Resistance Training

Purpose:To compare EMG activity of selected hip and knee muscle groups in female athletes performing a modified single-leg squat and the 2-leg squat using the same relative intensity.Methods:Eleven Division I female athletes from a variety of sports (soccer, softball, and track) completed the study. EMG measurements were taken as the subjects completed 3 parallel repetitions at 85% of their 3-repetition maximum on each exercise. Mean and mean peak EMG data from the gluteus medius, hamstrings, and quadriceps and the quadriceps:hamstrings EMG ratio were compared between the 2 exercises.Results:Statistically higher mean (P < .01) and mean peak (P < .05) gluteus medius and mean and mean peak (P < .01) hamstring EMG activity occurred during the modified single-leg squat. The 2-leg squat produced higher mean and mean peak (P < .05) quadriceps activity and a higher quadriceps:hamstrings EMG ratio (P < .01).Conclusion:Muscle-recruitment patterns appear to differ between the 2...

This study analyzed anthropometric indicators such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and body mass index (BMI), in addition to measuring indicators such as Vaspin and Visfatin levels. A link between obesity and the metabolic and hormonal changes that affect overall health. The study sample included 90 men aged 25 to 45 years old. They were divided into five groups based on their body mass index (BMI). The first (control) group included 18 men of normal weight, while the second group included 18 overweight men. The third group included 18 men with class I obesity, and the fourth group included 18 men with class II obesity. The fifth group included 18 men with a history of obesity. Participants with chronic diseases or conditions that also affect metabolic processes were excluded. The study showed that Vaspin and Visfatin levels increased inversely with increasing BMI, suggesting a role for these proteins and hormones in the metabolic effects associated with obesity. The study concluded that using body mass index (BMI) alone to assess health risks may be insufficient, as it does not reflect the distribution of body fat. Therefore, it is preferable to use a combination of anthropometric indicators such as waist circumference, WHR, WHtR, and body fat percentage to provide a comprehensive assessment of health risks associated with obesity. The results also indicate that individuals with increased waist circumference and WHR are more susceptible to heart disease and diabetes.

Weightlifting performance is strongly dependent on technique, explosive strength, and flexibility. There are two major lifts involved in competition: the snatch and the clean and jerk, and the snatch is the most technical component of the weightlifting competition. Most technical analyses have previously been performed using either video analysis or conventional optical camera systems. However, few studies have investigated the kinematic characteristics of the weightlifters using inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors. In this study, we investigated the joint kinematics of the trunk, shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee as well as the main phases during the snatch technique for national and college level weightlifters using multiple IMU sensors. Seven female Mongolian weightlifters (three national level and four college level) participated. Each participant performed three snatch attempts at 70% of their one-repetition maximum. The joint angles were calculated using three-axis accelerati...

Purpose: The purpose of this controlled trial was to assess the effect of an approximately 3-wk intrahospital exercise intervention performed during inpatient hospitalization for pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) on (i) immune cell recovery and (ii) body composition. Methods: Immune (i.e., blood counts of leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, and lymphocyte subpopulations) and anthropometric variables (i.e., body mass, body mass index, and estimated fat-free mass) were measured before and after (+15 and 30 d) HSCT. Seven children (5 boys and 2 girls; age (mean T SD) = 8 T 4 yr) with high-risk cancer performed an individualized training program (aerobic + resistance exercises) in their isolated hospital rooms. We also assessed a control group (n = 13; 9 boys and 4 girls; age = 7 T 3 yr) with similar medical conditions and following the same transplant protocol. Results: In both groups, the dendritic cell count decreased from pre-HSCT to +15 d post-HSCT and thereafter (up to +30 d) remained stabile; however, the posttransplant decrease was more abrupt in the control group than that in the intervention group (j87% vs j63%, respectively, from pre-HSCT to +15 d). The rest of the immune cell parameters measured showed a similar response from pre-HSCT to post-HSCT in both groups. We found a significant effect of the interaction group  time for all anthropometric variables (weight, body mass index, body fat, and fat-free mass), indicating an increase over the hospitalization period only in the intervention group, for example, body mass increased from 32.9 T 18.7 kg pre-HSCT to 35.4 T 18.6 kg at +30 d in the intervention group versus a decrease from 30.2 T 16.6 to 29.3 T 6.3 kg in the control group. Conclusion: Our findings support the feasibility of exercise training interventions during hospitalization, including immunocompromised children.

Women with fibromyalgia (FM) often complain of whole-body pain, and muscle fatigue, which may be related to autonomic dysfunction. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of resistance exercise training (RET) on disease impact, pain catastrophizing, and autonomic modulation in women with FM. Women with FM (n=26) and healthy control women (HC: n=9), aged 19–65 yrs, were compared at rest. Women with FM were randomly assigned to a resistance-training group (FM-RT: n=14) or a non-exercising control group (FM-CON: n=12). Women in the FM-RT group underwent 8-weeks of RET on 4 different exercises, 2 times per week, 3 sets of 8–12 repetitions at 50%-60% of the pre-determined 1-repetition max (1RM). Autonomic modulation was assessed using heart rate variability and heart rate complexity. Healthy control women had a lower resting heart rate, decreased normalized low-frequency power, and increased normalized high-frequency power compared to the FM groups at r...

