SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY

This study considers the behavioural impacts of the presence of international students on domestic students and lecturers and classroom effectiveness with the underlying theory being, learning does not take place in a vacuum but happens in a broad context with cultural sensitivity a major factor. Although cultural sensitivity can manifest in many forms, the focus is on the willingness of domestic students and lecturers to accommodate the special needs of international studentsby adapting their classroom behaviours and practices respectively. The conceptual framework for examining changes in classroom behaviours and practices consists of communication, teaching, assessment, and classroom organization for lecturers and communication and attitude for domestic students. Based on the conceptual framework, rating scale questionnaires were developed and used to collect data from 20 lecturers and 350 domestic students. Results of the data analysis indicates that: (i) both local students and lecturers had to make major adaptions in their classroom behaviours and practices respectively in order to accommodate the needs of international students; and (ii) both sets of respondents are of the opinion that the changes made in their classroom behaviours and practices respectively have resulted in improved classroom effectiveness.

This study considers the behavioural impacts of the presence of international students on domestic students and lecturers and classroom effectiveness with the underlying theory being, learning does not take place in a vacuum but happens in a broad context with cultural sensitivity a major factor. Although cultural sensitivity can manifest in many forms, the focus is on the willingness of domestic students and lecturers to accommodate the special needs of international studentsby adapting their classroom behaviours and practices respectively. The conceptual framework for examining changes in classroom behaviours and practices consists of communication, teaching, assessment, and classroom organization for lecturers and communication and attitude for domestic students. Based on the conceptual framework, rating scale questionnaires were developed and used to collect data from 20 lecturers and 350 domestic students. Results of the data analysis indicates that: (i) both local students and lecturers had to make major adaptions in their classroom behaviours and practices respectively in order to accommodate the needs of international students; and (ii) both sets of respondents are of the opinion that the changes made in their classroom behaviours and practices respectively have resulted in improved classroom effectiveness.

The international human rights law and policy makers establish the primacyof family for a child and accord a high priority to the continuum of care.India has recently been advocating for a transition from institutionalisationto the deinstitutionalisation of children in need of care and protection.Prevailing legislation and guidelines in India including the Juvenile JusticeAt (JJ Act) 2015, the Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS), theNew Adoption Guidelines 2016 and Regulations 2017, the ModelGuidelines for Foster Care 2016, and Supreme Court rulings advocate forthe same. Although non-institutional alternative care is considered to bein the best interests of the child, its acceptance is limited.

The states of inclusive pedagogy in South African schools remain bleak and teachers are in the dark about what constitutes an inclusive pedagogy in the South African context. This is despite policy changes since the advent of the new educational dispensation in 1994. In this review article the researcher presents the background in terms of inclusive education developments, both within historical and policy contexts. While articulating the conceptualization of inclusive education, the paper also discusses the model of inclusive education with reference to the role of all levels of ecosystemic system support such as school, district, provincial and national level of education. Further, the way barriers to learning and the notion of inclusive pedagogy are conceptualized within the South African context are discussed. The paper concludes by reviewing the current state of inclusive pedagogic practice in the South African classrooms. Among the findings of this paper is that the way inclusion is conceptualized still bears the hallmarks of the special needs education of the past education dispensation. The paper concludes that a shift from the special need approach to the conceptualization of inclusion is required.

Since the signing of the Salamanca statement in 1994, various countries have vowed to implement inclusive education. Different version of inclusion have been adopted worldwide but critics are beginning to suspect that, while inclusion sounds good in theory, it has not yet translated into implementable and realisable ideals. The study on which this analytical paper is based therefore explored challenges, contradictions and anomalies in the implementation of inclusive education globally. Various articles by leading scholars in the field of inclusive education were reviewed. The findings indicate, inter alia, that inclusive education has not yet come into its own right due to the varied contexts, conceptualisations and interpretations of the notion. It follows that leading scholars and practitioners in the field of inclusion should review the status quo, as well as reconceptualise and redesign the strategies to enhance its pedagogical implementation.

