Rock Falls

Meios rochosos são descontínuos devido a presença de aspectos físicos como falhas e fraturas. Essas descontinuidades favorecem a compartimentação do maciço, podendo torná-los disponíveis para o movimento. Assim, a eventual queda de blocos pode atingir áreas habitadas ou equipamentos de infra-estrutura urbana, provocando desastres com perdas econômicas e sociais. Nas análises e estudos de risco relativos aos processos de quedas e rolamentos de blocos é necessário que se faça a previsão do alcance dos mesmos para que se possa avaliar a área e os objetos atingidos, de forma a quantificar os danos. Dentre os parâmetros envolvidos na análise de problemas dessa natureza, o coeficiente de restituição (e), que é a energia cinética dissipada em sucessivos impactos, é o mais difícil de se obter, pois uma das maneiras de obtê-lo é executando lançamentos "in situ" que só podem ser realizados em locais onde não haja risco à população e estruturas urbanas, fazendo necessário a utilizaçã...

The rockfall barriers can absorb extremely high energy levels. Unfortunately, their cost and installation difficulties rise according to the energy level, so that barriers fit to withstand more than 3,5 - 5,0 MJ impacts could be very expansive. In case of high energy level, the embankments are the real cost effective alternative to the rockfall barriers: in matter of facts they resist to multiple impacts with very small downslope deformation, they are environmental friend, and last but not least, their maintenance cost is negligible. That is why in the last years many advancing have been done in order to improve their performance, aesthetic and designing aspects. Concerning the designing, a large effort has been developed by Officine Maccaferri S.p.A. in cooperation with the Polytechnic of Turin, with the aim to develop a reliable and simple design approach. The result, carried out on the base of previous studies, FEM analyses and case histories, allows the embankment sizing conside...

Terremotos são movimentos bruscos e de curta duração da superfície terrestrecaracterizados pela liberação de grande energia. A natureza dos fenômenos relacionados aossismos é complexa e ainda pouco compreendida. Entretanto, muitos aspectos de interesse domecanismo de origem da excitação sísmica podem ser explicados a partir de um movimentoinstável, denominado movimento de aderência-deslizamento. Este tipo de movimento éatualmente considerado como o mais provável mecanismo de origem dos sismos superficiais.Neste trabalho, emprega-se o Método dos Elementos Discretos na modelagem numéricabidimensional do movimento de aderência-deslizamento de um bloco prismático apoiado sobreuma superfície rígida. A superfície de falha é modelada pela lei de atrito de Coulomb.Partindo-se de estudo prévio conduzido por Doz, procura-se um aperfeiçoamento do modelopela consideração da heterogeneidade do meio. Propriedades aleatórias são consideradas pararepresentar a heterogeneidade do material. Os result...

The Vie Cave are a suggestive network of roads deeply entrenched in the rock, dating back to the Etruscan civilization; these ancient roads connect various settlements and necropolises existing mainly in the area of Sovana, Sorano and Pitigliano towns (Southern Tuscany, Italy). The Vie Cave are located in a peculiar geomorphological site, characterized by the presence of extensive pyroclastic deposits, which have been incised by a parallel network of deep gorges. In this paper, the geomorphological, geological and lithological setting of the Vie Cave area, where several Etruscan archaeological sites are found, are described. The precarious stability of the Vie Cave walls and the several archaeological structures carved into them, the high grade of decay shown by the constituent materials, together with the dense vegetation that has developed over the rocky scarps, are taken into account with the aim to provide a complete assessment of the conditions in which the site lies. Finally, we propose some targeted actions related to the preservation of this territory, showing so distinctive morphology, in order to protect the area from further decay to which it would be subjected if it remained abandoned.

The Vie Cave are a suggestive network of roads deeply entrenched in the rock, dating back to the Etruscan civilization; these ancient roads connect various settlements and necropolises existing mainly in the area of Sovana, Sorano and Pitigliano towns (Southern Tuscany, Italy). The Vie Cave are located in a peculiar geomorphological site, characterized by the presence of extensive pyroclastic deposits, which have been incised by a parallel network of deep gorges. In this paper, the geomorphological, geological and lithological setting of the Vie Cave area, where several Etruscan archaeological sites are found, are described. The precarious stability of the Vie Cave walls and the several archaeological structures carved into them, the high grade of decay shown by the constituent materials, together with the dense vegetation that has developed over the rocky scarps, are taken into account with the aim to provide a complete assessment of the conditions in which the site lies. Finally, we propose some targeted actions related to the preservation of this territory, showing so distinctive morphology, in order to protect the area from further decay to which it would be subjected if it remained abandoned.

RESUMO-São apresentados alguns resultados de simulações de quedas de blocos em quatro seções rodoviárias, obtidas através das informações coletadas durante o projeto e execução do Lote 2 da rodovia RS471/BR153, localizada no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (sul do Brasil). Definiram-se quatro condições de seção transversal para cada local, além de cinco elementos de proteção, e foram feitas combinações entre eles visando obter o melhor nível de desempenho sob cada condição, estabelecendo como parâmetro de comparação a frequência de invasão de blocos dentro da área de operação veicular. As simulações foram feitas com o programa RocFall, definindo o coeficiente de restituição normal (R N) para os materiais dos taludes mediante uma correlação entre este parâmetro e as leituras obtidas com o martelo Schmidt. A forte rugosidade superficial dos taludes motivou uma análise de sensibilidade considerando três condições e diferentes valores de R N visando obter a condição que melhor representasse a realidade. SYNOPSIS-Some results are presented of simulations of rockfalls in four road sections, obtained through the information gathered during the design and construction of the Section 2 of RS471/BR153 highway, located in Rio Grande do Sul State (southern Brazil). Four conditions of cross section for each location were defined, as well as five elements of protection, and combinations between them were made to obtain the best level of performance under each condition, establishing as control parameter the rate of invasion of blocks within the vehicle operating area. The simulations were done with the software RocFall by setting the coefficient of normal restitution (R N) for the material of the slopes by means of a correlation between this parameter and the reading obtained with the Schmidt hammer. The strong surface roughness of slopes motivated a sensitivity analysis considering three conditions and different R N values to obtain the condition that could represent the reality in the best manner. PALAVRAS CHAVE-Quedas de rochas, martelo Schmidt, coeficientes de restituição, elementos de proteção contra quedas de rochas.

