Roman Bronzes

Tanulmányunkban egy különösen izgalmas és rítusát tekintve ritka római kori temetkezés előkerülésével, feltárásának történetével és előzetes értékelésével foglalkozunk. Ez a sírlelet a közösségi régészetnek köszönhetően vált ismertté Belvárdgyula határában, ahol a 2021 őszén lezajlott feltárás egy császárkori fogatos kocsit és egy felszerszámozott hátaslovat tartalmazó sírgödröt hozott napvilágra. A kocsi nemcsak a bakkhikus témájú bronz szobrászati díszítése vagy egyes szerkezeti megoldásai miatt különleges, hanem figyelemre méltó a gödörbe hiányosan deponált kocsielemek eltemetésének a módja és a kettős fogat teljesen rekonstruálható járma is. A lósír pedig újabb példáját adta az áttört díszítésű bronz lószerszámveret-garnitúrával eltemetett pannoniai hátaslovaknak. Mindkét sírban meglepően sok szerves maradvány (fa, bőr, textil) őrződött meg, amelyek új eredményekkel gazdagították a lószerszámok és a fogatos kocsik kutatását. A belvárdgyulai síregyüttes tovább árnyalta a Kelet-Du...

The National Museum of Slovenia has two silver ingots in its collection from the mid-fourth century AD, although unfortunately, they lack information about the context of their discovery. The ingots are in the shape of a double axe-head, which is the commonest form of Late Roman silver ingots. Their weight corresponds to that of a Roman pound. Both feature a stamped portrait of the Roman Emperor Constantius II. In addition to the portrait, one of the ingots has a punched POLIPI inscription, and the other two stamped inscriptions that read EOR NKA and EOPTOC / NKA. The XRF analyses have confirmed a 95–98% purity of silver known to have been used in the silver ingot production. Similar ingots were fairly common in the fourth century AD, out of this group, the paper focuses on the extremely rare examples stamped with Imperial portraits.

-Rund zwei Kilometer südlich des modernen S tadtkerns Groß-Geraus im Norden des Hessischen Rieds entstand in der Flur ..Auf Esch" um das Jahr 75 n. Chr. ein römisches Kastell mit einem angrenzenden Lagerdorf. Dieses entwickelte sich bis zum Abzug des Militärs um 115/120 n. Chr. zur größten geschlossenen S iedlung S üdhessens. S ie bestand, in reduziertem Umfang, bis in das 3. Viertel des 3. Jahrhunderts weiter. Wirtschaftliche Grundlage des verkehrsgünstig gelegenen Vicus war zu aller Zeit der Handel und in begrenztem Umfang die Güterproduktion. Das umfangreiche archäozoologische Material gewährt zudem wichtige Einblicke in die S ozial-, Ernährungs-und Landwirtschaftgeschichte einer S iedlung am Rande des römischen Imperiums. Chronologische Entwicklungen zeigen sich dabei vor allem in Bezug auf die Jagdgewohnheiten und die Rinderzucht.

La tesina analizza la rappresentazione della dea Minerva nella piccola bronzistica votiva di epoca romana, con focus sull’Italia settentrionale e un confronto transalpino con il santuario di Lienz (Austria).
Vengono esaminati i molteplici contesti di rinvenimento (santuari, domus, stipi votive) e le varianti iconografiche della dea, tra cui il diffuso tipo “Verona-Parma” — caratterizzato da elmo, lancia e scudo — e le rare rappresentazioni come la “Minerva in corsa” o le appliques a busto.
L’indagine evidenzia la grande eterogeneità stilistica e tecnica dei bronzetti, spesso privi di contesto certi o di attributi conservati, nonché la difficoltà nell’identificare centri produttivi e modelli iconografici di riferimento.
Il caso di Lienz, con statuette bivalvi in lega di stagno, offre un utile termine di confronto per le produzioni seriali di ambito provinciale.
Lo studio sottolinea infine il ruolo polivalente di Minerva (guerriera, salutifera, protettrice delle attività artigianali e agricole) e la sua ampia diffusione nel panorama religioso alpino e cisalpino.

