Sedimentary Petrology

Expedició universitària geològica, mineralògica i naturalística codirigida pels coautors: el Prof. Dr. Josep Antoni Herrera Sancho i el Prof. Dr. Josep Maria Mata Perelló, del Departament d'Enginyeria Minera i Recursos Naturals de la UPC de Manresa. Organitzada per l'Escola Politècnica Superior d'Enginyería de Manresa (EPSEM) de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) a Manresa (Barcelona), i dirigida pel Prof. Dr. Josep Mª Mata Perelló i pel Prof. Dr. Josep Antoni Herrera Sancho, del Departament d'Enginyeria Minera i Recursos Minerales i el seu Reciclatge, de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC).
Es recorren la totalitat d'explotacions mineres, a cel obert i subterrànies, de les principals conques i afloraments minerals de les terres del sudest peninsular (Almeria, Murcia, Alacant) (Spain), amb identificació dels diferents materials geològics i amb el suport de la cartografia geològica, així com l'estracció i recollida de les diferents mostres i espècies minerals.

Realitzada el mes de març de 2001

Recorridos naturalísticos y geológicos por tierras del sudeste peninsular (Almería, Murcia, Alacant). Departament d'Enginyeria Minera i Recursos Naturals de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)

Granulometric analysis of the sandstone facies of the Ise Formation have been studied. The sand grains have low sphericity and range from angular to sub-rounded. Histograms of the sediments exhibit both unimodal and bimodal trends. The outlay is dominantly asymmetrical with varying modal class, which could be attributed to variation in the energy of the transporting medium. The cumulative curve of the studied samples is typical of beach sands. The graphic mean ranges from -0.25ф (very coarse grained) to 1.59ф (medium grained) with an average of 0.63ф (Coarse grained). The preponderance of coarse grained sediments and lack of fine sands suggests strong to moderate energy conditions of deposition and the particles move in the flow as bedloads. The graphic standard deviation ranges from -0.65ф-0.66ф (very well sorted to moderately well sorted), with an average of -0.18 ф (very well sorted). The well sorted nature of the sediments is probably due to rapid back and forth flow of the depo...

The middle to upper Jurassic succession in the Kurdistan Region in northern-northeastern Iraq, forms a part of the southern Tethys Zagros Suture Zone, comprises a thick carbonate rock (dolomite, limestone, dolomitic limestone, and argillaceous limestone) interbedded with shale units. In order to reconstruct the paleoclimatic fluctuations, the bulk carbonates from the Sargelu, Naokelekan and Barsarin formations that spanned middle to late Jurassic period are selected for δ 1 ⁸O and δ 13 C analyses supported by scanning electron microscopic imaging aiming to assess the temperature variability and carbon cycle dynamics comparing to global paleoclimate evolution during the Jurassic. The negative trends in oxygen isotopic data are recorded with a general increase in temperature from the middle to upper Jurassic. The middle Jurassic Sargelu Formation records warm paleo temperatures, indicating deposition in marine environments in a mixture of humid and dry conditions. The late Jurassic Naokelekan Formation was deposited in both marine and freshwater environments with a higher temperature than the Sargelu Formation. An increase in temperature also recorded in the upper Jurassic Barsarin Formation, while deposition was characterized by a climate in a brackish lagoon environment. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study supports these depositional interpretations, where the common presence of coccoliths and illite-smectite clay mineral confirm the marine deposition of the Sargelu Formation. The various forms of disc-shaped calcite crystals, star-shaped crystals, long fibrous and columnar calcite crystals reveal deposition in a mixing of marine to fresh water setting for the upper Jurassic Naokelekan and Barsarin formations.

A mineralization with REE, Y, Zr, Nb and Th enrichment was found in the SE part of the Bukk Mts, NE Hungary. The mineralization comprises of monazite-Ce, zircon and Ti-oxides with Nb content. The host rock bodies of the occurrences explored so far are metavolcanics interbedded within cherty limestone, situated in a W–E striking structural boundary zone from the Hor Valley to the Felső-Kecske-var Hill. The metavolcanics along this zone were affected by potassic metasomatism. This metasomatism along with the REE–Zr–Nb mineralization overprints the metamorphic or previouslyaltered mineral assemblages and ductile deformational fabric of the rocks. Using the K-enrichment and the The incorporated by zircon and monazite, spectral natural gamma measurement was applied for mapping the outcrops of the affected rock bodies

We present the petrographical and geochemical study of the Bódvaszilas Sandstone Formation from the Rudabánya iron ore open pit. The work is linked to the current iron and base metal exploration in Rudabánya. According to our examinations the pore-and vein-filling carbonate cement of the Bódvaszilas Sandstone Formation is presumably early diagenetic. According to the concavo-convex grain contacts and the synthaxial quartz overgrowths on monocrystalline quartz grains, the formation underwent deep burial diagenesis. Base metal sulphides dominantly occur in the cover formations of Bódvaszilas Sandstone, appear only in the fracture zones of the Bódvaszilas Sandstone, as the permeability of the formation was low, therefore the metal bringing solutions were able to move mainly along the fractures. The chemical composition and crystal structure related properties of the "acidic sparry iron ore/cream-spar" from Bódvaszilas Sandstone is described for the first time. These carbonates are intermediate solid solutions between siderite and magnesite. The "cream-spar" was formed simultaneously with the metasomatic "sparry iron ore" by the partial or complete Fe replacement of the diagenetic dolomite cement and carbonate layers of the Bódvaszilas Sandstone Formation. Cassiterite has been detected first time in Rudabánya. According to its crystal habit is not detrital, but formed here, and it is present in a "cream-spar" section in the Bódvaszilas Sandstone.