Primeiramente, quero me desculpar com as pessoas que, mesmo sendo importantes para o desenvolvimento deste presente trabalho, não foram incluídas neste modesto reconhecimento. Tomara possa expressar a cada uma delas a minha gratidão. À República Federativa do Brasil, representada neste caso pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil, pela ótima oportunidade de estudo, e ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq pelo fornecimento da bolsa de estudos que fez possível que eu e a minha esposa conseguíssemos morar no Brasil ao longo destes pouco mais de dois anos. Dentro da UFRGS, agradeço ao corpo docente, discente e administrativo do PPGEC pela sincera amizade e ensinamentos. Gostaria de enfatizar os agradecimentos ao Professor Luiz Antônio Bressani, pela oportunidade de ter sido seu orientando ao longo deste processo. À coautora deste Mestrado, minha esposa Adriana, pela bela experiência de vida ao longo dos últimos cinco anos, e os que vêm pela frente. À minha mãe, que tem batalhado durante toda a nossa vida para nos garantir uma vida feliz e digna. Ao meu pai, que mesmo não tendo conseguido chegar com vida até hoje, é uma das minhas principais fontes de admiração e respeito. Ao meu irmão e irmã, que sempre estão para mim, ainda que às vezes eu não consiga estar para eles. À minha família toda, em Pereira, Popayán e nos diferentes pontos onde cada um habita, pela força, ajuda e ensinamentos ao longo de todos estes anos. Aos amigos na Colômbia e no Brasil, os que ainda estão e os que se encontram fora, que, mesmo espalhados em diferentes latitudes, seguem me trazendo sorrisos e ensinamentos todos os dias. Um agradecimento especial aos membros da Cátedra Javier Cuadros, a minha família não sanguínea. Finalmente, quero agradecer ao povo do Brasil por ter nos acolhido com carinho durante estes pouco mais de dois anos de estar aqui. Porque, mesmo com as nossas diferenças culturais, nunca deixamos de nos sentir dentro da Nossa América.

The Vie Cave are a suggestive network of roads deeply entrenched in the rock, dating back to the Etruscan civilization; these ancient roads connect various settlements and necropolises existing mainly in the area of Sovana, Sorano and Pitigliano towns (Southern Tuscany, Italy). The Vie Cave are located in a peculiar geomorphological site, characterized by the presence of extensive pyroclastic deposits, which have been incised by a parallel network of deep gorges. In this paper, the geomorphological, geological and lithological setting of the Vie Cave area, where several Etruscan archaeological sites are found, are described. The precarious stability of the Vie Cave walls and the several archaeological structures carved into them, the high grade of decay shown by the constituent materials, together with the dense vegetation that has developed over the rocky scarps, are taken into account with the aim to provide a complete assessment of the conditions in which the site lies. Finally, we propose some targeted actions related to the preservation of this territory, showing so distinctive morphology, in order to protect the area from further decay to which it would be subjected if it remained abandoned.

Resumen Este artículo presenta un resumen de las observaciones realizadas durante un reconocimiento de los efectos geotécnicos del sismo de Pisco ocurrido el 15 de agosto del 2007 en la zona central de la costa del Perú. Este sismo de magnitud (Mw) 8.0 causó daños importantes a obras de ingeniería civil en una amplia zona que incluye las ciudades de Ica, Pisco, Cañete y Chincha. Desde una perspectiva geotécnica, los aspectos más relevantes de este sismo son la gran extensión de licuación de suelo observada en la zona ...

The Vie Cave are a suggestive network of roads deeply entrenched in the rock, dating back to the Etruscan civilization; these ancient roads connect various settlements and necropolises existing mainly in the area of Sovana, Sorano and Pitigliano towns (Southern Tuscany, Italy). The Vie Cave are located in a peculiar geomorphological site, characterized by the presence of extensive pyroclastic deposits, which have been incised by a parallel network of deep gorges. In this paper, the geomorphological, geological and lithological setting of the Vie Cave area, where several Etruscan archaeological sites are found, are described. The precarious stability of the Vie Cave walls and the several archaeological structures carved into them, the high grade of decay shown by the constituent materials, together with the dense vegetation that has developed over the rocky scarps, are taken into account with the aim to provide a complete assessment of the conditions in which the site lies. Finally, we propose some targeted actions related to the preservation of this territory, showing so distinctive morphology, in order to protect the area from further decay to which it would be subjected if it remained abandoned.

Resumen Este artículo presenta un resumen de las observaciones realizadas durante un reconocimiento de los efectos geotécnicos del sismo de Pisco ocurrido el 15 de agosto del 2007 en la zona central de la costa del Perú. Este sismo de magnitud (Mw) 8.0 causó daños importantes a obras de ingeniería civil en una amplia zona que incluye las ciudades de Ica, Pisco, Cañete y Chincha. Desde una perspectiva geotécnica, los aspectos más relevantes de este sismo son la gran extensión de licuación de suelo observada en la zona ...