This article explores the significance of censers with Egyptian forms or featuring Egyptianlooking motifs found in the houses of Pompeii and Herculaneum. I offer the first full publication of seven unstudied bronze censers, many with known archaeological contexts. The typological analyses reveal that five artifacts featuring altar horns or crenellations originated in Egypt and the Levant, while two others, decorated with Egyptian uraeus snakes, are typical Roman tripods. From a modern perspective, these censers seem to reflect the influence of Egyptian culture in Early Imperial Italy. Comparable artifacts and images from the archaeological sites around Vesuvius, however, indicate that, despite their Egyptian origin, not all censers were likely to have been recognized as such. The horned altars can be linked conceptually to Isiac cults, but, like the other censers, they come from houses without any evidence of veneration of Egyptian deities, as would be attested by Egyptian motifs decorating walls or shrines. Being luxurious cult instruments without a demonstratable connection to cult practices, the censers reveal the versatile, often ambiguous ways in which Egyptian artifacts were perceived and used in Roman society. In doing so, they highlight the complex blend of cultural exchange, domestic and public religion, and Roman interpretation of Egyptian motifs.

The Egyptian Section of the Crema Museum includes a considerable number of clay figurines from the Roman era –complete or fragmentary – which originally belonged to the Collection of Carla Maria Burri and to that of the Lucchi-Campari family. Although the materials are currently under studying for publication, this paper aims to provide a general overview of the most significant categories. Although most of the items can be traced back to types that are known and attested in other collections, some are worthy of particular attention.

The article analyses the paleographic interaction between papyrus and lapidary writing, using the two Bosporan epitaphs as examples. One dates back to the Hellenistic period, probably to the first half of the 3rd century BCE (CIRB 253, Panticapaeum?), while the other dates to the Roman period (Artesian, KL-2102). For the Artesian epitaph, a broad dating of the 1st–2nd centuries CE should be accepted. Both inscriptions feature a mixture of the angular forms typical of monumental lapidary writing and cursive elements, with some letters originating directly from papyrus writing. The penetration of handwritten elements into such a conservative field as lapidary epigraphy can only be explained by the increased use of papyrus on the Bosporus at the end of the 4th century and the beginning of the 3rd century BCE, and during the Early Roman period. In addition, the dating of other inscriptions is being clarified: CBN 1072 (end of the 4th–first half of the 3rd century BCE) and CBN 335 (184/5 or 284/5 BCE).

La collana nasce dal dialogo fra archeologi e storici antichi dell Università di Verona pre ggendosi di spaziare dallo studio più propriamente archeologico dei contesti a quello storico dei testi e in particolare di mettere in luce le interazioni dei testi con i contesti e viceversa dei contesti con i testi. Le linee di ricerca della collana sono dunque molteplici e comprendono tematiche storiche, epigra che, storiogra che, archivistiche, numismatiche assieme a quelle archeologiche, declinate in un ampio spettro di indagine che coinvolge l archeologia dei paesaggi e dell ambiente, l analisi degli spazi e delle architetture urbane, la cultura materiale, le forme e i metodi dell archeologia pubblica, in una ricerca diacronica, sostenuta dalle più innovative tecnologie/metodologie di analisi. Il ne della collana è di dare voce alle ricerche condotte da docenti e giovani ricercatori dell ateneo veronese, in un confronto e dialogo aperto con altri studiosi e gruppi di ricerca. Le opere pubblicate nella collana sono sottoposte a revisione nel formato del doppio anonimato a revisori esterni al Comitato scienti co e alla Direzione. Il progetto In Veronensium mensa. Food and wine in ancient Verona (FaW) è stato realizzato con il contributo di Fondazione Cariverona In copertina Particolare con cesto di utta da un pavimento musivo della Villa dei mosaici di Negrar di Valpolicella (Verona). Archivio Soprintendenza Archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio per le province di Verona, Rovigo e Vicenza

La collana nasce dal dialogo fra archeologi e storici antichi dell Università di Verona pre ggendosi di spaziare dallo studio più propriamente archeologico dei contesti a quello storico dei testi e in particolare di mettere in luce le interazioni dei testi con i contesti e viceversa dei contesti con i testi. Le linee di ricerca della collana sono dunque molteplici e comprendono tematiche storiche, epigra che, storiogra che, archivistiche, numismatiche assieme a quelle archeologiche, declinate in un ampio spettro di indagine che coinvolge l archeologia dei paesaggi e dell ambiente, l analisi degli spazi e delle architetture urbane, la cultura materiale, le forme e i metodi dell archeologia pubblica, in una ricerca diacronica, sostenuta dalle più innovative tecnologie/metodologie di analisi. Il ne della collana è di dare voce alle ricerche condotte da docenti e giovani ricercatori dell ateneo veronese, in un confronto e dialogo aperto con altri studiosi e gruppi di ricerca. Le opere pubblicate nella collana sono sottoposte a revisione nel formato del doppio anonimato a revisori esterni al Comitato scienti co e alla Direzione. Il progetto In Veronensium mensa. Food and wine in ancient Verona (FaW) è stato realizzato con il contributo di Fondazione Cariverona In copertina Particolare con cesto di utta da un pavimento musivo della Villa dei mosaici di Negrar di Valpolicella (Verona). Archivio Soprintendenza Archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio per le province di Verona, Rovigo e Vicenza

Bu kısa makalede konu edilen dokuz adet eserin incelenmesi, ilgili kurum tarafından 18 Eylül 2015 ile 19 Nisan 2022 tarih ve E2380868 ve 180662 sayı ile verilen iki yazılı izin sayesinde gerçekleşmiştir.

