Sindhi Literature

In this paper we present the subject-verb agreement of two different languages, namely, English and Sindhi. Sindhi is one of the most ancient languages of the Indus River Civilization, and English is also an ancient language, but not as ancient as Sindhi language. Both languages have different origins, history and cultural values. In this research work, the first thing which is discussed is the background of both languages like their origin, their history, and their different

This study utilizes Cristina Bacchilega's feminist narratology, as articulated in Postmodern Fairy Tales: Gender and Narrative Strategies, to examine four canonical South Asian romantic folktales: Adam Khan and Durkhani, Heer Ranjha, Sassui Punnhun, and Umar Marvi. Although these stories have long been regarded as cultural treasures and romantic archetypes, scholarship has primarily focused on their poetic, moral, or symbolic value, ignoring the narrative structures as ideological systems that construct and regulate femininity. To close this gap, the current study uses Bacchilega's concepts of "technologies of gender," "narrative containment," "voice and silence," and "bloody chambers" to show how these folktales both glorify and constrain female agency. The analysis reveals that female characters are portrayed as embodiments of beauty, loyalty, endurance, and moral authority in all four cultural traditions. Nonetheless, these qualities are narratively intended to maintain patriarchal social orders. Voice is permitted, but it is always framed in masculine terms, whereas silence, suffering, and sacrifice emerge as the ultimate markers of authentic womanhood. Symbolic spaces-rivers, deserts, havelis, and pastoral landscapes-begin as sites of empowerment but eventually function as mechanisms of containment through narrative closure. Comparative findings show significant regional variation. Pashtun and Punjabi stories resolve female resistance through romantic martyrdom or tragic transcendence; Sindhi tradition prioritizes spiritual disappearance; and Thari folklore allows for community reintegration, but only with divine validation. These differences point to culturally specific strategies that share a common ideological goal: to celebrate women's strength while keeping it non-threatening to patriarchal structures. By reimagining South Asian folktales as active "technologies of gender," this study broadens Bacchilega's framework to non-Western traditions and emphasizes folklore's ongoing role in shaping cultural understandings of women. It contributes to feminist narratology by emphasizing the ideological machinery embedded in narrative form and lays the groundwork for future comparative, intersectional, and reception-based studies of folklore, gender, and cultural identity.

This study examines how the Pakistani music band, particularly Sindhi fusion and folk band The Sketches, through their musical modernization of Bhitai's's classical poetry, has contributed to the revival of the High Variety (HV) of Sindhi language. Based on a qualitative research approach, this case study uses data gathered from semi-structured interviews with ten participants aged 16 to 30 from the urban Sindh. The participants were chosen using convenience and purposive sampling techniques. Throughout the whole research procedure, ethical considerations were closely adhered to. According to the findings, urban Sindhi youngsters may not have otherwise been exposed to the classical, high variety of their language, but The Sketches' musical adaptations have been instrumental in bringing it to their attention. Although a few participants expressed a greater understanding of the language and its cultural origins, others denied this exposure resulting in the revival of High Variety of Sindhi in regular conversation. Based on the study's findings, contemporary music largely functions as a form of entertainment, but it also has the potential to raise linguistic and cultural awareness of younger generations.

Sindhi, a historically rich language with deep literary and cultural traditions, faces challenges in an increasingly digital world. However, Information Technology (IT) has emerged as a vital force in preserving, revitalizing, and promoting Sindhi, transforming its accessibility and global relevance. This article examines key technological advancements, such as digital archiving, artificial intelligence integration, computational linguistics, and the role of social media in shaping the future of Sindhi. By analyzing academic and technological initiatives, we seek to demonstrate how IT-driven approaches ensure Sindhi's survival and continuous evolution.

Scholars have been involved in debates on the archaeology of Mohenjodaro from the time of its first discovery in the 1920s. Sindhi writers also matter in the broader context as they have greatly published on this protohistoric site. When for the first time these writings started to appear? An attempt can be made to trace some of the earliest works in Sindhi on the archaeology of Mohenjodaro. And it may take us back to 1929. Subsequently, a number of texts appeared which make the object of analysis in this study. This paper also attempts to bring the authors of these works to the fore. They were historians, scholars, or general literati. Their representations of Mohenjodaro, in the context of civilization of South Asia, in the early decades of its discovery have also been pondered upon. Finally, some reflections are made with questions of producing and circulating archaeological knowledge.

Miyun Shah Inayat is an important Sufi Poet of Classical period, who introduced many novelties, trends, metaphors and allegories in classical Sindhi poetry. His poetry has interesting qualities, new ideas and vast topics. Certain topics such as reformative points, depths of love, pantheism and naturalism are beautifully expressed in his poetry. Shah Inayat on many occasions has portrayed alluring and fascinating picturization of nature. He has depicted all forms of Nature such as personification of nature, analogy of nature and its reflections. He has depicted society through Naturalism. He has composed poetry referring to Moon and Clouds and has personified the Mood as the beloved. Using the local tradition and pure language of Thar, he has composed multiple "Baits" (couplets) on Thar. His "Surood Marie" (Melody of Marie) contains Natural sceneries and description of Thar.