Determining the trajectory of a block that falls down on a slope is not straightforward due to the high number of variables involved. Because of this, the appropriate understanding of how these variables may affect the trajectories is required. In this work, we estimate some magnitudes that affect the trajectories of the blocks such as the coefficient of restitution and the energy thresholds for fragmentation of the blocks among others. We have chosen the controlled scenario of a quarry in which targets and high speed video cameras were arranged to capture images of the blocks falling from the top of a slope. The position of the blocks over time has been measured from video frames applying photogrammetric methods. From here, the velocities and the accelerations have been determined, and with the estimated mass of each block, we have calculated the energy balance.http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIGeo2017.2017.6617

Unit of Area Genetics (SGW) as one of the methods in considering geological aspects for geologicarea-based development. The geological condition as part of the natural movement in a particularcondition makes it possible to predict its effect on the movement of an area in particular with regard tonatural disasters. Pangalengan who has a million beautiful natural charm, especially from the point ofpan-dang geology need it to be studied based on geological data. The charm is the presence of activevolcanoes in the region such as Mount Malabar, Mount Wayang, Mount Windu and others. In addition,the morphology of Pangalengan is relatively well represented in the highlands, hills and mountainareas as part of Java's tectonic activity. Another evidence of such activity is the existence of fault linesin the Pan-galengan mountains of Southeast-Northwest. Pangalengan who has a million beautifulnatural charm, especially from the point of pan-dang geology need it to be studied based on geologi...

The Vie Cave are a suggestive network of roads deeply entrenched in the rock, dating back to the Etruscan civilization; these ancient roads connect various settlements and necropolises existing mainly in the area of Sovana, Sorano and Pitigliano towns (Southern Tuscany, Italy). The Vie Cave are located in a peculiar geomorphological site, characterized by the presence of extensive pyroclastic deposits, which have been incised by a parallel network of deep gorges. In this paper, the geomorphological, geological and lithological setting of the Vie Cave area, where several Etruscan archaeological sites are found, are described. The precarious stability of the Vie Cave walls and the several archaeological structures carved into them, the high grade of decay shown by the constituent materials, together with the dense vegetation that has developed over the rocky scarps, are taken into account with the aim to provide a complete assessment of the conditions in which the site lies. Finally, we propose some targeted actions related to the preservation of this territory, showing so distinctive morphology, in order to protect the area from further decay to which it would be subjected if it remained abandoned.

The Vie Cave are a suggestive network of roads deeply entrenched in the rock, dating back to the Etruscan civilization; these ancient roads connect various settlements and necropolises existing mainly in the area of Sovana, Sorano and Pitigliano towns (Southern Tuscany, Italy). The Vie Cave are located in a peculiar geomorphological site, characterized by the presence of extensive pyroclastic deposits, which have been incised by a parallel network of deep gorges. In this paper, the geomorphological, geological and lithological setting of the Vie Cave area, where several Etruscan archaeological sites are found, are described. The precarious stability of the Vie Cave walls and the several archaeological structures carved into them, the high grade of decay shown by the constituent materials, together with the dense vegetation that has developed over the rocky scarps, are taken into account with the aim to provide a complete assessment of the conditions in which the site lies. Finally, we propose some targeted actions related to the preservation of this territory, showing so distinctive morphology, in order to protect the area from further decay to which it would be subjected if it remained abandoned.

Primeiramente, quero me desculpar com as pessoas que, mesmo sendo importantes para o desenvolvimento deste presente trabalho, não foram incluídas neste modesto reconhecimento. Tomara possa expressar a cada uma delas a minha gratidão. À República Federativa do Brasil, representada neste caso pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil, pela ótima oportunidade de estudo, e ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq pelo fornecimento da bolsa de estudos que fez possível que eu e a minha esposa conseguíssemos morar no Brasil ao longo destes pouco mais de dois anos. Dentro da UFRGS, agradeço ao corpo docente, discente e administrativo do PPGEC pela sincera amizade e ensinamentos. Gostaria de enfatizar os agradecimentos ao Professor Luiz Antônio Bressani, pela oportunidade de ter sido seu orientando ao longo deste processo. À coautora deste Mestrado, minha esposa Adriana, pela bela experiência de vida ao longo dos últimos cinco anos, e os que vêm pela frente. À minha mãe, que tem batalhado durante toda a nossa vida para nos garantir uma vida feliz e digna. Ao meu pai, que mesmo não tendo conseguido chegar com vida até hoje, é uma das minhas principais fontes de admiração e respeito. Ao meu irmão e irmã, que sempre estão para mim, ainda que às vezes eu não consiga estar para eles. À minha família toda, em Pereira, Popayán e nos diferentes pontos onde cada um habita, pela força, ajuda e ensinamentos ao longo de todos estes anos. Aos amigos na Colômbia e no Brasil, os que ainda estão e os que se encontram fora, que, mesmo espalhados em diferentes latitudes, seguem me trazendo sorrisos e ensinamentos todos os dias. Um agradecimento especial aos membros da Cátedra Javier Cuadros, a minha família não sanguínea. Finalmente, quero agradecer ao povo do Brasil por ter nos acolhido com carinho durante estes pouco mais de dois anos de estar aqui. Porque, mesmo com as nossas diferenças culturais, nunca deixamos de nos sentir dentro da Nossa América.

Resumen Este artículo presenta un resumen de las observaciones realizadas durante un reconocimiento de los efectos geotécnicos del sismo de Pisco ocurrido el 15 de agosto del 2007 en la zona central de la costa del Perú. Este sismo de magnitud (Mw) 8.0 causó daños importantes a obras de ingeniería civil en una amplia zona que incluye las ciudades de Ica, Pisco, Cañete y Chincha. Desde una perspectiva geotécnica, los aspectos más relevantes de este sismo son la gran extensión de licuación de suelo observada en la zona ...

