Rice weevil

This study proposes a novel approach that combines machine learning models to predict soil compaction using the soil cone index values. The methodology incorporates support vector regression (SVR) to gather input data on key soil parameters, and the output data from SVR are used as inputs for additional machine learning techniques such as Gradient Boosting, Decision Tree, Artificial Neural Networks, and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System. Evaluation of Artificial Intelligent techniques shows that the XGBoost model outperforms others, exhibiting high accuracy and reliability with low mean square error and high correlation coefficient. The effectiveness of the XGBoost model has implications for soil management, agricultural productivity, and land suitability evaluations, particularly for renewable energy projects. By integrating advanced AI techniques, stakeholders can make informed decisions about land use planning, sustainable farming practices, and the feasibility of renewable e...

Background: Because of the increasingly concern of consumers and public policy about problems for environment and for public health due to chemical pesticides, the search for molecules more safe is currently of great importance. Particularly, plants are able to fight the pathogens as insects, bacteria or fungi; so that plants could represent a valuable source of new molecules. Results: It was observed that Medicago truncatula seed flour displayed a strong toxic activity towards the adults of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera), a major pest of stored cereals. The molecule responsible for toxicity was purified, by solvent extraction and HPLC, and identified as a saponin, namely 3-GlcA-28-AraRhaxylmedicagenate. Saponins are detergents, and the CMC of this molecule was found to be 0.65 mg per mL. Neither the worm Caenorhabditis elegans nor the bacteria E. coli were found to be sensitive to this saponin, but growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was inhibited at concentrations higher than 100 μg per mL. The purified molecule is toxic for the adults of the rice weevils at concentrations down to 100 μg per g of food, but this does not apply to the others insects tested, including the coleopteran Tribolium castaneum and the Sf9 insect cultured cells. Conclusions: This specificity for the weevil led us to investigate this saponin potential for pest control and to propose the hypothesis that this saponin has a specific mode of action, rather than acting via its non-specific detergent properties.

In this study, we evaluated nitrogen treatment on phosphine-resistant field and -susceptible laboratory populations of different stored product beetles. Nine trials were conducted in commercial nitrogen chambers with the O2 level set at 1.0%. Two different temperatures—i.e., 28 and 40 °C—and three exposure intervals—i.e., 2.5, 3 and 9 d—were used in our tests. Adults of the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae); the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae); and the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were used in the trials. The insects were placed in vials with different commodities per species and population, and their mortality was measured after the termination of each trial. Then, the vials were kept in incubator chambers at 25 °C and 65% relative humidity for 65 d to measure progeny production. Complete parental mortality was observed in all cases for O. surinamensis and S....

The most important stored grain pests in Brazil are: Sitophilus zeamais, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitotroga cerealella and Rhyzopertha dominica. One alternative to chemical control of storedproduct insects on small farms in the tropics are the storage of silage prepared from triturated whole corn and sorghum plants. This kind of food is particularly good as animal feed, mainly for beef and dairy cattle. Other type of silage can be prepared from triturated and compressed whole humid corn grain (38 % water content). The quality preservation of the silage is based on the process of fermentation in which does not occurs insects and mold development. Another alternative has been demonstrated to be efficient is the use of diatomaceous earth, which insecticide activity is based on physical properties. Hermetic storage, a system based on consumption of the oxygen by the metabolic activity of the seeds, and under very low concentration of oxygen and higher concentration of CO2, insect and fungus development are suppressed. In Brazil, it is commercially available a product called "SILO BAG" made of a machine to load grains into a 3m diameter a plastic bag that can be 100m long and able to store up to 200 tons of corn, soybeans, wheat and sorghum under hermetic conditions. In Brazil a significant proportion (from 20 to 30%) of harvested corn production is stored on the husk by the small farmers. Good husk protection and grain hardness have been incorporated in the varieties to protect grain against the stored grain pests and fungus. Another possibility, but less effective, is the use of botanic material that have repellent action to the pests, as for example eucalyptus three leaves distributed in layers between the husks.

to access the Susceptibility of Maize Weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky to some control measures on two varieties of Maize in Mubi. Northern Guinea Savannah. The objectives of the study were to determine the impact of various control measures on maize weevil S. zeamais, to evaluate the performance of the two varieties of maize (white and yellow) in terms of storability and to determine the most efficient control measures against the maize weevil, S. zeamais. The experimental design used was the Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FRCD) with six (6) treatments and the control for both white and yellow maize replicated three times. The results clearly showed that, both white and yellow maize were susceptible to attack by the weevils in store. There was up to 95% damage, 90% weight loss and more than 20 adults emerged in some of the treatments in both white and yellow maize grains. It was also observed that, S. zemias has the potential of destroying the stored maize grains to an unacceptable state and rendering it unfit for human consumption, livestock feeds and for sowing. The high mean percentage damaged grains, high mean number of adults alive recorded especially in the controls for both white and yellow maize grains is a confirmation that, this destructive weevil is potentially an insect pest of stored maize. It was found out that, in all the parameters measured, the chemical (actellic dust) and the plant material powder and the botanicals were significant in controlling the weevils in both white and yellow maize grains. As expected the chemical control (actellic dust) gave the best results; less than 14% damaged grains, over 90% mortality and about 2% weight loss. While in the case of the plant material powder and other control measures, the results obtained were highly significant in all the parameters measured compared to the controls for both white and yellow maize grains respectively. Moreover, the results obtained shows that, there could be an alternative to comprehensive use of synthetic insecticides in controlling storage insect pests generally and especially for maize grains. This finding is therefore important for developing integrated weevil management model in storehouse which can be socially adaptable, economically viable and environmentally friendly approach in the rural part of Nigeria and Africa.