In this article, I have focused on presenting the key literature which has shaped my personal thinking and values around inclusion. Throughout the article, I draw on the perspectives of a Special Educational Needs Coordinator (SENCO) who I have referred to as Jane. The perspectives are taken from a complete life history account which formed the basis of my doctoral research. To produce the narrative Jane documented her personal reflections over a period. Jane"s account illustrates the extent to which inclusion can present a risk for schools and in this case the powerful othering effect that it can have on the reputation of a school.

The present study revolves around the women of three pastoral transhumant societies, Gaddis of Bharmour of Himachal Pradesh, Bhutias of Lachen and Lahung of Sikkim, and Changpa of Changthang of Ladakh. Women are backbone of the economics' structure, as the production system is much dependent on them. The role and status of women vary according to the traditions of cultural group. Transhumant pastoral societies depend for sustenance on livestock herding and use of pasturelands. Due to certain specificities like accessibility, fragility, marginality, diversity or heterogeneity; life in general is tougher for women among transhumant pastoralists. The pastoral production activities implicate the services of both sexes, but women's involvement varies in different culture-ecological conditions. Women play a central role in the pastoralist way of life, providing labour for the various tasks with regard to the livestock, the land and the household. The pastoral societies have been largely seen to be male dominated in which men have economic, social, political and cultural powers special to men. Patriarchy denotes a culture of power relationship that promotes man's supremacy Among Gaddis, the household consists of one elementary family of a man, his wife and their children, with the occasional addition of unmarried, widowed, or divorced relatives who would be otherwise alone in their house or wife and children of married son family. Conventionally fraternal polyandry, primogenitor and monasticism were part of a traditional culture among the Changpas and Bhutias to overcome economic and demographic problems. Regional isolation helped to retain the traditional socio-economic system until the winds of change swept in.. In pastoral societies, both men and women share the economic activities but they do not share the burden equally or in the same ways. Pastoral women suffer two kinds of desecrations: those that all pastoralists share regardless of gender, and those that are specific to women. The women in study areas contribute more labour for smooth running of the household than men do. The Gaddi and Bhutia women have been playing a very important role in their economy. In these traditional pastoral communities, the women have an important role to play. Gender principles are central to the organisation of traditional communities. Emphasis on gender, a relational concept provides opportunities for looking at full range of social and cultural institutions, which reproduce gender hierarchies and gender-based inequalities. The cultural interpretation of gender is central to the identity and status of women that entails web of relationships

The article examines urban-rural literacy disparities across fifteen Indian states between 1981 and 2011, focusing on key factors that contribute to reducing educational inequality. Using Sopher's index, it analyzes spatial and temporal shifts in literacy disparities over time. Despite an overall decline, the index shows that states like Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Karnataka still faced significant disparities in 2011. The study applies the Least Square Dummy Variable (LSDV) technique to identify determinants influencing these disparities. It finds that lower rural fertility rates, a higher percentage of women marrying after age 21, increased female educational attainment (as mothers' education), and higher male labour force participation (as fathers' income) play significant roles in narrowing the urban-rural literacy gap.

This study explores the influence of urbanization on the livelihoods, socio-economic
conditions, and traditional pastoral practices of the Gaddi pastoralist community in Kangra,
Himachal Pradesh. The research reveals significant changes in demographic profiles,
livelihood patterns, and cultural practices due to modernization and urban encroachments.
Traditional sheep and goat rearing, once a predominant livelihood, has declined, with many
Gaddi pastoralists shifting towards wage labour and government jobs. Urbanization has
brought socio-economic improvements, including increased access to healthcare, education,
and digital connectivity. However, it has also reduced grazing lands and disrupted seasonal
migration patterns, leading to a decline in cultural practices. The study highlights the dual
impact of urbanization, bringing both opportunities for economic advancement and challenges
in preserving cultural heritage. The community perceives urbanization positively in terms of
infrastructure and services but expresses concerns over cultural erosion. Policy measures must
focus on integrating sustainable urban development with the preservation of traditional
practices to maintain the cultural identity of the Gaddi community while ensuring their socio
economic progress. Understanding these impacts is essential for crafting balanced policies that
promote sustainable livelihoods and cultural preservation in pastoral communities.

