Siddha Medicine

Background: Nutraceuticals, which combine the nutritional benefits of food with the therapeutic effects of pharmaceuticals, offer a promising approach to enhancing children's health and well-being. Among these, herbal-enriched nutraceuticals stand out due to their potential to deliver a range of health benefits derived from natural plant sources. Aim: This study aimed to develop gummies with Elettaria cardamomum, Amomum subulatum Roxb, Zingiber officinale, Beta vulgaris L. using different concentrations of gelling agents, plasticizers and pH modifiers. Materials and Methods: Gelatin was tested at concentrations of 8% and 10%. The objective was to assess concentration of gelling agents that affect the physical properties of the gummies, such as visual appearance, dispersion time, and texture profile (hardness, chewiness, and gumminess). The gummies were heated and allowed to set before being evaluated using a randomized method. The type and concentration of the gelling agents, as well as their interaction, had significant effects on dispersion time, appearance, hardness, gumminess, and chewiness. Conclusion: Gummies made with 8% gelatine were found to be the best formulations, meeting all physical property requirements, showing no syneresis, and having the most pleasant texture.

A large number of the plants are claimed to possess the antibiotic properties in the traditional system and are also used extensively by the tribal people throughout the world. It is now mostly thought that nature has given the cure of every disease in one form or another. Plants have been known to cure people from various diseases in Ayurveda. Effects of crude extracts of the petals of Hibiscus rosa sinensis, cucurbita maxima, leaves of Moringa oliefera , aerial parts of C. leucanthemum and rhizome of Acorus calamus were studied for the antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The research showed that the methanolic extract were more effective than the aqueous extract. The antioxidant activity of the five samples were carried out using DPPH which showed that out of the five plants Moringa oliefera and Acorus Calamus has better antioxidant properties which could be very useful against reactive oxygen species that are formed during oxidative stress.

An investigation was carried out with ten green vegetables with their popular varieties most commonly grown in Eastern India to determine their biochemical composition. The nutritive value such as crude protein, total sugar, vitamin C and amino acid content of the selected vegetables were analysed. Among the vegetables Spinacia oleracea, Daucus carota, Trigonella foenumgraecum, Raphanus sativus, Allium cepa, Solanum tuberosum, Capsicum annum, Pisum sativum, Phaseolus, Lycopersicon esculetum were selected. The study result showed that nutritional potential of the vegetables where as follows. The soluble sugar concentration and free amino acid concentration was maximum in potato and in onion, the protein content was highest in methi (460 µg/ml). The vitamin C concentration was high in green chilli and in onion.

The bactericidal properties of cow urine have been known to humans from a long time. Cow urine is an effective antibacterial agent against a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In this work, we explored photoactivated cow urine as a potential antimicrobial agent. The antimicrobial activity of cow urine was tested by agar well method using Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus (MTCC-1305), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-3160) and Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella typhimurium (MTCC-1253), Aeromonas hydrophila (MTCC-1739), Enterobacter aerogenes (MTCC-2823), Micrococcus luteus (MTCC-1809). Photoactivated urine showed highest antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive Bacillus cereus and Gram-negative bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila. Bactericidal effect showed against various bacteria depended on the concentration of photoactivated urine and the type of bacteria.

The bactericidal properties of cow urine have been known to humans from a long time. Cow urine is an effective antibacterial agent against a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In this work, we explored photoactivated cow urine as a potential antimicrobial agent. The antimicrobial activity of cow urine was tested by agar well method using Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus (MTCC-1305), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-3160) and Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella typhimurium (MTCC-1253), Aeromonas hydrophila (MTCC-1739), Enterobacter aerogenes (MTCC-2823), Micrococcus luteus (MTCC-1809). Photoactivated urine showed highest antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive Bacillus cereus and Gram-negative bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila. Bactericidal effect showed against various bacteria depended on the concentration of photoactivated urine and the type of bacteria.

Copyright © 2014 Pragati Khare et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Siddha medicine is an ancient traditional healing system which is based on the principles laid out by Siddhas, the ancient Tamil sages who believed that the human body is a microcosm of the universe, composed of same elements as the cosmos. Based on application, in Siddha medicine there are 32 internal and 32 external medicines. Thraakshathi Chooranam is a polyherbal formulation extensively referenced in Siddha medicine, primarily indicated for managing conditions such as Piththa diseases, dysuria, anemia, jaundice, neuritis, psychological disorders, and emaciation. A comprehensive review was conducted by analyzing 22 Siddha literature texts, through the analysis Thraakshathi Chooranam was found in six distinct texts, detailing seven different formulations with 58 unique ingredients. The review focused on the organoleptic characteristics, actions, and therapeutic indications of these ingredients. Notably, Kalnaar (purified form of Asbestos) was highlighted as a key Thaathu, essential for detoxification in the formulations. The ingredients in Thraakshathi Chooranam exhibit diverse properties. From 16 ingredients which was commonly found in this formula 43.75% have a sweet taste, and 62.5% exhibit cold potency and sweet efficacy. The therapeutic actions of these ingredients are also varied, with 50% showing carminative properties, 43.75% possessing stomachic effects, and 37.5% demonstrating refrigerant and nutritive actions. 25% of the ingredients exhibit expectorant, diuretic, antimicrobial, and astringent activities. These diverse actions suggest that Thraakshathi Chooranam may be a potent remedy for a range of diseases. Given the broad pharmacological spectrum of the ingredients and the potential therapeutic efficacy of the formulation, Thraakshathi Chooranam holds promise as a significant medicinal preparation in Siddha medicine. However, further laboratory studies and clinical trials are essential to validate its effectiveness and safety for widespread clinical use.

A 49-year-old female patient presented with post-operative right-sided hemiplegia following a hemorrhagic stroke and frontotemporoparietal decompressive craniotomy. Clinical examination revealed weakness in the right upper and lower limbs, aphasia, and progressive right shoulder pain. Siddha internal medicine and external therapies, including Podi Thimirthal and insomnia management, were administered. Notable symptomatic improvement was observed with the intervention. This case highlights the potential efficacy of Siddha medicine in neurorehabilitation.