PROBLEM: An acute bout of resistance exercise may have a negative effect on vascular function. METHODS: Ten young, healthy, resistance-trained individuals (8 males, 2 females; aged 23±3 yrs) volunteered. One-repetition maximum (1RM) was assessed on the squat (144±32kg), bench press (109±33kg), and deadlift (160±40kg). Forearm blood flow (FBF) was assessed by strain gauge plethysmography at rest and followed by 5 minutes of circulatory occlusion (220 mmHg) to induce reactive hyperemia (RH) and to measure vasodilatory capacity before and 25 minutes after an acute bout of resistance exercise. Each participant also completed a quiet control session of the same duration. Area under the curve for FBF-RH was also utilized to determine differences in blood flow. Data were analyzed by an ANOVA to examine the effects of condition (acute resistance exercise, control) by time (rest, recovery). RESULTS: Area under the curve for FBF-RH significantly (p≤0.05) increased after the acute bout of free...

It is unclear if resistance training (RT) can be used to alter declines in autonomic modulation associated with aging. Young women (YW; range 18-25 yrs) and older women (OW; range 50-72 yrs) were compared at baseline. Only OW underwent supervised RT 2 days a week for 12-weeks. Baseline and post-training measurements included heart rate variability (HRV) and complexity (Sample Entropy) to assess autonomic modulation. The 12-weeks of RT consisted of 9 exercises performing 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions. At baseline, group differences in maximal strength, and autonomic modulation were evaluated with a one-way ANOVA with BMI as a covariate. In the OW, the effects of RT were evaluated with repeated-measures ANOVA in order to compare baseline to after RT. The YW had significantly (p≤0.05) lower diastolic, but not systolic blood pressure. The YW also had significantly (p≤0.05) greater absolute Ln (natural logarithm) high-frequency (HF) power and normalized HF power compared to the OW. In addit...

Acute resistance exercise (RE) with blood flow restriction (BFR) on pulse wave reflection is unclear. PURPOSE: To evaluate the differences between acute upper-body RE (URE) and lower-body RE (LRE) with and without BFR on pulse wave reflection in resistancetrained individuals. METHODS: Pulse wave reflection was assessed at rest, and during recovery at 10 (R10), 25 (R25), 40 (R40), and 55 (R55) minutes after either URE or LRE with or without BFR in twelve resistance-trained individuals. The URE consisted of the lat pulldown and chest press while the LRE consisted of knee extension and knee flexion. The BFR condition consisted of 4 set of 30, 15, 15, and 15 repetitions at 30% 1-repetition maximum (1RM) while the non-BFR condition consisted of 4 sets of 8 repetitions at 70% 1RM. A 2x2x5 repeated measures ANOVA was used to evaluate the effect of group across conditions and time on pulse wave reflection. RESULTS: There were no differences for any variable between conditions. There were significant group by time interactions for brachial systolic blood pressure (BSBP), brachial diastolic blood pressure (BDBP), aortic systolic blood pressure (ASBP), and aortic diastolic blood pressure (ADBP) such that BSBP

Background: Adipokines such as Vaspin and Nesfatin have different biological roles and may be in relation to cardiovascular and hypertension related diseases. Objective: To investigate the effects of 12 weeks aerobic exercises on plasma levels of Vaspin and Nesfatin in hypertensive elderly women. Methods: In this study, 30 elderly women with hypertension were randomly assigned to control and experiment groups. The training program included aerobic exercises which were conducted increasingly, 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Blood samples were taken before starting the exercise training and also 24 hours after the last training session. The data analyzed using the dependent and independent t-test for comparisons within and between groups. Findings: Number of control group was 15; Age 56.10±9.8 years; Systolic blood pressure 13.10±0.87mmhg; Diastolic blood pressure 7.89±0.56mmhg, number of experiment group was 15; Age: 55.10±6.08 years; Systolic blood pressure 13.28±1.36mmhg; Diastolic bl...

У навчально-методичному посібнику розкрито значення гри для
всебічного й гармонійного розвитку особистості, визначено спеціалізовані
вимоги до професійної діяльності вчителя фізичної культури, висвітлено
теоретико-методичні засади навчання спортивним іграм, представлено
технологію підготовки та проведення предметного ігрового уроку
фізичної культури.
Посібник адресований студентам і викладачам закладів вищої освіти,
учителям закладів загальної середньої освіти, може бути корисним тренерам,
методистам, аспірантам, усім, хто цікавиться спортивними іграми.

Patients and methods Prospective study including 80 obese patients randomized into two groups: a group of aerobic training (AT) who underwent a training program on treadmill and a group of combined training (CT) who underwent treadmill exercises associated with program of isokinetic strength training of the extensor and flexor muscles of both lower limbs and spine. Evaluation was performed before, one week after, and one year after the end of the protocol. The evaluation comported anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters, muscle strength, dosage of biological parameters and an assessment of psychological status and quality of life. Results After rehabilitation, a significantly greater improvement of anthropometric parameters in the CT were noted compared to AT with an improvement of the weighting reduction of 23.82% in the CT versus 12.3% in the AT group (p < 0.001) and BMI decrease of 19.07% in the CT versus 11.11% in the AT (p < 0.001). The improvement of biological parameters and cardiovascular parameters were also statistically more significant in the RC (p < 0.001). In the two groups amelioration in the peak of torque of both knees and spine extensor and flexor muscles was noted in the three test speeds. This improvement was significantly more important in the RC (p < 0.001). Also, we found an improvement in psychological status and quality of life in the two groups, which was significantly more important in the RC (p < 0.001). The improvement of all parameters was maintained at the first year. Discussion-conclusion Several recent publications have recommended the association of aerobic exercises and muscle strengthening in the rehabilitation to effort of obese . However, no study has particularly used isokinetism as means of muscle strengthening. Our study confirmed the beneficial effect of the combination of isokinetic strength training to aerobic training on anthropometric, biological and cardiovascular parameters well as muscle strength in obese women.