Ethanolic extract of Melgota is used for repellency, insecticidal activity against rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) with emphasis on chemical investigation. Fruits of Melgota (Macaranga postulata) were extracted on different solvents as in ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether, distilled water and the extracts were concentrated and dried. The ethanol extracts of Melgota (M. postulata) of different concentrations were investigated for their repellency and insecticidal activity against S. oryzae. Average mortality percentage indicated that the extracts caused significant mortality and repellency on the target insects and bioassays indicated that the toxic and repellent effect was proportional to the concentration and higher concentration has stronger effect. Observed mortality percentage increased with increase in time intervals after treatment. Mortality percentage at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.50 h after treatment (HAT) indicated that 4% solution showed the highest mortality (34.0%) in S. oryzae at 1.50 HAT compared to pediculus humanus. Mortality percentage showed parallel response to the level of concentration at different time intervals after treatment. 1% fruit extract of Melgota (M. postulata) showed the lowest repellency 9.84 % in case of rice weevil. On other side, 2% showed 12.76% and 4% showed 22.43% respectively. TLC of crude ethanol extract of Melgota (M. postulata) showed six distinct compounds at uv-visible light.

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), one of the most important leguminous crops, is widely cultivated throughout the tropics, especially in the savanna regions of the world. However, its seed is attacked by several insect pests both in the field and in storage, especially the cowpea weevil. To control weevils, most farmers have adopted the use of chemical insecticides, but these insecticides come with health and environmental problems, and as a result, there is advocacy for the use of biopesticides in the form of tree botanicals. This study was conducted to assess the effects of neem leaf powder (NLP), moringa leaf powder (MLP), and camphor against the cowpea weevils (Callosobruchus maculatus) in a completely randomized design. Six treatments were used and allocated as T1 chemical insecticides. If cowpea seeds are to be stored for consumption purposes, moringa leaf powder should be used since most respondents preferred the taste of cowpea seeds treated with moringa. Additionally, the storage duration of eight weeks was too short for the experiment, so further studies can be carried out for an extended period of more than eight weeks.

In the present work, we evaluate the toxic and repellent properties of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC. ex Nees) Stapf.) essential oil and its components against Sitophilus granarius Linnaeus as an alternative to insecticide use. The lethal dose (LD 50 and LD 90 ), survivorship, respiration rate, and repellency on adults of S. granarius exposed to different doses of lemongrass oil and some of its components were evaluated. The chemical composition of the essential oil was found to have the major components of neral (24.6%), citral (18.7%), geranyl acetate (12.4%), geranial (12.3%), and limonene (7.55%). Lemongrass essential oil (LD 50 = 4.03 µg•insect -1 ), citral (LD 50 = 6.92 µg•insect -1 ), and geranyl acetate (LD 50 = 3.93 µg•insect -1 ) were toxic to S. granarius adults. Survivorship was 99.9% in insects not exposed to lemongrass essential oil, decreasing to 57.6%, 43.1%, and 25.9% in insects exposed to LD 50 of essential oil, citral, and geranyl acetate, respectively. The insects had low respiratory rates and locomotion after exposure to the essential oil, geranyl acetate, and citral. Our data show that lemongrass essential oils and their components have insecticidal and repellent activity against S. granarius and, therefore, have the potential for application in stored grain pest management schemes.

Petroleum ether (PE), chloroform (CHCl3), and methanol (CH3OH) extracts of the whole chickpea plant Cicer arietinum (L.) have been tested against adult beetles of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) through dose-mortality and repellent activity tests. In dose mortality tests, the PE extracts of C. arietinum gave LD50 values of 3.466, 3.292, 2.721, 2.398, 1.887, 1.663 and 1.428 mg/cm2 against C. chinensis and 4.297, 3.415, 2.246, 1.725, 1.384, 0.984 and 0.722 mg/cm2 against S. oryzae both after 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42 and 48 h of exposures, respectively. The CHCl3 extracts gave LD50 values of 5.242, 4.844, 3.472, 2.945, 2.540, 1.875, 1.295 and 1.053 mg/cm2 against C. chinensis after 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42 and 48 h of exposures, respectively. The CH3OH extracts, on the other hand, yielded LD50 values of 0.923, 0.757, 0.649, 0.515, 0.400, 0.303, 0.247 and 0.197 mg/cm2 against C. chinensis, 4.227, 3.528, 3.454, 2.933, 2.493, 2.187, 1....

Despite being successful in preventing pests from entering stored goods, residual synthetic pesticides have had a negative impact on the environment. However, the prohibitive cost of synthetic pesticides and the risk of target pests developing insecticide resistance have prompted researchers to develop alternative management strategies. Since plant-based pesticides are biodegradable and less dangerous for organisms other than the target species, they are a useful alternative to chemical pesticides. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of plant extract in preventing the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeous) (Coloptera: Curcolinidae) from infesting stored-products. For toxicity and synergism against S. oryzae, aqueous extracts of Cannabis sative L., Dodonaea visicosa L., and Parthenium hysterophorus L., were evaluated at different concentrations. D. viscosa

Legundi (Vitex trifolia L.) is a plant that contains essential oils. Legundi leaf essential oil has the potential as a more environmentally friendly rice lice repellent. The process of extracting essential oils from Legundi leaves uses the steam-water distillation method. The yield obtained from distillation is 0.10% with a bright yellow color, has a distinctive smell of Legundi oil with a specific gravity of 0.9065 gram/cm3. GC-MS search results showed that Legundi leaf essential oil contains 5 main components, namely 2-β-Pinene (16.18 %), trans-caryophyllene (13.75 %), β-Ocimene (11.16 %), Cyclohexanol (10.03%), and Eucalyptol (5.45%). Testing of repellent activity was carried out on rice lice with variations in volatile oil concentrations of 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20%. The results of the repellent test showed that the highest percentage occurred at a concentration of 20% (P4), which was 56.7%, with an application time of 120 hours (L5). Based on this, it can be said that the greater th...

