Shock Absorber

Innovation is the essence of inventing newer technologies by the means of creating a totally new invention which does not exist or inventing something new by the integration of preexisting technologies together to form a newer and more efficient product. Our project majorly deals with integrating a suspension system and a conventional wheel which enables us to have the luxury of a suspension system/vibration damping where it is not possible to install a independent suspension system and along with this it also reduces the material usage footprint which is eco-friendly for the environment as well. This has been achieved by searching through various research papers available on the internet and we had observed that preexisting designs have made the use of this technology but the main essence of difference between any other design and ours is that our design is the simple integration of the basic concept which can be understood by almost anybody and make amendments/modifications/repairs. Our design consists of a 6 point mounting system on a simple circular wheel which will dampen the vibrations/shock impulses and dissipate kinetic energy suffered by the tire structure and not pass it on to the mounted frame. Here we've used creo parametric to design and Analysis Workbench for stimulate design model.

Innovation is the essence of inventing newer technologies by the means of creating a totally new invention which does not exist or inventing something new by the integration of preexisting technologies together to form a newer and more efficient product. Our project majorly deals with integrating a suspension system and a conventional wheel which enables us to have the luxury of a suspension system/vibration damping where it is not possible to install a independent suspension system and along with this it also reduces the material usage footprint which is eco-friendly for the environment as well. This has been achieved by searching through various research papers available on the internet and we had observed that preexisting designs have made the use of this technology but the main essence of difference between any other design and ours is that our design is the simple integration of the basic concept which can be understood by almost anybody and make amendments/modifications/repairs. Our design consists of a 6 point mounting system on a simple circular wheel which will dampen the vibrations/shock impulses and dissipate kinetic energy suffered by the tire structure and not pass it on to the mounted frame. Here we've used creo parametric to design and Analysis Workbench for stimulate design model.

This article presents a comparative analysis of coil springs and air springs used in automobile suspension systems, focusing on their design, performance, durability, cost, and application. Coil springs, known for their simplicity and reliability, offer a consistent spring rate and are widely used in mass-market and performance vehicles. In contrast, air springs provide adjustable stiffness and superior ride comfort, especially under varying load conditions, making them ideal for luxury and commercial vehicles. The analysis highlights the advantages and limitations of each type, including their impact on handling, maintenance requirements, and overall cost over time. The findings suggest that the choice between coil springs and air springs depends on specific vehicle requirements, with coil springs being more suitable for cost-sensitive and performance-driven applications, while air springs excel in scenarios requiring adaptability and enhanced comfort.

Both passive and active shock isolation systems haye been previously investigated. HoweveT, passivc systems are limited in that they cannot adapt to different load condi- tLons; aetlve systems are not practical in many appLicatlons. as the)' may reguire large power supplies. Another solution to the prob[em is te implement a "smart'damp- ing system, which typica[ly requires little power. is con- trollable in real-time. and achieves nearly the sarne performance as an active system. This paper focuses on shock lsolatien using these "srnarf' darnping devices, Fol- lowing the basic problem tbrmulation, the optimal design ef passlve and active shock isotators is given. These re- sults are then extended to the "smart" (.semi-active') b'hock isolatien case. Theoretiea[ aiialysi$ sho"'s that ifthe iinear spring stlllhess is properly chosen and the contro"'orce is appropriatcly regulated. the shock isolator using "smart" damping ean achieve optimal perforrnance and has a better robustness than the passive shock isolator. The cencept of shock isolation is frequently encountered. For exampte, driving vehicle on a bumpy road causes shock N,'ibration which matr severely impair vehicle handling performance; paradropping deliveries in a mititary expeditionarv' logistics environment introduces unfavorable impact disturbances to the sensitivc equipment packed inside at the time of landing. The impact loads arc frequently quite 1arge when compared with the [owor moderate-leve] disturbances encountered during norma] operating conditions; consequcntly.

This project is focused on the development of sugarcane harvesting machines. Now a days there is a need of fast production of agriculture products. 75% of Indian economy is based on agriculture. So, development of the agriculture field is considered as development of India. But now a days because of the industrialization, shortage of labour found in agriculture field. Day by day labour demands and their salary also increased. This project is a small work towards analysing sugarcane harvester machine aspects for economical harvesting which will help to minimize the working fatigue and to reduce labour cost. Today's world there is a heavy demand for sugar and its by-products. The major states growing sugarcane are Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka. Now India is the leading producer of sugarcane in the world. This paper aims to reduce labour as well as formers effort and to increase the output of agriculture products. If compare to other harvesting machines, this machine can cut the two-side from the lower and upper portion of the sugarcane with reasonable cost. Middle class formers are not able to buy a high cost machines. Hence, we are reducing the cost and size of the machine and reduce the effort on formers.

