Seventeenth Century historiography

This paper posits that relations between cod ecology, traditional piloting practices, and transatlantic fishing methods underline the construction of cartographic knowledge of the Atlantic coast of North America and the Grand Banks in the 16th to 18th centuries. Based on an inventory of more than 200 maps showing the Grand Banks from 1500 to 1825, we show France's preeminent role in mapping the Banks. We identify the early 16thcentury role of fisher-pilots in mapping the coastline and the accore, or outer edge of the Banks, two corridors of abundant marine life. A new cartographic idea, showing the Banks as a chain of plateaux, appears in 1543 and increased from 1584 to 1630. Beginning in 1674, the French Admiralty acquired and reproduced charts made by Basque and Breton cartographers who had direct contact with fisher-pilots. The Admiralty began producing its own charts after 1713, using a system of consulting fishing captains. KEYWORDS Cartography; cod; fisheries; banks; Newfoundland Cet article postule que les relations entre l'écologie de la morue, les pratiques de pilotage traditionnelles et les méthodes de pêche transatlantiques sous-tendent la construction de la connaissance cartographique de la côte atlantique de l'Amérique du Nord et des Grands Bancs aux XVIe et XVIIIe siècles. À partir d'un inventaire de plus de deux cents cartes représentant les Grands Bancs de 1500 à 1825, nous démontrons le rôle

This study investigates the rhetorical-pragmatics of prayers usually located within the exordium/introduction of African or African-America Charismatic Christian sermons. For the study, a corpus of prayers from the Holy Ghost Service, the pre-eminent ritual event of the Redeemed Christian Church of God, RCCG, Lagos-Nigeria was gathered through three main sampling methods: a) purposive (non-probability), b) stratified, and c) random sampling were employed. Through purposive sampling commencing from 2006-2012 seventy-two (72) HGS sermonswere first selected for the 6-year period. To select prospective HGS sermons from the population of HGS sermons performed over the 6-year period, using an interval of every three years, all the 2006, 2009 and 2012 HGS sermons were tabulated. Two HGS lists, one each for March and December were drawn for each selected year. Every nth HGS sermon was then selected from each list. Going by these lists, (3) March and (3) December HGS were selected for the period 2006 to 2012 to generate a sample of 6 HGS. Insofar as the present study represents a descriptive and exploratory study, this (6) HGS sermons sample is deemed appropriate to providing data that could be reasonably handled in this study. Study findings indicates prayer is an illocutionary act, one that through the force of utterance contribute to unfolding events perceived as action willed or permitted by divine beings and assented to or challenged by human beings, therefore prayer is a form of religious expression and can be considered as discourse that deserves rhetorical analysis. Also, that prayer as speech act has a defined and patterned structure codified through usage from ancient times: (a) address or invocation; (b) arguments in support of the request; and (c) the request. This is the classical structure of prayer which is found in many religious texts and practices. So, 'the three-part prayer' would equally represent the implementation of a logically constructed rhetorical structure which is executed by religious adherents in support of a request to an Unseen deity. Finally, that the purpose of prayer appears to be the development of argumentation and persuasion in support of the request by the one who prays or is praying

Chair, members of the House Armed Services Committee: thank you for having me here today. My name is Kristen Leslie. I am a United Methodist clergywoman and a professor of Pastoral Care and Counseling at Yale University Divinity School. I teach counseling skills and theories to graduate students training to become Christian religious leaders.

One of the most pressing issues facing evangelicals today is how to call other people to repentance and faith in Christ winsomely and unapologetically in a pluralistic world that prefers to talk about tolerance and has a lot of difficulty with any claims to truth with a capital "T". One can get a clear idea of this challenge by reading how a more liberal Christian tries to reconstruct the whole idea of evangelism. Bryan Stone attempts such a reconstruction in his recent book, Evangelism After Pluralism. This essay provides a critique of such liberal reconstructions of evangelism from an evangelical perspective.