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are suggested as a new class of alternates followed by Synthetic chemical control of the insect pests .Virulence of seven EPF isolates, four strains of Metarhizium {(Qin-08, Qin-13, Qin-18 and ME-38 (LT-178)}, two of Isaria {ME-33 (ILT-01), Yulin-5 (IYL-01)} and one of Beauveria bassiana (Qin-21) were assessed against the adults of Sitophilus oryzae under laboratory conditions, firstly at single conidial concentration (1x10 8 ml -1 ) by immersion and the food mix methods. Qin-21, ME-33 and Qin-18 caused significantly highest mortality of S.oryzae at immersion methods (100, 100 and 98%), followed by food mix method to 100, 84.16 and 91.66% respectively. Yulin-5 was the least effective, showing significantly the lowest mortality at food mixed (32.49%) and immersion methods (40.20%) respectively. Hence, the immersion method was found to be most effective, resulting the higher mortality rate of S. oryzae in comparison to food mix method, in all tested fungal isolates. Secondly, we screened out the most effective isolates for multiple dose comparison i.e., 1x10 4 to 1x10 7 conidia ml -1 by immersion method only. The isolate ME-33 resulted in 100% mortality of the pest at higher conidial dose as compared to Qin-21 and Qin-18 which showing 80 and 64.64% mortality respectively. The LT50 was observed to be 3.63, 4.17 and 8.58 days in ME-33, Qin-21 and Qin-18, respectively at the highest conidial concentration (1x10 7 ml -1 ). ME-33 isolate with the highest mortality and lowest LT50 at conidial concentration 1x10 7 ml -1 proved to be most effective for the control of S. oryzae. So these fungal islotes could be a better alternative for the management of S. oryzae.

Percobaan dilakukan pada hari Selasa, 25 Maret 2024 di Laboratorium Ekologi Tumbuhan, Depertemen Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Andalas. Tujuan dilaksanakan percobaan ini untuk mengetahui preferensi pakan Epilachna sp. terhadap berbagai jenis pakan. Alat yang digunakan pada percobaan ini adalah cawan petri, kertas saring dan pipet. Bahan yang digunakan yaitu daun tomat (Solanum licopersicum), daun cabe (Capsicum annuum), daun terung (Solanum melongena), daun rimbang (Solanum torvum), daun pare (Momordica charantia) dan 15 ekor Epilachna sp. Hasil yang diperoleh dari percobaan ini yaitu pada masing-masing daun tanaman tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kesukaan (preferensi) pakan pada Epilachna sp. terhadap pakannya sangat tergantung kepada jenis dan jumlah pakan yang tersedia. Daun yang paling banyak dimakan adalah daun rimbang (Solanum torvum). Selain itu, hasil observasi menunjukkan bahwa Epilachna sp. ini juga menyukai pakan dari daun terung (Solanum melongena). Kesimpulannya, preferensi pakan dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal dan faktor eksternal terhadap pemilihan pakan serangga Epilachna sp.

The investigations on management of the Sitophilus oryzae linked with stored millets were taken away to understand the efficacy of Ecofriendly botanicals pesticides on the mortality of the pesticides. The efficiency of five environmentally friendly insecticides against Sitophilus oryzae infestations in sorghum is assessed. This experiment was conducted under a Complete Randomized Block Design (CRD). The effect of Phyto extracts and reasons on adult Sitophilus oryzae mortality at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of exposure was investigated in this investigation. After 30 DAS days of storage, grain remained undamaged in treatments employing 5% concentrations of sweet flag powder, custard apple seed powder, and neem leaf powder, coriander seed powder. The highest level of grain damage was recorded by tulsi powder. At 60 days after sowing (DAS), the treatments using 5% sweet flag powder, 5% custard apple seed powder, and 5% neem leaf powder showed no grain damage. After 90 days after sowing, no grain damage was observed with the application of 5% sweet flag powder, 5% custard apple seed powder, and 5% neem leaf powder. The treatments using 5% sweet flag powder, 5% custard apple seed powder, and 5% neem leaf powder showed no signs of grain damage after 120 days. Therefore, it can be said that these compounds are both economically and environmentally feasible and can be easily obtained and used to control Sitophilus oryzae in stored grains like sorghum.

Pengamatan mengenai laju pertumbuhan populasi bertujuan untuk mengetahui laju pertumbuhan populasi Sitophilus oryzae pada berbagai media dilakukan pada Kamis, 20 Maret 2025 di Laboratorium Ekologi Hewan Departemen Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Andalas, Padang.. Adapun alat yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah kain kasa, karet gelang, toples dan alat tulis. Bahan yang digunakan yaitu kumbang Sitophilus oryzae, beras dan ketan hitam. Sitophilus oryzae dimasukkan ke dalam toples yang masing-masingnya berisi 250 gram beras dan ketan hitam. Toples ditutup dengan kain kasa dan karet gelang kemudian diletakkan di tempat gelap. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 4 minggu dengan mengamati jumlah Sitophilus oryzae yang hidup dan mati, suhu ruang dan kelembaban relatif sehingga dapat ditentukan laju pertumbuhan populasinya dan kurva pertumbuhan pada masing-masing media. Pemahaman dan pengetahuan mengenai laju pertumbuhan populasi ini bermanfaat untuk melakukan upaya konservasi terhadap spesies tertentu dengan mempertimbangkan kondisi optimal yang mendukung pertumbuhan populasinya.

Pengamatan mengenai laju pertumbuhan populasi bertujuan untuk mengetahui laju pertumbuhan populasi Sitophilus oryzae pada berbagai media dilakukan pada Kamis, 20 Maret 2025 di Laboratorium Ekologi Hewan Departemen Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Andalas, Padang.. Adapun alat yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah kain kasa, karet gelang, toples dan alat tulis. Bahan yang digunakan yaitu kumbang Sitophilus oryzae, beras dan ketan hitam. Sitophilus oryzae dimasukkan ke dalam toples yang masing-masingnya berisi 250 gram beras dan ketan hitam. Toples ditutup dengan kain kasa dan karet gelang kemudian diletakkan di tempat gelap. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 4 minggu dengan mengamati jumlah Sitophilus oryzae yang hidup dan mati, suhu ruang dan kelembaban relatif sehingga dapat ditentukan laju pertumbuhan populasinya dan kurva pertumbuhan pada masing-masing media. Pemahaman dan pengetahuan mengenai laju pertumbuhan populasi ini bermanfaat untuk melakukan upaya konservasi terhadap spesies tertentu dengan mempertimbangkan kondisi optimal yang mendukung pertumbuhan populasinya.