Background-Although a number of exercise systems have been developed to mitigate the physiological deconditioning that occurs in microgravity, few have the capacity to positively impact multiple physiological systems and still meet the volume/mass requirements needed for missions beyond low earth orbit. The purpose of this study was to test the gravity-independent Multi-Mode Exercise Device (M-MED) for both resistance (RE) and aerobic (AE) training stimuli. Methods-Eight men and nine women (mean age 22.0±0.4 years) completed five weeks of training on the M-MED: RE 4×7 squats two days a week, and AE 4×4-min rowing bouts at ~90% VO 2 max three days a week. Pre-and post-training data collection included an aerobic capacity test, MR imaging, strength testing, and vastus lateralis muscle biopsy. Results-VO 2 max increased 8%, 3RM strength 18%, and quadriceps femoris cross-sectional area (CSA) 10%. Knee extensor strength increased at all isokinetic speeds tested. Subjects also demonstrated improved resistance to fatigue in knee extension. At the cellular and molecular level, the biopsy revealed increases in mixed myofiber CSA (13%), citrate synthase activity (26%), total RNA concentration (24%), IGF-I mRNA (77%), Type IIa Myosin Heavy Chain (MHC) mRNA (8%), and concomitant decrease in Type IIx MHC mRNA (-23%). None of the changes were gender-specific.

Purpose-To examine the effect of a high-intensity concurrent training program utilizing a single gravity-independent device on maintaining skeletal muscle function and aerobic capacity during short-term unilateral lower limb suspension (ULLS). Methods-Nineteen subjects (10 male; 9 female; 21.0 ± 2.5 yr, 65.4 ± 12.2 kg) were separated into 2 groups: 1) 10 day unilateral lower limb suspension only (ULLS; n = 9) and 2) 10 day ULLS plus aerobic and resistance training (ULLS+EX; n = 10). Exercise was performed on a single gravity-independent Multi-Mode Exercise Device (M-MED) with alternating days of highintensity interval aerobic training and maximal exertion resistance training. Results-Aerobic capacity increased by 7% in ULLS+EX (P < 0.05). Knee extensor and ankle plantar flexor three repetition max increased in the ULLS+EX group (P < 0.05) but this change was only different than ULLS in the plantar flexors (P < 0.05). Peak torque levels decreased with ULLS but were increased for the knee extensors and attenuated for the ankle plantar flexors with ULLS+EX (P < 0.05). A shift towards type IIx myosin heavy chain mRNA occurred with ULLS and was reversed with ULLS+EX in the vastus lateralis (P < 0.05) but not the soleus. Myostatin and atrogin increased with ULLS in both the vastus lateralis and soleus but this change was mitigated with ULLS+EX only in the vastus lateralis (P = 0.0551 for myostatin; P < 0.05 for atrogin). Citrate synthase was decreased in the soleus during ULLS but was increased with ULLS +EX (P < 0.05). indicate that an M-MED class countermeasure device appears to be effective at mitigating the deconditioning effects of microgravity simulated during a modified-ULLS protocol.

The aims of this study were to find out the effects of aerobic exercises on different health related physical fitness variables such as cardio respiratory endurance, flexibility, upper body strength endurance and abdominal strength endurance in adults women. About 32 collage girls (age ranges 21-25yrs) were enrolled as the subject of the study. Two groups were the experimental group, participated in an aerobic exercise programs and the control group. The experimental subjects group was continued for aerobic training for nine month, thrice in a week, 45min. in each time. Due to aerobic training there was no significant change occurs in case of flexibility, upper body strength endurance and abdominal strength endurance. Significant positive changes occurred in case of the cardio respiratory endurance as it was increased due to training. INTRODUCTION &#39;Fitness&#39; is the ability to perform work satisfactorily under specific condition. Physical fitness is the ability to perform musc...

Background: Physical activity is an effective stimulant for improving the health of elderly people with metabolic syndrome by increasing energy consumption and thus reducing body fat. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of high intensity circuit training (HICT) on serum BDNF and Irisin levels and body weight in elderly women with metabolic syndrome in Khorramabad city. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 18 females (age 71.00 ± 6.17 years; weight 62.22 ± 9.18 kg; height 153.67 ± 3.27 cm) with metabolic syndrome voluntarily participated. During their daily routine, the subjects participated in an 8-week HICT protocol that performed 3 sessions per week. 24 hours before the training protocol and 48 hours after the training protocol, the fasting blood sample was taken by the laboratory expert between 7:30 minutes to 8 hours. ELISA kits were used to measure serum levels of BDNF and Irisin. The paired-Samples T test was used to identify any significant...

Background Lipasin is a liver-derived secretory protein; i.e. associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Objective The current research assessed the effect of resistance training on atherogenic and metabolic status and lipasin levels in obese rats. Methods In this experimental study, 20 obese rats (8 weeks old, Mean±SD weight: 361±32 g) and 10 normal-weight rats (8 weeks old, Mean±SD weight: 248±13 g) randomly divided into three groups: obese control, obese trained, and control. The obese trained group received an 8-week exercise program for 3 days/week on a specific ladder with a carrying load of 30% of body weight, attached to their tails. The weight of the load was gradually increased during the training sessions, reaching 200% of the body weight of rats in the final week. There were three sets of 5 repetitions with a 3-min rest between each set of exercise sessions and 1 minute between repetitions. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, the blood samples were obtained and analyzed for metabolic status. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Findings Lipasin levels were higher in obese rats, than the controls (P=0.02). Atherogenic and metabolic status (TG, TC, LDL, glucose, insulin resistance) were improved in the exercise group, compared to the control group (P=0.05). Plasma lipasin levels were significantly decreased in the obese exercise group (P=0.05). Conclusion This study indicated that resistance training may be effective in improving metabolic status by decreasing lipasin plasma levels.

