Russian Arctic

С 11 по 13 сентября арктический город Архангельск принимал II Международный геологический фестиваль имени Александра Петровича Карпинского -«ГЕОЛФЕСТ-2025». В рамках фестиваля была представлена обширная деловая и культурная программа, а общее количество участников и посетителей мероприятия составило более 6000 человек. ДЕЛОВОЙ БЛОК: СОВМЕСТНЫЕ ПРОЕКТЫ И ИНИЦИАТИВЫ 12 сентября в здании Правительства Архангельской области состоялся круглый стол «Совместные проекты регионального геологического изучения недр государства и недропользователей. Опыт реализации». Событие -не просто одна из точек деловой программы фестиваля, а ключевое звено, задающее тон дальнейшему развитию геологических работ в регионе и Арктике. Участники -представители региональных и федеральных органов власти, специалисты Института Карпинского, компании-недропользователи и научно-исследовательские организации -обсудили такие темы, как: -методология и сопровождение геолого-минерагенического картирования масштабов 1 : 50 000 и 1 : 25 000: где требуется усиление, какие ресурсы нужны, как повысить точность прогноза минерагенических процессов; -перспективы региональных геологоразведочных работ (ГРР) в масштабах 1 : 200 000 и 1 : 50 000, особенно в Арктической зоне: что уже сделано, что задано как цель и что необходимо отражать в планах; -формирование и практическое использование региональных стратиграфических основ в сфере недропользования в Северо-Западном регионе; -практические вопросы доступа к геологической информации и картографическим материалам, условия и преференции в совместных проектах, создание «инвест-карты» проектов, особенно ГРР масштаба 1 : 50 000.

This article advances the notion of "Polar Islam" to describe the birth and structuring of Muslim communities in Russia's Arctic cities. It does not assert that Arctic conditions have created an entirely specific Islam; most of the features attributed here to "Polar Islam" can easily be found in other regions of Russia. Yet the climatic conditions, remoteness, and heavy industrial character of these cities contribute to accentuating certain characteristics that mold the social landscape in which Muslims live, thereby offering a fascinating regional case study of the development of Islam. This article first explores the emergence of Islamic symbols-mosques-on the Arctic urban landscape and the institutional struggles around the control of this Polar Islam. It then delves into Muslim communities' cultural adaptation to their new Arctic identity. The blossoming of this Polar Islam confirms that Islam is no longer geographically segregated in its traditional regions, such as the North Caucasus and the Volga-Urals; it has spread to all the country's big cities. In this respect, Arctic cities are at the forefront of Russia's societal transformations.

The article deals with problem of exploring the Arctic territories by different countries. Nowadays these territories are turning into the area of conflict of these countries. These territories and resources do not belong to any specific state, because they are not situated in any borderlands. In its turn this fact leads to economic and political problems which have been existing for a long period of time. This article includes the brief historical information about Arctic mastering and the analysis of modern economic situation. Besides, different methods of solving economic and political problems are represented, including the private method of authors.

She has defended her Kandidatskaya dissertation in 1992 and her Doktorskaia dissertation in 2005 at the university. She has also led several research projects focused on the religious landscape of the Urals and Siberia and is currently leading the research project, "Ethno-religious and demographic dynamics in mountainous Eurasia around 1900," supported by the Russian Science Foundation. Her latest articles are "Nobody Pressed Hard, and People Listened to the Message of the Kingdom," "Jehovah's Witnesses» of the Sverdlovsk Oblast: a historical and anthropological research," published in Quaestio Rossica, and "Religious Landscape in Postrevolutionary Russia. The Case of Ekaterinburg," published in Transilvanian Review. She also serves as an advisory editor for Occasional Papers in Religion in Eastern Europe. She was interviewed by Sergey Belyaev, a representative of the information agency "Politsovet.ru" in January 2018.

Russia’s progressively evident anti-Western course (traceable to 1999) has turned the
Arctic region into a zone of confrontation – not a region of peace and partnership. Russia’s
relationship with the West is unlikely to improve, too, given Russia’s growing isolationism,
course on militarization, and petrification of the current political architecture, in which the
so-called “siloviki” faction is enjoying a privileged position. Indeed, if Russia achieves its
goals in Ukraine, the model of “Putinism” will outlive President Vladimir Putin and the
current political elite in power. At this juncture, new areas of tension and Russia
engineered local conflicts are likely to emerge. Russia will use conflicts and confrontation
with the West to achieve both domestic and foreign policy goals and objectives. 

In addition to the Black and Baltic Sea regions, the Arctic might become an area where
Moscow could try to provoke Western allies. If this materializes, Russia is unlikely to push
for an all-out war that could lead to an open armed conflict with NATO. This said, Russia’s
behaviour will be contingent on the position of the US and, under certain circumstances,
key EU members. As such, Russia will instead pursue a strategy it successfully used in
Ukraine in 2014. Russia is most likely to combine informational confrontation, subversive
actions (spoofing and GPS jamming), provocations against critical infrastructure (cables),
artificially created “migrant crises,” and, in some circumstances, potentially its shadow
formations (members of irregular paramilitary groups) to destabilize the situation. 
From a military point of view, Russia currently dominates the Arctic region. Its post-2014
efforts aimed at achieving quantitative and qualitative superiority over Western countries
in the Arctic have brought success. In certain areas, such as military icebreakers and
military infrastructure, Russia’s capabilities are clearly towering above NATO as a whole,
much less its individual member states. However, post-2022 developments have clearly
weakened Russia, diminishing its economy and armed forces and worsening its already
negative demographic picture. These developments, in addition to Russia’s now reduced
access to Western technologies, could shift that balance of power, provided that the
Western alliance pursues consolidated actions aimed at constraining Russia’s militaristic
effort.Russia’s main concerns over Western efforts to regain initiative in the Arctic are related to
the development of anti-missile/aircraft capabilities, strengthening of cyber- and space
based operational capabilities, accretion of power in the domain of combat aviation, and
development of special forces capable of operating in the Arctic. 
In terms of non-conventional (“hybrid”) confrontation – and should a conflict in the Arctic
take place, it is mostly likely to take this form – Russia has multiple weaknesses. Unlike
in the West, the Arctic plays a key economic role for the Russian state. Furthermore, given
its long history of mistreating the local population (which worsened after 2022), Moscow
does not fully trust the Russian Arctic’s Indigenous population and its loyalty to Russia. If
one is to look for Russia’s weak spots in the Arctic, and in the High North in general, the
domain of “hybrid threats” may be viewed as Russia’s Achilles heel.