Praktikum mengenai Preferensi pakan Epilachna sp. bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan pemilihan pakan oleh Epilachna sp. pada beberapa jenis pakan. Adapun alat yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini adalah cawan petri, kain kasa, selotip, stopwatch, penggaris, alat tulis, timbangan analitik dan gunting. Bahan yang digunakan yaitu kumbang Epilachna sp., air, kertas saring, dan daun tanaman Solanaceae. Epilachna sp. dipuasakan selama 24 jam, kemudian diberikan 5 jenis pakan yang berbeda dari jenis tanaman Solanaceae dan diamati proses makannya selama 45 menit. Kemudian dicatat waktu mencari makan, waktu makan dan switching yang dilakukan oleh Epilachna sp. dan disimpulkan deviasi pada setiap jenis pakan yang dimakannya. Berdasarkan praktikum yang dilakukan diketahui bahwa pakan yang paling disukai Epilachna sp. adalah S. torvum dan S. melongena. Pemahaman dan pengetahuan mengenai preferensi pakan dan switching ini dapat bermanfaat untuk melakukan konservasi terhadap spesies tertentu sehingga dapat membantu dalam menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem di alam.

The post-harvest loss of rice during storage due to insect infestation, particularly by rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), and the utilization of synthetic insecticides for pest management are two major concerns in the current world. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) part formulations as alternatives to S. oryzae management. The contact repellent activity of clove part essential oils was tested by the filter paper impregnated method. The fumigation mortality of essential oils was tested, and mortality percentage & LD50 values were computed. Further, the composition of essential oils was analyzed using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. The yield of clove stem essential oil (5.52%) was significantly higher than leaf essential oil (3.92%). Among two essential oils, stem oil with a 100 µL dose showed the highest repellency (100.00±0.00%) and mortality (96.67±3.33%) while 50 and 75 µL doses caused similar mortality (83.30±3.33%) after ...

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of plant-based repellent powders for S. oryzae at the National Rice Research Program, Hardinath, Dhanusha, Nepal in 2020 at laboratory condition. Two hundred gram of paddy grains of cv. Sambha Mansuli Sub-1 was kept in each plastic jar in the experiment. Ten pairs of newly emerged adult rice weevil, S. oryzae of uniform age obtained from stock culture were released in each plastic jar. Laboratory bioassay contained Acorus calamus (rhizome powder) @10 gm/kg, Piper nigrum (seed powder) @10 gm/kg, Curcuma longa (rhizome powder) @10 gm/kg, Azadirachta indica (kernel powder) @ 10gm/kg, Zingiber officinale (rhizome powder) @10 gm/kg, and Malathion powder 5% dust @2 gm/kg were used for the rice weevil. Acorus calamus was the most effective botanical powder followed by P. nigrum to reduce grain damage percent on number basis (1.15%) and on weight basis (1.22%), weight loss percent (0.84%) & weevil population count (1.54). The efficacy ran...

Sitophilus oryzae (L.) is one of the most important insect pests infesting stored food grains. The level of infestation, population density, the relationship between damage level and weevil population in stored rice grain samples were investigated. The effect of hot air sterilization on weevil population density was also examined. Samples (including; 29 imported, 16 parboiled and 62 raw milled rice) were randomly collected from markets across Sierra Leone and subjected to storage treatments under laboratory conditions at room temperature (with and without prior sterilization). The results show a significantly higher number of rice weevils in raw milled rice (156.0) with correspondingly higher level of grain damage (1.28); than the imported (3.2 and 0.03), and parboiled (21.7 and 0.11) rice grains, respectively. This suggests that locally produced raw milled rice may be more prone to rice weevil infestation, than either parboiled or imported rice grains. Results of pre-storage steril...

This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author SS collected all the samples, performed monitoring of experiment, find values, noted out and tabulate the data. Author SA sat the laboratory experiment, monitored and fulfilled the required lab conditions, carried out statistical analysis and provided data for tables and graphs. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Background: A number of storage pests viz., Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.) and Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium (Evert.) damage stored wheat. However, S. oryzae is considered a primary pest of stored wheat and has been reported to prefer soft textured wheat cultivars.Methods: The grains of three bread (soft textured) viz., HD2967, PDW314, PBW658 and three durum wheat (hard textured) cultivars viz., WHD943, PBW621, PDW291 were screened for feeding response by rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. in the laboratory. Each cultivar seed was properly cleaned and disinfested before its use. A 100g seed sample of each cultivar was taken into the plastic jars. Of the pure culture, ten 1-2 week young one insects (1:1 sex ratio) were released into the jars each containing different cultivar grains. The jars were covered with white muslin as three separate storage sets, i.e., 30, 60 and 90 days after storage to record da...

The problem of tuberculosis has been relevant for many years due to active spread of the infection pathogen around the globe, in particular in Ukraine. In this article, we determined the epizootic role of the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus, 1763); Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in the spread of Mycobacterium bovis. We identified the effect of the beetle on properties of the pathogen, particularly the changes in morphology, cultural, biochemical, and biological properties after the bacteria had travelled through the body of the rice weevil. To achieve our objectives, we used the museum 100th passage of the virulent strain of M. bovis. We employed microscopic, cultural, biochemical, biological (infecting the biological model), pathoanatomic, histological methods, and PCR studies. The rice weevil is able to retain mycobacteria and release them into their environment for 30 days after becoming infected, with gradual decrease in the number of microbial cells. According to morphology and cultural properties, the pathogen we isolated in the experiment was identical to the initial culture. Enzymatic activity of the bacteria varied. The bacteria that had passed through the intestines of M. bovis were observed to have changes in the biochemical parameters which helped them to adapt to the new environment. We measured the effect of the rice weevil on pathogenicity of M. bovis, isolated directly from the beetle and from grain contaminated with the insects during the experiment. The practical importance of the study consists in expansion of our understanding of the ways M. bovis spreads, identification of effect the rice weevil has on mycobacteria. It also might help in the search for ways to interrupt the chain of tuberculosis transmission -prevention of spread of the disease to favourable areas.

