Scythia Minor

The clarification of the question of the participation of the bishop of Scythia Minor in the works of the First Ecumenical Council continues to be a challenge for historians, Romanians or foreigners, theologians or lay people alike. Without claiming to issue absolute sentences, the present study proposes that, following the analysis of the main historical sources that provide data on the participants in this council, namely the lists of the signatories of the decisions of the Nicaean council and the information provided by the Byzantine chroniclers in their works of church history about this council, as well as the most important and pertinent studies on this subject so far, to highlight the necessary conclusions and to put forward certain hypotheses.

Apărare și efort financiar în Scythia Minor: O lectură economică a incintei romane târzii de la Histria" În cadrul acestui referat, am pornit de la articolul publicat de Catrinel Domăneanțu și Anişoara Sion în revista SCIVA (1982), intitulat Incinta romană târzie de la Histria, unde lucrarea respectivă oferă o sistematizare riguroasă a etapelor de construire, refacere și adaptare a zidului de incintă al orașului Histria, începând cu mijlocul secolului al III-lea și până în zorii secolului al VII-lea e.n., în corelație cu date stratigrafice, observații arhitecturale și descoperiri monetare. Deși articolul se concentrează în principal asupra aspectelor cronologice, tehnice și arhitecturale, el oferă implicit un cadru extrem de valoros pentru o perspectivă economică a monumentului, în contextul mai larg al transformărilor suferite de Scythia Minor în Antichitatea târzie. L-am citit cu mult interes nu doar ca pe un text tehnic sau cronologic, ci mai ales ca pe un punct de plecare spre o înțelegere a acestei construcții monumentale. Ce m-a interesat pe mine în mod special a fost să încerc să înțeleg, dincolo de fazele constructive sau modificările arhitecturale, cât a "costat" cu adevărat acest zid, nu doar în bani, ci și în efort colectiv, în organizare și în alegeri politice și sociale.

This paper introduces a bimetric framework coupling physical and complementary metrics with torsion scalars in a teleparallel gauge, incorporating an internal scalar field within protons that exhibits biharmonic dynamics at the Compton scale. The action and derived equations of motion yield a coupled biharmonic operator with an effective potential modulated by the sheet density ratio, ensuring microcausality and stable mode branches. An entanglement engine is formulated for two-proton unit cells via spin-isospin-holographic Hamiltonians, generating a coarse-grained vacuum energy density that maps to an effective cosmological constant contribution Ω_Λ, parameterized by electromagnetic, weak, and bimetric weights. Information correspondence is established between electron-cloud probability densities and cosmological scales through dilation mappings, preserving integrated entropy up to logarithmic factors. Planck-scale micro-tubular channels facilitate conserved information currents with Laplacian profiles, while a superluminous coherence engine balances energy influx and leakage in biharmonic proton modes, achieving fixed-point coherence that closes the loop on Ω_Λ via proton number densities and participation fractions. The model provides a self-consistent mechanism linking subatomic entanglement to cosmic acceleration, with derivations emphasizing dimensional consistency and stability windows.

RO: Cercetate până în prezent, totalul complexelor funerare descoperite în necropola romano-bizantină callatiană este de 1073 de morminte. În acest studiu sunt prezentate rezultatele inventarierii tuturor mormintelor, datate într-o perioadă de tranziţie din punct de vedere administrativ, militar și în mod special religios, dar și ritul și ritualul funerar din acest spaţiu. De la primele date înregistrate se poate observa o uniformizare impusă de un set de practici funerare bine definite, cu mici deviaţii cauzate de transformările deja amintite.
ENG: This study aims to present the results of the inventory of 1073 graves discovered in the Romano-Byzantine necropolis of Callatis and the mortuary practices in this space during the transition era from an administrative, military, and especially religious point of view. From the first recorded data, uniformity imposed by a set of well-defined funerary practices can be observed, with small deviations caused by the transformations already mentioned.

This study examines the incorporation of Christian symbolism in architectural materials, particularly tegulae (roof tiles and bricks), in the Roman province of Scythia during the Late Antiquity period (5th–6th centuries AD). Drawing on seventeen artifacts discovered at nine sites, we analyze the distribution, typology, and iconographic function of Christian symbols, including crosses, monograms, and images of saints, on the building materials used in domestic, ecclesiastical, funerary, and military contexts. These symbols served both spiritual and protective purposes and were closely associated with the Christianization of urban spaces and imperial ideology. The presence of imperial inscriptions, notably those of Emperor Anastasius, further illustrates the fusion of political and religious authority. Situating the material from Scythia within the broader Eastern Roman world highlights the shared spiritual and architectural transformations that characterized the late antique Christian empire.