4), 240 pp., hb £75.00 As Hendrikus Berkhof notes in his Christian Faith, theological treatments of prayer are comparatively rare. For this reason alone, the editors of Analyzing Prayer deserve our gratitude for publishing a collection of theological and philosophical essays on this subject.

This paper aims to document four distinct cases of toponymic drift along the South Coast of Newfoundland during the early stages of exploration and cartography by competing imperial powers. Newfoundland's South Coast was explored by many rival European crowns: from the English and Bristolian expeditions to the Portuguese and French attempts to colonize and settle the region, each power had its specific toponymic influence relayed by cartography,

This essay is Miroslav Volf 's reply to the respondents to his book A Public Faith (2011). In the process of engaging his his respondents, the author articulates the main thesis and thrust of the book as well as the motivation behind writing it.

Five hundred years ago, Europeans were getting their first glimpse of the New World through the eyes of explorers and entrepreneurs and starting to feel a pinch. Slide 2 Their readily available primary source of oil was showing signs of drying up. Before the discovery of petroleum in the mid 19 th century, Europeans used the triglycerides or oils of whales for a variety of purposes including, lamp fuel, lubrication, paints, varnishes, soap, and in rope making. The sea mammal's baleen was used to stiffen corsets. Slide 3 From the 11 th century, the Basques, who inhabited the north coast of Spain and southwestern coast of France, had hunted right and bowhead whales in the Bay of Biscay, providing European markets with the much-needed whale by-products. Slide 4 Both right and bowhead whales floated when killed; hence they were the "right" whale to hunt. However, by the late 15 th century, their efficiency at whaling and an ever increasing demand for oil caused the whale population to dwindle.

Five hundred years ago, Europeans were getting their first glimpse of the New World through the eyes of explorers and entrepreneurs and starting to feel a pinch. Slide 2 Their readily available primary source of oil was showing signs of drying up. Before the discovery of petroleum in the mid 19 th century, Europeans used the triglycerides or oils of whales for a variety of purposes including, lamp fuel, lubrication, paints, varnishes, soap, and in rope making. The sea mammal's baleen was used to stiffen corsets. Slide 3 From the 11 th century, the Basques, who inhabited the north coast of Spain and southwestern coast of France, had hunted right and bowhead whales in the Bay of Biscay, providing European markets with the much-needed whale by-products. Slide 4 Both right and bowhead whales floated when killed; hence they were the "right" whale to hunt. However, by the late 15 th century, their efficiency at whaling and an ever increasing demand for oil caused the whale population to dwindle.

Nicolas Landry surveys historical data on relations between Basque fishermen and French colonial authorities at Placentia. The French colonial archives he has studied show Basque ships sailing from Saint-Jean-de-Luz and Bayonne in the Basque province of Lapurdi (France). While these archives reflect the French official point of view, they also show the cohesiveness of the entire Basque fishing fleet and its ability to decisively aid or confront colonial authorities, depending on the circumstances.

The antiquarian knowledge of Pirro Ligorio, among the most extensive of his time, shows an important gap concerning the antiquities of Sicily. This seems even more remarkable when we consider that in the period between 1537 and 1573 the most important historical and antiquarian works on the history of Sicily were published by Claudio Mario Arezzo, Tommaso Fazello and Francesco Maurolico. Here, we will try to provide an explanation for this gap and to understand the reasons for it in the light of the facts offered by the cultural context and by the biography of Pirro Ligorio.

From the earliest times when they began hunting whales, the Basques developed a series of technologies and tools that were entirely unknown elsewhere in Europe. In the Middle Ages, this activity took them to hunting grounds as far west as the Galician coast and involved increas- ing numbers of Basques from both sides of the Pyrenees. In the six- teenth century, crews from Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, and Lapurdi built an intensive transatlantic whale fishery in the land called Terranova in Spanish official records and Ternua in Basque literature. At the same time, Basques went to Newfoundland to fish for cod, or bacallao as the name appears on many early maps, and they also returned to Europe with less studied products such as animal skins and whale spermaceti. The resources of this “New Land” had less interest for the emerging European states than for the distinctive maritime peoples who inhabited the Atlantic facade of Europe.