This systematic review with meta-analysis analysed the effects of COVID-19 lockdowns on physical fitness and body composition in athletes. A comprehensive search was conducted in three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) up to January 2025 (included). Studies were included based on PICO criteria, involving adult athletes, original articles, and any quantitative assessment of physical fitness and/or body composition conducted within one month before and two weeks after the lockdown. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess the risk of bias, while the Cochrane Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach evaluated the certainty of evidence. A total of 14 studies (261 athletes) with a low risk of bias met the inclusion criteria. Narrative synthesis revealed that the effects of lockdowns on athletes' physical fitness and body composition were varied, with consistent impairments (e.g., endurance-related fitness), relative stability (e.g., body mass, CMJ height, maximal strength), and mixed results (e.g., sprinting). A meta-analysis of 11 studies indicated a non-significant effect of lockdown on body mass (effect size [ES]=-0.115, 95% confidence interval [CI]-0.214 to 0.164, P=0.797). Similarly, 10 studies showed a variable, non-significant reduction in CMJ height (ES=-0.303, 95% CI-0.655 to 0.045, P=0.097). However, CMJ relative peak power (six studies) demonstrated a trivial-small negative effect (ES=-0.199, 95% CI-0.341 to-0.058, P=0.019). These findings should be interpreted with caution as the certainty of evidence was very low. While evidence remains limited, targeted and individualised training might help mitigate some of the detraining effects observed during a lockdown, particularly in endurance-related fitness outcomes.

We recently demonstrated that low frequency, moderate intensity, explosive-type resistance training (EMRT) is highly beneficial in elderly subjects towards muscle strength and power, with a systemic adaptive response of anti-oxidant and stress-induced markers. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of EMRT on oxidative stress biomarkers induced in old people (70-75 years) by a single bout of acute, intense exercise. Sixteen subjects randomly assigned to either a control, not exercising group (n ¼8) or a trained group performing EMRT protocol for 12-weeks (n ¼ 8), were submitted to a graded maximal exercise stress test (GXT) at baseline and after the 12-weeks of EMRT protocol, with blood samples collected before, immediately after, 1 and 24 h post-GXT test. Blood glutathione (GSH, GSSG, GSH/GSSG), plasma malonaldehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls and creatine kinase (CK) levels, as well as PBMCs cellular damage (Comet assay, apoptosis) and stress-protein response (Hsp70 and Hsp27 expression) were evaluated. The use of multiple biomarkers allowed us to confirm that EMRT per se neither affected redox homeostasis nor induced any cellular and oxidative damage. Following the GXT, the EMRT group displayed a higher GSH/GSSG ratio and a less pronounced increase in MDA, protein carbonyls and CK levels compared to control group. Moreover, we found that Hsp70 and Hsp27 proteins were induced after GXT only in EMRT group, while any significant modification within 24 h was detected in untrained group. Apoptosis rates and DNA damage did not show any significant variation in relation to EMRT and/or GXT. In conclusion, the adherence to an EMRT protocol is able to induce a cellular adaptation allowing healthy elderly trained subjects to cope with the oxidative stress induced by an acute exercise more effectively than the aged-matched sedentary subjects.

We recently demonstrated that low frequency, moderate intensity, explosive-type resistance training (EMRT) is highly beneficial in elderly subjects towards muscle strength and power, with a systemic adaptive response of anti-oxidant and stress-induced markers. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of EMRT on oxidative stress biomarkers induced in old people (70-75 years) by a single bout of acute, intense exercise. Sixteen subjects randomly assigned to either a control, not exercising group (n=8) or a trained group performing EMRT protocol for 12-weeks (n=8), were submitted to a graded maximal exercise stress test (GXT) at baseline and after the 12-weeks of EMRT protocol, with blood samples collected before, immediately after, 1 and 24h post-GXT test. Blood glutathione (GSH, GSSG, GSH/GSSG), plasma malonaldehyde (MDA), protein carbonyls and creatine kinase (CK) levels, as well as PBMCs cellular damage (Comet assay, apoptosis) and stress-protein response (Hsp70 and Hs...

Resistance training has become a mainstay of exercise training in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it remains controversial whether hypertrophy resistance training (HRT) is superior to endurance resistance training (ERT) with regard to its effects on glycaemic control, muscle mass and strength. Thirty-two patients with T2DM (13 men and 19 women; 64.8 ± 7.8 years) were randomly assigned to either eight weeks of HRT (n = 16; 2 sets, 10-12 repetitions, 70% of the one-repetition maximum (1-RM)) or ERT (n = 16; 2 sets, 25-30 repetitions, 40% 1-RM). In addition, all patients participated in aerobic exercise training (AET; 1 hour/day on 2 non-consecutive days/week; cycle ergometer; 70% of heart rate reserve). After eight weeks of intervention, there were time but not group effects for reduced glucose and fructosamine levels, weight, BMI, waist circumference, subcutaneous abdominal fat, resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure; muscle mass of the arms and physical ...

