electrical signal for a wide range of applications in geotechnical engineering.

En muchos países hay diversas formas de planear y analizar estructuras históricas,
previo a la intervención de estas, pero hay otros muchos lugares que cuando intervienen las construcciones antiguas tienen un enfoque más emocional en la práctica, en vez de tener un enfoque profesional que una actividad con soporte científico. De ahí que es común que en la práctica profesional al tratarse de conservación y restauración de estructuras antiguas se usen herramientas para el modelado estructural computacional contemporáneas, en sí, muchas de estas herramientas son limitadas por la naturaleza matemática del método de elementos finitos continuos (FEM). Sin embargo, estos instrumentos numéricos son útiles para evaluar el sistema estructural y posibles áreas con un deterioro o daño estructural. Para comparar la efectividad de este tipo de análisis, la simulación se basa en 2 herramientas numéricas que son comúnmente utilizadas en la práctica profesional (elementos shell y solidos) son llevados acabado, con la factibilidad de generar modelos representativos del objetivo físico que se está revisando. Vale mencionar que hay otras herramientas físicas con una gran eficiencia en términos de resultados locales que pueden ser obtenidos con representaciones de mampostería irregular, este trabajo se enfoca especialmente en las herramientas comúnmente usadas en México, y en la práctica profesional contemporánea. También, se necesario revisar el equilibrio en la estructura, una comparación entre resultado con métodos gráficos y el método de elementos finitos. En conclusión, este trabajo sirve de base para realizar prácticas similares y otras adaptaciones en la práctica profesional en por lómenos previo al análisis en el estado real de la intervención, asimismo la premisa que describe este documento es recomendar la comparación entre las propiedades que tienen los análogos y análisis virtuales compatibles con los mismos. Por último, este documento tiene como propósito demostrar en un nivel internacional la importancia de las diferencias entre los métodos existentes en el análisis estructural y los beneficios que tienen para prevenir daños en el objeto patrimonial.

This study presents a comparative analysis of the Max Wheel, an innovative auger design, with the traditional T-handle auger. The analysis encompasses mechanical design, torque calculations, finite element analysis (FEA), vibration characteristics, and ergonomic considerations. The aim is to demonstrate the potential advantages of the Max Wheel design in terms of efficiency, ease of use, and reduced physical strain for the operator.

This communication article presents a discussion of various identified shortcomings in the original research paper by Thapa et al. (the Authors) that was recently published in Transp. Infrastruct. Geotech. 11(6), 3941-3968, 2024. The Authors investigated the application of waste shredded rubber pieces (SRPs) for improving the performance of shallow foundations bearing on a problematic collapsible soil obtained from the Western Uttar Pradesh region of India. They performed laboratory experiments, including Atterberg (consistency) limits, compaction, unconfined compressive strength and undrained direct-shear tests, on the unamended soil (i.e., 0% SRP content) and five soil-SRP blends prepared with gravimetric SRP contents ranging from 1% to 5%. Moreover, the Authors employed finite-element method (FEM) modeling to assess the effects of SRP content on the ultimate bearing capacity (B) and settlement (S) response of an infinite strip footing bearing on the investigated compacted soil-SRP blends. Using the results obtained from the six FEM simulations, the Authors then produced multiple linear regression (MLR) models for predicting the FEM-generated B and S values of the compacted soil amended with 0-5% SRP additive. In this communication article, the Discussers raise several shortcomings of the Authors' research, including (i) the presented Atterberg limits results are fundamentally compromised by the inclusion of the coarse SRP additive in the test material, and (ii) the validity and applicability of their proposed MLR models for predicting the B and S responses of shallow footings bearing on the SRP-amended soil.

Practical resolution of consolidation problems that we often face requires an extensive and solid knowledge of the different parameters highlighted by the Terzaghi one-dimensional consolidation theory. This theory, with its assumptions, leads to a partial differential equation of second order in space and first order in time of pore water pressure. Analytical and numerical resolutions of this equation allow determining the water pressure variation before and after the application of a charge. Numerical modeling has enabled the simulation of the whole results obtained by the two methods of resolution (pressure, degree of consolidation, time factor, among others) to have a physical analysis and a lawful observation that lead to a suitable understanding of the phenomenon of Terzaghi one-dimensional consolidation.