The objective of this study was to investigate the insecticidal properties of Moringa oleifera leaves with identification of chemical compounds within its extract using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The research involved scanning the leaves' extract across a spectral range of 4000-400 cm-1 and identifying characteristic peaks in the FTIR spectrum. Spectral analysis confirmed the presence of several important chemical groups, including carboxylates, phenols, polyphenols, and hydroxyl groups within the extract. These compounds are known for their bioactive properties, which may contribute to the insecticidal effects observed in the study. In our experiment, notable results were obtained while assessing insecticidal efficacy of the Moringa oleifera leaves. The highest mortality rate of 100% was observed when dried leaves at concentrations of 10% and 20% were used against the targeted insect Callosobruchus chinesis infestation within a 48-hour timeframe. In contrast, lower mortality percentages of 38% and 72% were recorded when 5% and 10% dried leaves were used for the same duration of insect exposure. These results suggest that Moringa oleifera leaves contain bioactive compounds with insecticidal properties, as confirmed by FTIR analysis and insecticidal bioasssay. Further it suggests that botanicals serves as eco-friendly and sustainable insecticidal alternatives under storage conditions.

Spodoptera litura merupakan hama yang menimbulkan banyak kerugian dalam bidang pertanian. Upaya pengendalian dilakukan dengan memutus siklus hidup hama tersebut menggunakan senyawa metabolit sekunder dari tanaman, di antaranya daun sirsak yang mengandung senyawa asetogenin, alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin dan tannin yang memiliki potensi sebagai insektisida. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mendeskripsikan pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun sirsak terhadap kesintasan ngengat S. litura dan menentukan konsentrasi yang paling optimal untuk menurunkan kesintasan ngengat S. litura. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) satu faktorial yaitu konsentrasi ekstrak daun sirsak. Konsentrasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu 4%, 6%, 8% dan 0% sebagai kontrol. Parameter yang diamati yaitu perubahan morfologi, mortalitas, biomassa dan fertilitas ngengat S. litura. Data mortalitas dan biomassa dianalisis menggunakan ANAVA satu arah dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan sedangkan data mor...

The extensive use of synthetic insecticides and fumigants for control stored-product insects has led to the development of resistance. Essential oils from aromatic plants may provide proper alternatives to currently used insect control agents. Essential oils from 20 Egyptian plants were obtained by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of the oils was identified by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. Fumigant and contact toxicities of the essential oils were evaluated against Sitophilus oryzae. The inhibitory effects of the essential oils on acetylcholinesterase and adenosine triphosphatases activities were examined. The oils were composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons (i.e., limonene, sabinene, bpinene and c-terpinene) and oxygenated monoterpenes (i.e., terpinen-4-ol, b-thujone, 4-terpineol, a-citral and 1,8-cineole) with the exception of the oil of Schinus terebinthifolius which was contained sesquiterpenes, and the oil of Vitex agnus-castus which contained similar amounts of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. In the fumigation assay, the oils of Origanum vulgare (LC 50 = 1.64 mg/L air), Citrus lemon (LC 50 = 9.89 mg/L air), Callistemon viminals (LC 50 = 16.17 mg/L air), Cupressus sempervirens (LC 50 = 17.16 mg/L air), and Citrus sinensis (LC 50 = 19.65 mg/L air) showed high toxicity to S. oryzae. In the contact assay, the oils of Artemisia judaica, C. viminals, and O. vulgare caused the highest toxicity to S. oryzae with LC 50 values of 0.08, 0.09, and 0.11 mg/cm 2 , respectively. The oil of A. judaica (I 50 = 16.1 mg/L) invoked the highest inhibitory effect on AChE activity, while the oils of C. viminals and O. vulgare were the most potent inhibitors to ATPases activity with I 50 values of 4.69 and 6.07 mg/L, respectively. The results indicate that the essential oils of A. Judaica, O. vulgare, C. limon, C. viminals, and C. sempervirens could be applicable to the management of populations of S. oryzae.

Aim: The present study was undertaken to screen the most commonly occurring endosymbionts in S. oryzae populations from varied geographical regions of North India. The six most common endosymbionts (Wolbachia, Arsenophonus, Spiroplasma, Rickettsia, Cardinium and Hamiltonella) were screened in 15 different populations of S. oryzae, representing five different agro-climatic zones of India. For this, the samples of S. oryzae were collected and identified using taxonomic keys and through PCR amplification of the COI gene followed by Sanger sequencing and comparison of obtained sequences with the NCBI database. Thereafter, the screening of endosymbionts was performed using 16S rRNA gene-specific primers for the respective endosymbionts. The results showed the presence of Wolbachia and Spiroplasma in all 15 populations with infection rates of 100 and 85 per cent, respectively. Arsenophonus was detected in only 12 populations with 60 per cent infection rate. Concurrent infections of Wolbachia, Arsenophonus and Spiroplasma within the same individuals of S. oryzae were also detected. However, no infections of Cardinium, Rickettsia and Hamiltonella were found. Interpretation: Thus, it can be inferred that Wolbachia, Spiroplasma and Arsenophonus are the most common endosymbionts which can be exploited for the development of better management strategies against S. oryzae.

The rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) is a grain feeding specie belonging to family Curculionidae, order Coleoptra. S. oryzae is ranked as the first important pest causing the highest damage of 50 tested countries. The present research work was focused on the molecular and genetic analysis of S. oryzae from district Charsadda Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). The Sieve method was randomly used to capture the adult S. oryzae. To separate the red flour beetle from wheat flour mills we used sieves with 4mm mesh. DNA extraction was made from individual adult S. oryzae using TNE salt extraction protocol. RAPD markers were used for PCR amplification during the first step to find out genetic variability, gene flow and rate of migration in different S. oryzae populations. The PCR products were analyzed using gel electrophoresis. The data generated through RAPD markers were analyzed through POPGENE software. The current study can be taken as a starting point for future researchers aimed at defining the...

The rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) is a grain feeding specie belonging to family Curculionidae, order Coleoptra. S. oryzae is ranked as the first important pest causing the highest damage of 50 tested countries. The present research work was focused on the molecular and genetic analysis of S. oryzae from district Charsadda Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). The Sieve method was randomly used to capture the adult S. oryzae. To separate the red flour beetle from wheat flour mills we used sieves with 4mm mesh. DNA extraction was made from individual adult S. oryzae using TNE salt extraction protocol. RAPD markers were used for PCR amplification during the first step to find out genetic variability, gene flow and rate of migration in different S. oryzae populations. The PCR products were analyzed using gel electrophoresis. The data generated through RAPD markers were analyzed through POPGENE software. The current study can be taken as a starting point for future researchers aimed at defining the...