Haiku is a famous genre of Japanese Poetry. Evolution of haiku in Sindhi Poetry occurred via English literature. First Sindhi poet of haiku was Narain Shiyam. He wrote haiku on script writing and local environment under the title "Tasaweeroon" (pictures). Sheikh Ayaz was the first poet who got fame in haiku by writing a complete book on it, titled as "Pan Chann Pujjana" (Subsequently falling leaves). Sheikh Ayaz is the only poet who has perfected every single subject in modern Sindhi poetry and has uttered the words in greater numbers; Sheikh Ayaz is the only poet of modern Sindhi poetry whose haiku is most commonly found. In his haiku, many topics are described with their common prerequisites, nature landscape and the local landscape. In the meantime, he brought new invocations, new trends and new styles in modern Sindhi poetry through haiku. Sheikh Ayaz invented "Te_Sitto" (triplet) by expanding haiku's rise. In which political, social, love, and cultural themes are found.

10. What were and are the benefits of your relationship with your lover ?
"I learned the value of life and living, and the value we should give to older people. I have learned the value of family and people around us. I have learned what life actually looks like."

This paper delves into Waseem Soomro's poetry's technical and philosophical dimensions, an influential contemporary voice in modern literature. The study explores how Soomro's work navigates the intersection of tradition and modernity through a detailed analysis of his poetic structure, language use, and stylistic innovations. The technical analysis emphasizes the poet's mastery of form, meter, and rhyme, revealing how these elements enhance the thematic depth of his poetry. On the philosophical front, the paper examines the critical literary theories, trends, and movements, like the Progressivism, Cultural Heritage and Identity, Nationalism, Resistance, Romanticism Existentialism, Modernism, Feminism, Metaphysical, and Socio-Political themes that pervade Soomro's verses, offering insights into his reflections on the human condition, identity, and the search for meaning in a rapidly changing world. By synthesizing these technical and philosophical perspectives, the study aims to comprehensively understand Waseem Soomro's poetic contribution and its significance in the broader context of contemporary Sindhi literature.

The Indus script remains un-deciphered despite numerous attempts since its discovery, including ongoing research efforts today. While linguistic connections have been explored to decode the writing system of the Indus Valley Civilization, scholars have yet to achieve a definitive breakthrough. Some researchers propose a link to Dravidian languages, while others favor a post-Dravidian context for interpreting the script. This study focuses on deciphering the fish sign within the Indus script. While previous interpretations have primarily relied on Dravidian languages, this research presents an alternative perspective based on the Sindhi language. Although Sindhi is now classified as an Indo-Aryan language, it retains a rich vocabulary and linguistic structures derived from Proto-Dravidian and Dravidian languages, including words with similar phonetic features.

Habib Sanai Ali Muhammad Rind, well-known as Ali Baba was one of the doyens of Sindhi fiction after partition. Interestingly, he was also one of the first full-time writers, and mostly he did not give stories without claiming royalty. He was born in Kotri, a twin town of Hyderabad, but in a different District, probably on 7th July 1940. He was schooled there up to the Matriculation. Then he did not pursue further formal education. At a very early age, he developed a passion for writing fiction.

The recent incident of 13 years old Sindhi girl dressed up as Guru Nanak Sahib in a hall of a Tikana Sahib (Sindhi Hindu Temple) again exposes the lack of knowledge and understanding amongst the Sindhi Hindus regarding the Sikh Rehat Maryada (Sikh code of conduct or Sikh way of life). Almost 2 years ago, more than 100 Birs of Guru Granth Sahib were given up by the Sindhi community. One would have hoped that the incident would have prompted a response to educate the Guru Nanak Naam Leva communities. It seems very little has been done to indoctrinate the basic Sikh code of conduct among Sindhis. The article will try to understand the heterodox beliefs of Sindhis and their misrepresentation as Sahajdhari Sikhs. The Sindhi in the article refers to the Sindhi Hindu in India.

This poetry collection rationally encapsulates the relevance of poetry, pointing out the concrete essence and significance of poetry in contemporary African societies. Through the poems in this powerful piece of well organized thoughts the poet addresses societal issues of corruption poverty, bad governance, love, hatred and several other thematic concerns in the  contemporary poetry. The poems in this collection serve as a perfect microscopic and macrocosmic lens into contemporary African societies.

My ancestors were silk road merchants. Centuries later, they endured the partition, and became known as Sindhi diaspora. My grandmother had narrated how my grandfather and she had lost access to their home, belongings, source of income, food, language, and festivals overnight. They loved their homeland and regularly spoke of wanting to return, or at least visit someday. Unfortunately, getting a visa for Pakistan post-partition was nearly impossible, so their wishes were never fulfilled. Last year, I had a dream in which a great-great-great grandfather invited me to visit Sindh. I decided to write an epistolary poem ‘Passage’ to this ancestor. It describes how my grandparents’ orally-conveyed longing for Sindh, or as we call it ‘the homeland’, has become mine through the stories they told me about its pre-partition glory. This paper is a critical analysis on 'Passage', and explores themes such as Sindhi culture, belonging, longing for a homeland, storytelling, oral storytelling, family history, and immigration, and Sindhi diaspora.