A 49-year-old female patient presented with post-operative right-sided hemiplegia following a hemorrhagic stroke and frontotemporoparietal decompressive craniotomy. Clinical examination revealed weakness in the right upper and lower limbs, aphasia, and progressive right shoulder pain. Siddha internal medicine and external therapies, including Podi Thimirthal and insomnia management, were administered. Notable symptomatic improvement was observed with the intervention. This case highlights the potential efficacy of Siddha medicine in neurorehabilitation.

Dengue fever is nowadays most common in metropolitan cities. It is an arthropod borne viral disease belongs to family flaviviridae, having four serotypes that spread by the bite of infected aedes mosquitoes. The present aim of the study to investigate outcome of dengue virus infection in patients on administration of Siddha herbal formulation (Nilavembu kudineeri). This prospective descriptive study was conducted in inpatients admitted at tertiary care hospital, with suspected dengue fever. However, case series was conducted at the department of Siddha medicine in collaboration with the general medicine department of MMC Hospital, Chennai, during the November-December months 2013 of Dengue fever. Clinically and serologically confirmed cases of dengue fever and who are willing to participate in the study were included. Data was analysed with graph pad prism version-5. Mean age of the patients was 34.37+17.54 years and majorities (15, 63%) were male. Seropositivity for dengue was foun...

Objective: This study aimed to develop and standardize a palatable Ayurvedic polyherbal oral liquid formulation for anaemia treatment. By integrating taste-masking techniques, the aim is to enhance iron absorption, reduce side effects, and improve patient adherence. Methods: Four iron-rich Ayurvedic herbs, namely Punica granatum, Vitis vinifera, Boerhaavia diffusa, and Terminalia bellirica, were extracted and formulated with taste-masking excipients. The syrup formulation involved hydroalcoholic extraction, freeze-drying, and stability testing under accelerated and long-term conditions. Standardization parameters included organoleptic evaluation, physicochemical assessment, microbiological testing, and heavy metal residue analysis. Results: The hydroalcoholic extraction of Terminalia bellirica fruit yielded 17.3%, while Boerhavia diffusa root extract yielded 9.3%. Freeze-dried fruit juices of Vitis vinifera and Punica granatum yielded 8.6% and 7.3%, respectively. A polyherbal syrup was formulated and optimized through six trials, balancing taste, viscosity (120-146 cP), and stability. The final formulation contained 12.5 mg iron per 5 ml, with synergistic herbal components enhancing bioavailability. Sensory evaluations confirmed improved palatability and stability studies demonstrated a prolonged shelf life. Heavy metal analysis confirmed compliance with safety standards, ensuring the formulation's suitability for anaemia management. Conclusion: This Ayurvedic polyherbal liquid formulation, with its enhanced taste profile and iron-rich content, offers a novel and patient-friendly approach to anaemia management. Its improved palatability may enhance patient compliance, particularly in populations struggling with conventional iron supplements. Moreover, its formulation aligns with the growing demand for natural, well-tolerated therapeutic alternatives, underscoring its potential for commercialization. Further clinical studies are recommended to validate its efficacy, long-term safety, and market viability for broader therapeutic application.

Medicinal plants are significant source of Hepatoprotective drugs. Mono and poly-herbal preparations have been used in various liver disorders since ages. According to one estimate, more than 700 mono and poly-herbal preparations in the form of decoction, tincture, tablets and capsules from more than 100 plants are in clinical use. A drug having beneficial effect on the liver is known as Hepatoprotective drug. On the other hand, drugs having toxic affect on the liver are better known as hepatotoxic drugs. Clinical research has also shown that herbals have genuine utility in the treatment of liver diseases. The article deals with phyto-pharmacological investigative work done on herbals beneficial in liver and gall bladder ailments.

The e-governance transformation of governance has reshaped state-citizen relations, shifting from one-way delivery of services to participatory democracy. Introducing and testing the ACACAE Model-six stages: Awareness, Communication/Consultation, Adoption, Collaboration involvement, Advocacy, and Empowerment is proposed as a model for interactive e-governance. Based on participatory communication and networked governance theories, this research examines the role of each stage in deepening citizen engagement, particularly in rural India. Primary data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with rural citizens from Purvanchal, Uttar Pradesh, while secondary data included scholarly literature and policy documents. Thematic and discourse analysis revealed that awareness is often informal and unsystematic, consultation mechanisms are weak or absent, and collaboration remains minimal. Digital service adoption occurs mainly out of necessity, not empowerment. Advocacy is limited to informal, youth-driven initiatives, while full empowerment remains an exception due to systemic barriers like digital illiteracy, language gaps, and infrastructural inadequacies. While the ACACAE model provides a potential theoretical roadmap, its empirical operationalization is bound by institutional and socio-cultural limits. The research suggests special digital literacy programs, local-language interfaces, official feedback systems, inclusive advocacy structures, and gender-based policies to close the participation gap. Institutionalizing every phase of the model, governance can move from centralized dispensation to co-designed democratic processes, transforming citizens from being mere recipients to being active authors of digital governance.

The e-governance transformation of governance has reshaped state-citizen relations, shifting from one-way delivery of services to participatory democracy. Introducing and testing the ACACAE Model-six stages: Awareness, Communication/Consultation, Adoption, Collaboration involvement, Advocacy, and Empowerment is proposed as a model for interactive e-governance. Based on participatory communication and networked governance theories, this research examines the role of each stage in deepening citizen engagement, particularly in rural India. Primary data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with rural citizens from Purvanchal, Uttar Pradesh, while secondary data included scholarly literature and policy documents. Thematic and discourse analysis revealed that awareness is often informal and unsystematic, consultation mechanisms are weak or absent, and collaboration remains minimal. Digital service adoption occurs mainly out of necessity, not empowerment. Advocacy is limited to informal, youth-driven initiatives, while full empowerment remains an exception due to systemic barriers like digital illiteracy, language gaps, and infrastructural inadequacies. While the ACACAE model provides a potential theoretical roadmap, its empirical operationalization is bound by institutional and socio-cultural limits. The research suggests special digital literacy programs, local-language interfaces, official feedback systems, inclusive advocacy structures, and gender-based policies to close the participation gap. Institutionalizing every phase of the model, governance can move from centralized dispensation to co-designed democratic processes, transforming citizens from being mere recipients to being active authors of digital governance.