This research is to determine the engineering index properties of soil for suitable foundation design in Ajah, Southwestern Nigeria. Three samples were acquired from a well bore in the area at depth of 1m, 3m and 5m. The following laboratory tests were carried out on the soil samples collected from the study area (Particle size analysis, Specific gravity, Atterberg limit, Triaxial test, and Compaction). The particle size analysis test revealed the predominance of granular materials ranging from fine to coarse sands in the sample. The specific gravity of the soil shows a gradual increase with depth, from 2.41 (at 1m), 2.50(at 3m) and 2.57(at 5m). The results from the Atterberg limit test showed that the three samples have liquid limit of 20.44%, 23.27%, and 25.61% respectively. The samples are also non plastic in nature, having neither plastic limit nor plastic index. The samples are almost cohesionless, having cohesion of 0.17, 0.95 and 0.76; and having angle of internal friction of about 13.73º, 11.62º, and 11.36º. Further analysis of the soil samples revealed that the optimum moisture content for the samples are 12.4%, 14.2% and 13.2% respectively, from top to bottom, while the maximum dry density for the samples are 1.75g/cm 3 , 1.68g/cm 3 and 1.76g/cm 3. The aforementioned properties of the soil proves that the soil is suitable for foundation, having low retention water capacity and relatively high specific gravity and permeability; high percentage of coarser grained fraction and very low percentage of clay minerals.

Using equations (i) and (ii), we can write RHS of above equation as, I(x 1 ,x 2 ) = I(x 1 ) + I(x 2 ) Hence Proved In a practical communication system, we usually transmit long sequence of symbols from an information sources. Thus, we are more interested in the average information that a source produces than the information content of a single symbol. In order to get the information content of the symbol, we take notice of the fact that the flow of information in a system can fluctuate widely because of randomness involved into the selection of the symbols. Thus, we require to talk about the average information content of the symbols in a long message. Thus, for quantitative representation of average information per symbol we make the following assumptions: (i) The source is stationary so that the probabilities may remain constant with time.

The necessary application of sustainable engineering methodologies has been increasing as the number of environmental hazards caused by global warming is on the rise. Cement as a traditional common additive for soil improvement has several negative impacts on the environment. This led to an urge for alternative sustainable solutions. The use of biopolymers as environmentally friendly materials is one of the potential options. This study aims to investigate the effect of xanthan gum biopolymer as a sustainable solution for soil properties enhancement. The Atterberg limits, unconfined compression, CU and UU triaxial tests were performed to examine the effect of xanthan gum on the soil strength and plasticity. Additionally, the durability of biopolymer-treated and untreated soils under wetting and drying cycles and moisture susceptibility were assessed. The results showed that the compressive strength of soil increased by increasing the xanthan gum concentration and curing time and reached its peak value after a specific curing time. The addition of xanthan gum resulted in significant improvement in soil cohesion and caused a reduction in the internal friction angle of the soil. While increasing the number of wetting/drying cycles decreased the soil strength, the biopolymer-treated soil exhibited higher soil strength than the untreated soil. This study provides valuable experiences in the use of xanthan gum biopolymer in practical engineering applications.

The current research aims to enable the safe construction of structures on collapsible sandy Sabkha soil, which is found both inland and along coastal regions. To reinforce this type of soil, and using the Tabuk region in Saudi Arabia as a case, the present study uses deep soil mixing columns (DSMCs) containing hydrated lime as a binder. Full-scale three-dimensional numerical models are created based on experimental tests to analyze the performance of footings on both untreated and treated collapsible soil with DSMCs. Various parameters such as column configuration, area replacement ratio and lime content are considered. The results demonstrate that DSMCs significantly increase the footing ultimate bearing capacity on Sabkha soil under immersion conditions, giving it a bearing capacity of up to three times that of the tested non-treated soil. Furthermore, with increases in the DSMCs' area replacement ratio and lime contents, there is a reduction in the footing settlement and DSMC bulging as well as a rise in the stress concentration and stress transfer. Under the applied loads, the DSMCs are shown to yield before the surrounding soil. Multiple machine-learning (ML) models, including LR, NLR, SVM, GPR, RF, DT, and XGBoost, are also developed in the research. In addition to the parameters used in FEM analyses, collapse index, maximum dry unit-weight, and the California bearing ratio are utilized in ML analyses producing ultimate bearing capacity as an output. These models are found to exhibit strong performance in predicting the properties of the treated Sabkha soil, with R 2-scores exceeding 0.90. The high accuracy of the selected models highlights their effective predictive abilities in assessing reinforced soil properties. Finally, an equation is formulated based on ML analyses to calculate the footing ultimate bearing capacity on the reinforced Sabkha soil with DSMCs from the used features. The use of hydrated lime as a sustainable binder in DSMCs offers environmental benefits and technical advantages by enhancing foundation performance while promoting sustainable construction practices.