The current research aims at designing a training program using cross-training and identifying the effects of using cross-training on improving the strength endurance, aerobic endurance and the technical performance level of long distance runners at The Northern Borders University, Saudi Arabia. The researcher used the quasi-experimental approach (one-group design) with pre and post- measurements. Sample (n=10) was randomly chosen from long distance runners at The Northern Borders University. The researcher concluded that the recommended training program improved the power endurance rates that ranged between 23.64% and 69.35% (for bent-knees sit up and leg curl respectively).The recommended training program improved the aerobic endurance rates that ranged between 30.77% and 50% (for VO2 (absolute) test and Cooper test max respectively).The recommended training program improved the aerobic endurance rates (33.89% for absolute values and 43.36% for relative values), power endurance ra...

This book is an essential resource for kinesiology and exercise science students aspiring to become future coaches, personal trainers, physical therapists, and other health and movement professionals. This book bridges the gap between theory and practice by providing real-world case studies that offer a comprehensive understanding of human movement, injury prevention, rehabilitation, and performance enhancement.

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IntroductionCerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive disorder occurring in early brain development that results in abnormal movement and posture (Rosenbaum et al., 2007). The main features of participants with CP are impaired movement and posture that involves gait and upper body coordination as well as problems with balance and psychological problems such as negative emotional image and low self-esteem (Fairhurst, 2012; Graham & Selber, 2003; Krigger, 2006; Murphy & Such-Neibar, 2003; Reddihough & Collins, 2003; Rapp & Torres, 2000; Sandstrom, 2007; Steenbergen & Utley, 2005). Spastic Hemiplegia (SH) is type of CP that affects partially or totally only one half molecule of the body and common problems for those with SH include motor difficulties, such as small stride length, asymmetric walking, slowness, and reduced ability to coordinate movements, which affects the posture and walking as well as symmetrical proper use of the trunk and upper-extremity (Boyd et al., 2010; Kulak & So...

The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of 1-set and 3-set resistance training on muscular strength, endurance and mass of upper-body and lower-body in untrained men. Method: 18 untrained collage students volunteered in this study and were randomly divided into two groups including the 1-set group (n=9), or the 3-set group (n=9). Subjects were asked to train 3 days per week for 8 weeks. At the beginning and the end of the study, muscular strength, endurance and mass were evaluated. Muscular strength was measured using one repetition maximum test (1RM) in two upper-body exercises and two lower-body exercises. Muscular endurance was assessed by maximal number of repetitions performed using 75%1RM in two exercises chest press and leg extension. Muscular mass was evaluated by measuring of biceps and thigh circumferences. Data was analyzed using paired and unpaired t-test. The results show that after 8 weeks, muscular strength and endurance significantly increased in all of upper-body and lower-body exercises in both groups. The biceps and thigh circumferences significantly increased in 3-set group only. The increase in muscular strength and endurance in the lower-body exercises was significantly higher in the 3-set group than 1-set group; while no significant difference observed between groups in upper-body exercises. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that 3-set resistance training is better than 1-set resistance training with regard to strength and endurance gains in the lower-body muscles and muscular mass gains; while no difference exists between 1-and 3-set training with regard to strength and muscular gains in upper-body muscles in untrained men.

High intensity physical exercise favors accumulation of lactate in muscles and bloodstream, leading to impaired muscle func-tion and exercise performance. This study evaluated the effect of citrulline malate (CM) on blood lactate concentration and perception of fatigue after muscular effort in high performance athletes. Seventy-two high-performance athletes who gave written informed consent were randomly assigned to CM 3 g/day, CM 6 g/day or placebo for 13 days. Blood lactate mea-surements were performed every training day. Fatigue was as-sessed through an auto-administered questionnaire at baseline and after 6 and 13 days. Main criterion was the percentage of blood lactate recovery 30 minutes after training. The mean percentage of lactate recovery 30 minutes after training was 89.3 ± 1.1% in the CM3 and 97.9 ± 1.3% in the CM6 group, becoming significantly greater than placebo at day 5 with CM3 and at day 3 with CM6. Lactate variations were stable or de-creased in the 2 active group...

Resumen Introducción: se ha demostrado una asociación entre el incremento en la actividad física y mejora en el perfil de lípidos. Objetivo: evaluar los cambios en los lípidos séricos causados por la práctica del ciclismo fijo (spinning). Material y métodos: se estudiaron nueve ...

Aging is accompanied by a decrease in physical capabilities (e.g., strength loss) and cognitive decline. The observed bidirectional relationship between physical activity and brain health suggests that physical activities could be beneficial to maintain and improve brain functioning (e.g., cognitive performance). However, the exercise type (e.g., resistance training, endurance training) and their exercise variables (e.g., load, duration, frequency) for an effective physical activity that optimally enhance cognitive performance are still unknown. There is growing evidence that resistance training induces substantial brain changes which contribute to improved cognitive functions. A relative new method in the field of resistance training is blood flow restriction training (BFR). While resistance training with BFR is widely studied in the context of muscular performance, this training strategy also induces an activation of signaling pathways associated with neuroplasticity and cognitive functions. Based on this, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that resistance training with BFR is a promising new strategy to boost the effectiveness of resistance training interventions regarding cognitive performance. To support our hypothesis, we provide rationales of possible adaptation processes induced by resistance training with BFR. Furthermore, we outline recommendations for future studies planning to investigate the effects of resistance training with BFR on cognition.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the acute heart rate variability behavior after 10 repetitions maximum load test for back squat, leg press, leg extension, and leg flexion in normotensive subjects. Eight recreationally trained women (age: 21.8 ± 2.2 yrs; height: 167.6 ± 6.3 cm; weight: 61.6 ± 10.1 kg) performed two 10 repetitions maximum testing days with 48-hours rest between each one. Heart rate variability was measured in baseline and postexercise (15-, 30-, 45-, and 60-minutes) for time and frequency domain. A significant difference was identified in RMSSD ( = 0.010; effect size = -1.3), MRR ( = 0.026; effect size = -1.3), MHR ( = 0.006; effect size = 1.4), and PNN50% ( = 0.006; effect size = -1.6) when compared 15 minutes postexercise with baseline. For all others comparison and index were no differences ( &gt; 0.05). The present study demonstrates that load test, although works with maximum intensities, did not generate an exacerbated postexercise sympathetic activity....