The country is taking a rapid shift towards a digital economy. The technology is improving making digital methods faster, safer and convenient. The tribal consist of an important part of our society. Therefore this paper is an insight into the basic understanding of the tribal people of Bhairamgarh block in Bastar, Chhattisgarh regarding financial services including banking, digital payments, etc. This paper investigates about the status of tribal people in financial inclusion and their awareness about latest digital developments. It also provides the suggestions to improve the present status and make tribal of this area part of India's financial revolution.

Career decision-making is a crucial aspect of students' lives, influencing their long-term professional and personal success. This study examines the effectiveness of Career Counseling Cells (CCCs) in higher education institutions in Lakhimpur District, Assam, focusing on their accessibility, utilization, and impact on students' career decision-making. Using a descriptive research design, data were collected from 300 respondents, including students, faculty members, career counselors, and administrators, through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The findings reveal that while 90% of institutions have established CCCs, only 24% of students utilize them regularly, and 32% report lacking confidence in their career choices despite receiving counseling. Although 76% of students find career counseling helpful, many perceive CCCs as job placement centers rather than comprehensive career guidance platforms. Faculty members emphasize the lack of integration with academics, while counselors highlight inadequate training and institutional support as major challenges. Administrators admit that CCC activities are often inconsistent, limiting their long-term effectiveness. The study suggests that structured career guidance programs, industry collaborations, increased awareness initiatives, and better institutional support are essential to enhancing CCCs' impact. Strengthening these aspects can improve students' career readiness, decision-making confidence, and overall employability.

The AYUSH Portal is designed to promote the incorporation of India's traditional medicinal systems Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy into the nation's healthcare ecosystem. Recognizing the increasing global acceptance of AYUSH practices, the Government of India has initiated Centers of Excellence to support prominent institutions involved in research and education and drug development. Notable initiatives include collaborations with premier institutions such as AIIMS and IIT Jodhpur to explore integrative health research and address key public health challenges. Programs like the Ayurgyan and Ayurswasthya Schemes prioritize research in the AYUSH sector, promoting innovations in preventive and integrative health care. The establishment of the AYUSH-ICMR Advanced Center for Integrative Research seeks to create a vibrant ecosystem for scientific validation of traditional practices. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ministry of AYUSH demonstrated the efficacy of traditional medicine by releasing clinical management protocols and guidelines based on Ayurveda and Yoga, highlighting their role in public health emergencies. This paper discusses the methodology adopted in the AYUSH Portal, emphasizing collaborative research efforts, intellectual property rights, and the integration of AYUSH therapies in mainstream healthcare to achieve the goal of "One Nation, One Health.

INTRODUCTION: Siddha medicine is a system of traditional medicine originating in ancient tamilnadu in south India. In siddha literature gunapadam-thathu jeeva vaguppu by Dr.R. Thiyagarajan, 40 types of feathers are indicated as medicine for various diseases. Feathers are unique feature to birds and it constitute over 90% of protein and composed of two types of keratins-alpha and beta. Chicken feathers are the waste product of poultry industry which creates a major solid waste problem. Disposal of this waste is a global environment problem, therefore finding the right and effective way to use this will be one of the greatest supports for eco-friendly environment. So, this study is taken to analyse "NAATU KOZHI IRAGU PARPAM" to use feathers in an effective way through traditional method with siddha literature evidence. OBJECTIVE: To analyse NAATU KOZHI IRAGU PARPAM by ICP-OES. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ingredients such as country fowls feather and karisalai juice were used. The drug was prepared as per siddha literature Gunapadam-thathu jeeva vaguppu. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: ICP-OES analysis indicates the presence of elements in NAATU KOZHI IRAGU PARPAM with their concentration, this forms the basic foundation to further clinical research which will be followed by the identification of the various activities of NAATU KOZHI IRAGU PARPAM.

Siddha is one of the ancient's medical systems in India considered as the mother medicine of ancient Tamil in South India. The term siddha means achivements and siddhars were saintly persons who achieved results in medicine.the siddha system is based on combination of ancient medicinal practice and spiritual disciplines as well as alchemy and mysticism. Siddhars held that the object of their study was preserved and prolong life and them belived humans to live according to laws of nature. According to sivagnanasiddhiyar discovering epistemology (alavai). Alavai referred to in vernacular as pramanam. The word prama means knowledge. The medium through which knowledge is acquired is pramanam. Alavai is also known as knowledge scale and used for siddha clinical diagnostic methods.

Siddha is one of the ancient's medical systems in India considered as the mother medicine of ancient Tamil in South India. The term siddha means achivements and siddhars were saintly persons who achieved results in medicine.the siddha system is based on combination of ancient medicinal practice and spiritual disciplines as well as alchemy and mysticism. Siddhars held that the object of their study was preserved and prolong life and them belived humans to live according to laws of nature. According to sivagnanasiddhiyar discovering epistemology (alavai). Alavai referred to in vernacular as pramanam. The word prama means knowledge. The medium through which knowledge is acquired is pramanam. Alavai is also known as knowledge scale and used for siddha clinical diagnostic methods.