Online version: https://journals.openedition.org/frontieres/3836

At the Roman site of Ulmetum in the province of Scythia Minor, a fragmentary assemblage of military equipment was uncovered, including a possible umeralia (shoulder armor), an umbo (shield boss), and a helmet fragment. These artifacts offer insight into the material culture of Roman frontier troops stationed along the western Black Sea during the late imperial period.

Fragment of a marble plaque discovered in the Tomis Nord neighborhood in Constanța and procured in 1968 by the specialists of the Museum of Constanța from someone called Ion Aldea. The text of the inscription mentions the name of a martyr, unfortunately no longer preserved, who was also a bishop. The plaque seems to have been placed at the entrance to a martyrium built in Tomis sometime in the late 4th and early 5th centuries AD to house the martyr's relics, which were initially buried in a modest tomb

The paper analyzes the semantics of the interjection aman as one of the
common discourse markers in the contemporary languages of the Balkan Sprachbund. After a review of the description of aman in dictionaries and in previous studies, a unified approach to the semantics of the interjection is proposed considering its syntactic and discourse properties and its usage in idioms.

The paper studies the motif of the palmette on Greek bronze ovoid situlae, mainly of the 4th century BC. It traces its origin through Late Archaic and Early Classical examples to Ionia and Athens and discusses the two principal groups named after the find-spots of two typical paradigms: the Vratsa and Waldalgesheim groups. A detailed typology of several subgroups is developed in the text and organised in a catalogue as an appendix. The spread of the motif on various toreutics and jewellery is documented from Hellenistic Bactria to the Celtic North and West, as well as in Thrace and Scythia. The paper argues that this wide diffusion of the palmette-and-scrolls motif owes much to the circulation in these areas of Greek metal vases, and especially of bronze situlae.

Book review of: SILVIU-CONSTANTIN NEDELCU, Revista Glasul Bisericii (1942-2017): studiu monografic, pref. de Lucian Grozea; cuv. înainte de Prea Sfintitul Parinte Ambrozie, Episcopul Giurgiului, Editura Eikon, Editura Episcopiei Giurgiului, Bucuresti, Giurgiu, 2024, 454 p.

Milestones are traditionally considered the clearest evidence of the construction and repair of Roman roads throughout the Empire. However, there are other interpretations, according to which the inscriptions on some ancient milestones represent only the expression of the loyalty of the local authorities to the emperor, the milestones losing their basic function in Late Antiquity, namely, to indicate the distance between two localities and to help the traveler during the journey. We are talking, above all, about the milestones dated to the second half of the 3rd century AD and the beginning of the next one. In the present paper, the information provided by the inscription texts on the late Roman milestones is analyzed, in order to see to what extent this interpretation is valid or not for the Lower Danube area.

The subject of this paper is an item discovered in 2020 during rescue
archaeological research. The lamp belongs to the cut nozzle channel type. Given the analogies from Pannonia, the dating of the artefact cannot exceed the middle of the
2nd century AD.

Această lucrare  și-a propus să realizeze sinteza studiului materialului ceramic romano-bizantin din Dobrogea publicat de la Vasile Pârvan până în anul 2009, reflectând stadiul actual al publicării acestei categorii de material, reunind aproximativ 3000 de fragmente ceramice. Pornind de la această realitate, şi în lipsa analizelor de pastă, este clar că nu putem vorbi de concluzii definitive şi că acestea vor suferi modificări pe măsură ce vor fi publicate alte loturi ceramice. Prin publicarea concluziilor lucrării de doctorat Ceramica romană din secolul al VI-lea la Dunărea de Jos.
The present paper aims to synthesize the study of the Roman-Byzantine ceramic material from Dobrogea published from Vasile Pârvan until 2009, reflecting the current state of publication of this category of material, bringing together about 3000 pottery shards. Starting from this reality, and in the absence of fabric analyzes, it is clear that we cannot speak of any definitive conclusions and that they will undergo changes as other ceramic batches are published.

Noua serie a cronicii epigrafice consemnează un număr important de contribuții (cărți şi articole), tratând diferite probleme ale istoriei provinciilor Dacia (nr. 2451-2524) şi Moesia Inferior (nr. 2525-2586). Cele mai importante sunt publicaţiile de inscripţii (Dacia, nr. 2481-2524; Moesia Inferior, nr. 2553-2586): un număr de note prezintă epigrafe inedite, unele cu semnificație istorică deosebită; în alte cazuri, sunt reluări de inscripții mai vechi. Câteva note cuprind studii apărute în publicații din anii anteriori (cu întârziere, după predarea la redacție a seriei precedente). De asemenea, în cursul acestui an, a apărut un nou volum din L'Année épigraphique, 2021; inscripțiile din Dacia sunt cuprinse între nr. 1071-1090 (note întocmite în cea mai mare parte de Ioan Piso), iar cele din Dobrogea între nr. 1097-1113, 1120-1131 (întocmite de Constantin C. Petolescu). A) DACIA (nr. 2451-2524) Bibliografie-Generalități (nr. 2451-2480) 2451. Alexandru Barnea, Omnia mea vobis