Dedico este trabalho à minha avó Dulce Pereira de Araújo Marinho, in memorian, um dos pilares da minha vida e formação, aos meus pais, irmãos e tias e a minha namorada Ama Tonantzin. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço primeiramente a Deus, que nos concede a fé e a força necessária para a superação dos obstáculos e por ter me guiado em todos os momentos da minha vida. À minha orientadora a professora Drª. Ana Lúcia Homce de Cresce El Debs e ao meu co-orientador: professor Dr. Vladimir Guilherme Haach, sem os quais não poderia ter concluído esse trabalho. Ao CNPq e à CAPES pela concessão da bolsa dessa pesquisa e à FAPESP pelo auxílio do suporte computacional Aos meus amigos Victor Manuel Henriquez, a Ivone Passos Ferreira, ao Gabriel Rocha, às Marcelas, às irmãs Orienta e Indara e ao Rafael Moraes pela valiosa contribuição nesse trabalho. À Universidade Federal da Paraíba e em especial ao professor Dr. Ângelo Vieira Mendonça, que me iniciou na pesquisa científica e no mundo acadêmico. À The University of Texas at San Antonio, em especial ao professor Ph.D. Jose Weissmann e ao professor Ph.D. Arturo Montoya pelo suporte nessa pesquisa e aos colegas

Resumen Este artículo presenta un resumen de las observaciones realizadas durante un reconocimiento de los efectos geotécnicos del sismo de Pisco ocurrido el 15 de agosto del 2007 en la zona central de la costa del Perú. Este sismo de magnitud (Mw) 8.0 causó daños importantes a obras de ingeniería civil en una amplia zona que incluye las ciudades de Ica, Pisco, Cañete y Chincha. Desde una perspectiva geotécnica, los aspectos más relevantes de este sismo son la gran extensión de licuación de suelo observada en la zona ...

A system for the quantification of the failure hazard of rock cuttings structured in the form of rating tables is proposed. Rock cuttings are classified according to their failure hazard taking into account both their drained condition and the influence that climatic conditions have on stability; the latter being the most common landslide-triggering factor. The system deals with seven types of failure including slides, topples and falls. Where possible and convenient, parameters are amalgamated using wellestablished expressions of safety factor increasing the objectivity of the system. In addition to triggering mechanisms, site-specific parameters related to the mean and critical precipitation height, as well as the potential for the development of adverse, water-related conditions are taken into account to arrive at a Hazard Index value. Keywords Rock mass rating Á Rock falls Á RMR Á SMR Á Rock cutting failure Á Quantitative risk assessment Résumé Un système sur la quantification du risque d'échec des déblais rocheux structuré sous la forme des tableaux d'évaluation est proposé. Les déblais rocheux sont classifiés selon leur risque d'échec prenant en compte leur condition asséchée et l'influence des conditions climatiques sur la stabilité; le dernier facteur déclenchement des glissements de terrain est le plus commun. Le système traite avec sept types d'échec, glissements, renversements et éboulements rocheux sont compris. Lorsque cela est possible et pratique, les paramètres sont fusionnés en utilisant des expressions du facteur de sécurité connues, qui accroissent l'objectivité du système. En outre des mécanismes de déclenchement, les paramètres relatifs à la moyenne et à la hauteur critique de la précipitation du site spécifique, ainsi que la possibilité du développement des conditions négatives et relatives à l'eau, sont prises en considération pour arriver au Valeur du Risque. Mots clés Classification du massif rocheux Á Eboulements rocheux Á RMR, SMR, Echec des déblais rocheux Á Evaluation quantitative de risque L. Pantelidis (&) Civil Engineering,

Weathering is a natural process due to the work of exogenous forces both physically and chemically which results in the breakdown of rocks and constituent minerals into loose materials. Weathering can cause compact and resistant granite to move easily, causing rock fall in the Leato area, Gorontalo City. This study aims to assess the level of weathering of granite based on X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis (SEM) analysis. The research objectives will be achieved using two methods consisting of field surveys and laboratory analysis in the form of XRD and SEM analysis. Based on the results and discussion that granite rocks have undergone weathering. Evidence of weathering is clearly shown in SEM photos, namely weathering occurs at the edges of granite rocks.

Following the 2010/2011 earthquake sequence numerous properties in the Port Hills of Christchurch were red-zoned because of the assessed elevated risk to residents from rockfall. Arup have completed detailed geoseismic risk assessments of the outcrops on the slope above numerous properties to assess the risk of loss of life and property damage. Following this, the construction of reinforced earth rockfall protection embankments was considered to be the most suitable option to reduce the risk to an acceptable level at several sites. This paper includes a review of the recommendations in current academic literature, the embankment design process and construction considerations for rockfall protection embankments at sites currently under construction. The paper will discuss sensitivities with fill material and geometry of embankments. This type of rockfall protection structure could be adopted in Victoria as a cost effective method to reduce the risk of rockfall to infrastructure and property.