In June of 1994 a 20-m section of 1.4-m diameter, restrained-joint, ductile iron pipe failed during construction of a new section of water pipeline for the city of Cairo in the Arab Republic of Egypt. The failure occurred in an area where the pipe was supported on piles, and compacted silica sand was w .. cd as side support for the pipe. Soil above the crown of the failed section of pipe was 6 m or more in thickness. Results Df a detailed review of the failure revealed that a number of unique and related factors apparently caused the failure. The most significant of these causes was the native soil surrounding the pipeline, which \Vas formed from an accumulation of 800 years of building and construction debris. At the location of the failure the debris was in excess of 15-m thick. When subjected to water at this location, thi.-. debris undcr\-\'cnt signiril:ant settlement, which eventually led to loss in .-.ide support for the pipeline. To repair the pipeline and to avoid future similar failure~. a utilidor \Vas used to protect the pipeline in areas where overburden thickness was greater than 4.5 m, and a pip~: encasement was used \.vhere the. overburden thickness was less.

En la presente tesis, la justificación, los objetivos, el marco teórico referencial y la metodología está estructurada en seis capítulos. El objetivo principal es: Presentar una guía experta de diseño de pilotes, de fácil interpretación y aplicación. Para alcanzar el objetivo hace falta identificar los problemas existentes en el diseño habitual de pilotes: incertidumbre en el comportamiento de ellos y bibliografía que no es fácil de encontrar. El tesista propone una guía ordenada donde se ha recogido una cantidad de información detallada, fórmulas de fácil aplicación, tablas y gráficas, asimismo se muestran diversas aplicaciones prácticas y modelaciones en programas especializados ara tres tipos de pilotes con los materiales más utilizados, ofreciendo así una gama de opciones al diseñador. Dado que existe mucha incertidumbre aún sobre el comportamiento de los pilotes y la bibliografía especializada es escasa, se ha visto necesario investigar, recoger y ordenar la información dispersa en diferentes documentos para elaborar una tesis que sirva de referencia al profesional ligado al diseño los mismos. Es en este contexto que la tesis lleva como título"Guía para el diseño de pilotes" pretendiendo contribuir de manera simple y funcional a su diseño. No obstante cabe advertir que en nuestro medio los factores de seguridad en el diseño, serán siempre elevados, debido a la incipiente tecnología y escasez de los equipos necesarios para ensayar el suelo. Debe entenderse entonces que el sustento de dichos factores radica en que los datos geotécnicos, generalmente recogidos de tablas o hallados por correlaciones, tienen alta variabilidad. Pero esta afirmación no debe ser un obstáculo en el proceso de diseño, pues con adecuado criterio y tomando las precauciones necesarias se puede llegar a diseños eficientes y confiables, entendiendo por supuesto que el éxito de un diseño dependerá de la seriedad con que se efectúen los ensayos previos y del criterio profesional al momento de elegir los parámetros de ingreso en los programas especializados La tesis consta de seis capítulos:

Currently there is a belief within the Engineering Profession that there is not any form of correlation between the shrink swell index and the atterberg limits or linear shrinkage properties for a soil. This research project will concentrate on soils from one particular Geological structure which is known as the Pleistocene Quaternary Shepparton Formation. The soils in this formation have been placed using sedimentary techniques and predominately consist of clays, silts, sands and gravels. The analysis to determine if there is a relationship between this index and any of the atterberg limits or linear shrinkage results was undertaken using a sampling and testing program for 29 soils that had different characteristics. The soils that were tested all originated from this formation and are located in the Goulburn Valley and Murray Valley Regions in Northern Victoria. The soils that were tested ranged from silts with sands and extended through to highly reactive clays. All these samples were subjected to the same testing program and included shrink swell index, atterberg limits, linear shrinkage and particle size