România, cronicarul își amintește că în oraș hotărârea delegaților sași, între care au fost și doi reghineni, nu a fost agreată. Despre declanșarea celui de Al Doilea Război Mondial nu este menționat nimic, dar sunt consemnate dictatul de la Viena din 30 august 1940 și consecințele sale pentru sași și pentru orașul Reghin, care au ajuns sub stăpânire maghiară. Cronicarul nu a mai adunat decât câteva informații despre anii 1940-1944. De mare interes sunt informațiile despre evoluția urbanistică a orașului. Astfel întâlnim menționate grija pentru starea străzilor, construirea trotuarelor (1818), pavarea străzilor principale, introducerea iluminatului public, introducerea curentului electric, a apei curente. Strădaniile orășenilor pentru statutul orașului sunt de asemenea consemnate. Astfel, în 1817, este menționată o cerere către împărat pentru ca Reghinul să devină oraș liber, statut dobândit abia în 1863, pentru ca în 1874 să capete rangul de municipiu în comitatul Turda. Nu au fost omise nicio serie de personalități săsești originare din Reghin, prezentate cu diferite prilejuri, nu într-o secțiune specială. Informațiile oferite de Helmut Czoppelt nu au pretenția unei prezentări generale a orașului în evoluția sa istorică, ci au fost adunate de un pasionat al cercetării trecutului. Acestea pot fi utile pentru toți cei interesați de trecutul Reghinului, cu condiția verificării surselor indicate și cu spirit critic. Editorul nu și-a propus decât să traducă în limba română manuscrisul în germană lăsat de autor și nu să comenteze sau să corijeze decât acele însemnări evident eronate. Traducerea a necesitat o muncă intensă, îndelungată, justificată de interesul editorului pentru subiect și de dorința sa de a pune la îndemâna celor interesați această cronică. Textul rezultat necesita însă o corectură mai atentă, pentru că au rămas multe greșeli. Cu toate acestea, cronica poate fi utilă unor viitoare cercetări privind istoria Reghinului în integralitate sau doar asupra unor perioade ori aspecte ale evoluției sale. Vasile Ciobanu JULIA DERZSI, Delict și pedeapsă. Justiție penală în orașele săsești din Transilvania în secolul al XVI-lea. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Egyetemi Műhely, Societatea Bolyai, 2022, 346 p.

In De consulatu Stilichonis, Claudian reworks the war with Gildo into another Second Punic War. He continues this trend in his last two carmina maiora, using the Second Punic War as a framework for the war with Alaric as well. Claudian employs the exemplum of the Second Punic War in order to make an argument about decline and restoration. He draws on the traditional narrative of decline in Roman historiography, which asserts that the Roman Republic declined and fell because, after the fall of Carthage, there was no fear of an enemy to hold Rome back from descending into luxury and avarice and turning on itself in civil war. Claudian utilizes this quintessentially Roman tradition to strengthen his panegyric claim that Rome will be restored by his patron Stilicho. He inverts the formula to argue that, because the Western Empire is beset by usurpers and “barbarians,” the restoration of Roman enemies will lead to a restoration of the glories of the Roman Republic. In doing so, Claudian creates a flexible formula capable of incorporating any crisis into the larger narrative of exemplary Roman history.

In chapter 1, I demonstrate how Claudian’s first poem about the war with Gildo deliberately refuses to embrace the Second Punic War narrative an African enemy offers, instead deconstructing the idea of Gildo as a second Hannibal. Chapter 2 explains how Claudian develops his formula of decline and restoration across the three books of De consulatu Stilichonis. The war with Gildo becomes the catalyst for Stilicho’s restoration of the Roman Republic as a new Roman founder. Then, in chapter 3, I examine how Claudian adapts that formula to accommodate the war with Alaric in De bello Getico, arguing that Claudian extrapolates from the more specific rhetoric in Stil. to a broader argument about the moral and renewing qualities that war with a foreign enemy grants to Rome. Finally, I analyze how Claudian’s last panegyric must contend with Alaric’s continued presence as a threat, forcing Claudian to revise and expand the rhetoric of renewing warfare he used in Get.

Alaric has often been seen as the leader of the Visigothic people, from 395 to his death in 410. Before his rebellion against the Roman Empire in 395, he served in the Roman military, participating in the campaign against Eugenius and Arbogast in 394. His early career is mentioned in the work of the historian Zosimus. But his background is shrouded in mystery. In the middle of the 6th century, Jordanes wrote about his noble origin and the Visigothic dynasty of Balthi. This has led some historians to look for Alaric's origins among the chieftains and nobility of the Gothic tribe of the Thervingi. Among contemporary authors, only the verses of the poet Claudian mention Alaric's birth. This article explores the possibilities of Alaric's origin and the internal policies of the Goths living in Roman territory. Most likely, the person of Alaric was more closely associated with the Roman army than is usually thought.