A suspension system or shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock impulse, and dissipate kinetic energy. The shock absorber's duty is to absorb or dissipate energy. In a vehicle, it reduces the effect of traveling over rough ground, leading to improved ride quality, and an increase in comfort due to substantially reduced amplitude of disturbances. When a vehicle is traveling on a level road and the wheels strike a bump, the spring is compressed quickly. The compressed spring will attempt to return to its normal loaded length and, in so doing, will rebound past its normal height, causing the body to be lifted. The weight of the vehicle will then push the spring down below its normal loaded height. This, in turn, causes the spring to rebound again. This bouncing process is repeated over and over, a little less each time, until the up-and-down movement finally stops. If bouncing is allowed to go uncontrolled, it will not only cause an uncomfortable ride but will make handling of the vehicle very difficult. The design of spring in the suspension system is very important. In this project, a shock absorber is designed and a 3D model is created using solid works design software. Thus the model of two bikes splendor and Yamaha are modeled and structural analysis of both suspension springs is done in Ansys workbench by assigning two different materials such as alloy steel and chromium-vanadium steel.

Mobile heavy machines produce vibrations with low natural frequencies. Because they tend to ride at low speeds, excitations due to road roughness excite low frequency vibrations, which can be reduced by active or semi active methods only. Under conditions of low frequency vibrations, energy dissipation in tires will reduce the vibration intensity in a minor degree only. In the unsprung mobile machine vibration isolation system are provided between a vibration source and the protected object (operator) along the path of vibration propagation. Most machines are now equipped with controlled suspension seats. In the case of active suspensions, the external energy source is required, for instance in the form of compressed air. The compressed air has the advantage that it is generally available in heavy machines as the working fluid and is environmentally friendly. Simulation tests were carried out both in the time domain in Matlab-Simulink and in the frequency domain in the program Mathcad. Simulation tests were performed to investigate effectiveness and stability of the proposed solution and the results were deemed satisfactory. The system was found to be feasible and implementable with respect to every parameter. The first purpose of this study is to develop a simulation model of the active suspension of operator's seat based on an adjustable pneumatic actuator. The other purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of different control strategies.

Jounce bumpers act as suspension limiters during impact. They prevent the suspension from getting into kinematic singularity situation during shock impacts due to potholes, curbs, and debris on the road. A Jounce bumper is manufactured of hyperplastic materials to make use of the viscoelasticity characteristics allowing it to be a better absorber that minimizes transmitted forces to the vehicle body for failure prevention. Therefore, it is essential to create accurate models for reliable and practical bumpers testing and design optimization before manufacturing. In this work, we will provide a modelling approach to evaluate the static performance of some traditional jounce bumpers. The model accuracy was evaluated using standard bumper tests and found to have a good agreement.

Analyses of vertically stroking crew seats with adaptive nonlinear magnetorheological energy absorbers (MREA) were addressed in this study. Under consideration were singledegree-of-freedom vertically stroking seat systems consisting of a rigid occupant mass falling at a prescribed drop velocity (i.e. sink rate). The performance of vertically stroking crew seats was evaluated for half-cycle sinusoidal vibration shock load transmission experienced during harsh vertical landings. The governing equations of motion were derived using variables such as damper stroke and MR yield force. Optimum yield force was defined as that MR force for which the available stroke was fully utilized and the seat attains zero velocity relative to the base at the completion of stroke. This was done in order to maximize shock mitigation performance. Two cases were studied: (1) the magnetorheological energy absorber (MREA) problem, or the case where no spring was employed in the suspension, so that the seat was used for isolating single shock event, (2) the magnetorheological shock isolation (MRSI) problem, or the case where a spring was employed in the suspension, so that after the initial shock event, the suspension could be used for either vibration isolation or mitigation of subsequent shock events. The relative displacements, relative velocities, relative accelerations and occupant accelerations were analyzed for MREA and MRSI vertically stroking crew seats for three different payload masses of 47, 77 and 97 kg corresponding to 5 th percentile female, 50 th percentile male, and 95 th percentile male, respectively, at sink rates of 6, 9 and 12 m/s. An optimal control solution was derived for both the MREA and MRSI seats in order to mitigate maximum shock load transmitted to occupant. The effects of variation of occupant mass and sink rate on the optimal responses of the vertically stroking crew seats were analyzed for a feasible range of MR yield forces based on a realistically constrained (in diameter and volume) MR damper design.