Street children are the most physically visible and vulnerable groups present in the society who live under extreme conditions of the street without care or guidance of parents or any adult. They are portrayed as socially unacceptable with least concerns from the policymakers. This paper explores the concept of street children in Indian context and also evaluates various policies and planning developed in India after its Independence. Further, the paper will explore the importance of childhood concept and the role of anthropologist in it. After evaluating the policies and the concept of street children and childhood, the paper also suggests several models/ approaches that will improve the lives of street children and allows the integration of these children into the mainstream society.

With collaboration from Gilson Lázaro, Inge Tvedten and Eyolf Jul-Larsen. Rural poverty in Angola is severe and gendered. This brief draws on qualitative field research in ten rural communities in the municipality of Kalandula, Malanje province. It shows that female poverty is characterized by limited opportunities for income and subsistence, extensive physical hardship, and entrenched social vulnerability. Single mothers, widows, women of poor health and elders are particularly exposed to extreme poverty. Perpetual Hardships: Female Poverty in Rural Malanje, Angola C M I B R I E F

This paper reviews critically the relevance of social interaction and social relations as the core foundation for all human endeavours, making it possible for people to live together in every existing society. This is with a view to give a clear understanding and to demonstrate its centrality in the existence of human societies and in the emergence of the discipline of sociology. The objective of this paper is to create an understanding of social interaction and social relations. The paper employed the symbolic interactionist perspective to review the components and types of social interaction, socialisation and how it has evolved over the years. The study reveals that social interaction and social relations are very important, and form an integral part of human societies and this is why stigmatisation and ostracism are very effective as tools of social control and regulation. The study also reveals that social interaction and social relations form both micro and macro sociological orientations and have evolved over time, and this evolution has been facilitated by advancement in technology and globalisation. The paper concludes that the development of human beings and their societies depends on social interactions and social relations. The study recommends that the turn that social interaction and social relations takes can determine the level of development because if, social interaction is chaotic, it will bring about confusion and conflict and there will be little or no development. But, if social interaction were that of cooperation, more development would be recorded by society.

The paper ascertains the extent to which the implementation of the water indigent policy within the Amathole District Municipality is meeting the preconditions of social justice as explained in Fraser’s theory of social justice. The theory states that justice can be understood in three separate but interrelated ways. Such are, distributive justice (in terms of a more equitable distribution of resources), the justice of recognition (the equal recognition of different identities/groups within a society) and the justice of representation. The paper employed a qualitative research approach and a case study design. Data was collected using both primary and secondary methods. Thematic analysis was used and the paper revealed that in the context of water service delivery, the Amathole District Municipality’s indigent policies need to be improved in order to effectively address social justice.

This paper explores the linkage between alcohol abuse and rape cases in Limpopo Province of South Africa. Contemporarily in South Africa, the media is saturated with news and reports of rape incidences. Official police records and crime statistics have also shown an increase in the menace.Although measures were taken by the State to address the menace, they have not really been productive. From the findings of a broader doctoral study, using qualitative method approach, it was discovered that there is a strong linkage between alcohol abuse and rape in Limpopo province. In point of fact, alcohol abuse was reputed as the main causative factor of rape in the province. The researchers also found that despite the increased awareness level of the linkage between alcohol abuse and rape, appropriate actions at combating the menace were found to be weak and ineffective.

In its truest form, the modern captive wildlife sanctuary offers a lifelong home in a more natural environment for wild animals living in captivity. Tigers, lions, elephants, bears, chimpanzees and other animals are provided relative freedom and autonomy after years spent in zoos, circuses, laboratories, or private menageries. These sanctuaries provide specialized habitats in which wild animals can express more species-specific behaviors and experience a higher quality of life. Though they share some practical issues of caretaking with other forms of captivity – as well as many ethical problems – important distinctions separate them. Research suggests that public attitudes are moving toward a more compassionate and caring view of wild animals, which may be causing more people to gravitate toward captive wildlife sanctuaries and their rescue mission. Consequently, true sanctuaries run the risk of becoming a way for people to normalize and feel better about captivity, rather than ackn...