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Zemin iyileştirmesi, mevcut zeminin boşluk oranının azaltılması, ortamdaki suyun uzaklaştırılması ve zeminin üzerine inşa edilecek yapıyı destekleyecek kapasiteye getirilmesi işlemlerinden oluşur.Bu çalışmada Seyitömer uçucu külü (UK), yapay granit atığı (polisaj) ve bağlayıcı malzeme olarakta kireç kullanılarak, mevcut olan zayıf zeminlerin iyileştirmesi üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Esas zemin numunesi olarak ele alınan kaolen kiline UK, polisaj ve kireç belirli oranlarda katılarak homojen karışımlı numuneler oluşturulmuştur. Hazırlanan yapay numunelere kireç ve uçucu kül miktarı %15 oranında sabit tutularak, %10, %15, ve %20 oranlarında polisaj mal...

Embankments are key elements in the infrastructural development of structures such as dams, bridges, and roads. Residual soils are generally used as fills in the construction of embankments in areas were residual soils such as laterite is the dominant soil types. Laterite soils have the characteristics of losing its shear strength with time and in fully saturated conditions and its properties varies from region to region. The soil property is influenced by the chemical composition and the environment. The binding agent iron oxide in such soils changes its composition with time and in the presence of moisture. Sudden failures of embankments founded of laterite soils which were, otherwise, checked and found to be safe with high factor of safety, have been observed. This study is performed to investigate the stability of embankments with sudden loss of strength with time and when it is fully saturated. The research includes an investigation of the properties of laterite soils around the world, with particular emphasis on Nigeria. Initially, information is gathered from different sources about the strength-based properties of such soils. Previous research in Nigeria is used as a basis for obtaining real-world soil data. Next, stability analyses are performed using SLOPE/W with shear strength parameters for total stress (short-term), effective stress (long-term), and fully saturated soil conditions. A probability analysis is conducted for the fully saturated conditions because of the variability in the input parameters. Three slope configurations (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) are considered. The study revealed that the laterite soils embankments lose most of its stability over time period and in full saturation soil conditions. Both these conditions significantly compromise the

Embankments are key elements in the infrastructural development of structures such as dams, bridges, and roads. Residual soils are generally used as fills in the construction of embankments in areas were residual soils such as laterite is the dominant soil types. Laterite soils have the characteristics of losing its shear strength with time and in fully saturated conditions and its properties varies from region to region. The soil property is influenced by the chemical composition and the environment. The binding agent iron oxide in such soils changes its composition with time and in the presence of moisture. Sudden failures of embankments founded of laterite soils which were, otherwise, checked and found to be safe with high factor of safety, have been observed. This study is performed to investigate the stability of embankments with sudden loss of strength with time and when it is fully saturated. The research includes an investigation of the properties of laterite soils around the world, with particular emphasis on Nigeria. Initially, information is gathered from different sources about the strength-based properties of such soils. Previous research in Nigeria is used as a basis for obtaining real-world soil data. Next, stability analyses are performed using SLOPE/W with shear strength parameters for total stress (short-term), effective stress (long-term), and fully saturated soil conditions. A probability analysis is conducted for the fully saturated conditions because of the variability in the input parameters. Three slope configurations (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) are considered. The study revealed that the laterite soils embankments lose most of its stability over time period and in full saturation soil conditions. Both these conditions significantly compromise the

The assumption of seepage parallel to an infinite slope is realistic and indeed typical of most hillslope failures, to
which one-dimensional “infinite slope” analysis may be applied. In this study, however, the general case of an ideal infinite slope of homogeneous isotropic saturated granular soil affected by uniform steady seepage with a vertical upward
component was considered. Stability analysis was carried out in view of i) Mohr-Coulomb shear failure, the main
result being the preparation of a stability chart for an infinite slope acted upon throughout by seepage in an arbitrary
direction; ii) hydraulic instability in the guise of hydraulic heave failure. This occurs when the seepage gradient, at
which the upward seepage forces transmitted to the soil exceed the gravitational forces, is the critical hydraulic gradient
, for which a simple, albeit general, equation was derived. Subsequent comparison of these two types of failure showed
that Mohr-Coulomb failure precedes hydraulic heave failure, except in one particular case, i.e. horizontal ground and
vertical upward flow, where the failures are simultaneous. The study also considered iii) the phenomenon of static liquefaction resulting from undrained monotonic shear of saturated contractive loose soils, which generates a build-up of
excess pore- water pressure ∆u. This leads to a sudden substantial or total loss of shear strength, i.e. the phenomenon of
static liquefaction which, in turn, can produce catastrophic failures,even in gentle slopes. Lastly, in relation to the above
mentioned excess pore-water pressure , an equation that enables us to estimate its value was easily obtained.