Sindh has been governed by various local dynasties since the Arab conquest, including the Soomra, Sama, Arghuns, Turkhans, Kalhoras, and Talpurs. Among these, the Kalhora dynasty stands out for its significant contributions to the prosperity of the local inhabitants, the development of educational institutions, commerce, and the flourishing of Sindhi literature and poetry. The Kalhora dynasty, established as the first sovereign state by the indigenous people amidst the Mughal Empire's decline, marks a pivotal era in Sindh's history. This article investigates the effects of the Mughal Empire's political disintegration in Sindh and to examine how the local people advanced to power from this civil collapse. Furthermore, it analyses the transformation of the Kalhora family from spiritual leaders to sovereign rulers of an independent Sindh. The study also explores into the reasons behind the collapse of Kalhora rule and the subsequent rise of the Talpurs as the last local rulers of Sindh.

Due to seawater intrusion into the Indus delta, Pakistan under changing climate scenarios, the local communities of the delta are under threat of land and livelihood. The present study was initiated to analyze community perceptions about the social and ecological climate change vulnerability in the Indus delta, Pakistan. About 500 permanent residents of the delta were interviewed using a well-structured questionnaire. The IBM SPSS software was used to analyze the data based on the Pearson chi-square, Goodman, Kruskal's analyses, and Foster Greer Thorbeck (FGT) techniques. Analysis of the data revealed that the people in the delta had poor infrastructure and living standards, and limited social activities. Most of the people were illiterate, and the average family size was 11. On average, 4.7 members lived in a single room, and most of the houses were made of wood. Based on FGT techniques, about 88.4% of the population were living below the poverty line. The statistical analysis ...

Khwāja Muḥammad Zamān Luārvī (i.e., of Luārī or Lowārī) was a much-revered eighteenth-century Sufi shaykh (master) who spent his entire life in Luārī and Thatta in lower Sindh. Spiritually affiliated with the Naqshbandī Silsilah, he was also an eloquent Sufi poet. Though small in volume, his poetic compositions are highly symbolic and replete with complex Sufi philosophical and cosmological themes. This article identifies and analyzes the Sufi doctrines in his poetry by undertaking a poetic exegesis of his verses within a Sufi framework. It briefly introduces the life and poetry of the Khwāja, analyzes the articulation of Sufi doctrines in his poetic verses, and assesses his poetry's characteristics.

Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai was fond of observing all parts of Sindh, mainly Thar. Thar is culturally rich and naturally beautiful. Therefore, he visited Thar, variously. He observed the social life, cultural colors, and psychology of the Tharis, which sketched a deep impact on his thinking. As a result, he prioritized Thar and its environment in his poetry. The land of Thar, its environment, culture, customs, seasons, and people, despite the poverty, hunger, misery, and disease, and not giving up their passions and loving them and rejoicing in the soul everything that is related to their land. Hospitality, freedom, bravery, social and religious tolerance, humaneness, and character, considering one's ancestors and one's family to be greater and more reliable than the kingdom, simplicity, truth, loyalty, beauty, one's culture, trees, birds, animals. Love with others and living a free life etc., Shah Latif saw all the qualities in Thar. He presented them in his poetry, and by highlighting the greatness of humanity, he taught, how to be a complete human being and taught the lesson of an ideal society.
This study explores the social values of Thar as reflected in the poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, a revered Sufi poet of Sindh. Through an in-depth analysis of his verses, the research delves into the cultural, moral, and ethical norms prevalent in the Thar region, as depicted by Bhitai. The poet’s work not only captures the essence of Thar's landscape but also mirrors the values of resilience, and communal harmony that characterize its people. By examining Bhitai's portrayal of themes such as love, sacrifice, and social justice, this paper sheds light on the enduring relevance of these values in contemporary society. The findings underscore the significance of Bhitai's poetry as a rich source of understanding the socio-cultural fabric of Thar and its influence on the broader Sindhi cultural identity.

In the latter part of the 20th century, there has been a growing interest in understanding the intricacies of meaning transfer within translated texts across different languages. This research article delves into the nuanced process of reconciling meaning in texts translated from Urdu to English and vice versa. In this intricate journey of translation, a portion of the original meaning often undergoes transformations and is occasionally lost. Our study examines this phenomenon by focusing on two renowned literary works: The Forty Rules of Love by Elif Shafak (originally written in 2010 and translated into English in 2017) and La-Hasil by Umera Ahmad (originally published in 2006 and translated into English in 2011). We apply the theoretical framework developed by Karpinski and Basile (2021) and focus on the dynamics of power relations between genders within these translated texts, with a particular emphasis on cultural-specific references (CSRs). By exploring the influence of CSRs on the representation of gender-related power dynamics, we aim to shed light on the intricate challenges translators face in maintaining cultural nuances while making the text accessible to a broader audience. This research not only contributes to the field of translation studies but also offers valuable insights for future researchers and translators, especially in the context of less-explored translations of Urdu literature. This study paves the way for a deeper understanding of the translation process and its implications for cross-cultural communication by examining the complexities of meaning
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reconciliation and the impact of cultural-specific references on gender-related themes.