Bateig stone is an allochemical calcareous rock (mainly biosparite - biomicrite) worked in Novelda, named Novelda stone too (Alicante province, Spain) that belongs to a transgressive unit of Middle - Late Miocene age. This stone is a highly workable material that often was used in monumental Spanish architecture. Using criterium publising by the M.I.T., Bateig stone may be classified as a Medium to Low Limestone. Data from Mercury Porosimeter has been used to stimate a DDS (Durability Dimensional Stimation). The DDS equation is supported on the calculus of the pressure of salt crystallization in porous mediums. The DDS values obtained, for different varieties of Bateig stone let us establish that the microporosity, size pores less than 0,1 μm, is the main factor responsible for durability of materials.

Power series in magma is the power of a mineral to form from magma at a control condition of temperature or pressure and the process of mineral formation from magma using power series is called Taylor series in Magma. The reactions in Magma is very complex, because of several anionic and cationic substitutions of different size and charge in the magma and in this case, complex problems require complex solutions. This research was focused more on using Bowen and Goldschmidt concepts concerning the elemental substitution and distribution of chemical elements in rocks throughout the time of crystallization with mathematical foundation such as Taylor series to predict major minerals encompass the olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, mica, and feldspar, and their associated rocks encompass granite, basalt, andesite, and trachyte. Findings have shown that, in mathematical context, Bowen's and Goldschmidt rules were mathematically connected using the Taylor series as;

Finds of mostly gravelly-sandy, and subordinately sandy-silty sedimentary rocks south of the Bärenlohe woodland near Luhe (Upper Palatinate) can be assigned to the Lower Rotliegend of the Weiden Rotliegend Basin. Petrographic descriptions of the rocks of this unit in the literature are usually brief and therefore rather vague. In addition, hardly any informative illustrations have been published so far. The following presents a selected series of photographs of surface finds and attempts a petrographic description. In addition, this material is compared with collections held by the Bavarian Environment Agency (LfU Bayern) in Hof an der Saale. For a more precise stratigraphic assignment, several possibilities exist. Various reasons support an assignment to the “Obere Roten Konglomerat-Arkosefolge” (“Upper Red Conglomerate-Arkose Sequence”, upper Lower Rotliegend, “Serie V“, lower to middle Permian), but there are also certain similarities with the ”Basalkonglomerat” (“Basal Conglomerate”) of the Weiden Basin (lowermost Lower Rotliegend, ”Serie I”, Upper Carboniferous). The sediment material itself appears to have originated from the basement rocks located further south of the find site.


Funde von zumeist kiesig-sandigen, untergeordnet auch sandig-schluffigen Sedimentiten südlich des Waldstücks Bärenlohe bei Luhe (Oberpfalz) lassen sich dem Unter-Rotliegend des Weidener Rotliegend-Beckens zuordnen. Die petrographischen Beschreibungen der Gesteine dieser Einheit sind in den literarischen Quellen meist knapp gehalten und darum ziemlich vage. Zudem wurden bislang kaum aussagekräftige Bebilderungen dazu publiziert. Im Folgenden wird eine ausgewählte Reihe an Fotos von Lesefunden präsentiert und der Versuch einer petrographischen Beschreibung unternommen. Ergänzend dazu wird dieses Material mit Beständen des Bayerischen Landesamts für Umwelt Bayern (LfU Bayern) in Hof an der Saale verglichen. Für die genauere stratigraphische Einordnung bieten sich mehrere Möglichkeiten an. Verschiedene Gründe sprechen für die Zuordnung zur Oberen Roten Konglomerat-Arkosefolge (höheres Unter-Rotliegend "Serie V", unteres bis mittleres Perm), aber auch mit dem "Basalkonglomerat" des Weiden-Beckens (tiefstes Unter-Rotliegend, "Serie I", Oberkarbon) bestehen gewisse Ähnlichkeiten. Das Sedimentmaterial selbst scheint aus dem weiter südlich der Fundstelle gelegenen Grundgebirge zu stammen.

Approximately one third of the worlds known impact structures are formed in carbonate-bearing target rocks. However, the response of their main constituent mineral, calcite, upon shock loading and unloading is still not well understood. Mechanical twins in calcite are described from natural impactites and shock experiments, yet, reliable indicators to distinguish these shock effects from the very common calcite twins generated in tectonites are missing. Here, we present scanning electron microscopic investigations of twinned calcite within calcite cemented brecciated gneisses from the Ries impact structure.

Museo de Geologia "Valentí Masachs" de l'Escola Politècnica Superior de Manresa (EPSEM) de la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC).
Sortida geològica i naturalística codirigida pels coautors: el Prof. Dr. Josep Antoni Herrera Sancho i el Prof. Dr. Josep Maria Mata Perelló, del Departament d'Enginyeria Minera i Recursos Naturals de la UPC de Manresa.
"Sortida geològica i naturalística des de l'Ebre als Pirineus des de l'Ebre als Pirineus (de Mequinensa a Tremp, Vielha i al Pont de Suert): del 13 al 16 de juliol del 2002".  De: Prof. Dr. Josep Antoni Herrera i Sancho, Prof. Dr.Josep Maria Mata i Perelló, i els professors Guillem Chacón i Cabas, Lluís Monerris, i Pau Montané. 13 al 16 de juliol de 2002.