Russian Arctic is a highly urbanized region, with most towns built in the Soviet era to facilitate extraction industries as well as provide and maintain military facilities. Global environmental and developmental changes, as well as national political decisions open up Russia’s Arctic to massive investment, industrial and socioeconomic development. How do Russian Arctic cities, towns, and municipalities reflect on new opportunities in terms of designing their climate change adaptation strategies at a local level? Starting with theoretical discourse on urban climate change adaptation strategy, this research examines state-of-the-art, challenges and trends in planning for adaptation measures in Russia’s Arctic industrial centers. Special attention is given to a comparative analysis of the cities’ climate change adaptation strategies. The role of civil society institutions and business community in the adaptation strategy planning process is explored. Moreover, conflict sensitive appro...

Арктический регион стремительно превращается в глобальный театр с растущим числом неарктических заинтересованных сторон. Одной из иллюстраций этого процесса трансформации является растущее присутствие Китая в Арктике. В данной статье приводится анализ научной литературы, включающий научные журналы, докторские и магистерские диссертации, статистические ежегодники, электронные книги, патенты и стандарты, доступные в китайской базе данных научных публикаций China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) на китайском языке по арктической тематике, аналоге российского научного портала elibrary. Определены приоритетные темы в китайских арктических исследованиях -метеорология, океанография, образование, международная политика Китая и биология. Большинство китайских ученых интересует проблематика развития Северного морского пути в различных разрезах -транспортная инфраструктура, международный транзитный режим, океанография. Определена позиция Китая: Северный морской путь -это, в первую очередь, международный судоходный маршрут, а не достояние России. За последние пять лет появилось несколько новых концептуальных документов, которые позволяют сформулировать более четкое представление об арктической политике Китая (Белая книга Китая 2018). В 2023 г. планируется к созданию совместный российско-китайский рабочий орган по развитию Северного морского пути. Приводимый в статье перечень наиболее цитируемых китайских авторов и наиболее известных научных работ КНР представлен с целью признания и выделения китайских научных исследований по Арктике на китайском языке. Основная цель статьи -продемонстрировать доступность китайских научных исследований российской аудитории, а также оценить объемы и тематики научных работ, созданных на китайском языке, по арктической тематике. Ключевые слова: Китай, Арктика, Северный морской путь, арктическая политика Китая, арктические исследования Китая. Международное сотрудничество в Арктике кардинально видоизменилось с марта 2022 г., когда Арктический Совет принял совместное заявление о приостановлении сотрудничества с Россией 1 . Отделение России от Арктического Совета имеет некоторые отрицательные последствия для деятельности

The current situation of the Western exclusion strategies of Russian science builds up the complex of emerging controversies in the face of the Arctic research community and the future sustainable development of the region. The recent sixth assessment report of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) from 2023 states that decisions being made in this decade may affect the Earth for millennia. This requires the urgency of political decisions and the importance of a balanced approach to the inclusive scientific dialogue especially in the Arctic region to avoid misinterpretations of observation and monitoring of rapid changes, and thus, the timely and prompt response. Even though some Western scientists are advocating different coping strategies to continue the science dialogue, little has been done formally to overcome the general atmosphere of cautious and fearful communication. This paper discusses the current trends through a situational analysis of the established practices of international scientific dialog in the Arctic in the current period by means of an inclusive observation method through the dialectical principles of science diplomacy. The emerging controversies in science presume that future scenarios of the holistic science dialogue will not reduce the tensions of the international geopolitical situation through scientific integration and science diplomacy, but on the contrary, the renewal and strengthening any scientific dialog will only be based on political decisions and through the lenses of the existing political discourse.