In his famous comment on Kant’s Was ist Aufklärung?, Foucault considers that the debate ‘for’ or ‘against’ the Enlightenment has no meaning as such, and calls for a new space of inquiry that would take into account our own determination, as subjects, by the Enlightenment, making it the object ofa new history, still to be written. Although this short text has been quoted over and over, it is still a sort of empty programme that does not overcome the antinomies of modern rationality. I would like to draw on one of Foucault’s most suggestive remarks, albeit in some ways enigmatic: ‘[m]any things in our experience convince us that the historical event of the Enlightenment did not make us mature adults, and we have not reached that stage yet.’ Starting from this statement, I would like to delineate the possibilities of a New Enlightenment, that would not be the first one made better, or rendered adequate to its original project (as an extended rationality or as a reflexive normativity, f...

The excessive drinking of alcohol by students, enrolled in institutions of higher learning, is an issue which has been reported in literature globally. As South Africa has a very high alcohol consumption rate per capita, this problem is compounded. This study aimed to gain knowledge and understanding of alcohol use amongst first year students enrolled at an emerging university in South Africa. A quantitative research approach using a crosssectional survey design was utilised. Open-ended questions were added to the survey protocol to add a holistic element to the research. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Chi square test and an independent t-test. Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) was used to analyse data gleaned from open-ended questions. Results indicated that first year students aged 18-26 years (SD=3.37) used alcohol with negative academic and social consequences. Male and female students reported similar drinking patterns in terms of when, how much and the types of alcohol they drink. The majority of students acknowledged that moderate and responsible alcohol consumption is necessary. However, this does not generally translate into responsible drinking behaviours.

Rural poverty in Angola is severe and gendered. This brief draws on qualitative field research in ten rural communities in the municipality of Kalandula, Malanje province. It shows that female poverty is characterized by limited opportunities for income and subsistence, extensive physical hardship, and entrenched social vulnerability. Single mothers, widows, women of poor health and elders are particularly exposed to extreme poverty.

With collaboration from Gilson Lázaro, Inge Tvedten and Eyolf Jul-Larsen. Rural poverty in Angola is severe and gendered. This brief draws on qualitative field research in ten rural communities in the municipality of Kalandula, Malanje province. It shows that female poverty is characterized by limited opportunities for income and subsistence, extensive physical hardship, and entrenched social vulnerability. Single mothers, widows, women of poor health and elders are particularly exposed to extreme poverty. Perpetual Hardships: Female Poverty in Rural Malanje, Angola C M I B R I E F

The present study revolves around the women of three pastoral transhumant societies, Gaddis of Bharmour of Himachal Pradesh, Bhutias of Lachen and Lahung of Sikkim, and Changpa of Changthang of Ladakh. Women are backbone of the economics' structure, as the production system is much dependent on them. The role and status of women vary according to the traditions of cultural group. Transhumant pastoral societies depend for sustenance on livestock herding and use of pasturelands. Due to certain specificities like accessibility, fragility, marginality, diversity or heterogeneity; life in general is tougher for women among transhumant pastoralists. The pastoral production activities implicate the services of both sexes, but women's involvement varies in different culture-ecological conditions. Women play a central role in the pastoralist way of life, providing labour for the various tasks with regard to the livestock, the land and the household. The pastoral societies have been largely seen to be male dominated in which men have economic, social, political and cultural powers special to men. Patriarchy denotes a culture of power relationship that promotes man's supremacy Among Gaddis, the household consists of one elementary family of a man, his wife and their children, with the occasional addition of unmarried, widowed, or divorced relatives who would be otherwise alone in their house or wife and children of married son family. Conventionally fraternal polyandry, primogenitor and monasticism were part of a traditional culture among the Changpas and Bhutias to overcome economic and demographic problems. Regional isolation helped to retain the traditional socioeconomic system until the winds of change swept in.. In pastoral societies, both men and women share the economic activities but they do not share the burden equally or in the same ways. Pastoral women suffer two kinds of desecrations: those that all pastoralists share regardless of gender, and those that are specific to women. The women in study areas contribute more labour for smooth running of the household than men do. The Gaddi and Bhutia women have been playing a very important role in their economy. In these traditional pastoral communities, the women have an important role to play. Gender principles are central to the organisation of traditional communities. Emphasis on gender, a relational concept provides opportunities for looking at full range of social and cultural institutions, which reproduce gender hierarchies and gender-based inequalities. The cultural interpretation of gender is central to the identity and status of women that entails web of relationships