Introduction Leucorrhoea, also known as flour albus, is a thick, whitish, yellowish or greenish vaginal discharge. There are many causes of leucorrhoea, the usual one being estrogen imbalance. It is usually a non-pathological symptom secondary to inflammatory condition of the vagina or cervix. Siddha system implies that diagnosing a disease is essential more than its treatment and prevention. Manikkadai nool is one of the unique, non-intervening diagnostic tool in siddha practice which holds 26 output values ranging from 4-11fbs. The methodology of Manikkadai nool is an anthropometry measurement based on the wrist circumference and finger breadth of the individual. As per Siddha literature the Manikkadai nool value for Brahmiyam noi (leucorrhoea) is mentioned as 8 1/4 fbs. Objective To calibrate the value of Manikkadai nool among patients of Brahmiyam noi (Leucorrhoea). Methodology This was a cross sectional study carried out among clinically diagnosed Brahmiyam Noi (leucorrhoea) patients attended OPD at AAGHIM, Chennai. The sample size was 50 and the sampling selection administrated was purposive sampling. Result This study concludes that most of the leucorrhoea (Brahmiyam noi) cases have the same Manikkadai nool value (8 1/4) as mentioned in the Siddha literature (Agathiyarsoodamanikayarusoothiram). Conclusion The current study standardise the Manikkadai nool value for Brahmiyam noi(leucorrhoea) patients which would be helpful for earlier diagnosis in future.

Background: Allergic rhinitis and asthma are common diseases of the immune system that negatively affect general health, quality of life, and social relationships. Many studies have been conducted to evaluate treatment options for these conditions, particularly using herbal remedies. Complementary alternative medicines are extensively used in the treatment of type 1 hypersensitivity-related allergic rhinitis and asthma. There is a dearth of scientific evidence even though the Sri Lankan population uses traditional medical treatments to effectively manage these conditions. Aims and Objectives: To review the evidence-based recommendations for traditional natural plants with scientifically proven anti-allergic rhinitis and asthmatic activity in Sri Lanka. This review focuses on ten selected medicinal plants used by a traditional ayurvedic practitioner in Sri Lanka to treat allergic rhinitis and asthma. The selected 10 plants are:

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global challenge to the health care system. A novel agent to combat this deadly virus is still a matter of research. Herbal molecules have served humanity since the beginning. Objectives: This narrative review aims to study the antiviral properties of medicinal plants, which are already effectively used in the past against various viruses. It derives the importance of exploration of such phytochemicals, which can be complementarily used to treat COVID-19. Methods: Studies related to traditional medicine and treatment for viruses were retrieved from databases including PubMed, Google scholar until December 2020 using the keywords SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Immunological, Phyto-chemicals, Traditional Medicine. The resulting publications were analyzed to develop a narrative review on the traditional Indian phytochemicals that have been shown to effectively treat various viral infections and potentially treat or prevent COVID-19. R...

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, primarily associated with elevated intraocular
pressure (IOP) and progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. While conventional treatment strategies such
as pharmacological therapy, laser procedures, and surgical interventions focus on lowering IOP to prevent optic
nerve damage, the interest in integrative and complementary therapies is steadily growing. Among these,
Pranayama a core component of yogic practice involving controlled breathing techniques has gained attention for its
potential benefits in ocular health and glaucoma management. This review explores the physiological basis, scientific
evidence and clinical implications of integrating Pranayama into glaucoma management. Further research through
robust, large-scale clinical trials is essential to validate these preliminary findings and establish standardized
therapeutic protocols.

In the Unani system of medicine, uterine fibroids are referred to as t-im. Also known as leiomyomas, these benign tumors are composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue within the myometrium. Uterine fibroids are a major health concern, with their prevalence varying across ethnic groups. Studies suggest that over 50% of women above the age of 45 are affected. This paper presents a case report demonstrating significant symptomatic improvement and normalization of myometrial thickness following Unani treatment. A female patient who presented with lower abdominal pain, lower back pain, dysmenorrhea, and blood clot passage was diagnosed with an intramural fibroid (1.2 × 1.1 cm) in the posterior myometrium. She was treated with an Unani polyherbal formulation in capsule form, consisting of 50% hydro-alcoholic extracts of Karonda (Carissa carandas Linn), Khar-e-Khasak (Tribulus terrestris Linn), Mako (Solanum nigrum Linn), Beekh-e-Kasni (Cichorium intybus Linn), Bhumi Amla (Phyllanthus niruri Linn), and Chirayata Shireen (Swertia chirata Linn). The prescribed dosage included two (500 mg) capsules twice daily after meals, along with Majoon Dabeedul Ward (7 gm BD) with plain water for 90 days. The patient was clinically assessed every fortnight and underwent a radiological evaluation after treatment. The post-treatment ultrasonography results were highly encouraging, revealing complete resolution of the uterine fibroid without the need for surgery. The treatment proved to be highly effective, providing significant symptom relief without any observed side effects. This case study highlights the potential of Unani medicine as a successful, non-invasive approach to managing uterine fibroids.

Objective: The intention of the study was to find out the efficacy of selected herbal medicine (Lipitame) for Primary Hyperlipidemia in comparison with allopathic drug (Simvastatin).Method: Herbal coded traditional medicine ‘Lipitame’ was tested for its efficacy in comparison with ‘Simvastatin’ to control Primary Hyperlipidemia through a randomized controlled prospective study at Shifa-ul-Mulk Memorial Hospital for Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University, Karachi. The test group (n=50) was administered Lipitame 500 mg b.d and the control group (n=50) to Simvastatin 20 mg at bed time. The test drug ‘Lipitame’ comprises of whole dried powders of Terminalia arjuna, Commiphora mukul, Phyllanthus emblica and Terminalia chebula. It was concluded that Lipitame is effective for the treatment of Primary Hyperlipidemia after 16 weeks’ trial. Lipitame reduced mean total cholesterol from 276.80+32.65 to 184.98+41.71mg%, mean triglyceride from 189.68+24.51 to 153.24+30.80 mg%, mean LDL from 185.46+...