Folk narratives offer a peek into counter-systems and antistructures that exist in a society. In this regard, folk narratives become carriers of folk sentiment, particularly with reference to expressions of resistance. This paper looks at select Sindhi and Punjabi folk narratives to understand different strains of resistance. Folk narratives around Dullla Bhatti, Hakeekat Rai, Maruee and Shah Inayat of Jhok are used to locate the theme of resistance. The paper also attempts to identify elements of continuity across these folk narratives while looking at them as interactive traditions with autotelic qualities and shared contexts.

As technology is spreading very fast across the world, people from different countries have started using portable devices like phones, tablets, or laptops. People belonging to different countries and cultures are using smartphones. Most smart apps are not available in multiple languages, users are bounded to use apps in the language in which the app is developed. Developing a multilingual app and taking input in multiple languages is still a headache for developers. This research aims to develop a multilingual keyboard package for flutter apps. By using this package developers can easily add a multilingual keyboard to their apps. For now, the package only supports English, Urdu, and Sindhi languages. Along with language keyboards, we have added some special characters and a numeric keyboard as well. The keyboard interface is highly customizable, developers can customize the keyboard interface as per their preferences, and they can change different properties of keyboards including,...

There are controversial opinions about Sindhi language. Some scholars are of the opinion that Sindhi language is Dravidian language while some are of the opposite opinion and consider it as Indo-Aryan system of languages. Undoubtedly, now Sindhi language is included in Indo-Aryan system of languages but there is huge amount of words of proto Dravidian and Dravidian languages which are prevalent in Sindhi language as it is yet and some with little phonetic change as well. In the light of history and the words of proto Dravidian and Dravidian languages in Sindhi language it has been tried to prove that Sindhi language is Dravidian language but after influence of other languages from Vedic Era and onward it has been considered as Indo-Aryan language. The discussion has been done with comparative and analytic study in comparison to Proto Dravidian and Dravidian Languages and Sindhi language.

This paper explores the language policy of the British government in colonial Sindh. The study relies on secondary data and follows the literature study framework to identify the explicit language policy and its implicit political goals. Also, it discusses the language policy of Sindh before the arrival of the British to build the context in which the British government started its rule and administration in Sindh. It is evident that after a series of battles and conflicts with the Talpurs of Sindh, British troops conquered Sindh in 1843 under Sir Charles Napier. Persian was the official language of Sindh before the arrival of the East India Company. However, the British chose to run the administration of Sindh in an indigenous language called Sindhi (also referred to as Scindee, Scinde, or Scindhee). For this purpose, they formulated a committee to devise a standard alphabet for the Sindhi language, and by 1853, a fifty-two-lettered 'Sindhized-Arabic' or 'Perso-Arabic-Sindhi' writing system of the Sindhi language was introduced. This newly codified version of the Sindhi language became the official language of Sindh under British rule. Civil servants in Sindh were required to learn Sindhi; books were printed in this language, and it was raised to the level of medium of instruction in the British educational system in Sindh.

In this work, we introduced a Pashto character dataset of handwritten scanned images, and we have made the database freely accessible for use in science, research as well as for application of Pashto Optical Character Recognition (OCR) systems. Pashto language is used by over fifty million citizens for both oral and written communications, but there is still no effort being made to the Pashto language for (OCR) system.

A Paper Presented at Sahitya Akademi's Festival of Letters March 2024
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Despite innumerable challenges, Sindhi literature in India continues to hold its own, navigating its way in seven decades through issues of displacement, conflicts over the script and a dwindling readership, among other things. It has not been an easy journey for a community that suddenly lost its homeland in a divided sub-continent; in the midst of communal violence, survival became a priority, but it came at a heavy price. Though the first generation of Post-Partition Sindhi writers fought assiduously to safeguard their language and culture, Sindhis gradually began to lose touch with their roots as they tried to assimilate into other lands. Now, as new generations of Sindhis recognise the need to reclaim their heritage and younger writers continue to build on the rich legacy of Sindhi literature, there is a glimmer of hope for the future.

The "refugee crisis" after the 1947 Partition of British India generated new contestations over urban resources, especially for securing accommodation. It resulted in a proliferation of encampment laws and policies with outcomes at multiple levels: city, neighborhood, and community. This article traces the uneven geographies produced by Bombay's encampment laws and the (spatial) politics of refugee rehabilitation. It focuses on the state's use of "camps" to segregate impoverished refugees and consolidate the urban periphery. The article explores the interplay between law, space, and property to illustrate how refugee entitlements created and sustained various forms of power and precarity in the metropolis. Refugee camps provided "conditional access" to shelter for indigent Sindhi refugees and became markers of social identification. Middle-class Sindhi refugees, on the other hand, secured their place in the city by establishing cooperative housing societies. This article highlights how caste and regional distinctions in pre-Partition Sindh translated into class-based spatial divisions among the displaced Sindhis in post-colonial Bombay.