Primeiramente, quero me desculpar com as pessoas que, mesmo sendo importantes para o desenvolvimento deste presente trabalho, não foram incluídas neste modesto reconhecimento. Tomara possa expressar a cada uma delas a minha gratidão. À República Federativa do Brasil, representada neste caso pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e o Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil, pela ótima oportunidade de estudo, e ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq pelo fornecimento da bolsa de estudos que fez possível que eu e a minha esposa conseguíssemos morar no Brasil ao longo destes pouco mais de dois anos. Dentro da UFRGS, agradeço ao corpo docente, discente e administrativo do PPGEC pela sincera amizade e ensinamentos. Gostaria de enfatizar os agradecimentos ao Professor Luiz Antônio Bressani, pela oportunidade de ter sido seu orientando ao longo deste processo. À coautora deste Mestrado, minha esposa Adriana, pela bela experiência de vida ao longo dos últimos cinco anos, e os que vêm pela frente. À minha mãe, que tem batalhado durante toda a nossa vida para nos garantir uma vida feliz e digna. Ao meu pai, que mesmo não tendo conseguido chegar com vida até hoje, é uma das minhas principais fontes de admiração e respeito. Ao meu irmão e irmã, que sempre estão para mim, ainda que às vezes eu não consiga estar para eles. À minha família toda, em Pereira, Popayán e nos diferentes pontos onde cada um habita, pela força, ajuda e ensinamentos ao longo de todos estes anos. Aos amigos na Colômbia e no Brasil, os que ainda estão e os que se encontram fora, que, mesmo espalhados em diferentes latitudes, seguem me trazendo sorrisos e ensinamentos todos os dias. Um agradecimento especial aos membros da Cátedra Javier Cuadros, a minha família não sanguínea. Finalmente, quero agradecer ao povo do Brasil por ter nos acolhido com carinho durante estes pouco mais de dois anos de estar aqui. Porque, mesmo com as nossas diferenças culturais, nunca deixamos de nos sentir dentro da Nossa América.

Cost estimates for projects in Mexico today are very important because these are of great influence on the viability for the initiation, continuation and / or completion of any project, unfortunately at present there is no with lots of information for the preparation of cost estimates applied in Mexico. This thesis has the methodology for developing cost estimates Lump Sum and Unit Price, which are the most commonly used in our country, the development of this methodology is based primarily on experience gained through the development of the estimated cost for the oil industry and builds its bases primarily on information gathered by "Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering" (AACE International), which since 1956 has been the vanguard of the professional society for cost estimators, the cost engineers, managers, programmers and project control specialists. With over 7.000 Members worldwide, AACE International is the largest ® organization serving the Entire spe...

The Tomba dei Demoni Alati is located in the Etruscan necropolis of Sovana (Grosseto, Southern Tuscany, Italy). At the end of the 1990s, excavation revealed remains of this aedicule tomb, carved into red tuff; in 2004, further excavation highlighted new important figurative elements. The Etruscans used different methods to decorate the rock surfaces of the tomb, which were particularly difficult to paint. For this reason, the porous and irregular surface of the tuff was modelled and coated with specific materials. The aim of this work was to study the materials and manufacturing techniques of the preparatory layers applied onto the rock surface in the Tomba dei Demoni Alati. Minero-petrographic, chemical, and micro-chemical characterization of the layers was carried out. The obtained results suggest that different methods were used to prepare the tomb surfaces to be painted. In particular, in the niche of the tomb, two preparatory layers were found: a Ca-based plaster covers the roc...

The Vie Cave are a suggestive network of roads deeply entrenched in the rock, dating back to the Etruscan civilization; these ancient roads connect various settlements and necropolises existing mainly in the area of Sovana, Sorano and Pitigliano towns (Southern Tuscany, Italy). The Vie Cave are located in a peculiar geomorphological site, characterized by the presence of extensive pyroclastic deposits, which have been incised by a parallel network of deep gorges. In this paper, the geomorphological, geological and lithological setting of the Vie Cave area, where several Etruscan archaeological sites are found, are described. The precarious stability of the Vie Cave walls and the several archaeological structures carved into them, the high grade of decay shown by the constituent materials, together with the dense vegetation that has developed over the rocky scarps, are taken into account with the aim to provide a complete assessment of the conditions in which the site lies. Finally, we propose some targeted actions related to the preservation of this territory, showing so distinctive morphology, in order to protect the area from further decay to which it would be subjected if it remained abandoned.

En las costas ecuatorianas, son frecuentes los deslizamientos que se presentan en acantilados que corresponden a una inestabilidad mantenida por las características mecánicas de suelos y rocas en la que se presentan discontinuidades, planos de falla que son activadas por las precipitaciones o erosión costera; por este motivo esta investigación estuvo enfocada en identificar los diferentes tipos de deslizamientos que se encuentran en las zonas de acantilados costeros de Ancón y Anconcito en la provincia de Santa Elena, este estudio se llevó a cabo mediante vuelos fotogramétricos con tecnología UAV, realizado por tres vuelos en la zona de estudio. Se encontró que el sector de estudio corresponde a una costa rocosa de tipo inclinada, en donde se hallaron deslizamientos de masas (suelos) y deslizamientos de rocas, tales como: rotacionales, flujos de tierra, cárcavas de erosión, caída de bloques, socavamientos, roturas planares y roturas en cuña. Los resultados identificados en las zonas estudiadas resaltan la importancia en conocer cuan susceptibles son a diferentes tipos de movimientos debido a la alta erosión costera por incidencia del oleaje y otros factores, por otro lado, se debe realizar investigaciones que denoten cuanto es el retroceso costero (m/año) producido por deslizamientos en estas zonas.

RESUMENLa caida de bloques de roca sobre infraestructuras y zonas urbanizadas causa elevados danos y alguna victima cada ano en nuestro pais. Los modelos de propagacion existentes no tienen en cuenta la fragmentacion durante la caida, hecho que influye significativamente en las trayectorias, numero de fragmentos y alcance y energia de los mismos. En este articulo presentamos los resultados de tres ensayos a escala real, enfocados a la caracterizacion de la fragmentacion, llevados a cabo con tres litologias distintas. Los resultados de los ensayos han sido usados para construir y calibrar modelos de propagacion que incluyen la fragmentacion. En los ensayos se han lanzado un total de 100 bloques entre 0,2 y 4,8 m3 desde alturas entre 16 y 27,5 m. Antes de los lanzamientos, los bloques fueron caracterizados geometricamente (fotogrametria masiva envolvente) y geomecanicamente (esclerometro Schmidt L). Las trayectorias se han seguido mediante 3 camaras de alta velocidad. Tambien se han t...