Background and Aims Postural changes caused by aging severely affect the functional abilities of older adults. One of the common postural abnormalities in older adults is increased thoracic kyphosis or hyperkyphosis. To determine the contributing factors of hyperkyphosis in older men, the present study aims to compare the back extensor muscles' strength, endurance, and ability to regenerate the sense of force of these muscles between older men with and without hyperkyphosis. Methods This is a protocol study with a cross-sectional design that will be conducted in spring and summer of 2025 on 70 Iranian older men aged 60-80 years. After dividing them into two groups with hyperkyphosis (n=35) and without hyperkyphosis (n=35), the strength, endurance, and error in regeneration of back extensor muscles' sense of force will be measured and compared between them. Independent t-test or Mann-Whitney U test will be used to determine the differences in study variables between the two groups. Pearson's or Spearman's correlation test will be used to investigate the adjusted associations of the back extensor function variables and thoracic kyphosis.

Studies shows that regular practice of physical exercises provide for the elderly benefic in several psycho-biological aspects, as the memory. This review aims to discuss the physiological effects of the aerobic and resistance training over elderly memory. Moreover, to establish which of the two types of trainings has the most noticeable effects. First, we describe some aspects about memory, their formation processes and physiology, and the changes with aging. According with literature, both the aerobic and the resistence training provide benefits for the memory in the elderly. Though, the scientific evidence is still insufficient for distinguish which training is the most effective, and the knowledge about the physiological effect of resistance training on memory is scarce. It's possible to said that, by means of biochemical and physiological changes, and if appropriate, well oriented and systematized, the exercise may be a preventive and no drug-dependent method for maintain the memory levels in elderly.

Background Although physical activity (PA) is associated with significant health benefits, only a small percentage of adolescents meet recommended PA levels. This systematic review with meta-analysis explored the modifiable determinants of adolescents' device-based PA and/or sedentary behaviour (SB), evaluated in previous interventions and examined the associations between PA/SB and these determinants in settings. Methods A search was conducted on five electronic databases, including papers published from January 2010 to July 2023. Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) or Controlled Trials (CTs) measuring adolescents' device-based PA/ SB and their modifiable determinants at least at two time points: pre-and post-intervention were considered eligible. PA/SB and determinants were the main outcomes. Modifiable determinants were classified after data extraction adopting the social-ecological perspective. Robust Bayesian meta-analyses (RoBMA) were performed per each study setting. Outcomes identified in only one study were presented narratively. The risk of bias for each study and the certainty of the evidence for each meta-analysis were evaluated. The publication bias was also checked. PROSPERO ID: CRD42021282874. Fourteen RCTs (eight in school, three in school and family, and one in the family setting) and one CT (in the school setting) were included. Fifty-four modifiable determinants were identified and were combined into 33 broader determinants (21 individual-psychological, four individual-behavioural, seven interpersonal, and one institutional). RoBMAs revealed none or negligible pooled intervention effects on PA/SB or determinants in all settings. The certainty of the evidence of the impact of interventions on outcomes ranged from very low to low. Narratively,

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of plyometric training and weight training on agility of Volleyball players. To achieve the purpose of the study 60 members Inter collegiate volleyball players were selected from Dr.YSR Horticultural University , were selected as subjects at random and their age ranged between 18 to 21 years were selected as subject at random. The study was formulated as pre and post test random group design, in which 60 were divided into three equal groups. The experimental-1 (n=20, PT) underwent polymeric training, the experimental group-2 (n=20, WT) underwent weight training and group-3 (n=20, CG) served as a control group did not undergo any training. In this study, two training programme were adopted as independent variables, i.e., polymeric training and weight training. The agility was chosen as dependent variable. It was tested by T-test jump and performance recorded in seconds. The selected two treatment groups were performed twelve groups, as per the stipulated training programme. The capacity of agility was tested by before and after the training period. The collected pre and post data was critically analyzed statistical tool of analysis of covariance, for the observed the significant adjusted post-test mean difference of two different groups. The Scheffe's post hoc test was used to find out pair-wise comparison between groups. To test the hypothesis 0.05 level of significant level was fixed. The result of the present study proved that the two training interventions have produced significant improvements on agility.