Excavations conducted from 2012 to 2021 at the South Sector uncovered 34 graves, adding valuable new information to the mortuary record of the extramural cemetery of the settlement during the Late Roman and Early Byzantine periods (4th to 6th centuries AD). In addition to presenting and discussing the graves with their specific attributes such as the arrangement of diverse funerary structures, as well as body orientation and positioning, the skeletal remains were subjected to anthropological analysis for the first time to estimate the sex and age‑at‑death of the individuals and assess their health status while recording the documented pathological conditions. By constructing some individual profiles, we sought to briefly focus on detailing the challenges faced by individuals with particular and to offer insights into their lived experiences and difficulties when faced with such diseases. The diversity of funerary practices was evident, including reburials and cenotaphs. The high prevalence of graves with double‑sloped roof made of tiles in the South Sector contrasts markedly with the lower occurrence observed in the Basilica extra muros Sector, suggesting the possibility of a clustered group in the area of the former. By mapping graves based on chronological, sex, and age categories a comprehensive mortuary dossier is provided for the first time, integrating both older findings and these recent discoveries.

Clarifying the evolution of ecclesiastical organization in the Roman province of Scythia from the 4th to the 7th centuries AD has posed considerable interpretative challenges. To date, no scholarly consensus has emerged concerning any facets of this complex topic. Most researchers recognize the elevation of the see of Tomi to the metropolitan rank with dependent suffragan bishoprics, yet some dispute this hypothesis. Among the proponents, there is no consensus regarding the exact timeframe of Tomi's rise in status, nor is there agreement on its suffragan sees. Likewise, scholarly debate surrounds the precise moment when Tomi became an autocephalous archbishopric. Additionally, interpretations vary about whether the information in Notitia episcopatuum No. 3 of the Church of Constantinople (according to the numbering by J. Darrouzès-known also as De Boor's Notitia) reflects civil or ecclesiastical realities. Within the present study, the contributions of the late Professor Emilian Popescu in clarifying certain aspects related to this topic are presented. Throughout his scientific career, Popescu dedicated extensive efforts to this issue. His main contribution consisted of substantiating the thesis about the establishment of suffragan bishoprics in the territory of Roman Scythia and, implicitly, the elevation of the see of Tomi to the metropolitan rank.

H. Van Enckevort, M. Driessen, E. Graafstal, T. Hazenberg, T. Ivleva and C. Van Driel-Murray (eds), Proceedings of the 25th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, vol. 2 : Strategy and Structures along the Roman Frontier, Leiden: Sidestone Press, p. 447-453.

L’idee que la societe est, ou doit etre, repartie entre trois conditions sociales, trois « etats » (ordines), fut dominante en France durant tout l’Ancien Regime. Pour les Journees Kasra Vafadari, ou nous nous efforcons de reflechir sur les rapports des cultures et des droits d’Occident et d’Orient, la theorie des trois etats presente cet interet d’etre explicite parmi les peuples nord-iraniens, Scythes ou Sarmates, des le Ve siecle avant notre ere. Georges Dumezil, lorsqu’il le decouvrit, s’employa a reperer la structure dans toutes les cultures que la mode intellectuelle de son epoque nommait « indo-europeennes ». Elle aurait ete la structure majeure de leur imaginaire. Georges Duby allait revenir sur cette idee et montrer qu’au Moyen Âge la structure avait bel et bien une fonction sociale, et exprimait les contradictions de la societe feodale. Notre etude ici s’efforce d’adapter son analyse au cas des peuples scythiques qu’avait etudies Dumezil. En laissant de cote les tres contestes Indo-Europeens, on peut poser la question : la tri-fonctionnalite des Scythes ou des Sarmates n’etait-elle qu’une structure mentale ou bien jouait-elle un role majeur dans le fonctionnement concret de leur societe ? Elle avait ete pensee dans un monde largement tribal, ou les fonctions sociales n’etaient pas encore bien differenciees. Elle y intervenait, indirectement mais fortement, par le biais de magies chamaniques fonctionnelles dont les sanctuaires et les rites etaient confies a la garde des grands ensembles tribaux forcement pluri-fonctionnels dans leurs tâches materielles. Elle maintenait ainsi entre eux un equilibre et une egalite collective. Plus encore : les femmes pouvaient etre chamanes dans l’une ou l’autre des trois magies, assumant des roles consideres ailleurs comme superieurs et donc masculins. Vint le Moyen Âge. Les groupes scythiques militaires installes comme deditices en Gaule et en Grande-Bretagne se transformerent en petite noblesse. Les trois fonctions reparurent au IXe siecle, d’abord pour servir la cause de l’unite sociale et de la primaute du clerge, avant de legitimer l’inegalite des classes dans une societe qui les redecouvrait.