This paper focuses on nine fibulae curently housed in the Museum of Lycian Civilisations in Demre (ancient Myra), in southwestern Türkiye. These finds were transferred from Antalya Archaeological Museum to the recently inaugurated museum in Lycia, and none of them comes from documented excavations. They belong to the Iron Age (cat. nos. 1-7) and the Roman period (cat. nos. 8-9). Their significance lies in the fact that fibulae are scarcely attested in scholarly literature for this area.

KEYWORDS: Fibulae, Demre, Antalya, Lycia, south-western Anatolia, Türkiye, Phrygian fibulae, Roman fibulae, museum studies, classical archaeology.

Résumé : Fibules de Lycie (sud-ouest de la Turquie) Cet article se concentre sur neuf fibules trouvées au Musée des civilisations lyciennes de Demre (ancienne Myra) dans le sud-ouest de la Turquie. Ces découvertes ont été transférées du musée archéologique d'Antalya au musée récemment ouvert en Lycie, et aucune d'entre elles ne provient de fouilles documentées. Elles datent de l'âge du fer (cat. n° 1-7) et de la période romaine (cat. n° 8-9). Leur importance réside dans le fait que les fibules sont presque totalement absentes de la littérature scientifique dans ce domaine.

MOTS-CLÉS : Fibules, Demre, Antalya, Lycie, Anatolie sud-ouest, Turquie, fibules phrygiennes, fibules romaines, études muséologiques, archéologie classique.

The number of Roman Republican coins discovered in the PrutNistru area is extremely small, and the recorded items are mostly uncertain as regards the discovery site and conditions. Museums in the Republic of Moldova do not currently have any Roman Republican coins found in the Prut-Nistru interfluve. In this context, the recent discovery in Cajba (Glodeni district) of a Roman denarius issued under L. Plautius Plancus in 47 BC is of a particular value. This article proposes a catalogue of both certain and uncertain Roman Republican items discovered in the Prut-Nistru area, followed by an analysis of coins similar to the coin discovered in Cajba to the north of the Lower Danube, and the XRF analysis confirms the authenticity of the item concerned in the context of the historiographical discussions regarding the large number of Dacian imitations of the Roman Republican denarii. Thus, the coin from Cajba completes the batch of items of Roman origin, called ‘relics’ or ‘anachronistic items’.

Copper-based alloy items of the III century A.D., found in Burial no. 182 of the Late-Scythian Levadki necropolis in the submountain Crimea, have been investigated. The elemental composition of the alloys of archaeological finds was determined, and alloys of artifacts belonging to groups of different origin were analyzed. The investigations were performed by scanning electron microscopy using energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The emphasis of the study was on the dopants for copper.

La priorità nell'occupazione del territorio brachicefali indeuropei frutto d'immigrazione s'una base italica vennero di fuori Barga un'isola brachicefala in valle con fasce liguroidi umbre in cui non si espansero giungendo dall'Appennino Emiliano (Cime di Romecchio) Il nome da *Parta 'i giovani'

The merchantman which perished at the depths of Antikythera Island, in Greece, during the 1st century BCE, is worldwide known for the first documented marine archaeological endeavor which began there during the year 1900, as well as for its significant contribution to the material culture of ancient art objects, and to the understanding of their trade practices in Roman times. Over the last few decades, marine archaeology became a proper academic discipline, with standardized scientific procedures and concrete working practices, which evolved gradually as they were tested in the field on various research programs.
This study is aiming at analyzing the evolution of the methodological approaches conducted during different periods on notable ancient shipwreck sites in the Mediterranean Sea, such as the Mahdia, the Grand Congloué, the Titan, the Spargi, the Cape Gelidonya, the Yassi Ada, and the Madrague de Giens, with the purpose of drawing conclusions that can contribute to the safety and efficiency of future marine archaeological field work. Moreover, the three known instances of documented interventions of archaeological character that took place at the Antikythera shipwreck are reviewed (1900–06, 1976, 2012–22), focusing on the revolutionary advancements in underwater operational techniques and the technological applications, which were applied. Relevant details from other selected well-known ancient shipwreck sites in the Mediterranean Sea, such as the Mahdia, the Grand Congloué, the Titan, the Spargi, the Cape Gelidonya, the Yassi Ada, and the Madrague de Giens, are also examined comparatively.
The study discusses and summarizes the exploitation of submerged cultural resources, and how it was internationally approached since the days the first underwater interventions at Antikythera took place. It examines the dynamic framework of formalities aimed at efficiently protecting those assets, that has been promoted after the end of World War 2 in the format of international conventions and national legislation. It also summarizes guidelines for sustainable research practices set by UNESCO, and attempts to provide insights for improved future submerged cultural resources management practices.