Introdução: Pacientes hipertensos podem apresentar comprometimento da qualidade de vida (QV) e da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS), tanto pela hipertensão arterial (HA), quanto pelos eventuais efeitos adversos do tratamento. Exercícios físicos, aeróbios e resistidos, melhoram a performance cardiorrespiratória e neuromuscular, mas há poucas evidências sobre seus efeitos na QV, QVRS e capacidade funcional (CF) em mulheres hipertensas. Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar os efeitos dos treinamentos aeróbio e resistido sobre a QV, QVRS e a capacidade funcional em hipertensas. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado, cego, com total de 18 sessões de exercícios. Foram incluídas mulheres hipertensas sob tratamento medicamentoso, não participantes de programas de exercícios, com 50 anos de idade ou mais, que não apresentaram arritmias e/ou alterações isquêmicas em teste ergométrico (protocolo de Bruce). A amostra foi randomizada como segue: grupo aeróbio (GA) (n = 21) e grupo resistido (GR) (n = 20). Intensidade GA: leve a moderada (Escala de Borg adaptada); GR: até 50-65% de 1 RM. Duas séries com 12 a 15 repetições. Antes e após a intervenção foram aplicados os questionários WHOQOL-bref (QV) e SF-36 (QVRS) e realizado o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6`) para avaliar a CF. Estatística: testes Shapiro-Wilk, t de Student, Fisher, U de Mann-Whitney e Wilcoxon. Nível de significância: p < 0,05. Resultados: Os grupos eram inicialmente homogêneos nos aspectos clínicos, antropométricos, funcionais e sociodemográficos (p ≥ 0,05). Após a intervenção houve melhora significativa em todos os domínios do WHOQOL-bref no GA e no GR houve melhora no domínio aspectos físicos. No SF-36, constatou-se melhora significativa em sete de oito domínios tanto no GA quanto no GR. Capacidade funcional: verificou-se melhora nos dois grupos (p ≤ 0,001). Conclusão: Os dois tipos de treinamento melhoraram a QV e a CF e, dependendo dos objetivos estabelecidos, ambos podem ser eficazes. Palavras-chave: hipertensão arterial, exercício aeróbico, treinamento de resistência, qualidade de vida.

INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes hipertensos podem apresentar comprometimento da qualidade de vida (QV) e da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde (QVRS), tanto pela hipertensão arterial (HA), quanto pelos eventuais efeitos adversos do tratamento. Exercícios físicos, aeróbios e resistidos, melhoram a performance cardiorrespiratória e neuromuscular, mas há poucas evidências sobre seus efeitos na QV, QVRS e capacidade funcional (CF) em mulheres hipertensas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar e comparar os efeitos dos treinamentos aeróbio e resistido sobre a QV, QVRS e a capacidade funcional em hipertensas. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico randomizado, cego, com total de 18 sessões de exercícios. Foram incluídas mulheres hipertensas sob tratamento medicamentoso, não participantes de programas de exercícios, com 50 anos de idade ou mais, que não apresentaram arritmias e/ou alterações isquêmicas em teste ergométrico (protocolo de Bruce). A amostra foi randomizada como segue: grupo aeróbio (GA) (n = 21) e grupo resistido (GR...

Strength endurance is the ability to sustain repeated muscle contractions or maintain a level of muscular force over an extended period. Power is the ability to generate maximum force quickly to propel the body as far as possible in a single explosive movement. Both components develop progressively from childhood to adulthood. This study aims to analyze and understand the development of power and strength endurance across different age groups. A total of 270 schoolgirls (aged 6-14 years; n = 30 per age group) from primary and secondary schools in Jashore, Bangladesh, participated in the study. Strength endurance was assessed via the 30-second sit-up test, and power was measured using the standing broad jump. Data were analyzed using SPSS v25, with means, standard deviations, and standard errors calculated. One-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, and LSD post hoc tests were conducted at a 0.05 significance level. Significant age-related differences were observed in both strength endurance and power. ANOVA results showed that age had a significant effect on standing broad jump performance, F(8, 261) = 25.07, p<.001, and sit-up performance, F(8, 261) = 11.74, p< .001. Post hoc analyses revealed that younger children, particularly those aged 6, performed significantly lower than older peers, with improvements leveling off in the later age groups. Age significantly influences physical performance in children, with older age groups showing better explosive power and core muscular endurance. Tailoring fitness programs to developmental stages and considering biological maturation, sex differences, and environmental influences is crucial.

Frailty and sarcopenia are geriatric syndromes highly prevalent, complex, and hard to diagnose and treat. The literature still lacks a consensus on which resistance training program is better for older people, especially when considering frailty status and sarcopenia. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a progressive resistance training program on muscle mass and frailty status in older sarcopenic women. This study included 18 community-dwelling sarcopenic women aged 65 or older enrolled in the progressive resistance training program. The intervention was based on 75% of each subject’s maximum repetition test (3 times/week, for 12 weeks). Before the intervention, 16.7% were frail, and 61.1% were pre-frail; after the intervention, 5.6% were frail, and 50% were pre-frail. The result shows that the intervention reduced frailty status and increased muscle mass (p=0.01). Hence, after the intervention, we observed both a decrease in frailty and a positive change in function, since t...