This article include the linguistic variations within Pashto speaking communities in different "cultures" which are parts of broader Pashtoon "Culture". There are dialectical differences which are avoided in this article. Here, the main concern of this article is to show how language is affected by culture and what are the similarities and differences in the use of Pashto language across the sub-cultures of Pashto speaking community. There are experiments conducted where participants are analyzed in order to find out the impact of cultural differences on Pashto language.

We report upon the results of a research and prototype building project \emph{Worldly~OCR} dedicated to developing new, more accurate image-to-text conversion software for several languages and writing systems. These include the cursive scripts Farsi and Pashto, and Latin cursive scripts. We also describe approaches geared towards Traditional Chinese, which is non-cursive, but features an extremely large character set of 65,000 characters. Our methodology is based on Machine Learning, especially Deep Learning, and Data Science, and is directed towards vast quantities of original documents, exceeding a billion pages. The target audience of this paper is a general audience with interest in Digital Humanities or in retrieval of accurate full-text and metadata from digital images.

The current study is conducted for presenting a critical discourse analysis of the mob's language that assembled to record protest against gas and electricity shortage. They have blocked the main Airport road in the cantonment area near the army house in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. For this study, data was collected by non-participant observation method and field notes were also taken for additional support. However, selective ways of expression such as slogans, banners and placards, conversation among the protesters and their distinctive linguistic choices for the two security forces (military and police) are taken for critical discourse analysis to identify their ideologies. This critical discourse analysis of research data elucidates that protesters exhibited their views by placards slogans, and associated themselves with the political parties and security forces by choosing in-group and out-group linguistic choices.

This paper presents a system that can recognize handwritten words expressed using broken letters of the Persian alphabet. The proposed system can be used for most activities related to the gathering of public information. Statistical features of the separated/broken letters are employed in the system. Each letter is recognized using interconnected fuzzy neural network. The advantages of this method include high precision owing to the strength of the neural network algorithm and the possibility of extending dataset instance codes in a simple manner. At last, an evaluation for the proposed method is provided experimentally. INDEX TERMS Persian alphabet recognition, letter partitioning, smoothing, method for searching context line.

This paper presents a system that can recognize handwritten words expressed using broken letters of the Persian alphabet. The proposed system can be used for most activities related to the gathering of public information. Statistical features of the separated/broken letters are employed in the system. Each letter is recognized using interconnected fuzzy neural network. The advantages of this method include high precision owing to the strength of the neural network algorithm and the possibility of extending dataset instance codes in a simple manner. At last, an evaluation for the proposed method is provided experimentally. INDEX TERMS Persian alphabet recognition, letter partitioning, smoothing, method for searching context line.

ظهرت أُطر الكفاءة اللُّغوية في اللُّغات الأجنبية في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية في منتصف القرن العشرين بهدف الاعتماد على تقييم موضوعيّ للمستويات اللُّغوية لدى متعلمي اللُّغات الأجنبية من المعنيين بها في الإدارة الأمريكية، ومنذ ذلك الوقت بدأت الأُطر تنشأ وتتطور فظهرت أُطر حسب جمهور اللُّغات وحاجاتهم؛ منها ما يُوَجّه لتقييم الموظفين الحكوميين، ومنها ما يقيّم العاملين في المجال العسكريّ، ومنها ما يناسب المجال الأكاديميّ، والبعض ليلائم المتعلمين الصغار، وآخر يُقيّم المهاجرين، وغيره يقيس أداء متعلمي اللُّغة لأغراض خاصّة... إلخ. ومع انتشار برامج إعداد معلمي العربية للناطقين بغيرها حول العالم يُطْرَحُ سؤال باستمرار: أي الأُطر أفضل؟ بل إنَّ البعض يميل لإطارٍ على حساب آخرَ دون براهين علمية واضحة. ومما لاحظه الباحث في الفعاليات العلمية المختلفة أنَّ هناك الكثيرَ من المعلومات الغائبة عن الأُطر لدى الكثيرين، وهو ما يجعل الصورة الكُلّية عن هذه الأُطر غير دقيقة، وبالتبعية لا يوجد منطق للتحزُّب لإطار بعينه. كما أنَّ هناك جوانب مختلفة للأُطر لكي نحكم على مناسبتها لسياق مُعيّن يتجاوز حدود عدد المستويات وواصفاتها؛ لذا حاولت هذه الدراسة الإجابة عن سؤال: ما مواضع الاتفاق والاختلاف بين توجيهات المجلس الأمريكي لتعليم اللُّغات الأجنبية والإطار الأوربي المرجعي المشترك للغات؟
توصلت الدراسة إلى نتائج من أهمها: إن الإطارين اتفقا في مساحات أبرزها الاعتماد على أُطر سابقة لهما، وخضوعهما للتجريب قبل الإصدار النهائي، ونشرهما إصدارين واتفاقهما في استعمالهما في التقييم وتقديم الدعم للمستخدمين، واختلفا في سَعة استخدامات الإطار الأوربيّ عن توجيهات المجلس الأمريكيّ، وتميزت الأخيرة بصغر حجمها مقارنةً بمقاييس الإطار الأوربيّ ووجود إضافات خاصّة باللُّغة العربية داعمة لواصفاتها، بالإضافة إلى توفُّر اختبارات كفاءة معتمدة وَفق توجيهاتها، كما جاءت أقسام الإطار الأوربي وواصفاته أكثر اتساعا من توجيهات أكتفل فضلًا عن حداثة أقسامها مثل تناول التفاعُّل عبر الإنترنت. ويُتوقَّع أن يُستفاد بهذه المقارنة في مساعدة المَعنِيين بتعلُّم اللُّغات على اختيار الإطار المناسب لطبيعة جمهورهم وبحسب حاجاتهم اللُّغوية ووفقا للبيئة التي يعملون فيها، بالإضافة إلى مساعدة المعنيين بفكرة الإطار المرجعي العربيّ على التخطيط لهذا المشروع واتخاذ القرارات في ضوء تجارب السابقين.
الكلمات المفتاحية: الكفاءة اللُّغوية، الأُطر المرجعية، توجيهات أكتفل، الإطار الأوربي.