This paper aims to identify the factors that cause damages to buildings constructed on expansive soils and suggests practical solutions to avoid swelling problems. Literature of buildings failures associated with expansive soils and techniques experienced to prevent the swelling damages were intensively reviewed. Three regions in Khartoum state, famous expansive soil areas were selected for this study. Ten cases of damaged buildings were randomly selected for investigation. A field survey of damages was conducted to diagnosis and point out the causes, extent and type of damage that was observed in the buildings. It was observed that eight lightweight buildings suffered heavy damages and only two other buildings were slightly damaged. Common failures observed were cracks in walls and floors, foundation movements, column buckling, sagging of beams and slabs in typical damage cases. It was found that poor surface drainage, gardens watering close to buildings, source of water leakage an...

En el presente estudio se desarrolló un modelo para calcular el peso de una edificación en términos de factores de carga y resistencia del concreto armado. Se efectuaron pruebas experimentales para determinar, el límite de fluencia del acero ASTM 615 G6 0 (norma ASTM E8), resistencia máxima de compresión del concreto (norma ASTM C27), peso específico y contenido de humedad promedio (normas ASTM D-1587 y ASTM D-2216), clasificación unificada de suelos (normas ASTM D-2487), calidad del suelo respecto a la resistencia mecánica para edificaciones, arena fina (SP-SM) (normas ASTM D-422, D-854, D-4318, D-856), capacidad portante del suelo. Se realizaron cálculos del diámetro del acero, espesor de la placa o altura de losa, carga vertical máxima por unidad de longitud y otros, mediante fórmulas empíricas adoptadas por la Norma del Reglamento Nacional de Construcción. Los resultandos indicaron una carga vertical total de 22,04 Ton/m 2 calculadas por pruebas experimentales de elasticidad y tipo de cimentación. Se encontró que: a) Es posible determinar las cargas de una edificación mediante las fórmulas empíricas establecidas en las normas internacionales de la edificación, b) El peso total de una edificación se calcula a partir de las propiedade s mecánicas y del diámetro de la varilla del acero (ASTM 615) así como de la capacidad portante del suelo que constituyen los factores de carga, c) la aplicación del modelo de cálculo al Centro comercial, Negocios e Inversiones el Virrey de Trujillo, comprobó los datos para el peso de loseta por compresión, peso de nervios transversales y longitudinales, peso propio y de relleno de la losa, carga permanente, carga viva y carga ultima de diseño. Palabras clave: peso de una edificación, factores de carga del suelo, concreto armado.

In this study, 4x4x16 cm sized mortar specimens were produced by using Yeniköy slag and Ergani trass which proportion of puzolans varied between 2% to 10% replacement Portland cement. 11 series mortar specimens including 5 series for kind of each puzolan and 1 series without puzolan were prepared. Compressive and tensile strengths and freezing-thawing durability of these mortar specimens were experimentally determined. The results indicated that when 6% Yeniköy slag or 8% Ergani trass was used replacement Portland cement, the highest compressive and tensile strength and the best freezing-thawing durability were obtained. 1. Giriş İnsanlarin su içinde de priz yapabilen, su etkisiyle erimeyen bağlayici üretme çabalari çok eski çağlara kadar uzanir. Sorunun kesin çözümü çimentonun icadi ile mümkün olabilmiştir. Pişmiş ve öğütülmüş kil yapay bir tras, doğal volkanik camlar ise doğal bir tras türü olarak bilinir. Puzolanlar kimyasal olarak SiO2 ve az miktarda Al2O3'den oluşan maddel...

agent to treat the sandy soil. The outcomes confirm that the ratio (8: 2:1) ratio is expected to contribute immensely bearing capacity of the soil, shear strength and reduction in permeability of the soil as well. The obtained outcomes of the performance analysis clearly reveal enhancement in the load bearing capability of the grouted soils with the help of an appropriate cement fly ash mixture, indicating that the fuzzy logic is an efficient technique to be effectively used to stabilize the sand mass by acting as an eco-friendly method.