Establishing the depositional sedimentary environment is the most important task for exploration geologists to model the reservoir heterogeneities. Interpretation of borehole images has been the key to better understanding of the sedimentary environment in the study area in Krishna-Godavari basin (KG basin) along the east coast of India. The present study aims at reconstructing sedimentary depositional environment with the help of image logs and cores and other available data set. Data analysis and integration of borehole images in 9 wells of the study area present a detailed insight into the different architectural elements of the sedimentary environment envisaged. This study helps in static modeling of the reservoir with better understanding of process sedimentology that controls the reservoir properties of sands. The study area has been interpreted from Lower to Upper Cretaceous. The major lithofacies identified are sandstone (massive, laminated and cross-bedded), shale (thin laminated and slumped), siltstone (laminated) and heterolithics (thin alternation of sand/silt and shale). The vertical association of these facies in conjunction with azimuthal variation in dip patterns and image texture led to identification of different architectural elements of the system. The sediment paleotransport direction is governed by the rifting episodes that have subdivided the KG Basin into a complex array of horst and graben structures. The lower cretaceous formations in the study area have been interpreted to be of fluvio-deltaic setting with good sands development in channels and delta distributaries. The upper cretaceous formations are more of shallow marine setting with sand developments mostly in tidal channels, bars and sandy flats. The study helped in understanding the heterogeneities in the petrophysical properties of different sand bodies encountered in the study area. The control of sedimentary depositional environment in spatial distribution of sand bodies and their geometries is better understood in the study area with the help of image logs.

catalaL’absencia gairebe absoluta de carbons a l’enterrament en calc de la cova de sa Prior, aixi com a molts altres enterraments d’aquest tipus a les illes Balears, va fer plantejar si el ritual de cremacio hauria tingut lloc a l’interior de la cova o no. Es varen comparar mostres del conglomerat i dels pilots de calc amb la roca calcaria de la mateixa cova i dels seus voltants. La petrografia de la lamina prima del conglomerat i els pilots de calc no va proporcionar informacio rellevant sobre la procedencia de la calcaria utilitzada al ritual de cremacio, pero les restes inalterades conservades a un fragment de roca calcaria cremat de manera incompleta evidenciaren que, molt probablement, la materia primera prove de l’entorn directe de la cova o, fins i tot, del seu interior. EnglishBecause hardly any charcoal is found in the lime burial of Cova de sa Prior as well as in many other lime burials on the Balearic islands, the question was raised if the cremation ritual was performed ...

Disponível on-line no endereço www.igc.usp.br/geologiausp -65 -Resumo A geoética busca discutir aspectos éticos envolvidos no fazer geocientífico. Neste trabalho, pretendemos refletir sobre a geoética no contexto dos megaempreendimentos, analisando o caso dos beachrocks de Darwin. Essas rochas sedimentares têm grande importância científica, didática, histórica e cultural; de fato, seu valor patrimonial foi reconhecido por sentença judicial em 2022. Os beachrocks estão ameaçados pela potencial instalação do Terminal Ponta Negra, na praia de Jaconé, municípios de Maricá e Saquarema (RJ). Foco de poderosos interesses econômicos e políticos, o megaempreendimento portuário já obteve sua licença de instalação junto ao Instituto Estadual do Ambiente, órgão ambiental responsável. As obras ainda não foram iniciadas. O Ministério Público do Estado do Rio de Janeiro apontou diversos vícios e falhas no processo de licenciamento ambiental, desconsiderados pelo órgão ambiental, pelo empreendedor e pelos seus consultores. Caso seja implantado, o empreendimento acarretará perda de patrimônio geológico e poderá gerar outros impactos socioambientais. Dessa forma, fica clara a importância de se levar em consideração todos os fatores contidos no processo de licenciamento ambiental de megaempreendimentos, de forma que garanta o desenvolvimento sustentável, a conservação de áreas tão relevantes do ponto de vista ambiental e o bem-estar das pessoas que nelas habitam. Nesse contexto, a geoética pode ser uma ferramenta para se propor novos modelos de desenvolvimento e para se discutir a atuação de empresas, órgãos públicos e geocientistas, com o objetivo de se garantir a proteção do patrimônio geológico e não apenas os interesses econômicos e políticos envolvidos na instalação de empreendimentos desse porte.

Paleolake sediments in the Northern Awash Valley, Ethiopia, can help us understand how the morphology of pyrite might be used as an environmental indicator. With the advantage of an intact mineralogical record in the ~3 million year old Hadar Formation, the Hominin Sites and Paleolakes Drilling Project (HSPDP) obtained two ~250m thick sediment cores -NAO and NAW -located ~3 kilometers in proximity to each other. In NAW, pyrite and gypsum occurred at irregular intervals while NAO only showed abundant gypsum. NAW contains pyrite in the form of framboidal and euhedral crystals. The morphology of pyrite gives insight on the effects of later rates of oxidation. Based on literature from the deep sea, framboidal pyrite suggests rapid Fereduction and pyrite precipitation, whereas euhedral pyrite crystals suggest slower reduction and precipitation rates. Through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) of samples throughout NAW, we analyzed the framboidal and euhedral crystals in pyrite. We found peaks in iron, sulfur, calcium, and carbon indicating the presence of pyrite and gypsum in select samples. Additionally, calcite is present which may have formed due to alteration of other minerals. In these samples, gypsum likely precipitated in oxidizing waters consuming sulfate produced by pyrite oxidation. Samples containing framboidal pyrite suggest an increased rate of pyrite formation toward the bottom of the core. Euhedral crystals were present toward the top of the core indicating a dwindling amount of pyrite being precipitated with time. This suggests that an environmental shift occurred that favored slower precipitation rates. The oxygenated bottom waters were most likely due to an abiotic conversion due to free oxygen. This can be a result of tectonic and/or climatic influences. Future analysis on the morphology of pyrite in NAW will provide a distinct resolution as to why there are differing amounts of pyrite in NAO and NAW.