In 2015, first time in the history of excavations in Brigetio, the Department of Classical and Roman Archaeology of Eötvös Loránd University and the Klapka György Museum of Komárom carried out excavations in all three major parts of Brigetio: the civil town, the canabae and the legionary fortress.At the site Szőny-Vásártér, the excavation was concentrated on a Roman cellar with collapsed wooden ceiling and a large pit nearby. Most important results are the complete excavation of the cellar, where a large amount of pottery vessels, a Dressel 20 amphora and a bronze cavalry parade helmet came to light. In the territory of the canabae (Szőny-Dunapart) two horrea and another stone building with uncertain function have been found. At the legionary fortress (Szőny-MOL-Kiskertek), the fieldwork was concentrated on the principia and its surroundings.

Excavations in the 2014 season at the site Brigetio/Szőny-Vásártér were concentrated on unearthing the cellar which had been found in 2012 as well as taking observations in the vicinity of the previously excavatedmetal-workshop nearby. Most important results of the excavations are the complete cleaning and documentation of the cellar with collapsed wooden ceiling, as well as unearthing a large pit in the territory of the metal workshop containing a great amount of metal slags, bronze objects (including the head of a Germanic warrior) and even blue pigment raw material.

The present article deals with the excavations in the canabae of Brigetio preceding the construction of a flood control dam between the modern cities of Komárom and Almásfüzitő. Most important results of the excavation is the discovery of the first Roman bath in Brigetio and a bronze workshop. Since the original construction plans were altered after the discovery of the bath to avoid the destruction of the site, excavations will continue in 2015 with the main objective of unearthing the whole Roman bath and the bronze workshop. Our future plans include the complete excavation and presentation of the site as an archaeological parc, which could be the first of its kind in Brigetio.

This is the text volume of my PhD thesis. It was awarded in 1983 -  the fieldwork was undertaken between 1978 and 1980. There is much I would now disagree with, but much also remains correct. It is based on a study of 16,000 objects from Britian, but aslo a considerable number of objects from the Western Empire. In volume 4 - also downloaded -  3,000 items are illustrated. There are 378 pages of figures and 33 plates.

l Monte Castelon, che raggiunge l'altezza massima di 591 m slm, divide la valle di Fumane da quella di Marano. Nonostante la modestia del rilievo esso spicca nel dolce paesaggio collinare che caratterizza la Valpolicella, dominando dall'alto l'intero fondovalle 1 .

con il compimento del complesso fenomeno della romanizzazione delle popolazioni venete, in gran parte concluso già nella seconda metà del ii secolo a.c. ( 1 ), vengono assimilati modelli culturali e artistici che trovano una loro puntuale espressione anche nell'arte funeraria. tali manifestazioni sono però apprezzabili solo tra la fine del i secolo a.c. e l'inizio del i secolo d.c., quando si diffondono segnacoli e monumenti tipici del mondo romano ( 2 ); tra questi uno dei manufatti più diffusi è costituito senz'altro dalla stele a pseudoedicola ( 3 ), che nel suo aspetto richiama in modo più o meno palese una struttura architettonica. Molto discusso è il problema dell'origine di tale manufatto, che i più cercano nella contaminazione tra il modello greco del naiskos e la semplice lastra con nicchia per ritratti tipica del mondo romano; oggetto di dibattito sono anche le ragioni della sua diffusione nell'italia settentrionale e nel Veneto in particolare: secondo alcuni il tipo viene elaborato altrove e successivamente ( 1 ) M.