Chuntaivatral Chooranam is a polyherbal preparation which is used in the treatment of various diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, indigestion, and haemorrhoids. This Chooranam is mentioned in Siddha Vaitya Thirattu and is prepared with 7 ingredients. This review study is focused to develop scientific documentary evidence for medicinal ingredients of Chuntaivatral Chooranam. This study presents an organized compilation and analysis of data sourced from traditional Siddha Medicine textbooks and research publications on website. The data drawn from variety of ancient and contemporary texts were systematically collected and categorized from Oct to Nov 2024. Collected data were processed and analyzed by using MS Excel spreadsheets. All ingredients of Chuntaivatral Chooranam are herbs, which are from 7 different families. According to the data, parts used in the plants are 7 different sources as dried fruit, leaf, dried pericarp, kernel, fruit rind, fruit, and seed; each of them represents 14.28%. Out of 7 ingredients 42.85% has astringent taste, 57.14% with cold potency and 85.71% with pungent efficacy. Based on phytochemical analysis among the ingredients; 100% of the ingredients constitute flavonoids, tannin, phenol, saponin, volatile oil, alkaloid, and ascorbic acid, while 42.85% of them are carbohydrates and protein (42.85%). All the ingredients show astringent, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, 85.71% of them exhibit anti-diarrheal while 57.14% shows stomachic, anthelmintic and anti-diabetic activity each. Therefore, this review provides useful documentation of Chuntaivatral Chooranam. However further scientific studies should be performed in future regarding chemical and toxicity analysis.

The knowledge of Ayurveda has been transmitted across Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/joay by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AW nYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= on 01/22/2025 generations, first through oral teachings and subsequently recorded in writings such as the Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya etc. These texts detail medicinal practices and the principles of diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Preserving Ayurvedic knowledge has always remained essential and a challenge as well. Conventionally, the Gurukula education system was foundational, with students living with Guru in immersive environments. Learning was practical, involving observation, and oral transmission, ensuring a thorough understanding of the science and its real‑world applications. In contrast, modern Ayurvedic education has shifted to institutional settings with structured curricula, standardized examinations, and teaching aids. While this makes education more accessible, it poses challenges in maintaining the depth of traditional knowledge and practical experience, often prioritizing breadth over depth and theoretical knowledge over practical skills.

This study investigates the relationship between learning styles, thinking patterns, and problem-solving abilities among Grade 11 students, employing the Style of Learning and Thinking (SOLAT) tool and a custom problem-solving ability assessment. The research addresses three key questions: What is the distribution of brain dominance (left, right, whole) among students? How do different brain dominance styles relate to problem-solving abilities? What teaching strategies can be developed based on these insights? The objectives include assessing brain dominance and problem-solving abilities, analyzing their relationship, and recommending sustainable educational strategies. The findings reveal significant cognitive diversity, with right-brain dominance being the most prevalent (59.3%), followed by left-brain dominance (29.6%) and whole-brain dominance (11.1%). While whole-brain students exhibit the highest proportion in the high problem-solving category (60.26%), right-brain dominant students contribute the most numerically (55.85%). The left-brain group demonstrates balanced performance across all problem-solving levels, emphasizing structured, analytical thinking. This research underscores the importance of personalized educational strategies to accommodate cognitive diversity. Suggested approaches include adaptive learning technologies, problem-based learning, and activities that integrate analytical and creative thinking. These findings aim to inform inclusive pedagogical practices, fostering creativity, critical thinking, and academic growth, ultimately preparing students for future challenges.

Background: Diabetes poses a significant threat to public health, underscores the urgent need for effective and sustainable management strategies. Traditional Indian systems, Siddha and Yoga offer holistic approaches that emphasize the overall well-being and can be integrated into modern diabetic health care. Objective: To investigate the impact of a yoga and siddha intervention together in the treatment of type 2 diabetes Design: Randomised controlled pilot study Methods: Thirty diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients were randomized into YoSi (Integrated Yoga and Siddha) group (n=15), which received yoga interventions 2 times a week for 3 months with standard Siddha medication, and the Siddha group (n=15), which received standard Siddha medication alone. Pre-and post-assessments included Body Mass Index (BMI), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profile and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Results: In YoSi group, there were significant reductions in BMI (p = 0.001), HbA1c (p = 0.001), fasting insulin (p = 0.02), HOMA-IR (p = 0.001), total cholesterol (p = 0.015), LDL (p = 0.001), and an increase in HDL (p = 0.020). The Siddha group also demonstrated significant reductions in BMI (p = 0.010), HbA1c (p = 0.000), fasting insulin (p = 0.025) HOMA-IR (p = 0.003) and total cholesterol (p = 0.033), However, YoSi group achieved a more pronounced reductions in HbA1c (mean difference-1.84% vs-1.45%, p=0.056), and lipid parameters. Both groups demonstrated a significant decrease in PSS, with much greater decrease in YoSi group (median delta 50% vs 21%, p=0.001). P<0.05 is considered significant Conclusions: The YoSi intervention shows potential benefits in managing type 2 diabetes. It showed improved glycaemic control, BMI, lipid profiles, and stress levels indicating the positive advantages in addressing both metabolic and psychological aspects of the disease. Larger randomised controlled trials are needed to confirm efficacy.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in customer service has revolutionized how organizations interact with consumers. This study focuses on a critical but underexplored area: the role of AI during post-purchase interactions, specifically in handling returns and complaints. While significant research has been conducted on AI's efficiency in streamlining operations and enhancing customer service, the specific context of post-purchase scenarios remains largely unaddressed. This research bridges the gap by evaluating how AI-enabled systems influence consumer perceptions of transparency, empathy and reliability when resolving grievances. A quantitative survey methodology was employed, collecting primary data from 114 customers through Likert-scale. The use of statistical tool such as simple percentage analysis helped evaluate AI attributes, including efficiency and transparency. The findings demonstrate that AI significantly enhances operational efficiency and provides clear updates during complaint resolution processes, emphasizing its role in improving customer experiences and supporting long-term business growth in competitive markets