The paper presents “Petrographic and Biostratigraphic Studies of Sedimentary Sequences on Multanai Area, Pishin Basin, Balochistan, Pakistan”. The Multanai area of Pishin Basin has three dominant rock formations exposed against the Zhob Ophiolite and Thrust Belt. These rock formations are Eocene Nisai Formation overlain by Khojak Formation of Oligocene-Miocene age. The Khojak Formation consists of two Members: Murgha Faqirzai Member and Shaigalu Member. The topmost formation, which overlies the Shaigalu Member is Multanai Formation of Pliocene age. The field relations and lithologies are presented. The Nisai Formation (1027m), Murgha Faqirzai (1200m) and Shaigalu Members (3000m) of the Khojak Formation, are being studied petrographically for the first time, describing their mineral composition and biostratigraphy. Twenty samples were studied for the lithologic composition of Nisai Formation (eleven), Murgha Faqirzai Member (four) and Shaigalu Member (five). Another twenty samples we...

Malawi is underlain by basement metamorphic rocks intruded mainly by basic, granitic and syenitic rocks and overlain by sedimentary rocks. Most of these pegmatites are granitic with abundant quartz, feldspar and mica.
So far, valuable minerals such as beryl, tourmaline, zircon and garnets have been observed. There exist potential for discovery of other rare and industrial minerals.

The increase, in quantitative and qualitative terms, of research attending to the geological nature of rocks found in archaeological contexts is changing our perspectives about social and economic territories articulated by Palaeolithic societies in the Cantabrian Region. Practically the only raw material researched in a solid geoarchaeological approach in this area is flint. This paper addresses how the near absence of in-depth geoarchaeological research into raw materials other than flint is modifying our perception of the procurement and management mechanism of raw material in the Cantabrian Region during the Palaeolithic. To consider this matter in depth, we present the bibliographic and quantitative analysis of 30 representative archaeological sites from the Cantabrian Region whose assemblages were described lithologically using basic and primary categories. The state of play depicts a geographic distribution of raw material in the Cantabrian Region where quartzite is associate...

This study firstly presented that the Carboniferous-Permian sequences along the western margin of the Sibumasu Block in Myanmar are characterised by Mississippian Cimmerian-type fauna, Kungurian admixtures of both Cathaysian and Gondwanan taxa, Cathaysian-affinity flora, and Guadalupian warm-water organisms. These biotas represent different paleolatitude settings within the Cimmerian continents and distinct drifting histories. The Asselian to Sakmarian glaciomarine deposits in the lower part of the Mergui Group contain typical Gondwana-type cold-water faunas found in other parts of the Sibumasu, but these have not yet been observed in the Shan Scarp zone of Myanmar. Due to the absence of Pennsylvanian strata, the plant fossil-bearing Mwedaw Beds overlie the Tournaisian-Visean Loikaw Beds and are underlain by the Thitispin Formation in the Shan Plateau zone. The Permian sequences are most clearly observed in the Shan Scarp zone, which lacks Carboniferous strata.

Aqra Formation is a shallow marine deposit of the late-Cretaceous sedimentary cycle. According to the field lithological description, the two studied sections of the Aqra Formation are subdivided into three units. Based on sedimentological characteristics and fossils assemblage eleven facies have been recognized in both studied sections, their alternated association points to a wide range of depositional environments extended from tidal flat, back reef, reef, to fore-reef. Based on the fossil's appearance, the studied sections comprised two fossils biozone {Orbitoides media zone (part) and Liftusia morgani zone}, it is age determined to be late Campanian-Early Maastrictian in both studied sections. Sequence stratigraphic analysis, as calibrated by sedimentary facies and biostratigraphy delineated one sequence (Aqra sequence 1) of 2nd order, and their MFI correlation result with MFS studies in the Arabian platform indicated to maximum flooding stage dominated on the Arabian plate at the Latest Campanian.

Uno de los avances mayores que se han producido en la última década en el estudio de los sedimentos carbonatados es sin duda alguna el que se debe a KOBERT L. FOLIC (1962)) M. W. LEIGHTON y C. PEN-DEXTER (1962). Siguiendo los estudios de estos autores se ha llegado no sólo a una sistematización mayor en el conociiiiietito de estas rocas, sino que ha sido posible una diferenciación más perfecta dentro del término genérico de los materiales carbonatados.

In Domo de Covas mega-anticline (Serra de Arga, N Portugal) the digestion of metacarbonate host-rocks during pegmatitic intrusion produced Ca saturation and high silica impoverishment, resulting desilicated pegmatite veins with plagioclase, scapolite, and local concentrations of phosphate and epidote. The following vein-fillings are distinguished: 1. Hybrid pegmatoids anorthite) quartz triphylite – lithiophilite. Fluorapatite occurs in border units and mark the transition to veins. Vesuvianite is discordant in exo-contact metasomatic hosts. 2. Hybrid and fractionated pegmatoids ( occur laterally

GRAIN SIZE CHARACTERISTICS AND HUMAN IMPACTS ON SEDIMENT DYNAMICS ALONG THE SOUTHEASTERN COASTLINE OF SRI LANKA

K. Wijesinghe 1*, M. Adikaram 1, N. Madugalla 1, A.S. Ratnayake 2

1 Department of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, South Eastern University, Sri Lanka.
2Department of Applied Earth Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Uva Wellassa University, Sri Lanka.