1 Department of Space Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan 2 National Engineering Services Pakistan (Pvt.) Limited 3 College of Earth and Environmental Science, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan 4 The Urban Unit, Urban Sector Planning and Management Services Unit (Pvt.) Ltd., Lahore, Pakistan CONTACT: (m_luqman1@yahoo.com) ABSTRACT: For the past few decades, Remote sensing and GIS tool has been used all over the Pakistan for Land cover and Land use mapping. Related tools and techniques have been used in this research for Land use mapping in Thatta district, Sindh province. Supervised classification, which is one of the beneficial technique of remote sensing is used for three decades study. In this study nine different Landsat images, comprising of temporal window of about three decade, along with survey points, has been used for accurate land use estimation. The study focused on change detection of seven major land use consisting on Mangroves forest, Riverine ...

To interpret religion is not the responsibility of common people but they do not give up and illustrate it in their own methods. Because every man has a different approach to understanding the religion and its interpretation due to the distinctive faith and belief they belong to. Hence, it cannot be said that once's elucidation of religion is true and other's is untrue furthermore, once belief never be applied on other either by force or implementation. There are two major classes of people who interpret the religion in their own methods, one is the religious scholars who have different approaches to understand and address the religion and they stress more on the ceremonial practices of religion like fasting and praying only. However, the second class is of Sufi saints, whose analysing and comprehension of religion is contrary is that of religious scholars and they emphasize more on spiritual development rather than ritual deeds. Similarly, Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai is one of the greatest poets of Sindh, Pakistan whose poetry is acknowledged throughout the world and his way of practice and interpretation of religion is uniqueness. This dissertation will try to understand, how Shah Latif addresses the religion through his poetry and how he deals with other religion. What are the implications of Shah Latif's poetry in the present day, weather its applicable or not in modern age.

This paper presents a system that can recognize handwritten words expressed using broken letters of the Persian alphabet. The proposed system can be used for most activities related to the gathering of public information. Statistical features of the separated/broken letters are employed in the system. Each letter is recognized using interconnected fuzzy neural network. The advantages of this method include high precision owing to the strength of the neural network algorithm and the possibility of extending dataset instance codes in a simple manner. At last, an evaluation for the proposed method is provided experimentally. INDEX TERMS Persian alphabet recognition, letter partitioning, smoothing, method for searching context line.

Due to seawater intrusion into the Indus delta, Pakistan under changing climate scenarios, the local communities of the delta are under threat of land and livelihood. The present study was initiated to analyze community perceptions about the social and ecological climate change vulnerability in the Indus delta, Pakistan. About 500 permanent residents of the delta were interviewed using a well-structured questionnaire. The IBM SPSS software was used to analyze the data based on the Pearson chi-square, Goodman, Kruskal's analyses, and Foster Greer Thorbeck (FGT) techniques. Analysis of the data revealed that the people in the delta had poor infrastructure and living standards, and limited social activities. Most of the people were illiterate, and the average family size was 11. On average, 4.7 members lived in a single room, and most of the houses were made of wood. Based on FGT techniques, about 88.4% of the population were living below the poverty line. The statistical analysis identified seawater intrusion and climate change as the most significant parameters affecting soil fertility, water quality, vegetation, mangroves, and livelihood. A large portion of the respondents strongly demanded the ensured freshwater flow to save the ecosystem, water resources, and the livelihood of the delta communities.