В статье подводятся итоги 26-го Петербургского международного экономического форума (ПМЭФ-2023), который состоялся в Санкт-Петербурге с 14 по 17 июня 2023 г. Руководитель исследовательской группы ЦАИ Института Европы РАН В.П. Журавель является постоянным участником форума. В 2023 г. он присутствовал на заседании всех 15 мероприятий программы «Арктика-территория диалога». В статье рассматриваются вопросы, которые широко обсуждались на ПМЭФ-2023, связанные с перспективами и возможностями международного сотрудничества, социальноэкономического развития и инвестиционного развития регионов, арктического биоразнообразия, развития особо охраняемых природных территорий, арктических городов, человеческого капитала, научно-образовательного потенциала Арктики, брендинга северных регионов, цифровизации северных территорий. Все эти темы широко освещаются научной группой ЦАИ ИЕ РАН на постоянной основе. Также автор анализирует ход развития индустрии туризма, культуры и кинопроизводства в Арктике с акцентом на продвижение арктической тематики в средствах массовой информации. Выступающие тематических секций подчеркнули возрастание роли Арктики в социально-экономическом развитии РФ и её регионов, отметили негативные последствия ограничения деятельности Арктического совета. Форум проходил под лозунгом «Суверенное развитие - основа справедливого мира. Объединим усилия во имя будущих поколений». | The article summarizes the results of the 26th St. Petersburg International Economic Forum (SPIEF-2023), which took place in St. Petersburg from June 14 to 17, 2022. V. P. Zhuravel, Head of the Centre for Arctic Studies of the Institute of Europe RAS, is a permanent member of the Forum. In 2023, he attended the meetings of all 15 events of the “Arctic: Territory of Dialogue” program. The article deals with issues that were widely discussed at SPIEF-2023, related to the prospects and opportunities for international cooperation, social, economic and investment development of the Arctic regions, Arctic biodiversity, development of specially protected natural areas, northern cities, human resources, scientific and educational potential of the Arctic, branding of the northern regions, digitalization of the northern territories. All
these topics are widely covered by the CAS IE RAS scientific group on a regular basis. The author also analyses the development of the tourism, culture, and film industries in the Arctic with a focus on the promotion of Arctic topics in the media. Speakers of the thematic sections emphasized the increasing role of the Arctic in the social and economic development of the Russian Federation, noted the negative consequences of limiting the activities of the Arctic Council. The forum was held under the slogan “Sovereign development is the basis of a just world. Let's join forces for the sake of future generations”

Russian Arctic is a highly urbanized region, with most towns built in the Soviet era to facilitate extraction industries as well as provide and maintain military facilities. Global environmental and developmental changes, as well as national political decisions open up Russia’s Arctic to massive investment, industrial and socioeconomic development. How do Russian Arctic cities, towns, and municipalities reflect on new opportunities in terms of designing their climate change adaptation strategies at a local level? Starting with theoretical discourse on urban climate change adaptation strategy, this research examines state-of-the-art, challenges and trends in planning for adaptation measures in Russia’s Arctic industrial centers. Special attention is given to a comparative analysis of the cities’ climate change adaptation strategies. The role of civil society institutions and business community in the adaptation strategy planning process is explored. Moreover, conflict sensitive appro...

The article represents a generalized data from sociological survey of social-psychological well-being of the rural population of the coastal areas in Arkhangelsk region (included into the Russian Arctic zone) held in 2015. The data shows a critical level of social pessimism, assurance of residents in continuation of negative social-economic dynamics, deficiency of motivation and readiness for active participation and inclusion into the development of territories. Such a status is based on a deep degradation of local industries, infrastructures and social sphere, which has been confirmed by statistic data. The revealed indicators explain high migration preparedness, especially in groups of working ages, proceeding, in the middle-term prospective, to the risk of depopulation and disintegration of social carcass in the coastal areas which, in their turn, possess a significant resource potential. At that, residential population on these areas considered as strategic factor from the perspective of Russian geopolitical interests in the Arctic. A positive trend may be provided through implementation of spatial approach to the social-economic development, which has been already applied in activities held by the Russian State Commission on the Arctic Development. With that there is obvious relevance of correction of the Russian legislation toward transformation of residential population into the beneficiary party of the macro-regional development, which may be provided by establishing of special regimes and preferences in spheres of natural resource use, tax assessment, entrepreneurship and crediting for all groups indigenous (resident) population, including aboriginal people of the North.

The article is devoted to the history of the Norwegian Consulate in Arkhangelsk, which began in 1815 and has continued to the present time. The history of the Consulate is analyzed from the standpoint of identifying the fundamental differences in the activities in each of the three periods (lives) of the Consulate. This, in particular, is the novelty of the research. Moreover, the first two lives (1815-1920 and 1924-1939) are presented as a background to a more detailed study of the prerequisites for creation, priorities in work, successes and some failures of the modern one -the third Consulate reopened in Arkhangelsk in 2010 and has the status of "Honorary". The authors pay attention to the personal factorthe life path of the first and current honorary consul Andrei Alexandrovich Shalev. His activity was mainly discussed in regional mass media and was not subjected to research analysis. Even the actual material about the events held by the Honorary Consulate was not collected and not systematized, although it has relevance, as it concerns the interests of thousands of residents of the region. The authors believe that in this article they only outlined those directions in the study of consulates that deserve attention.

The article analyses socio-humanitarian international cooperation, known as "twinning," among cities in the Arkhangelsk region spanning from 1990 to 2023. Leveraging the concept of paradiplomacy, the authors examine twinning relations, highlighting key stages, forms, and spheres of this international cooperation using the comparative historical method. By employing the problem-chronological method, the authors trace the formation and changes in

This paper identifies education, skills training and improved social infrastructure as key development issues to address population decline in regions of steady out-migration from the Russian Arctic. Migration flows have mostly stabilised after the sharp and unexpectedly large population decline in the Arctic in the 1990s, during the transition to a market economy. However, the trends set in motion during that collapse, including falling general levels of education, declining size of all but the largest cities, and ageing of the populace, are becoming more serious for some regions, even where government resettlement programmes exist. As young professionals continue to leave, resettling compatriots and hiring shift labour may contribute to the vitality of more resilient regions, for example, Krasnoyarsk and Yamalo-Nenets. However, the European part of the Russian Arctic, despite its critical importance to commerce and to military security, and despite assistance programmes and subsid...

Artykuł podejmuje zagadnienie wydobycia ropy naftowej w obszarze rosyjskiego szelfu arktycznego. Praca koncentruje się na trzech podstawowych aspektach istotnych dla eksploatacji węglowodorów w tym regionie. Pierwsza część dotyczy badań geologicznych dostępności i ilości węglowodorów w rosyjskiej części szelfu. Drugi element to uwarunkowania prawne uzyskania i wykorzystania koncesji na eksploatację ropy i gazu w Rosji. Ostatni element to stricte projekty wydobywcze firmy Rosnieft w Arktyce. Takie przekrojowe ujęcie zagadnienia w połączeniu z precyzyjnym opracowaniem ostatniego aspektu umożliwia lepsze zrozumienie stategicznych dla Kremla projektów w regionie.