*Corresponding Author E-mail: kenywijesinghe@gmail.com , TP: +94750355499

The southeastern coastline of Sri Lanka experiences active sediment transport through longshore drift and wave-induced currents however, these natural processes are increasingly disrupted by human interventions such as harbour construction and breakwaters. This study investigates grain size characteristics to differentiate natural hydrodynamic influences from anthropogenic impacts, focusing on the Oluvil Harbour and associated coastal structures. Forty sediment samples were collected from Adalachchenai, near the Gal Oya River mouth up to Ninthavur covering a 5 km long beach stripe representing mean sea level and berm zone. Grain size analysis was conducted using mechanical sieving and the results were processed with GRADISTAT v9.1 software. Statistical parameters (mean size, sorting, skewness, and kurtosis) were calculated to assess sediment distribution patterns. Field observations indicate that the Oluvil Harbour and its breakwaters disrupt natural longshore sediment transport, resulting in localized erosion and sediment accumulation. The GSD results revealed that the grain sizes of the collected sediments ranged from 354.19 μm (fine sand) to 625.09 μm (coarse sand), reflecting varying energy regimes, while sorting values (0.86–1.12) indicate moderate to poor sorting influenced by wave action, fluvial input, and anthropogenic disturbances. The skewness values (-0.009 to -0.13) suggest a dominance of coarser particles, and kurtosis values (0.99–1.08) indicate transitional depositional conditions. Adalachchenai exhibits a wave-dominated environment, the Gal Oya River mouth shows fluvial-marine interactions, and Nintavur represents a low-energy setting. These findings emphasize the need for integrated coastal management to balance natural processes and human activities, aiding sustainable coastal management in Sri Lanka and similar regions. Implementing measures such as beach nourishment, sediment bypassing and adaptive shoreline protection can help mitigate the adverse effects of human interventions.

Keywords: Breakwaters, Coastal Erosion, Grain Size, Human Interventions, Oluvil Harbour

— Textural analysis carried out for the sediments of the Nayakkankuppam coast revealed that inlet part is dominated by fine sand, central part is dominated by medium sand and outlet part is dominated by coarse sand. The grain size parameters namely Mean size (MZ), standard deviation (σ1), skewness(Ski), and kurtosis (KG) of percentile values derived from the cumulative curves following Folk and Ward and the moment technique based upon grouped data are most widely used. It is observed that in Nayakkankuppam, most of the samples were fallen in the moderately well sorted to well sorted nature. Skewness measures asymmetry of frequency distribution and marks the position of mean with respect to median. The fine skewed nature of the sediments clearly exhibits sediment input from various sources of tributaries. The finely skewed nature is also implies a low velocity than normal, this skewness data indicated that the sediments are nearly symmetrical to fine skewed, the median class of the s...

Flint from Montmaneu's Limestones Formation of Rupelian age (Oligocene) is being here characterized. The analysis of the compositional texture, mineralogy and geochemical features has revealed this flint is highly pure and of microcrystalline texture, with a significant content of moganite. This flint is product of an early diagenetic replacement of limestone from littoral lacustrine facies. This flint was exploited by human populations in a regional range, especially in the early stages of the NeolithicSe caracteriza el sílex de la Formación calizas de Montmaneu, de edad Rupeliense (Oligoceno). El análisis textural, mineralógico y de sus rasgos geoquímicos indica que se trata de un sílex microcristalino, bastante puro, con una proporción significativa de moganita. Es producto del reemplazamiento diagenético temprano de calizas de facies lacustres litorales. Este sílex fue objeto de una explotación regional, especialmente en los primeros momentos del Neolític

Chert from the limestones and marly limestones of Castelltallat Formation (Ebro Basin) was widely used throughout prehistoric times in north-eastern Iberia to produce stone tools due to its properties and accessibility. A rough estimate indicates that this rock -either as raw material or as lithic products-was distributed mainly to the north of the outcrops, over an area of 6000-8000km 2 . However, other rocks in the area have similar characteristics which can lead to confusion in the interpretation of its prehistoric use and distribution. In order to establish useful archaeometric criteria for differentiating this chert from other similar, the Castelltallat chert is characterised in petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical terms. The chert nodules are found to be homogenous at the macro-and microscopic level, with a significant presence of bioclasts, thus indicating they might be formed in a freshwater lake environment by the early diagenetic replacement of carbonates in shallow waters. The mineralogical composition is homogeneously uniform and of a flint type, characterised by an almost exclusive predominance of quartz, without any opaline phases, and a variable proportion of moganite. The iron oxide content is very low, whereas its chemical composition is unusually high in uranium which correlates positively with carbonate content and negatively with silica. Archaeometrical parameters are provided to reach a proper identification of tools knapped with this chert. This way, chert from Castelltallat Formation turns out to be a valuable lithological marker to evaluate the range of mobility of the human groups who lived in the north-eastern Iberia and their contacts with neighbouring areas.

The stratigraphic succession of the study area consists of, in ascending order, the Bloomsburg tongue (red beds), Shawangunk tongue, and the High Falls formation. The Bloomsburg is interpreted as intertidal to supratidal deposits of 1-4 m thick fining upward sequences. The overlying Shawangunk tongue consists of well-sorted and rounded textures in mostly thick tabular beds and is interpreted as subtidal channel deposits. The overlying High Falls formation is interpreted as an intertidal deposit with fining upward sequences of similar scale as that of the Bloomsburg. Transgression is indicated by the Bloomsburg up to the Shawangunk tongue. This was followed by minor regression as indicated by the lower part of High Falls. Transgression resumed as indicated by the upper part of the High Falls. Petrography and plotting on Dickinson's QFL triangular diagram indicates a quartzose recycled orogen provenance. Sediments were mostly derived from sedimentary rocks with minor igneous and metamorphic sources from the uplifted Taconic fold-thrust belt located east of the study area.

The beach and coastal plain of the Red Sea Region of northeastern Sudan have witnessed considerable impact as a result of the growing population. Optimum design and construction of foundation in the coastal plain require detailed surveys of geomorphology and geological conditions combined with geotechnical investigations of soil and marine formations. The study area is about 60 km extends from Port-Sudan to Suakin harbor at the Red Sea coast of Sudan. The coastal plain of the Red Sea is underlain by Tertiary and Mesozoicsediments, overlying unconformably the basement rocks. The raised beach complex consists of marine and continental clastic deposits and reef limestone of Pleistocene and Recent ages overlying the Tertiary formation. The objectives of the current study are to carry out detailed investigation of the subsurface stratigraphy and weathering grade; modeling of the subsurface layering, and to determine the suitable layers for foundation construction. According to facies cla...