هن حصي جا باب انهن عملن جو تجزيو ڪن ٿا جن جي ذريعي جمهوريت تي ٻڌل رياست مغربي دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي ملڪن ۾ ۽ دنيا جي ٻين هنڌن تي به انهن جي جذبي جي ذريعي وڌ ۾ وڌ قانوني بنياد ۾ تبديل ٿي ويندي آهي. اهو بنيادي طور تي آئيني عدالتن جي وسيع ۽ وسيع صلاحيتن طرفان پيدا ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ٻين سپريم ڪورٽن جي فيصلن جي عمل جي تبديلي ان هدايت کي به ظاهر ڪري ٿي. جمهوريت جي حالت ۾ جمهوري طور چونڊيل ادارن اندر جنهن تي سياسي بحث ڪيو ويو آهي - ۽ لکين عوام انهن مسئلن کي ڪهڙي رخ ۾ حل ڪرڻ گهرجي ان جو تعين ڪرڻ لاءِ پنهنجا ووٽ ڏيندا آهن - ان جو بنياد قانوني دليلن سان جدوجهد تي قانوني رياست ۾ هوندو آهي ، ۽ آخري فيصلا سپريم ڪورٽ يا آئيني عدالت ڪندا آهن. آئيني عدالتون انهن ترقين جو مرڪز آهن ، ۽ اهڙي طرح ڪتاب جو تجزيو انهن تبديلين جي تحقيق سان شروع ٿئي ٿو جن جي ذريعي اصل محدود آئيني عدالتن کي رياست جي اهم عضو ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو. اها تبديلي اڄ اهڙي صورتحال جو سبب بڻجي وئي آهي، جنهن ۾ سماج ۽ رياست جي آخري فيصلن جو فيصلو آخرڪار آئيني عدالتون ڪن ٿيون.
هن ڪتاب جي تجزيي ۾ ان جو جواب ملي ٿو - شروعاتي معمولي آمريڪي ۽ پوء آسٽريا جي شروعات کان پوء - جرمن آئيني ڪورٽ جي انقلابي واڌاري ۾، جيڪو ٻئي عالمي جنگ کان پوء جرمني تي قبضي دوران آمريڪي فوجي حڪومت پاران حاصل ڪيو ويو هو. نئين آئين لاءِ آئين سازيءَ جو ڪم آمريڪن طرفان هدايت ڪئي وئي ۽ هو هتي لکين جرمن عوام تي ڪنٽرول جمهوريت بڻائڻ چاهيندا هئا. لکين جرمنن جي جمهوريت کي محدود ڪرڻ جو واضح ارادو ڪيو ويو آهي ۽ ائين ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ طاقتور اداري جو منصوبو ٺاهيو ويو جنهن مداخلت ڪئي ۽ جرمن عوام جي ممڪن گمراهه سياسي تبديلي کي عظيم طاقتن ۽ آمريڪا جي نقطه نظر کان روڪيو. جڏهن ته گهر ۾، ان وقت آمريڪا ۾، سپريم ڪورٽ جي آئيني فيصلن جي ذريعي جمهوريت تي ايتري حد تائين ڪنٽرول اڃا تائين ناقابل فڪر هو، تنهنڪري اهو جرمنن کي ائين ڪرڻو هو. ان محدود جمهوريت کي پوءِ هڪ بيان سان عوام جي سامهون آندو ويو ته اهو هڪ معياري جمهوريت هجڻ گهرجي جيڪو آئيني ضمانتن سان وڌايو وڃي. ۽ ڇاڪاڻ ته ڪروڙن جي نفرت جمهوريت جي ڇنڇر واري پاسي سبب آهي - ان جي تڪراري پارلياماني بحثن ۽ ميڊيا ۾ سياستدانن جي اڪثر شرارتي ٽڪراءسان - آئيني عدالتن جي سنجيده اعلانن ۽ عوام جي پويان سندن ڪم ڪرڻ انهن لاء وڏي حمايت حاصل ڪري ٿو. وڏي ڪاميابي کي ڏسندي، جرمنن ۾ محدود جمهوريت جو نمونو هڪ بهتر معيار جي جمهوريت جي حيثيت سان پوء آمريڪا جي اڳواڻي ۾ طاقتن جو هڪ اهم اوزار بڻجي ويو - اڪثر وقت، ان کي ٻاهر ڌڪيو ويو ۽ آمريڪا پاران ٻاهران تختو ڪڍڻ جي حمايت ڪئي وئي - جنهن کي هنن سخت سفارش ڪئي ۽ تبديل ٿيندڙ ملڪن لاء مالي حمايت پڻ ڪئي. گذريل ڏهاڪن دوران دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي ملڪن ۾ ڪيتريون ئي آئيني عدالتون اڀريون آهن ۽ آئيني عدالتون جمهوري ادارن تي وڌ ۾ وڌ طاقتور ٿي ويون آهن. حقيقت ۾، جيڪڏهن سٺي حڪمراني ۽ معياري جمهوريت جو مطلب آهي ته لکين پاران چونڊن کان بي دخل ڪيو وڃي، ۽ جمهوري ادارن تي مضبوط آئيني عدالت جو مطلب جمهوريت کي ختم ڪرڻ آهي، ڇو ته اڌ بند ڪريو ۽ بهترين ۽ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معياري جمهوريت پيدا نه ڪريو؟! جڏهن ته، يقينن، هن تبديلي جمهوريت جي وڌيڪ دٻاء جو سبب بڻيو آهي، ۽ ڪيترن ئي معاملن ۾، جمهوريت تقريبا ان جي ذريعي ختم ٿي وئي.
تنهن ڪري، ڪتاب جو تجزيو، پوء جرمن بنيادي قانون جي تخليق جي تحقيق تي اڳ ۾ ئي ٽٽل ممنوعن کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيندو ۽ ظاهر ڪندو ته هميشه وڌندڙ آئيني عدالتن ڏانهن رستو آمريڪا پاران واضح طور تي فوجي حڪومت تي قبضو ڪري جمهوريت کي محدود ڪرڻ لاء ٺاهيو ويو آهي ۽ اهو بعد ۾ قانونسازوڪري رياست جي شروعات بڻجي چڪو آهي. تجزيي مان اهو به ظاهر ٿئي ٿو ته اهو رياستي آپريشن نه رڳو دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي ملڪن ۾ مشهور ٿيو آهي، پر ان لاءِ ان جو خاص جواز جو بنياد به موجود آهي. جمهوريت جي اصولن ۾ ڪجهه حصيداري کان سواء، رياست جي فيصلن جو جواز هتي آهي ته اهي فيصلا هميشه ڪيا ويندا آهن - استدلال جي گهٽ يا وڌيڪ زنجيرن سان - آئين مان ڪٽڻ سان. اهو خاص جواز ان جي تحقيق ڪرڻ لاء هڪ اعلي ترجيح بڻائي ٿو ته آئيني عدالت جي فيصلي جو عمل حقيقت ۾ ڪيئن ٿيندو آهي ۽ ڇا آئين مان انهن فيصلن کي حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ساختياتي تڪرار آهن.
تجزيي جي ذريعي ست اهڙا مسخ ڏيکاريا ويا آهن ، ۽ ڪتاب جي آخري باب ۾ ، سڌارن لاءِ ڪجهه طريقن جو تجزيو ڪيو ويو آهي. اهو بيان ڪيو ويو آهي ته انهن سڌارن جي ذريعي قانوني فيصلو ڪرڻ وارا عمل هن جواز جي واعدي سان ملڻ لاء وڌيڪ مناسب هوندا. ٻئي پاسي، تجزيي مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته جيتوڻيڪ اسين رياست جي قانوني بنياد کي قبول ڪريون ٿا، اسان کي اڃا تائين گهٽ ۾ گهٽ جزوي طور تي ان کي جمهوريت جي اصولن تي واپس رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻي پوندي.