Il contributo prende in considerazione, per le regioni dell'Italia settentrionale (Emilia esclusa) gli oggetti in bronzo e piombo figurati di piccole e medie dimensioni rinvenuti -in presumibile funzione religiosa -in luoghi di culto di età romana imperiale, e alcune iscrizioni lapidee votive per le quali è ipotizzabile un collegamento con statuine metalliche, ora perdute. Obiettivo è di delineare le presenze o assenze di bronzetti nei santuari (e talvolta in edifici pubblici di altro genere) e dedurne eventuali indicazioni. L'indagine è quindi limitata a un solo aspetto del rituale e non può condurre di per sé alla conoscenza dei culti derivante dall'integrazione di tutte le fonti; inoltre i dati raccolti sono certo incompleti, per la vastità dell'area considerata e la dispersione della bibliografia. Risultano particolarmente ricchi di informazioni alcuni notevoli complessi di bronzi per i quali sono disponibili accurate pubblicazioni catalogiche. This paper takes into account, for the regions of northern Italy (Aemilia excluded), bronze and lead figural objects of small and medium size, found presumably in places of worship of Roman imperial period, and some stone votive inscriptions perhaps in connection with metal figurines, now lost. The aim is to outline the presence or absence of bronzes in shrines (and in some public but not religious buildings) and deduce possible indications. The investigation is therefore limited to one aspect of the ritual and can not lead by itself to the knowledge of religions arising from the integration of all sources; also the collected data are certainly incomplete, because of the vastness of the considered area and the dispersion of the bibliography. Some remarkable complex of bronzes with accurate catalogues are particularly rich in information. L'indagine 1 considera gli oggetti in bronzo e piombo figurati di piccole e medie dimensioni rinvenuti -in presumibile funzione religiosa -in luoghi di culto di età romana imperiale 2 e alcune iscrizioni lapidee votive per le quali è ipotizzabile un collegamento con statuine metalliche, ora perdute 3 , 1 Questo contributo è dedicato a Patrizia Framarin, da poco scomparsa, cui devo notizie e pubblicazioni fornite con grande gentilezza. Per aver consentito la visione di materiali o inviato informazioni/pubblicazioni, ringrazio

As a part of a larger project on Roman statuettes in Hungary we have also investigated the "restorations" and "improvements", carried out over the past centuries on most of the earlier pieces we have analysed. The statuettes were acquired from excavations, donated by private collectors or possibly bought from other countries and underwent various treatments. An artificial patina, in the form of a black lacquer, was applied to most of the figurines. Our examination showed that it is possible to distinguish the ones employed in the 19th century – or even earlier – from the reddish-brown ones employed in the early 20th century. Interestingly, these treatments show notable similarities to the artificial patinations applied to Roman objects recovered in the same periods discovered at Pompeii and elsewhere in the area. Interventions with electrolysis can also interfere with surface analysis of older museum pieces. Another noteworthy aspect is the range of “improvements”, additions and “repairs” performed on some of the statuettes. In several cases, missing limbs, body parts or attributes were reconstructed by the “restorers” who tried to “improve” the objects by coating them with some kind of artificial patina to homogenize their appearance. This is a relatively common phenomenon that can be observed in most of the collections acquired by larger museums in different ways in the 18th and the 19th centuries.
The primary aim of this paper is to highlight the impact that older “restorations” of various kind can have on surface analyses of the artifacts. This paper presents some case studies from the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest and compares them to artefacts from other Roman sites in Italy.

One of the most valuable sources of Roman medical and cosmetic knowledge are the artefacts discovered at various archaeological sites. However, determining the exact functionality of these objects is challenging, as many tools could have served a dual purpose. Therefore, we can only speculate about their intended use, unless they are found in a clear context. Numerous objects belonging to these categories have been
unearthed in Dacia, but this paper focuses on the 25 artefacts, which originate from the Roman military site of Călugăreni / Mikháza on the eastern limes of Dacia.