In article authors describe value of tourism infrastructure in the region. Tourism infrastructure is a complex system which consists of a set of elements of various branch accessory. Uniform development of each element is possible only thanks to the supply chain management. Owing to the complexity, tourism infrastructure and its components are an object of regional government. The instrument of development of tourist infrastructure is adoption of various programs of development of tourism in regions. Authors believe that a perspective way of development of tourism infrastructure of the region and in general the tourist industry is creation of a tourist cluster. The tourist cluster represents the merging of the enterprises of various sectors serving clients concentrated in a certain territory, and also investments and innovations. Hotels, food objects, tourist operators and tourist agents, transport enterprises, entertainment complexes can treat such enterprises. The purpose of creat...

In recent years, the Neopleistocene stratigraphy arouses interest in the context of the DATESTRA Project (Database of Terrestrial European Stratigraphy) [6], which has been supported by INQUA. Neopleistocene deposits in the Kola region have accumulated under conditions of recurrent glaciations and the following interglacial warming with marine transgressions, which appeared here in the coastal areas. The interglacial-glacial cyclicity offers an opportunity to apply climatostratigraphic methods for subdivision of corresponding deposits. Accompanied by biostragraphic and geochronometrical methods, this approach enables definition and correlation of short-term (about tens of thousands years) stratigraphic units. Using this approach, middle and the upper Neopleistocene units have been identified in the sediment successions in the Kola Region. The aim of this paper is to review the available data (published mainly in Russian), which are applicable to the Database of Terrestrial European Stratigraphy.

The steady operation of the Northern Sea Route is based on large icebreakers, which ensure access to various Russian regions through the navigable Arctic. Some nuclear-powered icebreakers built as far back as the Soviet era need to be replaced. Up to now, it hasn't been clear how the icebreaker fleet will be used to make the Northern Sea Route operate more efficiently. It is also not clear whether Russia's authorities will permit independent navigation by commercial icebreaking carriers without convoys escorted by icebreakers.

The collective monograph is edited by the Center for Arctic Studies of the Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The book is devoted to topical issues of the Arctic development, among which the current geopolitical processes and its future potential. The authors attempt to systematise knowledge about the Arctic problems and challenges of the last decade, which is most important for the Russian Federation, as well as to assess the prospects for the near future, to foresee possible threats to Russia. Particular attention is paid to the role of the Arctic Council in the Arctic development; several Arctic strategies and policies of European and Asian countries were analysed; the economic, social, environmental, legal, and civilisational issues of the modern Arctic were touched upon; the security problems in the Arctic region are considered.

In this article, the author considers the migration outflow of the population from the Russian Arctic, a significant part of which are representatives of the socially active youth. A study of young people's motivations to move to a permanent or temporary place of residence in the Arctic showed that the idea of a region dominates the consciousness of this social group, characterized more by negative associations, such as "ice", "cold" and "snow". Nevertheless, some specific material incentives that, according to respondents, would positively influence a possible decision to relocate revealed. We are talking about providing additional paid vacations and rental housing. It was also possible to establish approximate boundaries of the minimum wage enough to decide on moving. The author claims that the socioeconomic conditions changed after the collapse of the USSR. The state labor policy in the Arctic requires clarification concerning the discussed development options. Also, it demands the coherence of all measures taken at the legislative level in the context of speedy adoption of the fundamental law on the Russian Arctic. It is necessary to continue the policy of supporting various volunteer organizations as the most active and mobile structures for informing young people about employment opportunities in the Arctic and involving their representatives in socially useful activities.

Информация о статье: Аннотация: В статье рассмотрены особенности политики Китая в Арктике с учетом их связи с политическими и культурными традициями, имеющими давнюю историю. Неоднозначности в оценках намерений и перспектив политики Китая в Арктике во многом связаны с недостаточным учетом этого обстоятельства западными экспертами. Китай имеет долгосрочные интересы в Арктике, имеющие экономическое и стратегическое измерение, что делает актуальной задачу понять те факторы, которые влияют на принятие решений и политический курс КНР. Авторы считают, что современная внешняя политика Китая как в целом, так и на арктическом направлении, формируется под влиянием таких факторов, как сочетание «мягких» и «жестких» методов влияния, сохранение достаточно острых противоречий между элитами в политическом руководстве КНР, долгосрочный характер стратегического планирования. Для внешней политики Китая характерно избегание конфликтов путем выжидания благоприятных условий и создания необходимых материальных и политических предпосылок для изменения ситуацию в свою пользу. В соответствии с этим, на арктическом направлении для современной политики Китая характерно стремление добиваться стратегической цели по доступу к ресурсам региона сразу по многим направлениям. К важнейшим из них относятся пересмотр правового статуса Арктики в пользу превращения ее в «достояние человечества», активное участие в работе международных организаций и в двустороннем межгосударственном сотрудничестве, избегание открытого противостояния с арктическими государствами, политика пошаговых мер, направленная на постепенное выдавливание конкурентов.