Essential oils are well known to act as biopesticides in pest management programs. The main purpose of this research is to explore the insecticidal potential (fumigant and repellent toxicity) of binary mixtures of essential oils extracted from leaves of three Mentha species namely Mentha rotundifolia, M. viridis and M. longifolia collected from north Tunisia against adults of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses revealed quantitative and qualitative variations among oils chemical composition. Three common compounds β-pinene (0.37-1.06%), α-limonene (0.32-18.39%) and pulegone (0.54-68,057%) were detected. Results showed that when applied alone, the oils exhibited a strong gradient of toxicity with M. rotundifolia being the most effective (CL 50 : 7.67 μL/L air) compared to M. longifolia (CL 50 : 12.32 μL/L air) and M. viridis oil (CL 50 : 100.16 μL/L air). In essential oils binary mixtures experiments, the combination M. rotundifolia x M. viridis exhibited the strongest insecticidal activity (CL 50 : 8.19 μL/L air) followed by M. rotundifolia x M. longifolia (CL 50 : 12.49 μL/L air) and M. longifolia x M. viridis (CL 50 : 19.36 μL/L air). Repellent toxicity was highly dependent upon oils binary mixture and concentrations. The mixture M. longifolia x M. viridis was more effective (PR = 40% at the concentration of 0.032 μl/cm 2 ). Overall, this work demonstrates the interest of combing essential oils as a promising alternative to control S. oryzae in storage. This work promotes operating technologies of essential oils to better guide the biopesticide industry towards a sustainable development path.

Significant postharvest losses from stored grain pests emphasize the need for sustainable control methods, with Telakucha (Coccinia grandis) leaf extract showing promise as a natural, eco-friendly pesticide due to its allelopathic effects. The aims of this study are to assess the mortality response of rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae), Red Flour Beetles (Tribolium castaneum), and pulse beetles (Callosobruchus chinensis) influenced by the 100, 70, and 50% methalonic leaf extract of Telakucha (Coccina grandis). Telakucha leaf extracts mixed with three concentrations of grain weight, viz., dose-1 (10% of grain weight, 2 ml), dose-2 (7.5% of grain weight, 1.5 ml), and dose-3 (5% of grain weight, 1 ml). The result showed that the mortality percentage is higher in a 100% extract treatment than 70% and lower in a 50% extract. Rice weevil mortality at the dose-3 of 100% extract was lower than the other two pests. At 70% extract, the mortality rate of pulse beetles in dose-1 and dose-2 was lower than the other two insects, and the mortality rate of red flower beetles in dose-3 was found to be lower than the rest. In 50% extract, the mortality rate of rice weevil at doses 1, 2, and 3 was higher than that of red flower beetles and pulse beetles. This treatment had the best results on rice weevils and the least on red flower beetles. Here three dosages demonstrated no activity on the red flower beetle and pulse beetle. In the case of 10% dose exhibited the highest allelopathic effect of each pest, whereas 5% dose demonstrated the lowest allelopathic effect. The effectiveness of the leaf extract was found to increase proportionally with the increase in dosages. The Telakucha leaf extract result also showed that it was significantly higher than that of the control. Therefore, Telakucha leaf extract might be used for the effective and eco-friendly management of these three pests.

The rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) is a grain feeding specie belonging to family Curculionidae, order Coleoptra. S. oryzae is ranked as the first important pest causing the highest damage of 50 tested countries. The present research work was focused on the molecular and genetic analysis of S. oryzae from district Charsadda Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). The Sieve method was randomly used to capture the adult S. oryzae. To separate the red flour beetle from wheat flour mills we used sieves with 4mm mesh. DNA extraction was made from individual adult S. oryzae using TNE salt extraction protocol. RAPD markers were used for PCR amplification during the first step to find out genetic variability, gene flow and rate of migration in different S. oryzae populations. The PCR products were analyzed using gel electrophoresis. The data generated through RAPD markers were analyzed through POPGENE software. The current study can be taken as a starting point for future researchers aimed at defining the...

In order to find natural and inexpensive bioinsecticides, the active compound of waste extract from two medicinal plants were analyzed.  Ethanolic extracts of Amomum cardamomum and Zingiber zerumbet were evaluated under laboratory conditions for their repellency against rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae, L.). Four extracts concentration were tested in this research, i.e: 25, 50, 75 and 100%.  Efficacy was measured based on the response of rice weevil in preference tests using Y Olfactometer Tube, then the results were converted into the Percentage Repellency (PR) and Preference Index (PI). The PR data were analyzed using ANOVA, whereas PI values were analyzed descriptively. The result showed that the PR were significantly (LSD test; α> 0.05) and revealed that waste extracts repel the rice weevil at 100% solution.  The highest PR was found at 100% solution in both extracts, however, statistically the repellency of A. cardamomum waste extract was higher than Z. zerumbet’s. Likewise, t...

Nanotechnology has emerged as the most promising novel approach for stored product insect control. In this study, laboratory experiments were applied to assess the efficacy of three mixtures of powdered samples prepared by mixing diatomaceous earth (DE) with zinc oxide in different ratios (90%:10%, 80%:20% and 70%:30%) on adults of Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica, and Oryzaephilus surinamensis, as well as the effect of these mixtures on emerged adults in the first generation. Also, the germination percentages of wheat seeds treated with LC 50 values in all tested materials was considered. ZnO nanoparticles was prepared by precipitation method. XRD results showed that DE to zinc oxide ratios were close to the experimental values. FE-SEM images of the three mixtures confirmed the immobilization of ZnO on diatom where the surface is regularly coated with smaller ZnO nanoparticles. All formulations demonstrated higher toxicity after 14 days of exposure than DE alone. Notably, 30% ZnO showed a substantial increase in toxicity, with relative potencies of 6.82, 6.05, and 7.08-fold compared with DE alone against T. castaneum, R. dominica, and O. surinamensis respectively. Complete progeny suppression was achieved at 1500 and 2000 ppm for T. castaneum and R. dominica at 20% and 30% ZnO. At 300 ppm or more, O. surinamensis attained 30% ZnO, which totally reduced progeny formation. 30% ZnO was the most effective formulation for maintaining wheat germination, with 95% germination after both 7 and 14 days, though the difference from the control (100%) was not significant. Combining DE with zinc oxide significantly improves germination in wheat seeds. The highest concentration of ZnO was the most effective against all tested insect species.