SI note documentare ' TOMIS-POARTA NR. 1 A INCINTEI FORTIFICATE Fortificaţiile cunoscute ale Tomisului au fo st construite, probabi I, spre sfîrşitul secolu lui III sau la începutul secolului IV d. Cr. ş i au fo st refăcute în secolul VI sub Justini an 1. Sînt cunosc ute ş i di scutate în publicaţii 2 , dar poţi răm î ne surprin s constatînd că e x istă o singură lucrare ce oferă elemente concrete despre co n s tru cţ iile incintei 3 • Cercetările reali zate prin anii 1958-1961 pentru cunoaşterea acestor fortificaţii ş i ca re au du s la re sta urările din bulevardul Republicii au răma s nepublicat e. S ă pături le din 1989 care au precizat existenţa celei de-a treia porţi, în zona străzii Mircea, au impus cunoaşterea elementelor deja cercetate 4 , ceea ce a dus la încercarea actuală de restituţie a rezultatelor vechi lor săpături. Poarta nr. 1, numită uneori şi «poarta de vest ». era dezvelită încă de pe la începutul secolului, cînd Pârvan o descrie, î i publică o fotografie (fig. 1) şi-ş i manifestă intenţia de a o cerceta 6 , intenţie care proba bi I nu s-a mai materializat din cauza războ iului. Documentaţia aflată în arhi va muzeului din Con s tanţa este departe de a fi completă, dar a fost s ufi c ientă pentru restituirea «fizică» a porţii şi curtinei adiacente 0 • Tipologic, este o poartă cu o singură deschidere pentru acces, flancată de turnuri rectangulare şi închisă cu hersă (catharacta). Este orientată spre nord-vest. Laturile frontale ale turnurilor au fost demantelate în cea mai mare parte : doar la cel sud-vestic se păstrau două blocuri pe o lungime de 1.95 m, care făceau parte

In this paper we provide a unifying energy-based approach to the modeling, analysis and control of power systems and markets, which is based on the port-Hamiltonian framework. Using a primal-dual gradient method applied to the social welfare problem, a distributed dynamic pricing algorithm in port-Hamiltonian form is obtained. By interconnection with the physical model a closed-loop port-Hamiltonian system is obtained, whose properties are exploited to prove asymptotic stability to the optimal points. This result is extended such that also general nodal power constraints are included into the social welfare problem. Additionally, the cases of line congestion and power transmission cost in (a)cyclic networks considering (non)linear power flow models are covered as well. Finally, we provide port-Hamiltonian descriptions and analysis of the well studied distributed averaging proportional integral (DAPI) and certain internal-model-based controllers, which solve an optimal frequency regulation problem.

Sursele de cercetare privind discursurile judiciare sunt constituite din colec iile de legi i decrete, bulele papale, canoanele biserice ti, actele conciliilor, analele monastice, istoriile comunit ilor locale i aba iilor, procesele-verbale ale proceselor desf urate, sentin ele proceselor inchizitoriale, biografiile episcopilor, papilor, diverse panegirice etc. Acestora li se adaug diverse coduri de procedur penal sau manuale pentru uzul inchizitorilor, ghiduri dup care erau recunoscute persoanele care practicau vr jitoria, legisla ia care se aplica în cazul condamn rii ereticilor i a persoanelor care propov duiau alte înv turi decât cea predicat de Biserica Apusean. Toate acestea ofer numeroase detalii despre modul în care erau organizate i se desf urau procesele inchizitoriale.

Regarding the Yellow-faced sheep of Kecskemét or Sand-sheep, known as a variant of Yellow-faced Berke sheep, very little research has been undertaken to date and the small population, which is mainly found in the southern region of Hungary, is at risk of extinction. In this study blood samples from Yellow-faced sheep of Kecskemét were selected for Control Region (CR) sequencing and subsequent analysis. These were compared with CR data available from GenBank resources and other indigenous Hungarian breeds in order to compare and contrast the differences and similarities between these. A total of 40 individuals from 2 flocks in the South of Hungary were sampled in 2020. Investigations were performed based on the total number of sites (1174 bps) of the CR. It was revealed that the relative genetic diversity within the Yellow-faced sheep of Kecskemét (haplotype and nucleotide diversity 0.950 and 0.01635, respectively), in comparison to other indigenous breeds, albeit from a limited popu...

The paper aims to be an interdisciplinary approach to green spaces in Bucharest with special reference to the Ci migiu Garden. It is divided into two parts: scientific, in which the existing data emphasize environmental, economic and social benefits, and literary, in which examples of representative writings highlight the aesthetic and cultural dimension of the green spaces.