The authors consider issues of cost-effectiveness analysis of the region's economy in the article. The purpose of this research is to develop methodological approaches to costeffectiveness analysis of basic industry of the region's economy. The authors propose a methodology for an inter-grated costbenefit analysis of basic industry of the region's economy based on the analysis of foreign & domestic research. The system of key figures characterizing the research's object is defined. As an approbation of the proposed evaluation methodology, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) has calculated the integral indices of the efficiency of the municipal economy's economic sectors and the efficiency of main enterprises-leaders and a composite integrated index of efficiency. The current state and dynamics of development for the period from 2005 to 2016 are analyzed. A comparative assessment of the efficiency of economic sectors in the context of municipal district, economic area and in the whole Republic was carried out. Also, to evaluate the efficiency of the economy sectors, the following performance indicators have been calculated: labor productivity and return on assets in the dynamics for the period from 2005 to 2015. The results of the research show that the methodology proposed by the authors can adequately solve the problem of assessing the efficiency of the industries of the economy of municipal districts.

The article is devoted to the study of prerequisites and directions of the outflow of youth from the country's Arctic territories. Based on the data from the interviews in 2019, it was determined that educational migration has recently become one of the main factors of the outflow of young people from the Arctic municipalities. The lack of higher education institutions in the autonomous Arctic regions forces young people to leave the territory in order to obtain a higher level of education. The presence of existing leading universities in the territory does not solve the problem of outflow of youth, which is associated with the quality of education, the choice of areas of training and further professional implementation. As a result of the study, it was determined that the goal for departure from the Arctic territories is formed in childhood and strengthens over the years. The results can be used by state authorities, educational and scientific institutions in solving problematic issues in the field of youth education and migration in the Russian Arctic.

The analysis of northern regional development on the basis of the synthesis of comparative research and historical method is carried out in the article. The study of social and economic system enables us to understand better the roles of factors and methods of the governmental control of regional development as well as their position in social and economic and geopolitical aspect. The northern regions of such countries as Russia (Kamchatka Krai), Canada (Yukon), the USA (Alaska), Japan (Hokkaido), and Iceland and Greenland were chosen as an object of research. All these regions play a strategically significant role in social and economic development of own countries and have climatic similarities. The determination of common features of regional social and economic modeling makes it possible to compare the development of regions, having the same climatic, economic and geopolitical conditions but different levels of economic activity There is the statistics generalization, characterizing various activities of regions, including structure of economy, its infrastructure supply, demographical situation, and financial sphere, that enables to see the features of national models of regional economies development. It is also proved that ignoring the actual connection between regional system elements and external and internal factors leads to loosing historical and social and economic basis in research.

Russian Arctic is a highly urbanized region, with most towns built in the Soviet era to facilitate extraction industries as well as provide and maintain military facilities. Global environmental and developmental changes, as well as national political decisions open up Russia’s Arctic to massive investment, industrial and socioeconomic development. How do Russian Arctic cities, towns, and municipalities reflect on new opportunities in terms of designing their climate change adaptation strategies at a local level? Starting with theoretical discourse on urban climate change adaptation strategy, this research examines state-of-the-art, challenges and trends in planning for adaptation measures in Russia’s Arctic industrial centers. Special attention is given to a comparative analysis of the cities’ climate change adaptation strategies. The role of civil society institutions and business community in the adaptation strategy planning process is explored. Moreover, conflict sensitive appro...

The Eurasian ice sheet complex (EISC) was the third largest ice mass during the Last Glacial Maximum with a span of over 4500 km and responsible for around 20 m of eustatic sea-level lowering. Whilst recent terrestrial and marine empirical insights have improved understanding of the chronology, pattern and rates of retreat of this vast ice sheet, a concerted attempt to model the deglaciation of the EISC honouring these new constraints is conspicuously lacking. Here, we apply a first-order, thermomechanical ice sheet model, validated against a diverse suite of empirical data, to investigate the retreat of the EISC after 23 ka BP, directly extending the work of Patton et al. (2016) who modelled the build-up to its maximum extent. Retreat of the ice sheet complex was highly asynchronous, reflecting contrasting regional sensitivities to climate forcing, oceanic influence, and internal dynamics. Most rapid retreat was experienced across the Barents Sea sector after 17.8 ka BP when this marine-based ice sheet disintegrated at a rate of~670 gigatonnes per year (Gt a À1) through enhanced calving and interior dynamic thinning, driven by oceanic/atmospheric warming and exacerbated by eustatic sea-level rise. From 14.9 to 12.9 ka BP the EISC lost on average 750 Gt a À1 , peaking at rates >3000 Gt a À1 , roughly equally partitioned between surface melt and dynamic losses, and potentially contributing up to 2.5 m to global sea-level rise during Meltwater Pulse 1A. Independent glacio-isostatic modelling constrained by an extensive inventory of relative sea-level change corroborates our ice sheet loading history of the Barents Sea sector. Subglacial conditions were predominately temperate during deglaciation, with over 6000 subglacial lakes predicted along with an extensive subglacial drainage network. Moreover, the maximum EISC and its isostatic footprint had a profound impact on the proglacial hydrological network, forming the Fleuve Manche mega-catchment which had an area of~2.5 Â 10 6 km 2 and drained the present day Vistula, Elbe, Rhine and Thames rivers through the Seine Estuary. During the Bølling/Allerød oscillation after c. 14.6 ka BP, two major proglacial lakes formed in the Baltic and White seas, buffering meltwater pulses from eastern Fennoscandia through to the Younger Dryas when these massive proglacial freshwater lakes flooded into the North Atlantic Ocean. Deglaciation temporarily abated during the Younger Dryas stadial at 12.9 ka BP, when remnant ice across Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Fennoscandia and Scotland experienced a short-lived but dynamic re-advance. The final stage of deglaciation converged on present day ice cover around the Scandes mountains and the Barents Sea by 8.7 ka BP, although the phase-lagged isostatic recovery still continues today.