Esta investigación, trata de la comparación de los esfuerzos y deformaciones, que se producen en una masa de suelo, debido a la aplicación de cargas, usando el software de estructuras Structural Analysis Program (SAP 2000), y el método clásico de la teoría de Boussinesq. Se aplicaron varios tipos de carga al suelo: concentrada, carga lineal uniformemente repartida, y carga uniformemente repartida sobre una superficie rectangular, y la combinación total de cargas. Se han usado dos métodos: 1) El de los elementos finitos (FEM), a través del software de estructuras Structural Analysis Program (SAP 2000) y, 2) Con el método clásico de la teoría de Boussinesq, y los desarrollos de Fadum y Newmark. En el laboratorio de mecánica de suelos, se realizaron los ensayos de Compresión inconfinada, para obtener los parámetros geotécnicos, que intervienen en el cálculo de esfuerzos y deformaciones. El método de los elementos finitos, que usa el software estructural SAP 2000, es útil para el cálculo de esfuerzos y deformaciones, en casos complejos, como el caso de una masa elástica de suelo. Sin embargo, ambos métodos se complementan. Se ha verificado la concordancia de esfuerzos y deformaciones, al usar ambos métodos, siendo mayor ésta, cuando se trata de cargas uniformemente repartidas sobre área superficial, que debido a cargas puntuales. Palabras claves: método de Boussinesq, mecánica de suelos, esfuerzos en el suelo, Sap2000, geotécnica, deformaciones del suelo. Determination of stresses in a soil mass, using structure software and its comparison with the classical method of Boussinesq´s theory

El objetivo es explicar los principios que se usan, para determinar la capacidad portante de los suelos, para tener criterios de cálculo y diseño. Se desarrolla la teoría del Dr. Karl Terzaghi. Es necesario señalar la importancia histórica de las teorías, para determinar la capacidad portante de los suelos, debido de que, a pesar de haberse desarrollado, en un período entre los años 1920 y 1950, hay que notar que, en los años y siglos anteriores, se han construido las edificaciones, basados en reglas empíricas, sin un desarrollo analítico-experimental, de la capacidad portante se los suelos. Sirva este artículo para resaltar la trascendencia de esta teoría.

The most important aspects of the geotechnical analysis, structural design, as well as the construction of an underground micro tunnel launching structure in Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico are presented here. The structure consists of a 22 m diameter, 11 m deep cylindrical shaft constructed of curved concrete diaphragm wall panels reinforced with steel and fiberglass bars, as well as a ramp bounded by both diaphragm walls and steel sheet piles. In
addition, the results of the analysis are contrasted with field measurements and some lessons learned are listed.

Herein, the rigorous analytical solution to the classical problem of Soil Mechanics known as the "bearing capacity of a shallow foundation" is presented. This is because, even though the solution to this problem is in fact unique, multiple (and different) "solutions" have accumulated over time, which, although they brought theory closer to reality, also caused a generalized disengagement of the physical phenomenon and, consequently, reduced confidence in the applicability of the theoretical problem to practice. Thus, the bearing capacity problem is discussed in sufficient detail here, listing all its explicit and implicit assumptions. Additionally, rigorous expressions for the shape and depth factors are given for the specific case where the parameter ϕ is zero, and the differences between the theoretical and practical problem are discussed.

Elektrik ark cürufu, Pota cürufu, Geri dönüştürülmüş asfalt agregası, Geri dönüştürülmüş beton agregası, Yol inşaatı. Öz: Yol inşaatlarında dolgu malzemesi olarak kullanılan doğal zemin kaynaklarının giderek azalması, alternatif malzeme ihtiyacı doğurmaktadır. Bu ihtiyaç doğrultusunda büyük miktarlarda yapı malzemesi gerektiren yol inşaatı gibi yapım işlerinde, atık malzemelerin kullanılabilirliği güncel bir araştırma konusu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; geri dönüştürülmüş beton agregası (RCA), geri dönüştürülmüş asfalt agregası (RAP), elektrik ark fırın cürufu (EAF) ve pota cürufu (PF) gibi atık malzemelerin geoteknik uygulamalarda dolgu malzemesi olarak kullanılabilirliği araştırılmaktadır. Bu amaçla temin edilen atık malzemelerin; dane çapı dağılımı, özgül ağırlığı, kompaksiyon özellikleri, permeabilite katsayıları, kayma mukavemeti parametreleri, ıslak ve kuru CBR değerlerini belirlemek üzere deneyler yapılmıştır. Bunlara ek olarak, çelik cüruflarının şişme potansiyelleri hızlandırılmış şişme deneyleri ile belirlenmiştir.