The plants A. viridis was collected from open fields of Lalitpur district of Nepal. Leaves and seeds of the plants were separated and washed properly with distilled water to remove any impurities and dust settled on the surface of these plant parts. All Plant parts were dried under shade at room temperature for the prevention of loss of any active constituents. The dried leaves and seeds of the plants were grounded separately to coarse powder using mechanical blenders followed by fine extraction using organic solvents. Plant extraction: All plant extracts were prepared using the soxhlet extraction method. 20 grams of dry powder from leaves, seed and whole plant of A. viridis were extracted with 200 ml of methanol separately in soxhlet extractor until the final extraction was colorless. These methanol extracts were then subjected to rotary evaporator at 64.7ºC respectively. The crude extracts obtained were stored at 4ºC in airtight glass bottles for further use. The methanol extract of A.viridis was screened for the presence of various phytoconstituents like flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids amino acids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds proteins etc .

Background: "Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)" is a significant health concern in India, with a high incidence and low survival rate because of delayed diagnosis and limitations of current treatments. A survey in 2022 indicated that the incidence rate for oral cancer in India was 14.7 per 100,000 for men and 5.0 per 100,000 for women. Siddha medicine, an indigenous system of medicine in Southern India, has shown potential anticancer properties, including the formulation vaan mezhugu (VM). Objective: To evaluate the cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing effects of VM on the KB human oral cancer cell line. Methods: The cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing effects of VM on the KB human oral cancer cell line was evaluated using an MTT assay, and apoptosis was evaluated using acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining, and annexin V flow cytometry. Results: VM exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity, with an LC 50 value of 21.69 µg/mL. In apoptotic assay, treated cells showed chromatin condensation and distinct apoptotic markers in fluorescence microscopy. Flow cytometry revealed an increase in late apoptotic cells from 5.54% (control) to 20.78% (treated), with total apoptosis rising to 23.30%. Conclusion: VM demonstrated significant cytotoxic effects and apoptosis induction in KB oral cancer cells. These findings suggest its potential as an alternative therapy for oral cancer, warranting further in vivo studies and clinical trials.

In December 2019, extreme acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19), was first detected In Wuhan City, China and later spread to several provinces in China and simultaneously outspreaded worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to a dramatic worldwide loss of human life and poses an unparalleled threat to public health, food systems and the world of work. The economic and social suffering inflicted by the pandemic is devastating millions of people are at risk of severe poverty specially in the developing country. We have several researches, review article, case study and medical journal for the explanation COVID-19. There are so many guideline recommendations issues by the WHO, various health authority and government for the prevention of COVID-19. How Electrohomoeopathy medicine used by various Electrohomoeopathy practitioners in there clinical as a prophylactic and preventive care but result was ultimate. Although, t...

COVID-19 management is becoming a popular topic of research among drug developers, researchers, and scientists because the coronavirus is a rapidly dividing virus that spreads by injecting its genome into the genes of other organisms and multiplying there. As a result, it depends on other organisms for its growth which makes it more challenging to eradicate the disease-causing agent. The Coronaviridae family of viruses includes the enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus known as coronaviruses (CoV). Different species of the CoV family cause infections of the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract in mammals and birds. People typically get the common cold from it, but it can also result in complications such as pneumonia and SARS. The more well-known severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, which in 2003 posed a serious threat with a high mortality rate, is one of the recognized human coronaviruses (HCoV), along with HCoV-229E, -OC43, -NL63, -HKU1, and others. The Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV, a sixth kind of HCoV infection with a high mortality rate, was described by the World Health Organization in 2012. Numerous herbal extracts have been used to treat clinical indications related to the respiratory system as ayurvedic medicine has a treatment for a wide variety of illnesses and complex medical diseases. Therefore, a variety of herbal remedies and purely natural substances can greatly help in the creation of novel antiviral treatments. Tinospora cordifolia, Curcuma longa, Ocimum basilicum, and Allium sativum are a few herbs utilized in COVID-19. In this work, an effort has been made to assess problems and potential treatment with the help of herbal medicine.

Plants have been a primary source of medicine throughout human history. India, often referred to as an herbal hub, is home to the ancient Siddha system of medicine, which has made significant contributions to medical knowledge. In recent years, medicinal plants have become central to drug discovery efforts, especially in the search for treatments for various diseases, including cancer. This study focuses on identifying key Siddha medicinal plants with potential anticancer properties through an ethno pharmacological survey. Background: This research presents findings from an ethno pharmacological survey conducted in Chengalpattu Taluk,Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu, India. The study aimed to identify the Siddha medicinal plants most frequently prescribed by local herbalists and practitioners for cancer treatment. The purpose of the survey was to document the traditional knowledge of these plants and assess their potential anticancer activity. Materials and Methods:structured questionnaire was distributed, and 32Siddha practitioners were interviewed. The data collected included plant names, parts used, types of cancer treated, and methods of preparation. To identify the most significant species, the Factor of Informant Consensus (Flic), Fidelity Level (Fl), and Use Value (UV) were calculated. Results: The study revealed that 60plants are currently used for cancer treatment in Chengalpattu Taluk,with Catharanthus roseus, Annona muricata,emerging as the most frequently utilized species. These findings suggest that certain plants are preferred for their anticancer properties. Conclusion:The results suggest that many of the prescribed plants could be validated through further in vitro and in vivo studies. However, it is essential for practitioners to consider factors such as preparation methods, interactions with chemotherapeutic agents, and variations in efficacy across different cancer types. This study contributes valuable knowledge on traditional medicinal practices for cancer treatment, providing a foundation for future research and societal benefit.