Chapter 1 of the 2015 book _Basque Whaling in Iceland
in the XVII century: Legal Organization, Cultural Exchange and Conflicts of the Basque Fisheries in the North
Atlantic_ edited by Xabier Irujo and Viola G. Miglio. Publishers: Barandiaran UCSB & Strandagaldur.
Abstract: This historical introduction outlines the antecedents that led to the presence of Basque whalers in Iceland in the 17th century, after what can be considered the apogee of Basque whaling in the North Atlantic during the 16th century. The reasons that lead whalers to Icelandic waters at that precise moment in time are, however, intimately connected to historical Basque whaling and fishing enterprises, as well as to events in European history and commercial ventures during the previous centuries. This historical introduction touches upon historical Basque whaling, erroneous concepts concerning the timing and extension of the Basque presence in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic, and the sources to which these concepts may be ascribed. The
introduction will finally consider the causes for the decline in the Basque fisheries in Newfoundland, which ultimately explain why the Basques turned to Iceland at the beginning of the 17th century.

Christian ethics is the study of the way of life that conforms to the will of God.  It concerns not only the personal virtues of the individual and interpersonal relationships between individuals, but also the social structures of human beings living in community, especially those institutions God has ordained with specific functions for the sake of human flourishing.  These are principally marriage and the family, civil government, and the visible church institute. For further study, I recommend the following:

Richard J. Mouw, ABRAHAM KUYPER: A SHORT AND PERSONAL INTRODUCTION (2011).

"Theological Foundations for an Evangelical Political Philosophy," by Nicholas Wolterstorff in TOWARD AN EVANGELICAL PUBLIC POLICY, ed. Ronald J. Sider & Diane Knippers (2005), 140-62.

"In the Arena: Practical Issues in Concrete Political Engagement," by Stephen Monsma & Mark Rodgers in TOWARD AN EVANGELICAL PUBLIC POLICY, ed. Ronald J. Sider & Diane Knippers (2005), 325-41.

This paper seeks to examine the increasingly challenging goal of faithful, authentic Christian public prayer in the antagonistic arena of a civic culture committed to the cult of pluralism. While attempting to answer practical questions about the changing nature of civic expectations for public prayer in the West, this paper will also present Biblical models and principles for faithful witness in prayer. Finally, this paper will also analyze current Christian responses to this critical challenge and provide possible alternatives for naming the name of Jesus Christ in public prayer.

Right and bowhead whale populations in the western Atlantic were diminished by Basque whaling in Labrador c.1540-1600. The study refines previous estimates of whale captures, and revises the number downward. However, since historical whale populations are estimated on the basis of whaling records, historical populations may also have been smaller than previous estimates.

Mainland Portugal is not renowned for having been a whaling nation of significance. However, preliminary studies have brought to light enough historical references to suggest that whaling occurred from at least the 13th century, and the present work identifies 38 historical sources documenting whale use or whaling on the Portuguese coast between 1201 and 1728. A peak of whale-related sources occurred during the 13th and 14th centuries, and almost all Portuguese accounts are contemporary to those found from the French and Spanish Basque countries, such that the beginning of the whaling activity seems to be coeval. No geographical cluster of whaling activities can be established-they seem to have been unevenly scattered along the entire coastline. Nor can a chronological north-south movement of coastal whaling activities be discerned. The geographical and chronological patterns give support to the assumption that whaling was not introduced to Portugal by the Basques, who are known to have spread westward from the French Labourd (11th century), via Golf of Biscay, to Asturias, and southward to Galicia (14th century). Rather, Portuguese whale use seems to have originated independently of Basque influence. Several of the sources specify "black whales" as the target species. This is consistent with modern knowledge about the distribution and migration patterns of North Atlantic right whales during Basque medieval and early modern whaling. The Portuguese sources are not clear as to numbers of whales taken, nor to the whaling technology used, but the activity was sufficiently well organized and developed to warrant the levying of tithes in the feudal system of 13th-century Portugal.