This qualitative case study aimed at providing an in-depth insight into the day-today teaching of Business Education in secondary schools in Lesotho. The data collection methods used were influenced by interpretive paradigm and the study used individual interviews, observation and document reviews. The research findings revealed that teachers were not adequately trained on how to implement Business Education and not many of them were involved in the design of the new curriculum. The study further revealed that there was ineffectiveness in the delivery of Business Education curriculum to learners, which was influenced by the unevenness in the training as it resulted in three categories of teachers. The unevenness of the delivery was further exacerbated by the unavailability of resources and the provision of support by the National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC). This study recommends that the NCDC should ensure that communication about the workshops between the schools and NCDC should be improved. In addition, the NCDC should officially close schools during those days that are set aside for workshops, in order to make workshops effective.

The present paper aims to analyse the state wise educational status of Muslims in India. It also aims to compare the educational status of muslims with the educational status of other religious communities in India. The country level and state level published data have been obtained from census of India. At the same time the association between the educational status of muslims is sought with their socioeconomic development. The results have revealed that the educational status of Muslims in India is not satisfactory and needs special attention. It is found that more than half i.e., 53.95 per cent of the total population of the Muslims in India is illiterate with 17.48 per cent literate people just for the name sake only. Technical education or higher education is meager among the muslims. From the results it is also clear that Muslims who accounts for 13.46 per cent of the total population of the nation show lowest literacy rate, lowest percentage of higher education and lowest degree of female education. Budhist who only claim for less than half per cent of the total population of the country are most literate. The percentage of higher education, sex ratio and female literacy rate is also highest in this religious community.

Since the passage of legislation banning corporal punishment in South African schools, disruptive behaviour in schools has become an issue of national concern. Against this background a research project was undertaken in which the types and causes of disruptive behaviour occurring most frequently in the Foundation Phase of schooling were identified, with a view to providing strate-gies for teachers to manage behaviour of this kind. A qualitative research approach was applied. Data collection was done by conducting interviews com-prising semistructured questions with Foundation Phase teachers. Strategies purposely devised to deal specif ically with the identif ied types and causes of disruptive behaviour are explained.

This paper is based on the findings from a study that investigated the analysis of requests produced by second language (L2) speakers (that is, 15 Afrikaans-speaking (L1) and 17 Sesotho-speaking (L1) learners) of English and how these requests are received by English first language (L1) speakers. The aim of this study is to compare the manners in which Afrikaans first language (L1) and Sesotho first language (L1) speakers make requests when speaking English. The Cross Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) framework of Blum-Kulka was utilized to analyze the requests made by these two groups. The outcomes revealed that Afrikaans speakers used fewer politeness and alert markers as compared to Sesotho speakers who utilized more. The implications of these findings are also discussed.

The year 2012 marked the 100 th anniversary of the founding of the South African Maha Sabha. To commemorate the occasion the Maha Sabha organised conferences, speeches, plays and music festivals all over the country while several newspapers published supplements in recognition of this historic landmark. The centrepiece of festivities was the banquet on 26 May 2012 which was attended by President Jacob Zuma and Dr Zweli Mkhize, the Premier of KwaZulu, which is home to the largest number of Hindus in South Africa. In his speech at the banquet, President Zuma made it clear that Hindus and Hinduism are a part of the fabric of South African society: The centenary also allows us to appreciate the Hindu faith and culture. It is important to note that Gandhi's philosophy of Satyagraha is based on the Hindu faith; the philosophy of nonviolence premised on the understandings of Satya (seeking the truth). It is also based on Ahimsa, which refers to reverence for life and commitment to total non-violence, as well as Sarvodaya, which speaks to the welfare of all people. We are also impressed and inspired by the strong values which guide the activities of the Hindu Maha Sabha, which include selfless service, volunteerism, accountability, respect, fairness, continuous improvement and unity.

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