Sediment Distribution

The hadal zone largely comprises a series of subduction trenches that do not form part of the continental shelfslope rise to abyssal plain continuum. Instead they form geographically isolated clusters of deep-sea (6000-11,000 m water depth) environments. There is a growing realization in hadal science that ecological patterns and processes are not driven solely by responses to hydrostatic pressure, with comparable levels of habitat heterogeneity as observed in other marine biozones. Furthermore, this heterogeneity can be expressed at multiple scales from inter-trench levels (degrees of geographical isolation, and biochemical province), to intratrench levels (variation between trench flanks and axis), topographical features within the trench interior (sedimentary basins, ridges, escarpments, 'deeps', seamounts) to the substrate of the trench floor (seabed-sediment composition, mass movement deposits, bedrock outcrop). Using best available bathymetry data combined with the largest lander-derived imaging dataset that spans the full depth range of three hadal trenches (including adjacent slopes); the Mariana, Kermadec and New Hebrides trenches, the topographic variability, fine-scale habitat heterogeneity and distribution of seabed sediments of these three trenches have been assessed for the first time. As well as serving as the first descriptive study of habitat heterogeneity at hadal depths, this study also provides guidance for future hadal sampling campaigns taking into account geographic isolation, total trench particulate organic matter flux, maximum water depth and area.

This study deals with the determination of sediment distribution and sediment discharge to understand the sediment depositional processes in the Kutubdia Channel of the Cox s Bazar. The study area lies in the complex as well as diverse geological and hydrodynamic conditions. Total suspended solid (TSS), turbidity and sediment discharge have been studies to understand the input amount of sediment in the channel. Also, sediment mixing zone has been identified from the TSS study. From the analysis it is observed that the depositional system of the channel is active and undergoing accretion of sediment deposition. The channel mainly consists of fine sand sediment. The Kutubdia Channel has well connection with the Bay of Bengal in the north and south. Different grain-size parameters i.e, mean size, sorting, skewness, kurtosis, cumulative curve, provability curve along with bivariate plots of each parameter have been studied to delineate sediment distribution of the study area. Linear discrimination function (LDF) and Multigroup Discrimination Function (MDF) applied to differentiate sedimentary sub-environment shows shallow marine and deltaic environment setting. The source of sediment of the Kutubdia Channel may be medium to far distance and faced uniform energy condition with reworking wave process along the channel.

A high-resolution sedimentological study of Lake Bourget was conducted to reconstruct the flood frequency and intensity (or magnitude) in the area over the last 350 years. Particular emphasis was placed on investigating the spatio-temporal distribution of flood deposits in this large lake basin. The thicknesses of deposits resulting from 30 flood events of the Rhône River were collected over a set of 24 short sediment cores. Deposit thicknesses were compared with instrumental data for the Rhône River discharge for the period from 1853 to 2010. The results show that flood frequency and intensity cannot be reliably reconstructed from a single core because of the inhomogeneous flood-deposit geometry in such a large lake. From all documented flood-deposit thicknesses, volumes of sediment brought into the lake during each flood event were computed through a Kriging procedure and compared with the historical instrumental data. The results show, in this study, that reconstructed sediment volumes are well correlated to maximal flood discharges. This significant correlation suggests that the increase of embankment and dam settlements on the Rhône River during the last 150 years has not significantly affected the transport of the smallest sediment fraction during major flood

The hadal zone largely comprises a series of subduction trenches that do not form part of the continental shelfslope rise to abyssal plain continuum. Instead they form geographically isolated clusters of deep-sea (6000-11,000 m water depth) environments. There is a growing realization in hadal science that ecological patterns and processes are not driven solely by responses to hydrostatic pressure, with comparable levels of habitat heterogeneity as observed in other marine biozones. Furthermore, this heterogeneity can be expressed at multiple scales from inter-trench levels (degrees of geographical isolation, and biochemical province), to intratrench levels (variation between trench flanks and axis), topographical features within the trench interior (sedimentary basins, ridges, escarpments, 'deeps', seamounts) to the substrate of the trench floor (seabed-sediment composition, mass movement deposits, bedrock outcrop). Using best available bathymetry data combined with the largest lander-derived imaging dataset that spans the full depth range of three hadal trenches (including adjacent slopes); the Mariana, Kermadec and New Hebrides trenches, the topographic variability, fine-scale habitat heterogeneity and distribution of seabed sediments of these three trenches have been assessed for the first time. As well as serving as the first descriptive study of habitat heterogeneity at hadal depths, this study also provides guidance for future hadal sampling campaigns taking into account geographic isolation, total trench particulate organic matter flux, maximum water depth and area.

Purpose: Understanding the new opportunities and challenges in architecture and urban planning requires a holistic view of the scientific productions of this field. Evaluating scientific productions in neuroarchitecture, which is one of the emerging interdisciplinary topics, has not been done so far. Accomplishing review research can help to achieve the mentioned ideal. The purpose of this study is to evaluate Iranian scientific productions in the neuro-architecture field based on a literature review. Methodology: The type of study is applied research based on scoping review, and descriptive analysis carried out with content analysis method and scientometrics approach. The research was performed by reviewing articles by Iranian researchers from 2003 to 2020. The search was completed in the 12th month of 2020 in scientific sources. The selection of articles was based on the PRISMA model, and finally, 27 articles were selected from among 480 studies, including 16 articles in the Persian language and 11 articles in the English language. In data analysis, descriptive and content analysis methods were used. Excel and UCINET software were used as tools. Findings: The initial impression is that the number of articles in the neuro-architecture field has increased considerably from 2003 to 2020. The first study in neuro-architecture was published in 2012. The most considerable number of articles is 15, published in 2020. The evaluations showed that 37% of articles were written with quantitative research methods, 37% with qualitative research methods, and 26% with mixed research methods. "Iran University of Science and Technology", and "Shahid Rajaee teacher training University" have the most article production in neuro-architecture. The journals: "Soffeh" and "Urban Manage