This communication presents a critical discussion of the article ‘‘Undrained shear strength prediction of clays using liquidity index’’, authored by Q. Wang, S. Qiu, H. Zheng, R. Zhang, and recently published in Acta Geotechnica (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-023-02107-9). Various inaccurate claims and flaws regarding the Authors’ newly developed three-parameter strength–liquidity index (Su–IL) models/correlations are highlighted and discussed herein. In particular, comparing existing two-parameter and their newly developed three-parameter Su–IL models, contrary to the Authors’ claims, no improvement in prediction accuracy is achieved over the two-parameter model by introducing a third model parameter. Rather, it is shown herein that the existing two-parameter and the Authors’ three-parameter Su–IL models are mathematically identical. Furthermore, two of the Authors’ newly developed Su–IL correlations, i.e., relating the triaxial-compression and shearbox derived strengths to the liquidity index, are shown to be inaccurate, forecasting gross under- and over-predictions of the measured strengths, respectively. This highlights the need for a reassessment of the proposed correlations, and emphasizes the importance of accurate and reliable correlations in geotechnical engineering.

1Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Anjuman Institute of Technology and Management, Karnataka, India 2UG Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Anjuman Institute of Technology and Management, Karnataka, India 3UG Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Anjuman Institute of Technology and Management, Karnataka, India 4UG Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Anjuman Institute of Technology and Management, Karnataka, India 5UG Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Anjuman Institute of Technology and Management, Karnataka, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract Ground improvement refers to any procedure undertaken to increase the shear strength, decrease the permeability and compressibility, or otherwise render the physical properties of soil more suitable for projected engineering use. A large number of methods have been developed for ground improvement from groun...

In order to stabilize degraded rock mass, procedures of injecting polymer synthetic composites into wells or fissures around constructed underground chambers and facilities are being increasingly used today. Initially epoxy resins were used at underground coal exploitation, and then they were replaced by polyurethane resins (PUR) without foam, and only later by polyurethane resins (PUR) with foam effect. After that, quick-setting twocomponent synthetic resins characterized by much shorter time of binding were used. Few years ago, the usage of elastic silicat isocyanate resins (ESR) with higher elasticity began, and they found their use in rehabilitation of mine chambers requiring either mean or longer usage term.

In order to stabilize degraded rock mass, procedures of injecting polymer synthetic composites into wells or fissures around constructed underground chambers and facilities are being increasingly used today. initially epoxy resins were used at underground coal exploitation, and then they were replaced by polyurethane resins (PUR) without foam, and only later by polyurethane resins (PUR) with foam effect. After that, quick-setting two- component synthetic resins characterized by much shorter time of binding were used. Few years ago, the usage of elastic silicat isocyanate resins (ESR) with higher elasticity began, and they found their use in rehabilitation of mine chambers requiring either mean or longer usage term.

The article presents results of the impact of machine-tractor unit (MTU) undercarriages during soil cultivation and cultivation of agricultural crops. With movement of row-crop units across the field, MTU propellers repeatedly compact the soil. This negatively affects production of seedlings, the growth and development of plants, as well as yield of agricultural crops. In this regard, these studies are purposed at determining compaction effects on soil and conducting an agroecological assessment of the undercarriages of existing MTUs, studying soil compaction under influence of generalpurpose caterpillar and wheeled tractors during pre-sowing soil cultivation and its effect on the quality of seedlings, the growth and development of plants; and the yield of cotton. Depending on the zone, technological operations were carried out, preceding sowing, early spring harrowing of the plow in order to close the moisture, chiseling soil after leaching irrigation or chiseling the plow after winter spare irrigation, spring plowing with subsequent smalling, leveling, etc. Expertise of wheeled and tracked agricultural MTUs on soil according to the criterion: vertical force acting on wheel, consisting of weight of the machine and external forces (mounted unit for soil cultivation, etc.). The vertical force is transferred to the soil by contact surface formed between the wheel and the soil.