Marco ALMANSA FERNÁNDEZ, Religious crimes in the Acts of the collegium of the fratres arvales / 9 Maria AMBROSETTI, Historia proxima poetis: osservazioni sul lessico di Sisenna e Accio [Historia proxima poetis: Observations on Sisenna and Accius' Lexicon] / 31 Antonella BRUZZONE, Il "gran finale" del De consulatu Stilichonis di Claudiano [The "gran finale" of Claudian's De consulatu Stilichonis] / 57 Alessandro CAPONE, Il carcere del corpo e la sanità dell'anima nell'Apologeticum di Tertulliano [The prison of the body and the soundness of the soul in Tertullian's Apologeticum] / 77 Alenka CEDILNIK, Dominic MOREAU, How Ulfilas became an Arian Bishop? Contribution (I) to the Christian Prosopography of the Dioecesis Thraciarum / 95 Alenka CEDILNIK, Dominic MOREAU, Demophilus, the Last Arian Bishop of Constantinople? Contribution (II) to the Christian Prosopography of the Dioecesis Thraciarum / 121 Alenka CEDILNIK, Dominic MOREAU, Macedonius of Constantinople, a True Eusebian? Contribution (IV) to the Christian Prosopography of the Dioecesis Thraciarum / 149 Agapie CORBU, Formația clasicistă a unui autor patristic: Evagrie Ponticul [The classical education of a Patristic author: Evagrius Ponticus] / 175 Pierre-Jacques DEHON, Poètes latins et zones climatiques : Heurs et malheurs d'un topos [Latin Poets and Climatic Zones : Ups and Downs of a Topos] / 191 6 SUMAR / INDICE / CONTENTS Iulia DUMITRACHE, Character, Ridiculousness and Shame in the Latin Satire. The Use of Proper Names at Martial / 227 Lee FRATANTUONO, Herodotus' Artemisia and Virgil's Camilla / 245 Antonio IBBA, Tappi fittili da Ibida in Scythia Minor (V-VI sec.): riflessioni su una tipologia poco nota dell'instrumentum inscriptum [Clay plugs from Ibida in Scythia Minor (5 th-6 th century): reflections on a little-known typology of the instrumentum inscriptum] / 267 Anca MEIROȘU, Challenges in the Literary Representations of the Self. Case

This paper aims at reexamining the available data regarding the location of ciuitas Ausdecensium in Moesia Inferior, starting from the uncertainty as to the place where was discovered the inscription CIL III 14437.2 - the famous boundary stone which records the resolution of a land dispute between this ciuitas and a neighbouring population of Dacians. The analysis is focused on some key-elements which could elucidate the relation between ciuitas Ausdecensium and the Thracian strategy Οὐσδικησική recorded by Ptolemy: the fact that we deal with a boundary stone which, therefore, was initially placed at an extremity of the territory belonging to this ciuitas, the fact that this territory extended in the opposite direction, most probably to the south, from the place where the boundary stone was installed, as well as the fact that the interprovincial border between Moesia Inferior and Thracia is considered to have passed north of the Balkans' range, not very far from Danube's line, although the exact border route is still debated. All these circumstances lead to the plausible consequence of territorium ciuitatis Ausdecensium reaching the interprovincial borderline. At its turn, this consequence, corroborated with the location in northern Thracia of the strategy Οὐσδικησική, according to Ptolemy's account, supports the possible contiguity between territorium ciuitatis Ausdecensium and the territory of the strategy Οὐσδικησική. If this hypothesis is accurate, it may shed light on the processes that led to the creation of this ciuitas and, at the same time, could generate the need to be reassessed the opinion that considers this population of southern Thracian origin as having been relocated to Dobruja.

Acest articol își propune să reexamineze informațiile disponibile cu privire la localizarea în Moesia Inferior a comunității ausdecensilor (ciuitas Ausdecensium), pornind de la incertitudinea locului de descoperire a inscripției CIL III 14437 2 , bine-cunoscuta piatră de hotar care documentează soluționarea unui litigiu funciar între ciuitas Ausdecensium și o populație învecinată de daci. Analiza este focalizată pe câteva elemente-cheie care ar putea elucida raportul dintre ciuitas Ausdecensium și strategia tracică Οὐσδικησική atestată de Ptolemaeus: faptul că avem de a face cu o piatră de hotar, prin urmare inițial plasată la o extremitate a teritoriului acestei ciuitas, faptul că acest teritoriu se întindea în direcția opusă, cel mai probabil spre sud, față de locul unde piatra de hotar a fost instalată, precum și faptul că limita interprovincială dintre Moesia Inferior și Thracia este considerată a fi trecut la nord de linia Balcanilor, nu foarte departe față de Dunăre deși traseul exact al graniței încă este subiect de dezbateri. Aceste circumstanțe conduc spre consecința plauzibilă ca territorium ciuitatis Ausdecensium să fi atins granița nordul provinciei Thracia, potrivit relatării lui Ptolemaeus, sprijină posibilitatea existenței unei contiguități între territorium ciuitatis Ausdecensium și teritoriul strategiei Οὐσδικησική. Dacă această ipoteză este corectă, ea poate să aducă lămuriri cu privire la procesul care a condus la apariția acestei ciuitas și, în același timp, poate genera necesitatea de a fi reevaluată opinia potrivit căreia această populație sud-tracică ar fi fost relocată în Dobrogea.