The use of road simulators in vehicle durability tests enables a significant reduction in time related to the implementation of a new product. However, there is still a need to improve the methods of these tests in order to obtain a full correlation between the time of the tests on the simulator with respect to the mileage of the vehicle in real road conditions. The aim of this work is a validation and improvement of the durability testing method for large-sized vehicles. Comparative tests of shock absorbers dismantled from semi-trailers with different mileage and shock absorbers dismantled from semi-trailers after durability tests conducted at the MTS test bench are presented. The relationship between the maximum damping force and the displacement speed of the shock absorber piston was examined. Additionally, the influence of the shock absorber temperature on the damping force was analyzed. As a result of the tests, the dynamic characteristics of the shock absorbers were determined and the relationship between the maximum damping force and the mileage of the trailers was determined. It was found that the load on the trailers during their operation has a significant impact on the change in the characteristics of the shock absorbers. What is new in this publication is the validation of the methodology for conducting durability tests previously proposed by the authors based on the selected component, which is the shock absorber. The authors have not yet encountered in the literature any attempt to validate the methodology for conducting durability tests for large-sized vehicles.

This paper is a review on design and modification of suspension in motorcycle. Appropriate suspension is needed for better handling and safety while reducing shock impulse. The commonly used suspension in front of motorcycle is telescopic forks which are replaced by mono suspension. The effects of modified suspension are better ride comfort, quality as well as safety even on rough road. Material of the spring is also important factor which affects the quality of the ride. In motorcycle steering system is connected with the front suspension so careful design is mandatory. In this review work, mono shock absorber and spring suspension are studied in detail.

The paper presents CAE MBS analysis of aircraft front landing gear behaviour in unusual situations that can be caused by unpredictable obstacles. Numerical tools were applied, because real investigations can be relatively expensive and dangerous. One of unusual maintenance condition assumed increasing of the aircraft vertical velocity, caused by a loss of uplift forces (result of decreasing the horizontal velocity to shorten the airfield length needed to dissipate aircraft energy). The other analyzed maintenance condition assumed the aircraft landing with horizontal velocity, increased of a large percentage in comparison with its maximum value allowed by the aircraft manufacturer. Simulation also provided the gear dynamics analysis while crossing over obstacles placed on slightly damaged or makeshift airfield. During CAE tests, Lagrange spring/dumper elements used to simulate the behavior of deformable tyre and shock absorber oil-gas mixture. Simulations proved that increasing the vertical velocity of 25% and the horizontal one of 15% is safe for the aircraft and it can operate on damaged airfields. Investigations proved that aircraft maintenance conditions might be safely expanded, in comparison with its manufacturer suggestions. It enables the manufacturer to look for new and aircraft-safe applications that require special landing capabilities: Special Team Transport or Medical Evacuation.

Suspension system is made to have the ride comfort. The vibrations are not transferred from tire to the passenger if suspensions are good. According to road profile vibrations are transferred through the suspension strut to the chassis (unsprung mass) to the sit and to the passenger. In this case the most important factor is vertical acceleration produced in sprung mass. So, reduction in the vertical acceleration gives the better ride comfort. Thus analysis of suspension is to be done for vertical acceleration. This paper emphasise on the effect of suspension parameters i.e. sprung mass, unsprung mass, damping value, suspension spring stiffness and tire stiffness on vertical acceleration. For analysis purpose, the simple quarter car model is considered. The equation of motions is obtained in the differential form. These equations of motion are basis for the Simulink model in MATLAB. This simulation will help to simulate parameters of suspension. Thus vertical accelerations are obtained at different working conditions and maximum values of accelerations will be obtained. Then same excitations are given to suspension test rig. These values are then actually verified on suspension test rig.

To improve the quality of battery and safe operation, battery management system is employed and it plays a vital role in application of Electric Mobility. This paper reviews the attributes of battery management system and its technology with benefits and drawbacks for electric vehicle application. This audit incorporates the battery cell checking, state assessment, charging and discharging control, temperature control, fault analysis, data acquisition and protection schemes to improve the performance of battery for EV applications. Index Terms Electric Vehicle Battery, Li-on Battery, Internet of Things (IOT), Battery Management, Battery Monitoring, Battery Protection.

The future of the automotive industry mainly depended on renewable energy because of the lack of fossil fuel. Due to the lack of fossil fuel and pollution arises due to fossil fuel; introduce a new path for the automotive world. The electric-powered vehicle is one of them. Properties of a lithium-ion battery are very higher than other batteries so that it should be controlled and maintained properly to achieve its maximum performance. This paper investigate the design and thermal analysis of lithium ion battery for electrical/ hybrid vehicles application. The Ansys 19.3 software used to analysis the performance of the model. Simulation results shows improvement in the proposed model in terms of the optimized parameters. IndexTerms Lithium Battery, ANSYS, Vehicle, Temperature, Thermal, Power, Material.