In den Jahren 2015 und 2016 wurden im Nordteil des römischen Wels knapp südlich einer antiken Ostweststraße archäologische Grabungen auf dem Sportplatz eines Schulgebäudes, Rainerstraße 5, durchgeführt.1 Dabei wurden im Nordteil Reste von zwei Wohngebäuden mit mindestens zwei Bauphasen freigelegt.2 Die Reste des Objektes 1 im Nordostteil des Grundstücks wiesen mindestens sechs Räume auf, die Grundfläche des Gebäudes betrug mehr als 14 m x 20 m. Die gehobene Ausstattung wurde besonders im Raum SE 20/40 durch Reste einer Fußbodenheizung und Bruchstücke qualitätsvoller Wandmalerei deutlich. Der Ostabschluss dieses Raumes konnte auf Grund der Störung durch einen modernen Kanal nicht nachgewiesen werden. In einer späteren Bauphase wurden zwischen die gemauerten Pfeiler des Hypokaustums die Fundamente einer Nordsüdmauer gesetzt. Beim Abtragen der oberen Erdschichten über dem Raum SE 20/403 -der Fußboden darüber war nicht mehr erhalten -kamen im Ostteil unter anderem die fragmentierte Bronzestatuette eines Jupiter4 und eine Bronzestatuette einer Venus Pudica5 zu Tage. Die Statuetten können keiner bestimmten Bauphase zugeordnet werden. Bis zur detaillierten Auswertung der Befunde und Funde ist nur eine allgemeine Datierung in das 2.-3. Jh. n. Chr. möglich. Die fragmentierte Statuette des Jupiter mit der Inv. Nr. 227.829 ist ein Vollguss mit einer Höhe von 10,5 cm, wobei der zugehörige rechte, stark korrodierte Unterschenkel in unmittelbarer Nähe gefunden wurde. Die Fußsohle des rechten Beines ist mit einem Zapfen versehen, der für die Montage auf einem Sockel vorgesehen war. Ohne Zapfen beträgt die Höhe der Figur 10,1 cm. Die Figur hat eine braungrüne Patina und wies deutliche Korrosionen im Bereich des Gesichtes, der Haare und des Kranzes auf (Abb. 1), ebenso an der rechten Schulter, teilweise am rechten Oberarm sowie an der rechten Hüfte und am rechten Gesäßmuskel (Abb. 2). Die Statuette wurde von Frau

В собрание отдела археологических памятников Исторического музея входит коллекция произведений глиптики  из раскопок Херсонеса Таврического. Часть предметов публикуется впервые. Описанные в работе геммы представляют собой прекрасные образцы камнерезного искусства первых веков нашей эры. Памятники подобного типа не только могут быть основой для датировки, но и отражают вкусовые предпочтения жителей Херсонеса в I в. до н. э. – III в. н. э., а также являются еще одним подтверждением тесных связей античного города с Римской
империей = The collection of the Department of Archaeological Monuments of the Historical Museum includes the works of glyptic art
from the excavations of Tauric Chersonesos. Some items are published for the first time. The paper provides information on the engraved gems, which are excellent examples of stone-cutting art of the first centuries AD. Monuments of this type can not only serve as a basis for dating, but also express personal preferences of the inhabitants of Chersonesos in the 1st century BC – 3rd century AD. They also confirm the existence of the close ties between the ancient city and the Roman Empire.

Répartis dans les collections muséales, les inventaires nationaux et régionaux, les répertoires de sites archéologiques ou les catalogues de vente, les petits bronzes romains à l’effigie de divinités forment un gigantesque corpus dont l’étude est entravée par de nombreux paramètres. En effet, la diversité des formes et des types iconographiques, la distribution du matériel archéologique et le manque de repères chronologiques ne permettent pas de cerner avec précision les contours de la production des figurines de bronze entre le 1er et le 4e siècles de notre ère. Dans ce contexte, l’analyse morphologique fine peut se révéler être féconde pour mettre en série plusieurs statuettes en associant des figurines contextualisées et des objets de collection sans provenance. Cette approche doit impérativement se fonder sur un croisement des répertoires de la petite plastique romaine en bronze – en se détachant des inventaires exclusivement iconographiques – pour tenter d’identifier des « équivalences d’ateliers ». Pour le chercheur, il s’agit alors de « traquer » les analogies formelles dans les lieux privilégiés de l’analyse morphologique, comme les draperies et les détails anatomiques mais aussi dans la forme des couronnes et des attributs tenus par les divinités. Les nouveaux classements des figurines qui résultent de ces analyses peuvent successivement être soumis à une lecture archéologique en exploitant, en premier lieu, les points de repères chronologiques documentés par les données de fouilles. Parallèlement, toute tentative d’attribution d’un objet – ou d’une série d’objets – à une aire géographique donnée doit fondamentalement tenir compte des procédés de fabrication développés par les bronziers : un même modèle pouvait ainsi donner naissance à des représentations différentes, puisque les bras, les couronnes et les autres attributs étaient souvent fondus séparément. Ces procédés ouvrent le « champ des possibles » dans une riche logique combinatoire révélant des choix faits par les commanditaires qu’il nous faut tenter d’interpréter. Les modèles exploités s’inspirent de la statuaire « civile » grand format, elle-même héritée des chefs-d’œuvre de l’art grec. Si l’analyse morphologique permet de reconnaître ces « citations plastiques », quelle(s) signification(s) pouvons-nous leur donner à la lumière des pratiques d’ateliers de bronziers romains ? À partir d’une sélection d’études de cas significatives, notre présentation ambitionne d’investiguer ces questions et de partager quelques réflexions méthodologiques, tout en ouvrant des perspectives de recherche qui pourront dépasser le cadre chronologique de l’enquête.