The article discusses the impact of machine-tractor unit (MTU) undercarriages during soil cultivation and cultivation of agricultural crops. With a movement of row-crop units across the field, MTU propellers repeatedly compact the soil. This negatively affects the production of seedlings, the growth and development of plants, and the yield of agricultural crops. In this regard, these studies are purposed at determining compaction effects on soil and conducting an agroecological assessment of the undercarriages of existing MTUs, studying soil compaction under the influence of general-purpose caterpillar and wheeled tractors during pre-sowing soil cultivation and its effect on the quality of seedlings, the growth and development of plants; and the yield of cotton. Depending on the zone, technological operations were carried out, preceding sowing, early spring harrowing of the plow to close the moisture, chiseling soil after leaching irrigation or chiseling the plow after spare winter irrigation, spring plowing with subsequent smalling, leveling, etc. The expertise of wheeled and tracked agricultural MTUs on soil according to the criterion: vertical force acting on a wheel, consisting of weight of the machine and external forces (mounted unit for soil cultivation, etc.). The vertical force is transferred to the soil by a contact surface formed between the wheel and the soil.

The article discusses the impact of machine-tractor unit (MTU) undercarriages during soil cultivation and cultivation of agricultural crops. With movement of row-crop units across the field, MTU propellers repeatedly compact the soil. This negatively affects production of seedlings, the growth and development of plants, as well as yield of agricultural crops. In this regard, these studies are purposed at determining compaction effects on soil and conducting an agroecological assessment of the undercarriages of existing MTUs, studying soil compaction under influence of generalpurpose caterpillar and wheeled tractors during pre-sowing soil cultivation and its effect on the quality of seedlings, the growth and development of plants; and the yield of cotton. Depending on the zone, technological operations were carried out, preceding sowing, early spring harrowing of the plow in order to close the moisture, chiseling soil after leaching irrigation or chiseling the plow after winter spare irrigation, spring plowing with subsequent smalling, leveling, etc. Expertise of wheeled and tracked agricultural MTUs on soil according to the criterion: vertical force acting on wheel, consisting of weight of the machine and external forces (mounted unit for soil cultivation, etc.). The vertical force is transferred to the soil by contact surface formed between the wheel and the soil.

The article presents results of the impact of machine-tractor unit (MTU) undercarriages during soil cultivation and cultivation of agricultural crops. With movement of row-crop units across the field, MTU propellers repeatedly compact the soil. This negatively affects production of seedlings, the growth and development of plants, as well as yield of agricultural crops. In this regard, these studies are purposed at determining compaction effects on soil and conducting an agroecological assessment of the undercarriages of existing MTUs, studying soil compaction under influence of general-purpose caterpillar and wheeled tractors during pre-sowing soil cultivation and its effect on the quality of seedlings, the growth and development of plants; and the yield of cotton. Depending on the zone, technological operations were carried out, preceding sowing, early spring harrowing of the plow in order to close the moisture, chiseling soil after leaching irrigation or chiseling the plow after winter spare irrigation, spring plowing with subsequent smalling, leveling, etc. Expertise of wheeled and tracked agricultural MTUs on soil according to the criterion: vertical force acting on wheel, consisting of weight of the machine and external forces (mounted unit for soil cultivation, etc.). The vertical force is transferred to the soil by contact surface formed between the wheel and the soil.

The article presents results of the impact of machine-tractor unit (MTU) undercarriages during soil cultivation and cultivation of agricultural crops. With movement of row-crop units across the field, MTU propellers repeatedly compact the soil. This negatively affects production of seedlings, the growth and development of plants, as well as yield of agricultural crops. In this regard, these studies are purposed at determining compaction effects on soil and conducting an agroecological assessment of the undercarriages of existing MTUs, studying soil compaction under influence of generalpurpose caterpillar and wheeled tractors during pre-sowing soil cultivation and its effect on the quality of seedlings, the growth and development of plants; and the yield of cotton. Depending on the zone, technological operations were carried out, preceding sowing, early spring harrowing of the plow in order to close the moisture, chiseling soil after leaching irrigation or chiseling the plow after winter spare irrigation, spring plowing with subsequent smalling, leveling, etc. Expertise of wheeled and tracked agricultural MTUs on soil according to the criterion: vertical force acting on wheel, consisting of weight of the machine and external forces (mounted unit for soil cultivation, etc.). The vertical force is transferred to the soil by contact surface formed between the wheel and the soil.