In the paper a model is developed for a proposed eddy current damper using finite element analysis. Several damper configurations are studied and its characteristics are analyzed. The steady state performance for the configurations is compared to reach a design with an acceptable performance for the eddy current damper. Furthermore, the proposed designs performance are compared with the traditional damper performance. It was found that the best two designs to achieve the targeted performance were to have an iron core damper or an iron core with an aluminum sleeve. Those two designs are economical and simple while achieving acceptable performance when compared to traditional dampers and other electromagnetic damping systems.

A suspension system or shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock impulse, and dissipate kinetic energy. The shock absorbers duty is to absorb or dissipate energy. In a vehicle, it reduces the effect of traveling over rough ground, leading to improved ride quality, and increase in comfort due to substantially reduced amplitude of disturbances. When a vehicle is traveling on a level road and the wheels strike a bump, the spring is compressed quickly. The compressed spring will attempt to return to its normal loaded length and, in so doing, will rebound past its normal height, causing the body to be lifted. The weight of the vehicle will then push the spring down below its normal loaded height. This, in turn, causes the spring to rebound again. This bouncing process is repeated over and over, a little less each time, until the up-and-down movement finally stops. If bouncing is allowed to go uncontrolled, it will not only cause an uncomfortable ride but will make handling of the vehicle very difficult. The design of spring in suspension system is very important. In this project a shock absorber is designed and a 3D model is created using Pro/Engineer. The model is also changed by changing the thickness of the spring. Structural analysis and modal analysis are done on the shock absorber by varying material for spring, Spring Steel and Beryllium Copper. The analysis is done by considering loads, bike weight, single person and 2 persons. Structural analysis is done to validate the strength and modal analysis is done to determine the displacements for different frequencies for number of modes. Comparison is done for two materials to verify best material for spring in Shock absorber. Modeling is done in Pro/ENGINEER and analysis is done in ANSYS. Pro/ENGINEER is the standard in 3D product design, featuring industry-leading productivity tools that promote best practices in design.ANSYS is general-purpose finite element analysis (FEA) software package. Finite Element Analysis is a numerical method of deconstructing a complex system into very small pieces (of user-designated size) called elements.

Abstrak - Getaran atau vibrasi yang terjadi pada sebuah kendaraan yang sering kita gunakan akan menimbulkan ketidaknyamanan. Tidak hanya itu, getaran yang ditimbulkan secara berlebihan pada kendaraan cepat atau lambat akan menyebabkan kerusakan-kerusakan pada komponen-komponen yang terdapat pada kendaraan. Hal ini tidak berbeda jauh dengan getaran yang ditimbulkan pada suspensi yang berlebihan, tentu akan merusak sistem suspensi itu sendiri. Oleh karena hal tersebut, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisa jenis-jenis kerusakan yang diakibatkan oleh vibrasi pada sistem suspensi kendaraan roda empat (mobil), supaya adanya tindak lanjut sebagai evaluasi dalam memproduksi kendaraan untuk menghasilkan kendaraan yang berkualitas serta memberikan keamanan dan kenyamanan. Dan akan sangat penting kiranya untuk mendeteksi getaran dan kerusakan yang ditimbulkan dari vibrasi (getaran), dimana selanjutnya dapat dilakukan usaha untuk meminimalisasi getaran atau vibrasi yang terjadi. Kesimp...

Abstrak -Getaran atau vibrasi yang terjadi pada sebuah kendaraan yang sering kita gunakan akan menimbulkan ketidaknyamanan. Tidak hanya itu, getaran yang ditimbulkan secara berlebihan pada kendaraan cepat atau lambat akan menyebabkan kerusakan-kerusakan pada komponen-komponen yang terdapat pada kendaraan. Hal ini tidak berbeda jauh dengan getaran yang ditimbulkan pada suspensi yang berlebihan, tentu akan merusak sistem suspensi itu sendiri. Oleh karena hal tersebut, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisa jenis-jenis kerusakan yang diakibatkan oleh vibrasi pada sistem suspensi kendaraan roda empat (mobil), supaya adanya tindak lanjut sebagai evaluasi dalam memproduksi kendaraan untuk menghasilkan kendaraan yang berkualitas serta memberikan keamanan dan kenyamanan. Dan akan sangat penting kiranya untuk mendeteksi getaran dan kerusakan yang ditimbulkan dari vibrasi (getaran), dimana selanjutnya dapat dilakukan usaha untuk meminimalisasi getaran atau vibrasi yang terjadi. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu pertama vibrasi atau getaran pada sistem suspensi akan menimbulkan kerusakan dengan kategori cacat lokal dan cacat terdistribusi. Kedua, vibrasi atau getaran akan menimbulkan kerusakan pada sistem suspensi, begitu juga sebaliknya kerusakan akan menimbulkan getaran. Serta ketiga, untuk menganalisa kerusakan akibat getaran atau vibrasi dapat dibantu oleh beberapa alat standar seperti vibration meter, vibration analyszer, Shock Pulse Meter, dan osciloskop.