Historically, many have viewed Williston Basin geometry as a “symmetrical soup bowl”—a time-averaged image common and generally appropriate to intracratonic sag basins worldwide. Because it is relatively devoid of classic Laramide compressional structures, the Williston tends to be viewed as a “structurally simple” basin. Yet the presence of numerous sub-basins complicates simplistic lithofacies generalization and requires detailed facies mapping with one or two foot contour intervals to unravel Middle Bakken paleogeography. The unconformity capping the Devonian Three Forks represents the infilling and destruction of the long-lived Devonian Elk Point Basin, sets the stage for the Bakken system, and marks the birth of a very differently configured Mississippian Williston Basin.

v "Na canção da correnteza o rio ressoa na alegre certeza, de que em breve será oceano." Rabindranat Pagore vi AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a Deus primeiramente, por todas as oportunidades a mim concedidas. A todos, que de alguma forma fizeram parte de uma grande equipe para a investigação e realização deste trabalho. A minha família, que sem eles, não saberia aproveitar essa grande oportunidade, pelo apoio em todos os sentidos, principalmente a minha mãe Maria Francisca Gregório, minha irmã Maria de Fátima Gregório Ribeiro, seu esposo Paulo Roberto e ao meu irmão Francisco Heriberto, pelo apoio a minha ausência durante a minha estada na Alemanha. À Profª. Drª. Tereza C. M. de Araújo pelos momentos de sabedoria e por sempre apoiar as minhas idéias. A todos os professores e funcionários do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia da UFPE, principalmente a seu Hermes Ferreira, pelas viagens a campo.

Recent field work has been carried out in the Ghissar range to study the development and architecture of middleupper Jurassic carbonate platforms of the northern Amu Darya basin. The carbonates series thickness ranges from 250 m in the northern Ghissar to 500 m in the central and southern Ghissar. The main proximal-distal polarity of the platform is from East to West, although small scale E-W trough probably linked with syn-sedimentary faults may have developed and locally modified this polarity. Neither significant sedimentary slopes, nor large scale barrier reefs were observed, challenging previous stratigraphic interpretations. Facies rather deposited on tens to hundreds of km large gently dipping ramps. Two major sequences have been recognized, one being Callovian in age and the other potentially Oxfordian to Lower Kimmeridgian. The first one is made of seven well defined deepening-shallowing upward 4th order sequences, showing an evolution from outer to inner ramp facies. These medium-scale sequences can be traced through the Ghissar from Turkmen to Tajik borders. In this sequence, large scale (several 10s of km wide) ooidic belt deposit on the inner ramp, while patch and pinnacle reefs (meters to tens of meters wide and high) develop distally, in the storm wave action zone. Small siliciclastic deltas develop in the northern Ghissar, probably related to the erosion of exposed hercynian reliefs. The second large-scale sequence is composed of inner ramp peritidal deposits showing rapid vertical and lateral facies shifts depicting a more complex architecture. Small scale ooidic grainstone bodies alternate with pellet packstone and mudstone with gypsum pseudomorphs. Middle Oxfordian black shales are intercalated in this second sequence near Turkmenistan and indicate a significant transgression. In proximal position, this transgression could be recorded by intensely bioturbated facies showing selective dolomitization of either burrows or matrix. The upper carbonate beds alternate with massive nodular gypsum, indicating hypersaline environments. Gypsum increases in thickness upward and carbonate production probably ceased during the Kimmeridigian-Tithonian interval. Overall, this facies evolution depicts an increasing restriction of the Amu Dary Basin and probably a drier regional climate during the upper Jurassic.

As part of the West Central African Rift System and the southeastern extension of the Benue Trough that straddles the Nigeria/Cameroon territorial boundary, the Mamfe Basin also holds the history of the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. It has become so strategic because of its hydrocarbon and solid mineral potentials. However, ever since geologic studies began in this basin, no concerted efforts have ever been made toward harmonizing and standardizing its stratigraphic framework. Consequently, several frameworks exist in literature wherein, no two authors agree on the ranking, number of units or their nomenclature, and none presents designated type sections or type localities of units described. Research activities have however recently intensified with the involvement of international hydrocarbon companies. In order to guarantee its unambiguous intelligibility, an urgent need to review, amend and erect a new standardized and harmonized lithostratigraphic column for the Mamfe Ba...

A Margem Equatorial Brasileira, que se estende do Rio Grande do Norte ao Amapá, é uma região rica em petróleo e gás, considerada estratégica para o Brent e WTI. No entanto, também abriga ecossistemas marinhos frágeis que precisam ser preservados, uma vez que as atividades de exploração de petróleo podem causar sérios impactos ambientais. Compreender e mitigar esses impactos é crucial para equilibrar a exploração de recursos energéticos com a conservação ambiental. No Brasil, a prospecção de petróleo historicamente causa impactos ambientais negativos devido à falta de diretrizes específicas. O rápido crescimento da exploração na Margem Equatorial aumenta a necessidade de estudos sobre os impactos ambientais. O projeto busca identificar esses impactos e propor soluções sustentáveis, abordando riscos como derramamento de óleo, vazamentos, desastres ecológicos, poluição, degradação ambiental, impacto em ecossistemas, superexploração de recursos naturais, e mais.