Purpose: University, industry, and government are well-known for their critical roles in business flourishing and other innovation-related processes for developing a knowledge-based economy. The synergy between these three units will facilitate innovation and knowledge development as well as maintain the dynamics of innovation. In this regard, the bilateral and trilateral relation between these units is a pertinent factors for developing innovation and a knowledge-based economy. Triple helix matrix (THM) is one the most endeavored method for studying these relations. In this model, university, industry, and government have other tasks different from their old-style tasks, e.g. universities will develop local innovation clusters with key roles in economic development. Also, research groups in universities will help develop a 'firms network' which is a critical factor for having entrepreneurial universities. Scientific production is an indicator of the growth and development of any country and is one of the indicators of scientometrics. The university is known as the center of knowledge production, and most of the scientific publications of a country are written by academics. The difference between a country like Iran and many developed and even developing countries is the distance between the level of cooperation of the three sectors of THM (university, industry, and government) in scientific publications. Methodology: In this research, we have focused on two technological universities in Iran (Malek

A high-resolution sedimentological study of Lake Bourget was conducted to reconstruct the flood frequency and intensity (or magnitude) in the area over the last 350 years. Particular emphasis was placed on investigating the spatio-temporal distribution of flood deposits in this large lake basin. The thicknesses of deposits resulting from 30 flood events of the Rhône River were collected over a set of 24 short sediment cores. Deposit thicknesses were compared with instrumental data for the Rhône River discharge for the period from 1853 to 2010. The results show that flood frequency and intensity cannot be reliably reconstructed from a single core because of the inhomogeneous flood-deposit geometry in such a large lake. From all documented flood-deposit thicknesses, volumes of sediment brought into the lake during each flood event were computed through a Kriging procedure and compared with the historical instrumental data. The results show, in this study, that reconstructed sediment volumes are well correlated to maximal flood discharges. This significant correlation suggests that the increase of embankment and dam settlements on the Rhône River during the last 150 years has not significantly affected the transport of the smallest sediment fraction during major flood

Proxy data from a total of 30 sediment cores and information from a seismic survey show that the sedimentological and limnological history of Lago di Tovel (1178 m a.s.l.) has been significantly influenced by slope dynamics of its mountainous catchment. The lake represents a dead-ice lake with pro-glacial deposits at the base of its sedimentary record. A prominent lake level rise in 1597/1598 that increased maximum water depth from $20 to 39 m caused slope instabilities, leading to the deposition of mass-flow sediments with a maximum thickness of 2.5 m in the northern part of the lake and less than 50 cm in the southern part, resulting in a total volume of more than 113,000 m 3. Consequently, a rough lake bottom morphology was produced, which led to distinct differences in sedimentation rates of 0.07 cm yr À1 on sills and 0.18 cm yr À1 within depressions. The age of the top of the mass-flow deposits was used to validate the ages of the younger, laminated sediments, which were dated by 210 Pb and 137 Cs. Lithological investigations showed that the sediments below the mass-flow deposits are also laminated and that they were not bioturbated. The long-term meromixis of Lago di Tovel is therefore mainly due to a combination of its topographic setting and the 5-month period of ice cover. Both prevent effective mixing of the lake by strong winds during spring and autumn. Distinct spatial differences in sediment distribution within the lake show that it is risky to interpret proxy data from only one coring site, even if the lake is very small. This is especially true in mountainous areas, where rock falls, mass movements, and slope instabilities of a significant size may have considerable effects on lakes.

Background: There is growing evidence that supports oxidized LDL particles may have an ability to inhibit osteoblastic activity, and increase osteoclastic activity; hence these particles may lead the balance to osteoporosis. However, the relationship between oxidized LDL and osteoporosis has not been investigated in human studies yet. The main aim of the current population-based cohort study was to investigate the correlation between serum levels of oxidized LDL and bone mineral density (BMD) among postmenopausal women. Materials and methods: A total of 378 healthy, postmenopausal women were randomly selected from 13 clusters in the port city of Bushehr, Iran. Serum levels of oxidized LDL, MDA-oxidised LDL, osteoprotegerin (OPG), the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), CrossLaps, and osteocalcin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the femoral neck and lumbar spine at baseline and at follow-up 5.8 years later. Results: Annual bone loss was 0.82 % at the femoral neck and 3.55% at the lumbar spine among the women. No significant correlation was found among circulating MDA-oxidised LDL, antibodies against oxidised LDL and biomarkers of bone metabolism (P>0.05). There was no correlation between MDAoxidised LDL, antibodies against oxidised LDL and BMD at all anatomic sites (P>0.05). In logistic regression analysis, neither oxidized LDL levels nor antibodies against oxidized LDL predicted incident lumbar or spine osteoporosis 5.8 years later. Conclusion: Neither serum levels of MDA-oxidized LDL nor antibodies against oxidized LDL was associated with BMD at the lumbar or femoral neck area. Neither serum levels of oxidized LDL levels nor circulating antibodies against oxidized LDL predicted incident osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.