This paper presents various aspects of suspension system and the work done by various researchers in this area. A suspension system isolates the vehicle from wheel and road vibration and absorbs most of the shock. In this paper a review has been done of various suspension systems and their design configurations. Various researchers have done it’s designing in various softwares like Solid works. Different design parameters have been reviewed and optimization of the major parameters are shown as given by researchers that affect suspension over Solid-Work Software. The relationship between these factors and their affects have been reviewed in brief.

This paper presents the results of bench-tests and calculations assessing the influence of temperature on the performance of a two-pipe hydraulic shock absorber. The shock absorber prepared for the tests was cooled with dry ice to a temperature corresponding to that associated with the average winter conditions in a temperate climate. The temperature range of the shock absorber during testing was ensured via equipping it with a thermocouple and monitoring it with a thermal imaging camera. During testing, the shock absorber was subjected to kinematic forces of a selected frequency with two different, fixed displacement amplitudes. The results of the tests showed a direct correlation between the decrease of component resistance at lower temperatures. The rate of change in resistance was higher at lower temperatures. It was also found that the energy dissipated in one shock cycle decreased linearly with an increasing temperature. Finally, a method for determining the ideal use temperat...

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The suspension system is a system that converts vehicles kinetic energy like linear motion & vibration, this energy is transformed into electricity to be used in battery charging. General vehicle suspension systems are wont to simply absorb this energy without transforming it to electricity. So here we use this free energy and store it for further needs such as vehicle lights, cooling, and indicator lights etc. To achieve this we here use the principles of electromagnetism to generate electricity from this motion. Our suspension is made up of a metal shaft, spring, base with screws and joints. We use cylindrical supports to minimize friction and ensure smooth generation. The head of the suspension comprises a linear add-on to the outer core which is aligned with the inner core to guarantee smooth motion while ensuring effective generation. This arrangement is fitted in a precise manner to achieve the desired motion and linear motion convert into rotational which allows for the generation of electricity through the electromagnetism principle. Thus our method puts forward a smart power generation system using an electromagnetic suspension system. Free Sources of energy in a vehicle such as suspension, shock absorbers work a lot of power during the running process. This power production from suspension and shock absorbers using linear generators can be effectively utilized for vehicles efficiency improvement and range extension along with improving the vehicles fuel economy and reducing dependence on power generating sources thereby reducing pollution.

This paper describes some policy instruments set up by the IMF and the European Union in order to provide financial assistance to developing countries whose economies are affected by exogenous shocks from exports side. After briefly reviewing the IMF's CFF and the EU's STABEX, the paper presents the operational rules of FLEX and comments on how it functioned from 2000 to 2007. The analysis shows that the FLEX facility suffered from there being inadequate finance allocated to ACPs and from delays in the financing procedure. While these constraints greatly limited the impact of FLEX in the application years 2000-2006, the 2008 FLEX revision eased them and, now, FLEX can guarantee financial support more rapidly than in the past and may more satisfactorily cover the financial requirements of ACPs coping with export earnings instability.

Damping devices are made up of ferrofluids which aid in strong magnetization and contribute greatly to minimizing magnetic vibrations. The most important and traditional applications of damping devices are used by ferrofluids and Nano magnetic materials. The combined effect of damping devices and ferrofluid materials show improved vibration minimization ratio. Here, it is observed that the basic damping device with ferrofluid materials consists of isolators, dampers, and absorbers. Moreover, novel dynamic isolation with absorption techniques is introduced in this paper. To obtain improved performance and efficiency of damping devices the use of isolators and vibration absorbers is suggested.