The Jaintiapur-Jaflong region, strategically positioned between the subsiding Surma Basin to the south and the uplifting Shillong Massif to the north, presents a unique geological setting. This study employed geological clinometers and other field methods to ascertain the geological characteristics of the area. The regional strike was determined to be N66 • W, with a dip direction of S24 • W and a dip angle of 42.25 •. Through extensive field investigations, including geological mapping, stratigraphic logging, rock sampling, fossil analysis, and structural analysis, complemented by Global Positioning System (GPS), photography, remote sensing, and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies, seven lithostratigraphic units were identified. These include the variegated color sandstone, mottled clay, yellowish to reddish-grey sandstone, sandy shale with intercalated silty shale, pinkish sandstone, bluish to blackish-grey shale, and limestone units, corresponding sequentially to Dupi Tila, Girujan Clay, Tipam Sandstone, Surma Group, Jenum Shale Fm, Kopili Shale, and Sylhet Limestone Fm, respectively. Five critical geological contact boundaries were delineated, with notable boundaries identified at the Dupigaon-Sari River Section, the Lalakhal-Tetulghat Section, the Nayagang-Gourishankar Section, and between the Barail and Jaintia groups at the Tamabil-Jaflong Highway Road Cut Section. These findings elucidate the geological contacts and stratigraphic units, providing significant implications for paleoenvironmental reconstruction, resource potential assessment, and stratigraphic correlation, thus enhancing the understanding of regional geological history and laying a foundation for future research endeavors.

The present research has been discussed on the sediment textural characteristics of the coastal beach. Sediment plays a role of document landform formation. Various statistical parameters such as Graphical Mean Grain Size (Mz), Standard Deviation (σ1), Skewness (Sk) and Kurtosis (kG) are used to evacuate the aforesaid concern. The mean grain size (Mz) is being used to find out the dominance grain size. Standard deviation (σ1) shows the sorting nature of soil or sediment. Skewness (Sk) measures the costiveness of skewed and also kurtosis (kG) quantifies the sediments nature are mesokurtic to very leptokurtic. In addition, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is used to analyse the environment of deposition. Keyword: Coastal Beach, Mean Grain Size, Standard Deviation, Skewness, Kurtosis, Linear Discriminant Analysis.

Paleocene siliciclastic sediment and coal accumulated on an unconfined alluvial plain north of the Bighorn and Black Hills uplifts in the western Williston basin. Two types of coal geometry occur within ammeter-thick fluvial and fluvio-lacustrine succession of the Tullock, Lebo, and lower Tongue River members of the Fort Union Formation. A lenticular type was produced on floodbasins between coeval elastic alluvial ridges. Autogenic processes dominated the origin of these strata. A regionally extensive type of coal deposit extended over thousands of square kilometers, and typically occurred as a coal zone between thicker, coarser elastic intervals. Allogenic processes likely initiated the regional peat swamps and their fine-grained elastics.

In the Buda Hills the unevenly eroded surface of Triassic carbonate rocks is usually overlain by pyroclastite and tuffite layers; these represent the basal part of the Eocene succession. This interval is followed by conglomerate and subordinately sandstone beds which contain clasts of various lithology and size. The dolomite clasts are the most abundant, but in some places the amount of lava rock and tuff clasts are significant, and chert, sandstone and tuffite clasts also occur subordinately. The main aim of this study is to review earlier studies on the volcanic clast-bearing Eocene basal beds, as well as to consider the results of petrographic investigations into the clasts, with special regard to those of volcanic origin. The lava rock and tuff clasts are strongly weathered. However, on the basis of textural observations, the determination of the original rock-type was usually possible. Based on microscopic investigations, the following types of volcanic rocks were distinguished: (i) andesite (originally with a probably porphyric, pilotaxitic texture, and with pseudomorphs after plagioclase and pyroxene); (ii) amafitic andesite (with an originally trachytic texture and pseudomorphs after oriented plagioclase, and subordinate pseudomorphs after mafic minerals); (iii) intermediate lava rock (with a porphyric and pilotaxitic texture, and with pseudomorphs after feldspar and mafic minerals); (iv) dacite-rhyolite tuff (with juvenile glass shards and pumice; crystals: pseudomorphs after plagioclase, and subordinate quartz, pseudomorphs after pyroxene and biotite); (v) rhyolite tuff (juvenile pumice and glass shard; crystals: pseudomorphs after feldspar, quartz, and pseudomorphs after a pyroxene, biotite, accessory; lithic fragments: andesite, acidic lava rock, siltstone/sandstone, siltstone and chert); (vi) acidic lava rock (consisting of coarse-grained, dark-coloured, spherulitic and fine-grained, light-coloured, alternating bands). The dolomite clasts have a fabric destructive texture (finely-, medium-, and coarsely crystalline). The lava rock and tuff clasts of the "Upper Eocene conglomerate" are derived from a calc-alkaline intermediateacidic volcanism. In order to determine the potential source areas of the conglomerate further comparative studies are needed. However, preliminary studies carried out by the authors of this study suggest that the Triassic andesite (which penetrates the Budaörs-1 well is petrographically similar to the andesite clasts found in the "Upper Eocene basal conglomerate". Consequently, it appears that the investigated Eocene clastic deposits were probably formed via the reworking of previously deposited sediments containing clasts of Triassic volcanites. The tectonically altered pyroclastite (foliated cataclastite) occurs at the basalmost part of the Eocene succession; in a few sections its origins are probably associated with a simultaneous Late Eocene pyroclastic fall.