This paper discusses a total of 21 bone and bronze hairpins from the Roman military site of Călugăreni / Mikháza. Although evidence confirms the presence of bone-working workshops operating at the site, bone and bronze hairpins are represented in nearly equal proportions. Furthermore, eight hairpins were discovered within the fort, which, along with other pieces of jewelry, suggests the presence of women in this military context.

LE PIETRE RACCONTANO... IN VALPOLICELLA Guida ai luoghi del vino e del marmo in epoca romana ringraziamenti In questo mio secondo lavoro desidero esprimere un sincero ringraziamento a: Cierre edizioni che mi ha accordato, anche questa volta, una grande fiducia e la massima libertà di progettazione e di scrittura; Alfredo Buonopane, per i numerosi suggerimenti e l'aiuto dimostratomi sempre con grande disponibilità e generosità; Gianni de Zuccato, per l'entusiasmo contagioso ed i preziosi consigli; il dottor Bernd Steidl, curatore della sezione di epoca romana del Archäologische Staatssammlung di Monaco e il dottor Thomas Maurer, direttore del Museo Archeologico di Passau, per la generosa disponibilità nell'utilizzo del materiale fotografico.

In this paper, 24 unpublished Late Roman lamps discovered during campaigns conducted since the last century in the ´Eastern cliff´ sector of the Argamum fortress will be presented. These lamps are dated betwen the 6 th-7 th c. AD and can be divided into four groups: a) Pontic lamps; b) African type lamps; c) Balkan type lamps; d) Micro-Asiatic type lamps. In the current endeavor, in addition to the data related to typology, previously published information regarding the pottery workshops of Scythia were also taken into account. Furthermore, we discuss about a possible intra-provincial trade network. Rezumat: În cadrul acestei lucrări, vor fi prezentate 24 de opaițe inedite din perioada romană târzie descoperite în campaniile desfășurate încă din secolul trecut în sectorul "Faleză Est" de la Argamum. Aceste lămpi pot fi datate între sec. VI-VII p.Chr. și au fost împărțite în patru grupe: a) lămpi pontice; b) lămpi de tip african; c) lămpi de tip balcanic; d) lămpi de tip microasiatic. În studiul de față, pe lângă datele legate de tipologie, au fost luate în considerare informații publicate anterior cu privire la atelierele de olărit din Scythia. De asemenea, discutăm despre o posibilă rețea comercială intra-provincială.

Falsi reperti archeologici. Non tutto ciò che è in mostra nei musei di archeologia è “oro colato”. Secondo taluni esperti, spesso ci si trova di fronte a dei veri e propri falsi. Soprattutto per quanto riguarda i reperti venuti alla luce ai tempi della “preistoria” dell’archeologia. Cioè a partire da circa un secolo fa e andando all’indietro.

Ha fatto scalpore, alcuni giorni fa, la notizia secondo cui la maschera d’oro di Agamennone sarebbe un falso. Stiamo parlando del celeberrimo reperto venuto alla luce a Micene nel 1876, per opera di Heinrich Schliemann, lo scopritore dell’antica Troia. Ora il reperto è esposto in bella mostra al Museo archeologico di Atene.