O gorgulho-do-arroz, Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), e uma das especies responsaveis por grandes prejuizos em graos armazenados. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a eficacia de oleos essenciais (OEs) de Melaleuca alternifolia , Salvia officinalis , Lavanda angustifolia , Geranium sp. e Cananga odorata no controle de S . oryzae . Dois bioensaios de fumigacao, em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, foram conduzidos em condicoes de laboratorio (25 ± 1oC e UR de 40 ± 5%). Em ambos bioensaios cada repeticao foi constituida por 20 adultos com idade media de cinco dias, confinados em recipientes de plastico (145 mL) com papel filtro no fundo. No primeiro bioensaio, os tratamentos foram os oleos essenciais a 10% diluidos em acetona, a qual foi usada como controle negativo, com tres repeticoes. Com auxilio de pipeta foram aplicados 200 μl do tratamento nos insetos. Apos evaporacao da acetona, os recipientes foram vedados com tampa plastica e a avaliacao da morta...

Rice is the staple food of the Indonesian population. Siam Mutiara is the preferred local variety of rice in South Kalimantan. Sufficient rice availability must be supported by a rice surplus as food reserves.The main problem with rice storage is the emergence of Sitophilus oryzae L. Therefore it is necessary to control the pest. Non-toxic botanical pesticides can be applied to control S. oryzae. This study aimed to determine the effect of the application of several types of rhizome flour on the mortality rate of S. oryzae, population development of S. oryzae, and weight of Siam Mutiara rice to obtain the most effective rhizome flour. The research was conducted in March 2020 - August 2020 at the Agroecotechnology Production Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University. The one-factor Completely Randomized Design method (CRD) was used by treating z0 (control/without rhizome powder), z1 (red galangal rhizome powder), z2 (kencur rhizome powder), z3 (red ginger rhizo...

Rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a widely distributed and major insect pest of rice that causes considerable losses to both husked and unhusked rice grains. Plant-based pesticides are alternative to synthetic pesticides in managing stored product pests owing to their severe hazardous effects. Thus, locally available plant leaf crude extracts i.e., neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss 1830), turmeric (Curcuma longa L. 1753), and mint (Mentha longifolia L. Huds. 1762) were investigated at 2 % (w/w) concentration against S. oryzae in unhusked and husked rice. Adult mortality was recorded at 24, 48 hours, and seven days after the application whereas, population build-up was recorded at 1-, 2-, and 3-months intervals. Overall and grain weight loss was also recorded at the end of the experiment. In husked and unhusked rice, the highest mortality percentage was observed in turmeric powder (93.30 %) and neem (80.00 %), respectively. In comparison to plant extracts, relatively higher population growth of S. oryzae was recorded in control husked and unhusked rice. At the end of the 3rd month, the highest and lowest population in husked rice grains was recorded in control (70.67 ± 3.18) and turmeric treatments (18.00 ± 2.65), respectively, whereas control and neem treatments exhibited the highest (83.67 ± 3.28) and lowest (39.67 ± 2.33) populations in unhusked rice. The lowest grain weight loss in husked and unhusked rice was recorded in turmeric (9.33 %) and neem (16.67 %), respectively. Thus, turmeric and neem extracts should be investigated on large scale under commercial warehouses for the management of S. oryzae in husked and unhusked rice.

Rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a widely distributed and major insect pest of rice that causes considerable losses to both husked and unhusked rice grains. Plant-based pesticides are alternative to synthetic pesticides in managing stored product pests owing to their severe hazardous effects. Thus, locally available plant leaf crude extracts i.e., neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss 1830), turmeric (Curcuma longa L. 1753), and mint (Mentha longifolia L. Huds. 1762) were investigated at 2 % (w/w) concentration against S. oryzae in unhusked and husked rice. Adult mortality was recorded at 24, 48 hours, and seven days after the application whereas, population build-up was recorded at 1-, 2-, and 3-months intervals. Overall and grain weight loss was also recorded at the end of the experiment. In husked and unhusked rice, the highest mortality percentage was observed in turmeric powder (93.30 %) and neem (80.00 %), respectively. In comparison to plant extract...

The ZeroFly ® Storage Bag is a woven polypropylene bag (PP) that has deltamethrin incorporated in its fibers, and represents a novel approach to reducing stored-product insect pest-related postharvest losses. Fabric samples from ZeroFly bags, polypropylene (PP) bags, jute bags, malathion-treated PP bags, malathion-treated jute bags and GrainPro bags were affixed to the bottom of 9-cm Petri dishes and 20 adults of either Sitophilus oryzae (L.) or Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) were introduced to determine contact sensitivity of insects exposed to ZeroFly bag fabric. Knockdown, mortality and number of progeny were recorded for different exposure periods (24, 48 or 72 h) and oviposition periods (7, 14 or 21 d). Additionally, mini bags were made from ZeroFly bags, PP bags, laminated PP bags and jute bags, and used to determine ability of adult S. oryzae, T. castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) to chew through the bags and efficacy of ZeroFly bags at preventing insect infestations from outside and to contain infestations within bags. Knockdown assessment for ZeroFly bag fabric showed that time required to knockdown 99% of S. oryzae and T. castaneum was <3 h. For 72-h exposure to ZeroFly bag fabric, mortalities for S. oryzae and T. castaneum were 76.7 and 62.2%, respectively; mortality was 6% in other fabrics. ZeroFly bag fabric also significantly suppressed progeny production by S. oryzae and T. castaneum for all exposure periods. No insects from the three species tested were able to chew through miniature ZeroFly bags, indicating the bag fabric will prevent entry or exit of insects.