Plants have been a primary source of medicine throughout human history. India, often referred to as an herbal hub, is home to the ancient Siddha system of medicine, which has made significant contributions to medical knowledge. In recent years, medicinal plants have become central to drug discovery efforts, especially in the search for treatments for various diseases, including cancer. This study focuses on identifying key Siddha medicinal plants with potential anticancer properties through an ethno pharmacological survey. Background: This research presents findings from an ethno pharmacological survey conducted in Chengalpattu Taluk,Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu, India. The study aimed to identify the Siddha medicinal plants most frequently prescribed by local herbalists and practitioners for cancer treatment. The purpose of the survey was to document the traditional knowledge of these plants and assess their potential anticancer activity. Materials and Methods:structured questionnaire was distributed, and 32Siddha practitioners were interviewed. The data collected included plant names, parts used, types of cancer treated, and methods of preparation. To identify the most significant species, the Factor of Informant Consensus (Flic), Fidelity Level (Fl), and Use Value (UV) were calculated. Results: The study revealed that 60plants are currently used for cancer treatment in Chengalpattu Taluk,with Catharanthus roseus, Annona muricata,emerging as the most frequently utilized species. These findings suggest that certain plants are preferred for their anticancer properties. Conclusion:The results suggest that many of the prescribed plants could be validated through further in vitro and in vivo studies. However, it is essential for practitioners to consider factors such as preparation methods, interactions with chemotherapeutic agents, and variations in efficacy across different cancer types. This study contributes valuable knowledge on traditional medicinal practices for cancer treatment, providing a foundation for future research and societal benefit.

Liver injury, also known as hepatotoxicity, is a serious health concern since it can irreversibly harm this significant organ's function, leading to life-threatening liver cirrhosis or liver failure. Natural medicinal plants have long been known to play essential roles in up-to-date medication discovery

Background:  On March 12, 2020, WHO declared Novel Coronavirus disease as a pandemic outbreak all over the world. The outbreak had led the medical sector to a new platform, in the implementation of ancient knowledge of the Siddha medicine in treatment, management, and prevention of this prevailing pandemic. According to Siddha science, any vitiation in the life force is the main cause of diseases in human beings. pandemic diseases caused due to infectious microorganisms are called ‘Kollai Noigal’ in various Siddha literatures. Aim and objective: To classify the Novel Coronavirus disease based on the Siddha Humoural principles and to elicit the changes of Ninety-six Thatthuvam (Ninety - six basic principles), Uyir Thathukkal and Udal Thathukkal. Materials and methods: This study is accomplished mainly for literature research. Various Siddha texts such as Sattamuni gnanam, Agathiyar Gunavagadam, Agathiyar vallathi Naadi, Theraiyar Sekarappa, etc. were referred. Numerous research artic...

Ancient Indian medicine posits that disease arises from imbalances in the body’s three humors: vāyu (wind), pitta (bile), and kapha (phlegm). These humors are derived from digested food, with vāyu arising from the solid mass in the small intestine, pitta from the bile, and kapha from the refuse. While bile and phlegm can be traced through the body, vāyu’s nature and effects remain more elusive, challenging modern scientific understanding.

According to Charaka, the primal cause of disease is the humor called vayu, which can be cured by objects with adverse attributes. Charaka also mentions another cure for physical diseases, propitiating the deities associated with each humor. Ojas, a fluid located in the heart, is essential for life and is depleted by mental worries, emphasizing the importance of calm for overall health.

Dyslipidemia is one of the key risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, which is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. This study was designed to investigate the effect of powdered Curcuma longa (turmeric) tubers on lipid profile of albino rats. Twenty-four (24) male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (A-D), receiving once daily administration of distilled water, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of the powder respectively. The body weights of the animals were measured weekly, while lipid profile was determined after three weeks. The result showed that daily oral administration of graded doses of the C. longa powder for three weeks resulted in a nonsignificant increase in the body weights of the animals. Daily oral turmeric powder (200 mg/kg) treatment significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lowered the serum total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, while those that received 100 mg/kg significantly increased HDL-Cholesterol and reduced LDL-Cholesterol. Turmeric powder lowered total cholesterol, triglyceride and increasing HDL cholesterol in albino rats at the indicated doses and duration.

Dyslipidemia is one of the key risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, which is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. This study was designed to investigate the effect of powdered Curcuma longa (turmeric) tubers on lipid profile of albino rats. Twenty-four (24) male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (A-D), receiving once daily administration of distilled water, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of the powder respectively. The body weights of the animals were measured weekly, while lipid profile was determined after three weeks. The result showed that daily oral administration of graded doses of the C. longa powder for three weeks resulted in a non-significant increase in the body weights of the animals. Daily oral turmeric powder (200 mg/kg) treatment significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lowered the serum total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, while those that received 100 mg/kg significantly increased HDL-Cholesterol and reduced LDL-Cholesterol. Turmeric powder ...

This paper offers some observations on the history and development of Siddha medicine in Tamilnadu from the point of view of a scholar of Indian medicine, whose special focus has been the Sanskrit medical tradition. Contrary to popular belief, this paper offers that opinion that the basic principles and many of the practices now employed in Siddha medicine result from a combination of indigenous medical practices along with theoretical and practical elements derived primarily from A yurveda and also perhaps from the Arabic based Unani – medicine. Although much more serious research is required, this study is based on a sound assessment of the available secondary sources on Siddha medicine and its history.

Diagnosing Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) early is essential to preventing the irreparable damage to the kidneys and the eventual development of renal failure. This study introduces a new robotic automation system powered by AI and connected to the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) for the prediction of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The suggested method makes use of an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference method (ANFIS) to manage uncertainty in CKD stage diagnosis and Attention-Based Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks for time-series data processing. This connection allows for automatic, real-time detection of CKD stage and improves prediction accuracy. Methods: Robotic automation technology is combined with IoT in medical data collection using real-time patient health records. Scale, feature selection, Missing Value Imputation (MVI) is all part of data preprocessing. Attention-Based LSTM analyses time-series patterns, ANFIS handles the uncertainty in CKD stage classification. Objectives: Research objectives include the control of diagnostic uncertainty employing ANFIS, automation with IoMT for collecting and processing data, building an AI-powered robotic agent for CKD forecasting and exploiting an Attention-Based LSTM to strategically analyze time-series dataset. By improving CKD prognostication the system aims to assist early adoption and treatment. Results: The suggestion in terms of CKD detection effective by substantial margin in compare with the traditional classifiers and accuracy up to 99.13%. A very high sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and also a strong memory ensured the early diagnosis and treatment of CKD stages. Conclusion: To sum up, real-time monitoring and improved clinical outcome are enabled by the integration of AI with robotic automation and IoMT, which enhances CKD prediction accuracy. To improve diagnostic accuracy in the future, other aspects such as advanced imaging technologies like MRI may be strengthened.