The real essence of Sufism in Islam teaches about the self-purification and practical mystic way of life. It is accompanied with the worship and union to Almighty Allah. Sufism is massive integral part of efforts to revive peace, religious harmony and tolerance, where people possess the extreme bent of ideologies in mind. Sufism plays a vigorous role to establish justice, equality, love, forgiveness, sacrifice, humanity, unity and affection. Sufism also provides guidance to mankind for peace, resolution and compassion that worked for the comfort of humanity around the world. Sufism also offers a remedy to religious hatred, exploitation, dishonesty, internal disputes, greediness, disagreements and fundamentalism that leads to conflict in the society. Sindh is civilized nation since excavations of Mohen-jo-Daro in third millennium. Historically, the process of arrival of Islam in Sindh was started from the pious caliph period. General Muhammad bin Qasim conquered several regions of Indus Valley in 712 AD. After that, the introduction of Islam, the Indus Valley by Sufi Saints resulted in the conversion of large scale population into Islam. The present discussion aims to assess the important features of Sufism and its position in the contemporary society of Sindh. Moreover, this study will help to understand the paramount role of Sufism to establish the religious harmony and tolerance in Sindh.

The current research aimed to test the effectiveness of a training program based on Self-regulated learning strategies (SRLS) in reducing academic entitlement (AE) among Female University Students. The main sample consisted of (40) third year female students enrolled in psychology department at Women's Faculty-Ain shams University during the school year 2022/ 2023, aged (20.17± 0.63) years, divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control one (each group included 20 female students). The research tools included two scales, The AE scale , SRLS scale (designed by the researcher) and the Training Program (designed by the researcher). Findings revealed a statistical significant long-lasting improvement in the Self-regulated learning among the members of the experimental group due to exposure to the training program and a statistical significant long-lasting reduction in academic entitlement and in its subcomponents among the members of the experimental group due to exposure to the training program.

The current study is conducted for presenting a critical discourse analysis of the mob's language that assembled to record protest against gas and electricity shortage. They have blocked the main Airport road in the cantonment area near the army house in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. For this study, data was collected by non-participant observation method and field notes were also taken for additional support. However, selective ways of expression such as slogans, banners and placards, conversation among the protesters and their distinctive linguistic choices for the two security forces (military and police) are taken for critical discourse analysis to identify their ideologies. This critical discourse analysis of research data elucidates that protesters exhibited their views by placards slogans, and associated themselves with the political parties and security forces by choosing in-group and out-group linguistic choices.