Despite being successful in preventing pests from entering stored goods, residual synthetic pesticides have had a negative impact on the environment. However, the prohibitive cost of synthetic pesticides and the risk of target pests developing insecticide resistance have prompted researchers to develop alternative management strategies. Since plant-based pesticides are biodegradable and less dangerous for organisms other than the target species, they are a useful alternative to chemical pesticides. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of plant extract in preventing the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeous) (Coloptera: Curcolinidae) from infesting stored-products. For toxicity and synergism against S. oryzae, aqueous extracts of Cannabis sative L., Dodonaea visicosa L., and Parthenium hysterophorus L., were evaluated at different concentrations. D. viscosa

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Adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), the lesser grain borer, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), the rusty grain beetle, and Sitophilus oryzae (L.), the rice weevil, were exposed for 1, 24, and 72 h on wheat treated with concentrations of 0% (untreated controls) to 100% of the proposed label rate of an experimental formulation of deltamethrin + Methoprene + piperonyl butoxide synergist. Movement and velocity of movement were assessed after each exposure time using a camera-based monitoring system (Ethovision ® ). Movement of R. dominica decreased with increasing concentration and exposure time, so that movement had virtually ceased at the 48 and 72 h exposures. Cryptolestes ferrugineus was less susceptible compared to R. dominica, but there was still a general pattern of decreased movement and velocity of movement with increasing concentration and exposure time. Sitophilus oryzae was the least susceptible species, with less differences at the 1 h exposure interval compared to the other two species, but after 24-72 h, the patterns of declining movement and velocity were apparent as the concentration increased. Data were analyzed using curve-fit equations to show the relationship between concentration and exposure time for each species. Results show that the Ethovison system can be used to assess the sub-lethal effects of exposure to grain protectant insecticides and elucidate behavioral variation between different stored product insects.

To evaluate the efficiency of different concentrations of Bojho (Acorous calamus) on maize and wheat weevil (Sitophilus spp.), a lab experiment was conducted from 13, February 2019 to 19, February 2019 at the entomology lab. The design setup was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments including control whereas each treatment was replicated 5 times. Grains were first adjusted to 14% moisture and placed in 50 jars with 15 cm height x 8 cm diameter. 250 grams of grains were placed in each jar with 25 jars containing wheat grains and another 25 containing maize grains. Grains were then treated with different concentrations of Bojho (5, 7.5, 10, 12.5g per kg of grains) and control to evaluate its efficiency against weevil. Powdered botanical extract Bojho was thoroughly mixed with grains in each jar. Mortality rate and weight loss were recorded at an interval of 24 hrs for 6 days. 12.5g Bojho/kg grains have shown the highest weevil mortality rate and lowest weight loss of gr...

Smallholder farmers in Pakistan store their seeds and grains in porous polypropylene (woven) and jute bags or in bulk. Seed stored in these containers is susceptible to fluctuating seasonal relative humidity and temperature, which promote mold and insect growth. The present study assessed the performance of Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags for maize seed storage during a two-month period. Seed moisture content increased in polypropylene bags while it remained constant in PICS bags. No change in germination was observed in maize seeds stored in PICS bags while in polypropylene bags it was reduced in half when compared to the initial germination. Seed stored in polypropylene bags had higher insect damage with a weight loss of 35% while in PICS bags the infestation was minimal with a weight loss of about 3%. Higher aflatoxin contamination levels were observed in seeds stored in polypropylene than PICS bags. PICS bags are effective at preserving the dryness of maize seed in storage during high relative humidity conditions, which leads to maintenance of seed quality.

Recent advances in computer technology as well as in signal processing and pattern recognition, provide the possibility of automatic identification of pests, based on their audio signals. In this research a sound reinforced piezoelectric sensor along with a detection circuit based on a database was designed in order to receive audio signals with intensity lower than human hearing limit (zero dB). The confused flour beetle, Triboium confusum was used in this experiment. The signals received from larvae, adult and the combination of these two stages, in wheat grain bulk at three distances of 10, 20 and 30 cm from acoustic sensors were investigated. In each experimental run the characteristics of signals frequency including range, time, amplitude and intensity were extracted. For all three distances the sound produced by the larvae had a peak intensity in the frequency range of 2.4 kHz (for feeding) and the adult insect's sound had two peaks intensity in the frequency range of 2 kHz (for feeding) and 2.3 kHz (for walking). The differences between the frequency characteristics of sound produced at different stages might provide the possibility of identifying the life stages of the pest, pest distance to the sensor and approximate location of the pest. Based on these findings, the sound sensor and the audio circuit were designed to detect larvae, adult, or both at a distance of 30 cm. Further investigation is continuing to improve the audio system programming and the related circuits for more accurate detection of the pest.

Fleas rice (Sitophilus oryzae L.) is one pest in the rice storage warehouses.While, Pandan wangi leave (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb) contain essential oils, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, and pigment, so it can be used as a rice pest infestation repellent. The purpose of this research is to findout aboutefektiveness of the P. amaryllifolius Roxb leaf powder as a repellent S. oryzae L. The method used in this research is experimental method with pattern Complete Random Design (RAL) consists of two factors are many pandan wangi’s leaf powder used and time application, and do 4 replications. Methods of data collection was calculate the percentage of repellent by P. amaryllifolius Roxb leaf’s powder toS. oryzae L. The results of this research is indicate award P. amaryllifolius Roxb leaf powder in a variety of treatment and long application significantly affect the percentage repellent of S. oryzae L. The results ware obtain that the more the concentrations used...

Fleas rice (Sitophilus oryzae L.) is one pest in the rice storage warehouses.While, Pandan wangi leave (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb) contain essential oils, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, and pigment, so it can be used as a rice pest infestation repellent. The purpose of this research is to findout aboutefektiveness of the P. amaryllifolius Roxb leaf powder as a repellent S. oryzae L. The method used in this research is experimental method with pattern Complete Random Design (RAL) consists of two factors are many pandan wangi's leaf powder used and time application, and do 4 replications. Methods of data collection was calculate the percentage of repellent by P. amaryllifolius Roxb leaf's powder toS. oryzae L. The results of this research is indicate award P. amaryllifolius Roxb leaf powder in a variety of treatment and long application significantly affect the percentage repellent of S. oryzae L. The results ware obtain that the more the concentrations used the higher the percentage of rejection. Average highest percentage repellent against S. oryzae L is P. amaryllifolius Roxb leaf powder 70 grams treatment at 100 grams of rice is 56,25 % and the effective application of the old on average at 48 hours of treatment. So the supply of P.amarillifolius Roxb leaf powder effectively as a repellent fleas rice (S. oryzae L).