Dynamically developing urbanization causes a number of environmental effects, including those related to the chemical transformation of soils. Relatively less information about the urban areas of the Arctic and Subarctic zones, constructed mostly on permafrost and intensively populated areas can be found. By the example of the analysis of basic soil properties and concentrations of trace metals in the soils of the cities of Salekhard, Urengoy, Nadym, Novy Urengoy and Gaz Sale (the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District), as well as various functional zones within the cities, the relationship between the age of the cities, the level of anthropogenic pressure and the type of parent materials and the character of accumulation of metals in the soil profile of urban soils have been described. The direct correlation was found between the content of Pb, Cr, Ni, As and soil sorption characteristics. In young cities built on sandy sediments, there is less accumulation of heavy metals in the topso...

Aim. To investigate the activities of the U.S.’ “think tanks” in Russia in terms of the intelligence functions they perform to misinform the enemy.Methodology. By implementing historical sources analysis, content analysis and case studies, the author investigated the U.S.’ think tanks activities and the history of their participation in the informational and psychological warfare against Russia during the SMO in Ukraine in 2022; the intelligence product offered by “think tanks” was also examined in the study.Results. The study established that private intelligence companies operate under the legend of “think tanks” in USA. They have a significant informational and psychological influence both on a potential enemy (misinform the enemy, induce the enemy to act in a certain manner) and on the domestic and foreign policies of the United States itself.Research implications. The findings of the study can become the basis for the development of practical recommendations for the Russian aut...

Ethnological Impact Assessment (EIA) has been implemented in Sakha Republic for almost eleven years. The existing literature on the EIA process focuses on the experiences of primary stakeholders-mining companies and Indigenous communities. What is missing from this discussion is a critical examination of the important role of consultants responsible for carrying out assessments, creating links, and contributing to productive negotiations between companies and communities. Most importantly, we need more thorough understanding of consultants' positionality, their perceptions on practices of EIA, their interactions with all key stakeholders involved, and challenges faced before, during, and after EIA. In this article, we investigate the role of specifically native consultants, who occupy a unique position to conduct EIAs more effectively-practicing more transparent and responsible communication and decision-making, and with more benefits for communities. This article builds on the data collected through the professional experiential narrative of the first author, who has participated in more than thirteen EIAs and other projects as a professional consultant in Sakha, and the ethnographic observations, supplemented with the semi-structured interviews with the consultants and communities by the second author in the Arctic Indigenous district. Ultimately, we argue that the EIA projects (and policies based on them) must involve and be conducted primarily by local native practitioners and consultants since they are essential in trust-building and forging power-balanced partnerships with Indigenous communities without prioritizing companies' extractivist interests.

Increased migration, high prevalence of drug-resistant TB and HIV the role of a healthcare system that adequately meets the Arctic zone features in the era of its intensive industrialization and globalization becomes urgent. The study is aimed to identify the main challenges in the healthcare systems that affect HIV, TB and HIV/TB coinfection spread in the Arctic zone of the RF. Materials and methods. The HIV, TB, HIV/TB coinfection incidence rates per 100 000 population/year during 2007-2019, the economic, human resources capacity of TB facilities, TB preventive measures results among PLWH in the Arctic regions of the RF are evaluated. The statistical data were obtained from the corresponding forms of federal statistical observation and from Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health of the RF. Results. The worst HIV (315,8%), TB (136,1%) and HIV/TB (150,0%) incidence rates and the highest deterioration of buildings and structures o...

Events as they were reported in the first 10 months since the invasion show the strengthening of Western resolve to implement sanctions, and how the Russian Arctic, including the Northern Fleet Joint Strategic Command, has contributed to, and started to pay the human and economic costs of, Russia's Ukraine war. The Northern Fleet JSC comprises it naval forces of the Northern Fleet itself; land forces (mainly 14th Army Corps plus naval infantry/marines and coastal defence troops); as well as aviation and air defence assets (grouped in 45th Air Force whose HQ is at Severomorsk, Murmansk Oblast and Air Defence Army) By the turn of the year, having born a heavy part of early fighting, war losses amongst crack troops with previous combat experience and their equipment were being made up by mercenaries (such as the Wagner Group which has taken prisoners from Russian jails and thrown them into merciless combat) and conscripts (those that haven't fled the country). The fleet has remained intact after some initial sorties south. Its capability to support a second strike through to the Greenland-Iceland-Faroes-UK gap remains unimpaired.

Aim. To reveal the essence, content, goals, objectives and methods of the special operation of the American special services related to the emergency landing of a Ryanair aircraft at the airport in Minsk, as a result of which the KGB of the Republic of Belarus detained oppositionists R. Protasevich and S. Sapega.Methodology. The study was carried out using the methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization and interpretation of the results.Results. It has been established that, in terms of its scheme and manner of execution, the “Ryanair case” is identical to the operation “Doping Scandal with WADA” carried out by the US intelligence agencies against the Russian Federation in 2015–2018. The goal of the Ryanair operation is the same as in the WADA scandal: make those who were repeatedly caught in a lie admit the allegations on all counts; the form of the operation is an operational experiment (provocation). Thus, the Ryanair operation is a combination of techniques, methods and trick...

While it took the collapse of the Soviet Union to make possible the unique multi-level, multilateral collaboration that the Arctic Council (AC) has nurtured for a quarter century since its 1996 formation, with its new model of inclusive diplomacy uniting states and indigenous peoples, its foundations took form before the Cold War ended, when its foundational vision was articulated eloquently by Mikhail Gorbachev in his famed Murmansk speech in 1987. The maritime boundary line separating the USA from the USSR (and now Russia) was negotiated by the last Soviet foreign minister, Eduard Shevardnadze with his US counterpart, James Baker, and has been respected by both post-Cold War USA and Russia since 1990, laying a stable foundation on what could otherwise be a volatile border. The current shipping lane through the Bering Strait was jointly negotiated by the USA and Russia, reflecting the ongoing stability on this Arctic frontier, with the US Coast Guard and the Russian Border Service developing a laudable bilateral relationship that contrasts with so many of Russia's other borders.