In the article the results of the first archaeological investigations of the Roman military camp near Kobleve village on the left bank of the Tylihul estuary are highlighted. According to the extensive analysis of narrative and cartographic sources of the 19th century, it was possible to clearly determine the location of this camp and introduce it into the system of Roman period field fortifications on the territory between the Buh and Tylihul estuaries. The analysis of the obtained materials made it possible to partially reproduce the construction of the camp’s fortifications and outline the period of its operation in the second half of the 1st century AD. Considering the chronology of amphorae finds (light clay with double-barreled handles) and historical events, namely the combined campaign of T. Plautius Silvanus' troops to Chersonesos, it can be stated that the Kobleve camp, like other similar monuments in the region, was built in the third quarter of the 1st century AD.
It should be noted that this object was part of the general system of protection of the Olbian chora during Roman times, which did not consist of linear defensive structures (ramparts with ditches, as it was previously believed), but of a system of fortifications of individual cities and settlements and military camps-forts erected near the most important highways.
It should also be emphasised, that the Kobleve Roman fort and similar camps (Didova Khata III and Kamianka V) were located near high mounds with traces of fortifications on them. The camp with the mound formed a single observation and defense complex, which was responsible for the protection of certain sections and junctions of themain roads (in particular, the Road of the barbarians), crossings, as well as the northern borders of the Olbian polis of Roman times, at least from the third quarter of the 1st to the beginning of the 2nd centuries AD.
After the stabilisation of the political and military situation in the region during the second half of the 1st century AD, the chora of Olbia had began to expand. In addition to other factors, the appearance of numerous plaques with dedications to Achilles Pontarchus, including along the Road of the barbarians in the area of Kobleve village, serve as markers of this. It testifies to the restoration of Olbia’s influence on these territories around the beginning of the 2nd century AD and the establishment of the western border of its chora along the left bank of the Tylihul estuary. Perhaps the influence of Olbia had spread further west.
Finally, we emphasise that the field studies of the Kobleve Roman military camp are promising (to establish the planigraphy of the monument, the stratigraphy of the remains of the rampart and the ditch, as well as the
identification of building remains inside its area).
K e y w o r d s: Olbian chora, the Road of the barbarians, Roman era, 1st century AD, earthen military camp, Roman
camps, fortified tumuli.

The article is devoted to Novel 13 of Justinian I “On the praetor of the people,” issued in 535 A.D.
It includes the first Polish translation of the novel with a brief commentary. In the constitution
in question the emperor created a new magistracy — the praetor of the people (praetor plebis),
who replaced the existing praetor of the vigiles (praefectus vigilum). A new magistracy was to be
directly responsible to the emperor, and not — as was his predecessor — to the urban praefect of Constantinople. The praetor of the people was to serve as a policing and judicial magistracy in cases
concerning thefts, homicides, adulteries, kidnappings and other crimes of similar character. He was
also responsible for protection of citizens and their property against fires.

The author presents the epigraphic record of the countryside in the region Sacidava–Axiopolis (Lower Moesia). The population is not attested as living in organized structure like uici. However, the presence of military forces indicates a civilian population living in the proximity of military camps. The mention of Thracians recruited in the Roman army demonstrates that there was an indigenous organization before the Roman conquest. The veterans are also installed in the region, like Roman citizens inhabitants of Durostorum and Tomis, who had bought rural properties. Axiopolis was a harbour, and the existence of an association of nautae implies a quite cosmopolite population in the rural milieu of this town.

The author tries to answer some questions regarding the demography of the legions' soldiers in the Roman province Moesia Inferior: how reliable are the epigraphic sources? How high is the mortality rate among the legions' soldiers? Can we speak about a pattern for recruitment age? Which are the mortality's causes? Résumé: L'auteur essaye de répondre à quelques questions sur la démographie des légionnaires dans la province romaine de Mésie Inférieure: peut-on faire confiance aux sources épigraphiques? Quel est l'impact de la mortalité parmi les légionnaires? Peut-on parler d'un modèle pour l'âge de recrutement? Quelles sont les causes de la mortalité? Rezumat: Autorul încearcă să răspundă la anumite întrebări privind demografia legionarilor din provincia romană Moesia Inferior: putem avea încredere în izvoarele epigrafice? Cât de ridicată este rata mortalității printre militarii din legiuni? Se poate vorbi despre un model privind vârsta de recrutare? Care sunt cauzele mortalității? * Ce projet a été réalisé dans le cadre du projet 217/2011, code 0550, financé par le CNCS (Conseil National pour la Recherche Scientifique de Roumanie). Nous remercions le CNCS pour son support financier.