The Piedrasluengas Limestone is a carbonate unit, Kashirian-late Vereian in age (substage belong to stage Moscovian; serie Middle Carboniferous; subsystem Pennsylvanian; system Carboniferous) (MenninG et al., 2006), which crops out in the NE limb of the Casavegas syncline of the Pisuerga Area (Pisuerga- Carrión Province, Cantabrian Zone). This work presents a stratigraphic and sedimentological study of the Piedrasluengas Limestone in the vicinity of its type area, between the localities of Camasobres and Piedrasluengas. In this area, the unit, which ranges from 200 to 300 m in thickness, gradationally overlies the marine siliciclastics of the Potes Group whereas its top is truncated by a major discontinuity, namely, the Palentian unconformity. In the study area, 15 lithofacies have been distinguished in the Piedrasluengas Limestone, which fits a carbonate-platform ramp model. In this model, inner ramp deposits comprise mainly ooidal, peloidal and skeletal grainstones, whereas wacke-...

dicho modelo, la rampa interna estaría constituida principalmente por calizas grainstone oolíticas, peloidales y bioclásticas; la rampa media, por calizas wackestone y packstone con abundantes algas tipo Beresella y esponjas calcáreas tipo Chaetetes, y la rampa externa, por calizas wackestone con espículas de esponjas y calizas micríticas bioconstruidas. El apilamiento vertical de estas facies permite separar hasta 12 ciclos transgresivos-regresivos, de potencia variable entre 5 y 50 m, limitados por superficies con evidencias de exposición aérea desarrolladas sobre facies submareales. Estas secuencias son interpretadas como el resultado de ciclos de gran amplitud y alta frecuencia (ciclos de 4.º-5.º orden) de origen glacioeustático, característicos de los periodos glaciares del Carbonífero (icehouse cycles).

The discovery of a remm'kable group of vividly coloured rounded cobbles in the fi elds and monuments of the later medieval outports of B ruges has init iated a m ulti-disciplinary investigation into their fU nction, provenance, and wider economic meaning. Geological analyses demonstrate that the stones are ballast of exotic lithological nature. A substantial number consist ~r glacial erratics collected fi'om cobble beaches in /1.111 Ea/loscolldilm area. Anothl!r group ((11/ be tracer! to north-enstem British coasts, The clustering of slim es a/ Hoeke hfls drawn parliculfll' fI/l/1ntion If) the Hansea/i.e conmclioll with E1'llge.r and 10 the slIlall hm'boltT' t ()'(l)/I of f/ol!ke, which hostlld the .rttljl/e qf slockfl h (/1/d v ariOllS olbtl/' Hallseatic activities. Thi articfe cOl1b'illUtes to thl! discu.uioll of bal/ost stones as a IIIl!fmillgful archaeolog ical obj ect CIltegolY, especially when studied in a broader methodological cOl1t ext including a/'chaeological, geological. and histol'/cal resem'ch.

Thus sediments are products of mechanical and/or chemical weathering and they are transported by different media and over variable distances to a site of deposition, be it marine or terrestrial. Transport can be achieved simply by gravity, leading to bulk downward transfer of rock masses such as in the case of landslides or mountain creeps.

In this paper we will attempt to summarize a number of experiences and ideas concerning the problem of the formation of nanometric and micrometric solid particles from solutions. We will present the scope of the problem, some new advanced in techniques to pro-duce and control the formation of solid particles, a description of a number of formation mechanisms of particles from solution, together with an analysis of the influence of the surface energy created in the nucleation process on the aggregation behavior of the nuclei formed. A new heuristic model on the aggregation mechanisms of particles, based on the action of impurities is proposed. Resum En aquest article presentem un recull d’experiències i idees sobre el problema de la formació de partícules sòlides nanomètriques i micromètriques a partir d’una solució. Presentem l’estat de la qües-tió, alguns avanços en tècniques de precipitació, una descripció dels mecanismes de formació de partícules a partir d’una solució, amb una a...

This study paper provides a thorough morphometric examination of the Subansiri River Basin, with a focus on its topographical diversity, hydrological network, and channel management characteristics. The basin, located in the Eastern Himalayas of Arunachal region, has substantial height fluctuations ranging from 6800 meters to 120 meters, reflecting the varied geological formations. The northern half of the basin is dominated by hard rock formations, resulting in harsh, mountainous topography, whereas the southern region has lower, flatter relief, suggesting a plains-like landscape. The study defines the basin as having a resilient and integrated hydrological network using comprehensive morphometric metrics such as drainage density, stream frequency, and bifurcation ratio. A channel maintenance constant of 0.09 indicates a balanced equilibrium between erosional and depositional processes, emphasizing the channel system's stability and efficiency. The findings highlight the crucial role of these geomorphological features in comprehending the region's water resource management, environmental planning, and the impact of topographical variation on hydrological processes. This study contributes to the larger subject of watershed management by giving insights necessary for sustainable development and environmental conservation in the Subansiri River Basin.

Introduction: The emerging view on the formation of suspected hydrothermal deposits observed by Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Spirit at and near Home Plate indicates diverse aqueous processes. Fumarolic alteration is supported based on discrete occurrences of sulfates among likely opaline silica-rich leached residue [1,2]. Neutral to alkaline hydrothermal fluids are supported based on textural and stratigraphic relationships of other silica-rich rocks [3,4], some of which show textures indicating post-depositional fumarolic modification [4]. How long the inferred hydrothermal system was active is left unconstrained. Determining the timespan of potentially habitable environments on Mars is important from an astrobiological perspective. The Geysir and Ölkelduháls areas, Iceland, are active hydrothermal systems that host hot springs with pH from acid to alkaline, fumaroles, and large swaths of heavily altered steaming ground. This study investigated the mineral and geochemical compositi...

M att Fletcher appears content to avoid serious relationships and to instead focus on raising his sixteenyear-old son and running his charter fishing business. All that changes when he meets his son's young, attractive English teacher, Allison. Despite the age difference and Allison being his son's teacher, Matt and Allison begin an intense affair. Allison supports Matt through several family