The reimagination and revaluation of discarded goods, through repair and reuse is, for many, a quotidian and mundane element of everyday life. These practices are the historical precedent and continue to be the stuff of common sense for a significant portion of human society. And yet, reuse, repair and other elements of a 'circular economy' have recently emerged as a significant focus in environmental and economic policy. Proponents claim that reuse practices represent a potentially radical alternative to mainstream consumer culture and a form of carework that generates new social possibilities and personal affects. This essay explores the myriad dimensions of reuse as care, relational practice and as consumer alternative by examining these practices in their social context, lived experience and as embedded within larger political and economic structures of capitalist accumulation and abandonment. We argue that the study of reuse, in old and new forms, takes on added political significance in an era of environmental and economic crises, especially as a critical part of state-based approaches toward the circular economy that attempt to appropriate carework in new forms of value generation.

The development of stratigraphic ideas and terminology for the area of Late Pleistocene glaciation beyond the limit of the Fennoscandian ice sheet is discussed. The original meaning and subsequent distortions of the Siberian stratigraphic terms Zyryanka, Karginsky, Sartan and others are described. Stratigraphic schemes traditionally used in Siberia and in the Russian European Arctic contain similar mistakes due to poor sedimentology obtained from simplistic log descriptions. Indiscriminate use of radiocarbon dating, in disregard to the sedimentological complications, have eroded the value of the old stratigraphic terms and depleted their usefulness. Modern data on widespread glaciotectonic activity and redeposition of organics by shelf-based ice sheets, on retarded melting of buried glacial ice, on ubiquitous permafrost and aeolian processes, coupled with new geochronometric results make it impossible to employ the old framework based on the presumption of undisturbed stratification and slow unperturbed sedimentation. A more structurally complicated model, to which traditional stratigraphic labels are not applicable, is suggested for the uppermost sedimentary formations of arctic plains. It is derived from a wider view of the glacigenic complex by lateral tracing of study objects as a necessary complement to conventional log descriptions. The old Siberian stratigraphic scheme, being obsolete and misleading, is not recommended for further use.

Рассматривается вопрос отношения к начавшемуся на рубеже 2013-2014 гг. украинскому кризису со стороны пяти правых евроскептических партий из стран ЕС: Австрийской партии свободы (FPÖ), Партии независимости Соединённого Королевства (UKIP), «Альтернативы для Германии» (AfD), нидерландской Партии свободы (PVV) и французского «Национального фронта» (FN). Для всех этих политических сил кризис является следствием ошибочной политики руководства ЕС, стремящегося к расширению на Восток и не берущего в расчёт очевидные препятствия, в частности разное отношение к евроинтеграции как украинцев, так и самих европейцев, а также интересы России.

Арктические стратегии: энергетика, безопасность, экология и климат июль Центр энергетики Московской школы управления СКОЛКОВО 9 Арктические стратегии: энергетика, безопасность, экология и климат июль Центр энергетики Московской школы управления СКОЛКОВО 11 Арктические стратегии: энергетика, безопасность, экология и климат июль Центр энергетики Московской школы управления СКОЛКОВО 13 Арктические стратегии: энергетика, безопасность, экология и климат июль 2020 Центр энергетики Московской школы управления СКОЛКОВО 21 Источник: схема сформирована на основе анализа Арктических стратегий стран

Арктические стратегии: энергетика, безопасность, экология и климат июль Центр энергетики Московской школы управления СКОЛКОВО 9 Арктические стратегии: энергетика, безопасность, экология и климат июль Центр энергетики Московской школы управления СКОЛКОВО 11 Арктические стратегии: энергетика, безопасность, экология и климат июль Центр энергетики Московской школы управления СКОЛКОВО 13 Арктические стратегии: энергетика, безопасность, экология и климат июль 2020 Центр энергетики Московской школы управления СКОЛКОВО 21 Источник: схема сформирована на основе анализа Арктических стратегий стран

The first Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) report was published in 1998 and followed by three assessment reports of human health (AMAP 2003, 2009 and 2015). The focus area of the AMAP reports was to monitor levels of environmental contaminants in the Arctic and to assess the health effects connected with detected levels in Arctic countries. This review gives an overview of temporal trends of contaminants and their health effects in humans of the Arctic based on data published by AMAP, as well as Russian scientific literature. Several time series of 31 contaminants in humans of the Arctic from different cohorts are reported. The lengths of time series and periods covered differ from each other. International restrictions have decreased the levels of most persistent organic pollutants in humans and food webs. Percentage changes for contaminants in human biological matrices (blood samples from children, mothers and males and breast milk samples) for the period of sampl...