Summary
Dermatophytosis is a refractory skin infection caused by
dermatophytes. Caspofungin (CAS) as one of the echinocandins, is one
candidate to be an effective treatment for dermatophytosis. Two prepared nanoparticles forms of caspofungin with silver, including silver-caspofungin nanoparticles (Ag@Cas NPs) and chemically  modified silver-caspofungin nanoparticles (modified Ag@Cas NPs), were in vitro evaluated in this study against dermatophytes. Chemical characteristics of these preparations were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering
(DLS) with zeta potential, ultraviolet-visible- (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Seven species of dermatophytes from 100 patients during visiting dermatological consultation of the AL-Hussein Medical City, including three species of Microsporum (M. canis, M. ferrugineum and M. gypseum) and four species of Trichophyton ( 2 T.mentagrophytes  and 2 T. indotineae), were isolated from 7 patients (3 males and 4 females) with various types of dermatophytoses. Species were diagnosed based on morphological characters and molecular
analyses using internal transcribrd spacer ITS1 and ITS 2 regions sequencing of rDNA. Antifungal activities of newly prepared nanoparticle forms were evaluated using disk diffusion methods. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also identified by the broth dilution method. 
Based on chemical analysis of caspofungin nanoparticles forms,
Ag@Cas NPs had more suitable characteristics as a nanoparticles compared to the modified Ag@Cas NPs. The UV spectra of Ag@Cas NPs were at 350 -900. The Ag@Cas NPs had a spherical external layer around AgNPs with smaller in size than the modified Ag@CasNPs. Based on DLS, the particle size of Ag@Cas NPs was higher from mean ± 100 nm to mean ± 250 nm than AgNPs were mean ± 100, while the modified Ag@Cas NPs was much more higher (400 nm). Different chemical bonds were identified by FT-IR and XRD in the Ag@Cas NPs as indicators of the loaded of CAS on the surface of AgNPs. 
The Ag@Cas NPs showed more antifungal effects on dermatophytes
compared to AgNPs or caspofungin alone as controls. All isolates were
inhibited by Ag@Cas NPs at concentrations of 500 mg/ml and 250 mg/ml. The M. canis, T. mentagrophytes-1, M. ferrugineum, and M. gypseum were inhibited with high inhibition zone at low concentrations of Ag@Cas NPs 62.5 mg/ml with (17.2, 12.3, 6, and 10 mm, respectively). Isolates of Trichophyton indotineae needed high concentrations of Ag@Cas NPs to be inhibited. The MIC of Cas@AgNPs was determined at 50 mg/ml for M. canis, T. mentagrophytes-1, M. ferrugineum and M. gypseum isolates. Isolates T. indotineae needed an MIC of  20 mg/ml while isolate Trichophyton mentagrophytes-2 needed MIC of 500 mg/ml. On the other hand, the modified Ag@Cas NPs was less effective on dermatophytes than Ag@Cas NPs. It was effective in high concentration (500 mg/ml) on six of seven isolates. Isolate Trichophyton mentagrophytes-2 was resistant to this nanopreparation, while Trichophyton indotineae-2 was more susceptible.

Conclusions: Caspofungin in the form of Ag@Cas NPs has more
antidermatophytic activities than silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), caspofungin, and modified Ag@Cas NPs.

Cynobacterium Scytonema geitleri investigated for Phycobiliprotien, Chlorophyll a and protein content after PAR and PAR+UV-B exposure for 48 h duration. In all type of irradiation phycobiliprotein content was declined with maximum decline (88%) on PAR+UV-B exposure than PAR only exposure. Most affected phycobiliprotein was Phycocyanin and second was phycoerythrin. At 12 h of PAR+UV-B exposure phycobiliproteins concentration decline up to 50% in compare with the control. Chlorophyll a concentration increased on short period of PAR+UV-B exposure and then fell down up to the level of control on longer period of PAR+UV-B exposure. Antioxidative enzyme activity has increases under PAR+UV-B only exposure with highest increase of APX and CAT. SOD activity was decreases drastically under PAR only exposure.

The study examines the exploration of factors influencing YouTube earnings, and examining the platform's profound implications within the social media landscape. Amidst the digital revolution, YouTube has emerged as the world's second-largest search engine, with over 2 billion logged-in users monthly and an upload rate of 500 hours per minute. However, despite its prominence, gaps persist in understanding its transition from user-generated to professionally generated content, its economic influence, and ethical considerations in branded content. This research aims to bridge these gaps by investigating determinants of YouTube earnings, encompassing content type, audience engagement, and algorithmic shifts. Drawing from diverse literature, the study highlights gaps in comprehending YouTube's evolving nature and its economic implications. By analyzing 995 instances with 28 variables, including subscribers, video views, and economic indicators like population and unemployment rates, the research employs descriptive statistics, regression analysis, correlation analysis, and K-Means clustering to unravel intricate relationships. Notable findings include positive correlations between subscribers and video views, as well as uploads and video views. This study sheds light on the multifaceted dynamics shaping YouTube earnings, offering strategic insights for creators and platform managers to optimize monetization strategies amidst the platform's ever-evolving landscape. It underscores the significance of understanding nuanced variables and cluster characteristics for informed decision-making and sustainable channel performance in the dynamic realm of YouTube.