Determining the trajectory of a block that falls down on a slope is not straightforward due to the high number of variables involved. Because of this, the appropriate understanding of how these variables may affect the trajectories is required. In this work, we estimate some magnitudes that affect the trajectories of the blocks such as the coefficient of restitution and the energy thresholds for fragmentation of the blocks among others. We have chosen the controlled scenario of a quarry in which targets and high speed video cameras were arranged to capture images of the blocks falling from the top of a slope. The position of the blocks over time has been measured from video frames applying photogrammetric methods. From here, the velocities and the accelerations have been determined, and with the estimated mass of each block, we have calculated the energy balance.http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIGeo2017.2017.6617

In recent years, rock fall phenomena in Italy have received considerable attention for risk mitigation through in situ observations and experimental data. This paper reports the study conducted at Camaldoli Hill, in the urban area of Naples, and at Monte Pellegrino, Palermo, Italy. The rocks involved are volcanic Neapolitan yellow tuff (NYT) in the former area and dolomitic limestone in the latter. Both rocks, even though with different strength characteristics, have shown a significant tendency towards rock fragmentation during run out. This behavior was first investigated by comparing the volumes of removable blocks on the cliff faces (V 0) and fallen blocks on the slopes (V f). It was assumed that the ratio V f /V 0 decreases with the distance (x f) from the detachment area by an empirical law, which depends on a coefficient a, correlated with the geotechnical properties of the materials involved in the rock fall. Finally, this law was validated by observation of welldocumented natural rock falls (Palermo) and by in situ full-scale tests (Naples). From the engineering perspective, consideration of fragmentation processes in rock fall modeling provides a means for designing low-cost mitigation measures.

Se estudian procesos de remoción en masa (PRM) detonados por el megaterremoto 8.8Mw del 27F 2010, en el litoral de Concepción, Región del Biobío, Chile. Se analiza la morfometría y se explican los factores de peligrosidad de 22 eventos. Los tipos de PRM identifi cados fueron: desprendimiento de roca y suelo, deslizamiento de roca, deslizamiento de suelo, extensión lateral de suelos y remoción en masa mixto. Se revela el fuerte peso de los factores locales como condicionantes de los PRM: pendientes topográfi cas, manejo de taludes, grado de saturación del suelo, características litológicas y tectónicas. Se concluye que la densidad de los PRM se incrementa hacia el epicentro, pero el número y tamaño de estos no es comparable con la magnitud del sismo; este aspecto estaría relacionado con las características del relieve y con la baja humedad del suelo, dado que el sismo ocurrió en verano (estación seca del clima mediterráneo).

Se estudian procesos de remoción en masa (PRM) detonados por el megaterremoto 8.8Mw del 27F 2010, en el litoral de Concepción, Región del Biobío, Chile. Se analiza la morfometría y se explican los factores de peligrosidad de 22 eventos. Los tipos de PRM identifi cados fueron: desprendimiento de roca y suelo, deslizamiento de roca, deslizamiento de suelo, extensión lateral de suelos y remoción en masa mixto. Se revela el fuerte peso de los factores locales como condicionantes de los PRM: pendientes topográfi cas, manejo de taludes, grado de saturación del suelo, características litológicas y tectónicas. Se concluye que la densidad de los PRM se incrementa hacia el epicentro, pero el número y tamaño de estos no es comparable con la magnitud del sismo; este aspecto estaría relacionado con las características del relieve y con la baja humedad del suelo, dado que el sismo ocurrió en verano (estación seca del clima mediterráneo).

The Vie Cave are a suggestive network of roads deeply entrenched in the rock, dating back to the Etruscan civilization; these ancient roads connect various settlements and necropolises existing mainly in the area of Sovana, Sorano and Pitigliano towns (Southern Tuscany, Italy). The Vie Cave are located in a peculiar geomorphological site, characterized by the presence of extensive pyroclastic deposits, which have been incised by a parallel network of deep gorges. In this paper, the geomorphological, geological and lithological setting of the Vie Cave area, where several Etruscan archaeological sites are found, are described. The precarious stability of the Vie Cave walls and the several archaeological structures carved into them, the high grade of decay shown by the constituent materials, together with the dense vegetation that has developed over the rocky scarps, are taken into account with the aim to provide a complete assessment of the conditions in which the site lies. Finally, we propose some targeted actions related to the preservation of this territory, showing so distinctive morphology, in order to protect the area from further decay to which it would be subjected if it remained abandoned.

Se estudian procesos de remoción en masa (PRM) detonados por el megaterremoto 8.8Mw del 27F 2010, en el litoral de Concepción, Región del Biobío, Chile. Se analiza la morfometría y se explican los factores de peligrosidad de 22 eventos. Los tipos de PRM identifi cados fueron: desprendimiento de roca y suelo, deslizamiento de roca, deslizamiento de suelo, extensión lateral de suelos y remoción en masa mixto. Se revela el fuerte peso de los factores locales como condicionantes de los PRM: pendientes topográfi cas, manejo de taludes, grado de saturación del suelo, características litológicas y tectónicas. Se concluye que la densidad de los PRM se incrementa hacia el epicentro, pero el número y tamaño de estos no es comparable con la magnitud del sismo; este aspecto estaría relacionado con las características del relieve y con la baja humedad del suelo, dado que el sismo ocurrió en verano (estación seca del clima mediterráneo).