The aim of this research work is to Study the Heat Transfer from the Damper fluid to Shock Absorber body and from body to surround, to fulfil this objectives Shock Absorber test Rig was constructed. Most of shock absorber contains the air gap inside the shock absorber between internal cylinder and outer body, Air gap has lower heat transfer rate, and so Problem of overheating will be effect of damping fluid characteristics and decrease shock absorber performance, to improve heat transfer air gap is filled by fluid substance like turpentine, methanol and Water with coolant and collect Required data of improved Heat Transfer into Shock Absorber , Finally turpentine and methanol increase heat transfer but water with coolant give maximum heat transfer rate. With increase heat transfer rate from inside absorber to surroundings problem of overheating of damper fluid should be decrease and shock absorber performance increase.

The aim of this research work is to Study the Heat Transfer from the Damper fluid to Shock Absorber body and from body to surround, to fulfil this objectives Shock Absorber test Rig was constructed. Most of shock absorber contains the air gap inside the shock absorber between internal cylinder and outer body, Air gap has lower heat transfer rate, and so Problem of overheating will be effect of damping fluid characteristics and decrease shock absorber performance, to improve heat transfer air gap is filled by fluid substance like turpentine, methanol and Water with coolant and collect Required data of improved Heat Transfer into Shock Absorber , Finally turpentine and methanol increase heat transfer but water with coolant give maximum heat transfer rate. With increase heat transfer rate from inside absorber to surroundings problem of overheating of damper fluid should be decrease and shock absorber performance increase.

This paper presents modeling and simulation of automobile engine wet-cylinder liner. The wetcylinder liner is a cylindrical vessel in which the piston makes a reciprocating motion. Its function is to retain the working fluid and to guide the piston. The cylinder liners are subjected to high structural and thermal stress which leads to its deterioration and engine failure. This paper aimed at investigating the impact of this structural and thermal stress acting on the cylinder liner. Structural and thermal simulation was carried out using Solidworks (2013) software. The simulation result shows that the wet-cylinder liner is subjected to harmonic vibration during the engine operation due to the stresses acting on it. This vibration leads to the formation of vapour bubbles in the water jacket of the engine which leads to cavitation. This hammering and explosive effect (cavitation) of these bubbles on the cylinder liner is the main causes of pitting and corrosion on the cylinder liner. The steady state and transient thermal analysis shows that the convective cooling of the cylinder liner decreases inversely with time and this leads to accumulation of heat in the automobile engine. This accumulated heat energy is the major causes of high frictional wear, cracking of the cylinder liner and other thermal problems of the engine. However, the simulation results shows that the wet-cylinder liners are subjected to structural and thermal failure, if detailed design and material selection are not properly carried out.

contact no. – 9404766411 / 8149381170 Abstract- Springs isolate the driver from road imperfections by allowing the tyre to move over a bump without drastically disturbing the chassis. If the chassis remains fairly steady then the tyres are better able to follow road contours automatically. While springs do an excellent job of smoothing over bumps, they will keep bouncing once started. In other words, the chassis continues swaying and the tyres keep hopping long after the vehicle strikes a bump. Left uncontrolled, springs give an uncomfortable ride with very poor tyre to road contact. To control this undesirable behavior, a shock absorber keeps the spring from over reacting to every bump or dips and not only prevents but also balances excess movement of the tyre and chassis. Springs are durable items and are easily inspected. If the ride height of a vehicle has decreased excessively or a coil/leaf has broken it is advisable to replace the springs in axle sets. Consumers also often ch...

This article analyzes the international reserve accumulation behavior of emerging and developing economies facing "keeping-up-with-the-Joneses" externalities. I first document empirical evidence for a significant Joneses effect, which has been particularly persistent in Asia and Latin America since the late 1990s. This peer-pressure motive could encourage excess reserve hoarding, providing a rationale for cooperation. I then develop a theoretical model of the borrowing economy featuring the Joneses effect and the interdependence between reserves and domestic capital investment. Numerical results show that international cooperation can effectively internalize negative externalities associated with competitive reserve hoarding and induce welfare-enhancing resource allocations.

Motivado por el continuamente creciente reto de la competencia Formula SAE®, el objetivo del presente trabajo es diseñar y construir un prototipo de amortiguador que se adapte a las necesidades de un vehículo Fórmula SAE en cuanto a su desempeño, ajustabilidad, confiabilidad, costo y peso. Primero se realiza una investigación del funcionamiento de distintos tipos de amortiguadores disponibles. Luego de definir algunas características generales del prototipo, se definen la curva característica (fuerza Vs. velocidad), el coeficiente de amortiguación y la relación compresión/extensión objetivos de diseño. Para esto se analizan curvas características de amortiguadores comerciales y también, haciendo uso del modelo de ¼ de carro, se analiza el efecto de la rugosidad de la carretera y la amortiguación sobre la manejabilidad y maniobrabilidad del vehículo. Después de determinar las cargas que se generan sobre el amortiguador, se dimensionan los detalles y se verifica la resistencia mecánica de cada pieza. Culminado esto, se procede a la fabricación, ensamblaje y prueba del prototipo. Con este proyecto se demuestra que es posible diseñar y construir en Venezuela amortiguadores especializados para un Fórmula SAE. Además, aunque hay que hacer más pruebas para definir optimizaciones a las válvulas, se obtiene un prototipo que cumple con los requerimientos, resultando en una opción favorable para su uso en un Fórmula SAE frente a las disponibles comercialmente de autos o bicicletas.