In 1946 I. Venedikov published a short report on the discovery of a female Roman statue, found in the vineyard of a person from Byala cherkva, but situated in the land of Pavlikeni. A piece of a lower part of another female statue was found, as well as a limestone sarcophagus and the remains of a building. The latter is interpreted by the same author as a mausoleum. The whole of the two statues was entered in the Antiquity fund of the National Archaeological Museum in 1945 (inv. No 7095) (Fig. 24, Fig. 25).
Although the statue has been a subject of several later publications, its exact findspot and context has remained obscure. Partial exception is a note of B. Sultov who mentioned, in one of his publications from 1977, that the statue was found near the cardboard factory of Pavlikeni. All the available information has provoked the author of the present publication to try to find where the statue was found and what its context is.
Some isolines of a large scale topographic map of the area, called Eski baala (“Old vineyard” from Turkish), resemble a mound elevation (Fig. 29). This data, in combination with shared by Dr. I. Tsarov information on discovered in the early 90es of the 20th c. Roman walls south of the “Haemus” Highway Bypass, were taken as starting point of the search. It occurred that it was successful. The area is a crop field and a recently uprooted poplar wood (Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4). A cut off by the road burial mound and its respective settlement structure was registered, later intensively surveyed by the author (Ill. 1, Ill. 2, Ill. 3, Ill. 4, Ill. 5).
The settlement covers an area of c. 6 ha. Three hectares more cover an area with important finds (Fig. 26, Fig. 27, Fig. 28, Fig. 29). The surface ceramic scatters indicate that its preliminary date is from the third quarter of the 2nd c. up to the middle of the 3rd c. (Fig. 5 – Fig. 17). Some ceramic shards form coarse wares have typological characteristics of vessels from the middle of the 5th c. (Fig. 14.1, Fig. 14.2, Fig. 15.1, Fig. 16.1). It is not sure whether the site existed in that time.
Small finds, as a fragment from a quern stone indicate grain production (Fig. 20, Fig. 22, Fig. 31). A whole bronze bowl with a graffito of a probable military servant from the “century of Decius”(Ill. 4, Fig. 19, Ill. 6, Ill. 7, Fig. 23.1), found at the site during the survey, and the previously discovered statues and possible mausoleum indicate the high status of the inhabitants of the site. The site’s precise identification could not be determined at this stage of research. On the one hand its characteristics are suitable for a Roman villa with the cemeteries of its wealthy owners. On the other – it could be a small village next to a bigger (The ancient settlement in the northwestern part of Pavlikeni).
One hundred and forty meters southeast from the settlement is situated a burial mound with Roman date (Fig. 26 – Fig. 29). It has a diameter 70 х 63 m diameter and 1.5 m height (Fig. 32, Fig. 33). On its top, next to the southwest side of the bypass road, the remains of a submound structure are registered (Fig. 32, Fig. 33). They consist of two walls, built of sandstones, mortar and bricks (Fig. 36 – Fig. 42). One of the walls is oriented southwest – northeast and its width is 0.80 m (Fig. 38, Fig. 39). The other is transverse to the first in eastern direction; it has an orientation northwest – southeast and 0.55 m width (Fig. 40, Fig. 41). The two walls could be part of a tomb, but archaeological excavation could tell more about the exact interpretation. The burial mound is most probably part of the cemeteries of the settlement site.
An interesting feature is visible on a 1946 aerial picture of the Eski baala area. It reminds of a rectangular building in the farm fields (Fig. 26). The georeferencing of the picture locates this structure in the southeastern corner of the yard of the cardboard factory in Pavlikeni (Fig. 27 – Fig. 29). It could be supposed that these remains belong to the Roman mausoleum from which the marble statue originates. If the interpretation is correct, it would mean that the settlement site has more than one cemetery – the mausoleum, the burial mound and probably the place with the discovery of the bronze bowl (Ill. 4, Fig. 27 – Fig. 29).
The newly-registered Roman era site is situated in an area with high concentration of villae and vici (Fig. 42). The closest site is the probable village in the northwestern part of the town of Pavlikeni. Most probably both of them were in a dependent existence. The site had also a simultaneous existence with the manufacturing centre and villa at Varbovski livadi area and the large settlement and manufacturing centre in Butovo.

Este estudio parte del análisis de dos apliques de correaje romanos esmaltados expuestos erróneamente en dos museos españoles. Estos fallos expositivos, no solo provocan la pérdida de gran parte de la información que estas piezas pudieran suministrar, también ofrecen al público que acude a visionarlas una información errónea, que no se merece. Podemos encontrar algunas piezas similares definidas en algunos estudios de metalistería romana como apliques de cinturón y otras veces como adornos de arneses de caballería. Hasta la fecha no se ha encontrado ningún arnés o cinturón con este tipo de piezas y el número de las que han llegado hasta nuestros días, es muy escaso, comparado con otros adornos de correaje romanos. En este estudio nos inclinamos por pensar que formaron parte de la decoración del cinturón, incluido el "balteus" o tahalí que sujetaba la espada.

Comparative evidence is presented in support of a rediscovered crucifix by Michelangelo, brought from Rome to Seville in 1597. Also discussed is the alloy analysis of this crucifix which points to the theorized presence of Michelangelo's original model being retained in the successive workshops of Guglielmo della Porta and Bastiano Torrigiani. Further elaborations are presented on the influence of this model on Propsero Antichi (called il Bresciano) and further confirmation of its contextual origin in the ambit of Michelangelo and Vittoria Colonna is affirmed through a drawing by Lambert Lombard.

Hier im Fokus stehen zwei in Silber seltene Gefäss- formen, die zum speziellen Trinkgeschirr zählen: der gillo (oder gello) und die situla. Beide sind im überliefer- ten Teil des prunkvollen Seuso-Schatzes mit Gefässen vom ausgehenden 4. bis zum zweiten Viertel des 5. Jahr- hunderts enthalten.