A methodology for the experimental investigation of rockfall in three-dimensional space is presented in this paper, aiming to assist on-going research of the complexity of a block's response to impact during a rockfall. An extended laboratory investigation was conducted, consisting of 590 tests with cubical and spherical blocks made of an artificial material. The effects of shape, slope angle and the deviation of the post-impact trajectory are examined as a function of the pre-impact trajectory direction. Additionally, an empirical model is proposed that estimates the deviation of the post-impact trajectory as a function of the pre-impact trajectory with respect to the slope surface and the slope angle. This empirical model is validated by 192 small-scale field tests, which are also presented in this paper. Some important aspects of the three-dimensional nature of rockfall phenomena are highlighted that have been hitherto neglected. The 3D space data provided in this study are suitable for the calibration and verification of rockfall analysis software that has become increasingly popular in design practice.

Математическое моделирование и оценка рисков камнепадов в программном комплексе RocFall для разработки мероприятий по инженерной защите Ф о м е н к о И. К. , Го р о б ц о в Д. Н. , Н о в г о р о д о в а М. А. , С и р о т к и н а О. Н. Р Г Г Р У и м е н и С е р г о О р д ж о н и к и д з е (М Г Р И) М Г У и м е н и М. В. Л о м о н о с о в а ООО « С о в р е м е н н ы е и з ы с к а т е л ь с к и е т е х н о л о г и и » М о с к в а 2 0 2 2 г .

Unit of Area Genetics (SGW) as one of the methods in considering geological aspects for geologicarea-based development. The geological condition as part of the natural movement in a particularcondition makes it possible to predict its effect on the movement of an area in particular with regard tonatural disasters. Pangalengan who has a million beautiful natural charm, especially from the point ofpan-dang geology need it to be studied based on geological data. The charm is the presence of activevolcanoes in the region such as Mount Malabar, Mount Wayang, Mount Windu and others. In addition,the morphology of Pangalengan is relatively well represented in the highlands, hills and mountainareas as part of Java's tectonic activity. Another evidence of such activity is the existence of fault linesin the Pan-galengan mountains of Southeast-Northwest. Pangalengan who has a million beautifulnatural charm, especially from the point of pan-dang geology need it to be studied based on geologi...

Kebutuhan perumahan di daerah perkotaan semakin tinggi, tidak sebanding dengan ketersediaan lahan untuk perumahan. Upaya pembukaan lahan yang murah tersedia pada daerah bentang alam ekstrim seperti perbukitan, seperti di Godean, Yogyakarta, yang memiliki potensi bahaya gerakan massa. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan zona bahaya gerakan massa dan mengevaluasi keamanan site-plan perumahan. Metodologi peneltian berupa pemetaan aspek geologi teknik yaitu kelerengan, kekuatan batuan, dan densitas struktur geologi yang kemudian diolah dengan metode overlay pada perangkat lunak Sistem Informasi Geografis. Aplikasi analisis multi kriteria (AMK) spasial menghasilkan zonasi kerentanan/potensi bahaya gerakan massa detil di lokasi penelitian, dimana zona ekstrim bahaya gerakan massa berasosisasi dengan lereng yang curam-terjal, kekuatan batuan lemah dan densitas struktur geologi yang rapat-sangat rapat. Penampalan peta bahaya tersebut dengan site-plan memungkinkan perencana dan pemangku kep...

Resumen Este artículo presenta un resumen de las observaciones realizadas durante un reconocimiento de los efectos geotécnicos del sismo de Pisco ocurrido el 15 de agosto del 2007 en la zona central de la costa del Perú. Este sismo de magnitud (Mw) 8.0 causó daños importantes a obras de ingeniería civil en una amplia zona que incluye las ciudades de Ica, Pisco, Cañete y Chincha. Desde una perspectiva geotécnica, los aspectos más relevantes de este sismo son la gran extensión de licuación de suelo observada en la zona ...

We propose to obtain translational landslides due to earthquake in Mexico estimating Newmark displacements in terms of the relationship between the critical acceleration, ac (the peak ground acceleration threshold to start the landslide) and the peak ground acceleration, amax. With the obtained results from a proposed displacement equation it is possible to define a translational landslide map at regional level induced by earthquakes. Soil parameters such as cohesion, volumetric weight and angle of friction are inferred from geological maps, scale 1:1’000,000, and a digital elevation map is employed to obtain the slope of the potential landslide. We present a landslide hazard map for Mexico associated to a peak strong ground motion acceleration with a return period of 150 years at regional level, and an example map of displacements triggered by the

Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading in Lo Rojas, Coronel, field study and numerical modelling El presente artículo describe un estudio de terreno detallado que se efectuó en caleta Lo Rojas, comuna de Coronel, donde se observó una importante extensión lateral gatillada por licuación durante el pasado terremoto del Maule, 2010. El estudio de terreno incluyó sondajes SPT y CPT, así como la aplicación de algunas técnicas geofísicas basadas en ondas de superficie. Sobre la base de esta información, se evaluaron expresiones empíricas de predicción de extensión lateral y se elaboró un modelo detallado de elementos finitos hidro-mecánico. Los resultados de ambos métodos se ajustan razonablemente bien a las observaciones postsísmicas en el lugar.