This article deals with the definition of the optimal driver's seats properties on the examples of two systems with different kind of damping. In the first case use the springing support of driver seat uses a pneumatic spring and a telescopic hydraulic damper. In the second case, the damping effect is achieved by two pneumatic springs whose forces effect in the phase shifted by a throttle valve which is in the connecting piping system. The springing support driver’s seat issue is very serious and the effort grows by manufactures to optimize their dynamic properties. The main optimization criterion is vibration insulation efficiency with regard to health research and their associated health standards and regulations.

Objectives: Despite significant advancements in the field of automotive suspension systems, a notable research gap exists in accurately predicting the intricate nonlinear damping behavior of Magnetorheological Dampers (MRDs), which hinders the comprehensive enhancement of automotive comfort and safety. This study aims to address this gap by developing a novel machine learning-based black box model capable of precisely forecasting the complex damping characteristics exhibited by MRDs, thereby paving the way for substantial improvements in both ride comfort and vehicle safety. Methods: A methodology integrating machine learning and real-time feedback control is employed, utilizing Linear, Nonlinear Autoregressive with Exogenous Variables (ARX), and Hammerstein-Wiener models for input selection and parameter estimation. Experimental data from hydraulic testing is used to develop a nonlinear black box model using a NARX structure. Inputs of MRD force and velocity predict the corresponding damping force, improving stability and generality compared to physical modeling methods. Findings: The successful implementation of the proposed methodology enables the identification of a model that closely matches experimental data obtained from an MR damper. The developed non-linear black box model, combined with constructive parameter estimation models, improves the understanding and control of MR damping behaviour. Novelty: This advancement contributes to the field's progress by offering a novel approach for predicting the damping behaviour of MRDs, facilitating their effective utilization in various applications across the automotive and other industries.

The paper shortly presents shock absorber design evolution and resulting achieved characteristics. The way in which suspension performance is evaluated is described giving information about models used for suspension parameter tuning during simulation testing of suspension transmissibility (FRF - Frequency Response Function) for most important suspension assessment criteria. More detailed information about models of shock absorber (damper) nonlinearities of characteristics allows for description of methods of linear and nonlinear suspension models FRF estimation. Testing linear suspension model is possible with the use of analytical transfer function formulas which were used to verify methods for estimation FRF using estimated power spectral density functions of excitation and response signals. Designing appropriate input signal allowing to get useful response signals was necessary to for the success of this research. Proposed FRF estimation method was used for linear estimation of ...

Previous research has shown that passive electromagnetic damping could be feasible for automotive applications, but there would be a severe weight penalty, particularly in light weight vehicles. With modern advances in permanent magnets the feasibility of passive electromagnetic dampers is re-examined. A model of a permanent magnet and coil system is developed and validated in small scale. This magnet model is used to model a dynamic damper system which is again tested. Finally this dynamic model is then scaled up to a two degree of freedom system to determine the damping for a quarter car model. Two damper designs are created. While both dampers could achieve practical real-world damping levels, but both are at least a factor heavier than a comparable commercial hydraulic damper.

santrauka. Apžvelgti magnetoreologinį skystį (MR) naudojančių slopintuvų tipai, atlikti slopintuvo išskiriamos šilumos, sukuriamo magnetinio lauko skaičiavimai, nustatyta didžiausia leistinoji elektromagneto galia, apskaičiuota įrenginio sukuriama pasipriešinimo jėga, įvertinant įrenginio veikimo metu išskiriamos šilumos temperatūrą. Darbe pateikti tyrimo metu gautų rezultatų grafikai ir išvados.

In this work, a dynamic programme for design and analysis of electrorheological (ER) devices for vehicle systems is developed in a graphic user-interface (GUI) environment. The initial window of the programme shows four subprogramme modules which are related to the design of ER shock absorber, ER seat damper, ER engine mount and ER anti-lock brake system, respectively. Each module consists of three structures: input design parameter, dynamic analysis, and output display. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed programme, the ER shock absorber and ER engine mount are designed and manufactured on the basis of the programme. A comparison of damping force characteristics between analysed and measured results is undertaken.