This study deals with a less discussed topic, minor inscriptions, in the literature. It discusses how some minor inscriptions can provide us with information about the economic and commercial situation in the West Pontic area. The results obtained allowed us to identify the economic context of the province and also to observe where these inscriptions are concentrated, mainly in the military environment. It was found once again that the West Pontic towns never formed their own system of distribution of goods and did not benefit from a policy that allowed them to function as an economic system in their own right. We have also attempted to highlight the language and socio-communicative framework in which we arrive at the hypothesis that inscriptions of any kind were a sign of ownership.

Regarding the Yellow-faced sheep of Kecskemét or Sand-sheep, known as a variant of Yellow-faced Berke sheep, very little research has been undertaken to date and the small population, which is mainly found in the southern region of Hungary, is at risk of extinction. In this study blood samples from Yellow-faced sheep of Kecskemét were selected for Control Region (CR) sequencing and subsequent analysis. These were compared with CR data available from GenBank resources and other indigenous Hungarian breeds in order to compare and contrast the differences and similarities between these. A total of 40 individuals from 2 flocks in the South of Hungary were sampled in 2020. Investigations were performed based on the total number of sites (1174 bps) of the CR. It was revealed that the relative genetic diversity within the Yellow-faced sheep of Kecskemét (haplotype and nucleotide diversity 0.950 and 0.01635, respectively), in comparison to other indigenous breeds, albeit from a limited popu...

In recent decades, new ideas about the border areas of the Roman Empire have begun to attract scholarly attention. In 1994, Whittaker suggested the idea of a less static border, a common space for Romans and other peoples; the Lower Danube area is not an exception. This chapter considers the role of the road system in the conquest and integration of the Lower Danube area into the Roman Empire. The building of a coherent and functional system of roads helped bring the area of Moesia Inferior under the direct control and administration of the Roman authorities, especially given that the region was known for frequent movements of peoples, a rather pastoral economy and a lack of urban organization (Batty 2007). The Romans 'modernized' the previously existing roads and constructed new ones in order to assure good communication between the limes area, the inner part of the province and neighbouring territories. The construction of the roads had certain military and economic objectives, but they were important for far more than simply permitting the movement of soldiers and merchandise. By drawing upon a range of archaeological and epigraphic evidence, this study considers the transformation of the landscape of Moesia Inferior as a result of its inclusion into the Roman Empire.

Regarding the Yellow-faced sheep of Kecskemét or Sand-sheep, known as a variant of Yellow-faced Berke sheep, very little research has been undertaken to date and the small population, which is mainly found in the southern region of Hungary, is at risk of extinction. In this study blood samples from Yellow-faced sheep of Kecskemét were selected for Control Region (CR) sequencing and subsequent analysis. These were compared with CR data available from GenBank resources and other indigenous Hungarian breeds in order to compare and contrast the differences and similarities between these. A total of 40 individuals from 2 flocks in the South of Hungary were sampled in 2020. Investigations were performed based on the total number of sites (1174 bps) of the CR. It was revealed that the relative genetic diversity within the Yellow-faced sheep of Kecskemét (haplotype and nucleotide diversity 0.950 and 0.01635, respectively), in comparison to other indigenous breeds, albeit from a limited popu...

This thesis analyses the nature of Histria in Late Antiquity between the 3rd and the 7th century AD. Histria is chosen as a case study as it is the most comprehensively studied city in Scythia Minor for the period. The thesis has two focal points. Firstly, it investigates the evolution of the site in Late Antiquity. Secondly, it re-assesses the nature of Histria in terms of the divergent claims as proposed by Constantin Scorpan in 1980 and by Andrew Poulter in 1992 regarding the nature of the place and other cities in the region in Late Antiquity.

To achieve both aims, the thesis examines Histria in terms of its urban change and the transformation of both ecclesiastical and civic buildings and street networks in Late Antiquity. This is done within a chronological framework to assess the possible reasons for such change, such as Christianity, invasion, and urban reconstruction. In particular, the thesis concentrates on the Christianization of urban topography, and the inter-relationship between the extra- and intra-mural basilica churches there and Histria’s residential areas, in the context of the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity. By examining the effect of Christianity on the development of urbanism in the region, the thesis will favour the idea that the classical urban amenities lost their function of earlier periods as Christianity transformed the urban areas with significant landmarks, most especially the basilicas.