We present field evidence and a kinematic study of a rock block mobilized in the Ponti area by a M w = 6.5 earthquake near the island of Lefkada on 17 November 2015. A detailed survey was conducted using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with an ultrahigh definition (UHD) camera, which produced a high-resolution orthophoto and a digital terrain model (DTM). The sequence of impact marks from the rock trajectory on the ground surface was identified from the orthophoto and field verified. Earthquake characteristics were used to estimate the acceleration of the rock slope and the initial condition of the detached block. Using the impact points from the measured rockfall trajectory, an analytical reconstruction of the trajectory was undertaken, which led to insights on the coefficients of restitution (CORs). The measured trajectory was compared with modeled rockfall trajectories using recommended parameters. However, the actual trajectory could not be accurately predicted, revealing limitations of existing rockfall analysis software used in engineering practice.

The global warming observed in recent decades and its future increase may affect permafrost distribution on highmountain faces with consequences for their stability. In this paper, we show that rock falls from high-alpine rock walls can be computed with a decimetre-resolution using lidar measurements. A laser scanner was used to create point clouds and triangulated irregular network models on the east face of the Tour Ronde at 3792 m asl (Mont Blanc massif). Comparison of the models realised from measurements of July 2005 and July 2006 enabled quantification of rock falls with reduced uncertainty. The volume of rock fall reached a total of 536 m 3 in the scanned area, which matches an erosion rate of 8.4 mm yr À1. This rate slightly higher to the ones reported in former studies enable to assume that this rock fall may be the consequence of the permafrost degradation in this rock face.

The global warming observed in recent decades and its future increase may affect permafrost distribution on high-mountain faces with consequences for their stability. In this paper, we show that rock falls from high-alpine rock walls can be computed with a decimetre-resolution ...

The Vulci archeological site was object of interest by the Soprintendenza ai beni culturali dell'Etruria meridionale (Italian government department responsible for southern Etruria's cultural heritage) since the beginning of the 20 th century. In 2001, the Ministero dei Beni Culturali (Italian ministry of cultural heritage) along with the local authorities, opened a natural-archeological park. In this area, it lies most of the ancient Etruscan city of Velch (today known by its Latin name, Vulci) including the Osteria Necropolis that is the object of this study. Recently, new archaeological excavations were made and the local authorities needed major geological information about the volcanic lithotypes where the Etruscans used to build their necropolis. The aim of this study is to define the geological and geophysical characteristics of the rock lithotypes present in the Vulci park. For this purpose, a geological map of the area (1:10000) has been realized. Moreover, two different geophysical methods were applied: measurements of magnetic susceptibility and electrical resistivity tomography. Magnetic susceptibility analyses clearly identify magnetic contrasts between different lithotypes; the characteristics of the pyroclastic flow that originated the Sorano unit 2 and its vertical facies variations are well recorded by this parameter that along with lithostratigraphic observations provides information about the depositional conditions. Two electrical resistivity tomographies were performed, which show the Sorano unit 2 thickness to be of c. 7 m with resistivity values ranging from 200 to 400 Ω•m. This kind of multidisciplinary approach resulted to be suitable to study this type of archaeological sites, revealing that areas characterized by a relevant thickness and wide areal extension of volcanic lithotypes can be a potential site where Etruscans might have excavated their necropolis.

Se propone una expresión para estimar el desplazamiento de Newmark en términos de la relación entre la aceleración crítica, ac (umbral de aceleración del suelo para iniciar un movimiento del talud) y la aceleración máxima del suelo, amax, para obtener el deslizamiento traslacional de laderas por sismo que de manera aproximada estimen esta amenaza a escala regional. Con los resultados que se obtienen de la ecuación de desplazamiento propuesta es posible definir un mapa de peligro por deslizamiento traslacional a nivel regional inducido por sismos. Para llevar a cabo lo anterior, se asumen valores promedio de propiedades mecánicas del suelo como la cohesión, peso volumétrico y ángulo de fricción a partir de mapas geológicos y litológicos a escala 1:1’000,000, así como la pendiente de deslizamiento potencial a partir de modelos de elevación digital del terreno. Se presenta un mapa de peligro de deslizamiento de la República Mexicana asociado a la aceleración máxima del suelo que se pre...

Sistem pembangunan berkelanjutan di Indonesia harus berbasis mitigasi bencana. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa aspek-aspek geomorfologi secara spasial sebagai tahap mitigasi bencana, yaitu mengidentifikasi potensi dan kerentanan kebencanaan yang dapat ditimbulkan pada daerah Leato (Kelurahan Leato utara dan Leato selatan) pada Kecamatan Dumbo Raya Kotamadya Gorontalo. Aspek-aspek geomorfologi yang dikaji secara spasial menggunakan perangkat lunak Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) Global Mapper v12 dan ArcGIS v10.3. Analisa geomorfologi di lokasi penelitian didapatkan bahwa daerah tersebut memiliki morfografi wilayah pesisir hingga perbukitan terjal dengan ketinggian rata-rata 200 – 500 mdpl dan morfometri 8o sampai > 55o. Morfostruktur aktif merupakan…

Se estudian procesos de remoción en masa (PRM) detonados por el megaterremoto 8.8Mw del 27F 2010, en el litoral de Concepción, Región del Biobío, Chile. Se analiza la morfometría y se explican los factores de peligrosidad de 22 eventos. Los tipos de PRM identifi cados fueron: desprendimiento de roca y suelo, deslizamiento de roca, deslizamiento de suelo, extensión lateral de suelos y remoción en masa mixto. Se revela el fuerte peso de los factores locales como condicionantes de los PRM: pendientes topográfi cas, manejo de taludes, grado de saturación del suelo, características litológicas y tectónicas. Se concluye que la densidad de los PRM se incrementa hacia el epicentro, pero el número y tamaño de estos no es comparable con la magnitud del sismo; este aspecto estaría relacionado con las características del relieve y con la baja humedad del suelo, dado que el sismo ocurrió en verano (estación seca del clima mediterráneo).