In these Paper experimental performance of Electrically Powered working as a Hybrid Suspension system, for means of transport was individuality of means of transport suspension systems have been widely elaborated in the past decades, be a factor to ride comfort, handling and Beneficial recovery. The suspension systems currently in use in two & four vehicle System for the absorbing load& provide comfort. However, this system cannot assure the desired functioning from a progressive suspension system. The use of electrically powered linear actuators is an Unusual for the functioning of working as a hybrid suspensions. The actuator is made with the help of power screw and electrical motor. In this paper, it is intend an active hybrid suspension system which syndicates the simplicity of the passive. Dampers with the performance of an active suspension. Upholding the inert damper, it is possible to keep the performance of the active suspension, but using a smaller electrically powered actuator. In this Paper, the experimental results indicate that an active hybrid suspension system which will be powered electrically to Regulate. Damping and most important soft and Well-off ride of vehicle having power to Mixture according to road conditions

A fabricated micro-mechanical sensor to assess the condition of automotive shock absorbers is presented. The monolithic sensor, measures the oil temperature, acceleration and internal pressure of the shock absorber. A dual mass accelerometer with optimized beam geometry is used for acceleration readout. In addition, a 23.1 µm thickness square membrane and two buried resistors are used for pressure and temperature sensing respectively. The proposed miniaturized sensor can be effectively integrated with standard single-and dual-tube shock absorbers. The data acquired during normal vehicle operation can be continuously used to monitor the condition of the shock absorbers, allowing shock absorbers to be replaced before their degradation significantly reduce the comfort, performance and safety of the vehicle.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the limits of the quasi-static, no-slip approach when modeling the activation of magnetorheological (MR) devices. A quasi-static model is implemented to define the hydraulic and magnetic characteristics of an MR damper prototype. Then, an FE (Finite Element) magnetic simulation activity is carried out to validate theoretical findings, and an optimization procedure is carried out to adjust nominal geometry to actual application. Furthermore, a prototype is realized re-using the maximum number of components that constitute the existing conventional shock absorber. Finally, experimental tests at bench stands are performed. The predictable results demonstrate that neglecting the transient slipping effects, the Force–Velocity performance of the device is correlated with the model findings only for low current intensities acting in the magnetic circuit.

Shock absorber is one of important component in a vehicle suspension system. The shock control spring motion by damping energy from the spring. This paper was focused on the dynamic characteristics of an automotive shock absorber. The design of interchangeable shock absorber test rig was developed and fabricated for the dynamics measurement system. This test rig integrated with the computer systems to record the signal. An experiment was conducted to identify the stiffness and damping parameter for 850 cc and 1600 cc shock absorber. Simulation study was performed utilizing the COSMOS Motion software. It can be seen from the results that there is a good agreement between the experimental and simulated results in terms of stiffness and damping value except few discrepancy. The acquired results show that the range of discrepancy within 10%. The good range of stiffness of the passenger vehicle shock absorber is 20 N/mm to 60 N/mm while the damping of passenger vehicle shock absorber is 1 Ns/mm to 6 Ns/mm.

The paper presents the example of MCAD an d CAE environments integration in the case of the military transport aircraft front gear dynamic anal ysis. The gear exact MCAD model is presented with t he manner of its simplification. Simplified model is p hysically similar to the exact one: results of nume rical static analysis are the same in both cases. To ensure the credibility of the dynamic analysis, a model kinema tics one took place the gear configuration changed (“airbo ne” “airfield”) with the measurements of chosen values. Simulation was verified with the real experiment re sults. The gear drop test has been simulated with the measurement of the fall-down velocity and absorber displacement. By the progressive results comparison of digital and real experiments, the stiffness-dumping values were attached to the spring/dumper Lagrange elements that simulate the behavior of the absorber gas-oil mixture. The gear model shock sensitivity has been analysed by simulations of landing pr...

1-3Student, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, PVG's COET, Pune, Maharashtra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract A regenerative shock absorber has become a focal point of several researchers and industries in recent times. A regenerative shock absorber converts variable frequency, repetitive intermittent linear displacement motion to useful electrical power. The main function of regenerative shock absorber is to recover the vibration energy which can be dissipated in the form of heat as waste in conventional sock shock absorber. It is capable of converting parasitic displacement motion and vibration encountered under normal urban driving condition to a useful electrical energy for powering vehicles and accessories or charging batteries in electric and fossil fuel powered vehicles.