Арктические стратегии: энергетика, безопасность, экология и климат июль Центр энергетики Московской школы управления СКОЛКОВО 9 Арктические стратегии: энергетика, безопасность, экология и климат июль Центр энергетики Московской школы управления СКОЛКОВО 11 Арктические стратегии: энергетика, безопасность, экология и климат июль Центр энергетики Московской школы управления СКОЛКОВО 13 Арктические стратегии: энергетика, безопасность, экология и климат июль 2020 Центр энергетики Московской школы управления СКОЛКОВО 21 Источник: схема сформирована на основе анализа Арктических стратегий стран

Арктические стратегии: энергетика, безопасность, экология и климат июль Центр энергетики Московской школы управления СКОЛКОВО 9 Арктические стратегии: энергетика, безопасность, экология и климат июль Центр энергетики Московской школы управления СКОЛКОВО 11 Арктические стратегии: энергетика, безопасность, экология и климат июль Центр энергетики Московской школы управления СКОЛКОВО 13 Арктические стратегии: энергетика, безопасность, экология и климат июль 2020 Центр энергетики Московской школы управления СКОЛКОВО 21 Источник: схема сформирована на основе анализа Арктических стратегий стран

Events as they were reported over the last 8 months show the strengthening of Western resolve to implement sanctions, and how the Russian Arctic, including the Northern Fleet Joint Strategic Command, has contributed to, and started to pay the human and economic costs of, Russia's Ukraine war. War losses amongst crack troops and their equipment are set to be made up by mercenaries and conscripts.
Significant or prescient events from January 2022 to Putin's call-up of reserves.
Submitted to The Hague Eurodefense Presidents' Council meeting October 2022

This chapter that was funded by a grant from Russian Foundation for Basic Research № 17-02-00619 examines procedures for social impact assessment in industrial projects in the Russian Federation (later referred to as Russia), focusing on assessment of impact on ‘small-numbered indigenous peoples of the North’ in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (later referred to as Yakutia), a region in the north-east of Russia. In April 2010, a regional law on Anthropological Expert Review (AER) was adopted in the region of Yakutia, which is implemented during industrial projects that are initiated on the territories of indigenous peoples of the North. This law was developed under pressure from regional non-governmental organisations, following public debates about potential impacts during the construction of Eastern Siberia Pacific Ocean oil pipeline in 2006–2008. This is the first and only regional law on social impact assessment for indigenous peoples in Russia, the potential for which had been discussed in Russia for over 20 years but has never been fully implemented. This regional law on is a triumph of the civil society in Yakutia, which in 2018 has been followed by federal government discussions for opportunities of developing a similar federal level law. The chapter evaluates the effectiveness of existing methodology for compensation to indigenous peoples of the North in Yakutia, by examining the regulation, industry reports and regional development strategies. It examines the cases of completed social impact assessments and damage compensations, conducted during major industrial projects in Yakutia. The study discusses the features and shortcomings of AER methodology and compares it with existing practices on compensations in other Russian regions. It recommends revising the use of income-based calculation of compensations which treats groups of indigenous peoples of the North that lead traditional activities of reindeer herding as commercial enterprises. The research suggests extending the existing methodology by incorporating an ecosystem services approach and taking into account long-term sustainability impacts of industrial projects on communities of indigenous peoples. Special attention is given to the assessment of effectiveness of the Anthropological Expert Review as an institution for protecting the rights of indigenous peoples in Russia.

This paper identifies education, skills training and improved social infrastructure as key development issues to address population decline in regions of steady out-migration from the Russian Arctic. Migration flows have mostly stabilised after the sharp and unexpectedly large population decline in the Arctic in the 1990s, during the transition to a market economy. However, the trends set in motion during that collapse, including falling general levels of education, declining size of all but the largest cities, and ageing of the populace, are becoming more serious for some regions, even where government resettlement programmes exist. As young professionals continue to leave, resettling compatriots and hiring shift labour may contribute to the vitality of more resilient regions, for example, Krasnoyarsk and Yamalo-Nenets. However, the European part of the Russian Arctic, despite its critical importance to commerce and to military security, and despite assistance programmes and subsid...

In the understanding of the present paper's authors the individual human potential (IHP) is considered as upbringing, education, health, talent, skills and abilities that are directly inherent of a person. IHP is fully disclosed in the space of human capital and is an element of the universal potential. In the human life cycle the IHP changes daily and resembles the change in stock quotes of companies on the stock exchange. Each day it can increase and decrease depending on the inspiration, physical and psychological health, and its level changes in the context of education and knowledge received at the moment. In the time aspect the IHP is limited by the life cycle of a person and can have various trendscontinuously increasing, stabilizing, decreasing, and abruptly changing (a sharp increase or decrease). The continuously increasing trend is mainly provided by education accompanied with a stabilizing health factor. The second (stabilizing one) implies the lack of a person's desire to increase his/her IHP or the limitation of external factors. The third (decreasing one) may be associated with a gradual loss of mental or psychological health or the gradual influence of the environment. The last trend (abruptly changing one) is associated with a sharp increase in its capabilities. This is either a transition to another level of education or a sharp change in the surrounding socio-economic paradigm (i.e., the possibility of using a larger amount of human capital). Changes to the IHP may have limitations caused by the external reasons such as: legislative, moral, ethical, political, ethnic, etc. Despite the fact that IHP has a limited life cycle, the human potential (capital) increases in time perspective primarily due to the increase of the accumulated by the mankind knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as due to the constant population increase. The paper deals with the issue of the essential difference between the universal human potential and human capital. It is proved that the human potential can change abruptly, which can be caused by epoch-making discoveries and inventions, socio-economic, political changes, as well as environmental disasters. In contrast to the potential, the accumulated universal capital changes from the abovementioned reasons, i.e. it must take some time for the potential to pass into the capital. The main engine of this transition is the individual human potential. The paper deals with the formation of the structure of human potential and capital. It is shown that the structure is of discrete nature and is formed by merging and combining IHP in various industrial, social, national and supranational forms to achieve certain results and achievements (industrial, social, political, scientific, etc.). The paper also presents the results of research on the formation of IHP in high school students of the Arctic zone of Eastern Siberia living in locally isolated settlements, as well as the abrupt change in their IHP at a sharp change in socio-economic conditions. The results of their adaptation are demonstrated. Keywords: individual human potential, human capital, life cycle, high school students of the Arctic zone of Eastern Siberia.