Background and Objective: No information is available on the consumption of creatine supplements in Iran. Creatine supplements are very popular among athletes. The annual sales only in USA in 2001 were reported to exceed $400 million. ٌ Considering the claims of creatine ethyl ester (CEE) manufacturers and distributers about its effects on muscle tissue and strength compared to other creatine forms (specially creatine monohydrate), this investigation was initiated to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of CEE on muscle strength and body composition in underweight non-athlete males. This was a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Sixteen underweight nonathlete volunteers were randomly assigned to either a CEE group (CEE, n=8) or a placebo group (PL, n=8). In the CEE group, the supplements were orally ingested at a dose of approximately 20 g/day for the first 5 days (the loading phase), followed by ingestion of approximately 5 g/day for 37 days (the maintenance phase). Subjects in the PL group took rice-flour capsules instead of CEE. Body weight, fatfree mass, and fat mass, as well as muscular strength (bench press and leg press) of the subjects, were measured at the beginning and at the end of a training period of 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The independent t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Results showed that the CEE group demonstrated greater improvements in 1 Repetition Maximum (1RM) of bench press (12.5 vs. 7.5 kg) and leg press(8.12 vs. 5 kg) than the PL group, although the differences were not statistically significant. Also, body weight (1.69 vs. 0.5 kg) and aft-free mass increased to a greater extent, and fat mass decreased, in the CEE compared to the PL group, but in this case the differences did not reach statistical significance either. Finally, no significant changes were observed in thigh (1 vs 0.63 cm) or upper arm (0.63 vs. 0.48 cm) circumference or body mass index in either group. It is concluded that CEE supplementation is not necessarily effective as regards increasing muscle mass and strength or improving body composition in underweight non-athlete males.

This umbrella review aimed to analyze the different variables of resistance training and their effect on hypertrophy, and to provide practical recommendations for the prescription of resistance training programs to maximize hypertrophy responses. A systematic research was conducted through of PubMed/MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement guidelines. A total of 52 meta-analyses were found, of which 14 met the inclusion criteria. These studies were published between 2009 and 2020 and comprised 178 primary studies corresponding to 4,784 participants. Following a methodological quality analysis, nine meta-analyses were categorized as high quality, presenting values of 81–88%. The remaining meta-analyses were rated as moderate quality, with values between 63–75%. Based on this umbrella review, we can state that at least 10 sets per week per muscle group is optimal, that eccentric contractions seem...

The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in peak power output, blood lactate concentrations and surface electromyographic activity (sEMG) of the agonist [vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM)] and the antagonist [biceps femoris (BF)] muscles at two angular positions intervals (90-67°and 23-0°of knee flexion), during a set of 10 repetitions leading to failure of bilateral leg press exercise. Fatiguing exercise resulted in increased blood lactate concentrations, the agonist mean rectified voltage (MRV) at 90-67°of flexion, the antagonist average MRV at 23-0°of flexion and the spectral parameter proposed by Dimitrov (FI nsm5 ) (P \ 0.01-0.05). Significant decreases (P \ 0.01-0.05) were observed in power output, median frequency (F med ) of the agonist muscles at both angular position intervals and of the antagonist muscle at 90-67°of flexion. No changes were observed in the antagonist/agonist MRV activation ratio. The present data suggest that the shift of frequency spectrum to lower frequencies and the accumulation of lactate and/or H ? , but not the antagonist/agonist MRV activation ratio, may be relevant independent factors associated with fatigue.

Background: Hemoglobin concentration is an important clinical parameter that reflects the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Poor control of blood glucose levels in diabetic patients can lead to decreased haemoglobin concentration, which may result in complications such as anaemia and cardiovascular disease. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the impact of a 8-week endurance exercise program on haemoglobin concentration among twenty diabetic patients. Methods & Material: The study participants comprised diabetic patients registered to "Health Center Punjab University Lahore Pakistan. Complete Blood count (CBC & HbA1c) tests were performed to assess hemoglobin-RBCs among diabetic patients. A self-made exercise protocol was applied to subjects (Brisk Walk).5ml blood sample was collected from each subject before and after using the prescribed exercise protocol. Ethical approval was taken from the ethical review board Department of sports sciences & physical education, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam campus, Lahore. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed by using appropriate tools through SPSS. Result &Conclusion: The mean and standard deviation of comparison between the pre-test and post-test was 0.740 ± 1.384, tvalue was 2.390.df was 19, and P value was 0.027. Therefore, the study shows that brisk walking significantly affects glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C). Based on the analysis, the researcher concluded that exercises are vital in controlling haemoglobin concentration in diabetic patients.

High intensity resistance training (HIRT) effect on both cortisol and testosterone and contributes to improved performance in football players. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of eight-week HIRT intervention on cortisol and testosterone of male university football players. For this purpose, 24 football players between the ages of 19 and 25 were recruited. Blood Samples of 12 players were collected before and after eight weeks of HIRT. While, remaining 12 players were considered as controls and did not underwent HIRT. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis using GraphPad Prism version 6.0 software. The findings of current study revealed that cortisol had significantly declined after HIRT group. Whereas, testosterone levels demonstrated significant elevation after eight weeks of HIRT intervention. The results also showed that there was no significant difference in cortisol and testosterone in the control group. This study's results concluded that eight weeks of high-intensity resistance training (HIRT) improved the performance of university male football players.

NT-4/5 and TrkB have been proposed to be involved in the coordinated adaptations of the neuromuscular system to elevated level of activity. Despite the persistence of this neurotrophin and its receptor expression in adult skeletal muscle, little attention has been paid to the functional significance of this complex in the mature neuromuscular system. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to study the effect of one session of resistance exercise on mRNA expression of NT4/5 and TrkB proteins in slow and fast muscles of Wistar Rats. Male Wistar rats (10 mo of age, preparation of Pasteur Institute) were housed under similar living conditions in cages (in groups of four) at room temperature under a controlled light/dark (12-h) cycle with ad libitum access to food and water. A number of sixteen rats were randomly divided to two groups (resistance exercise (T) and control (C); n=8 for each group). The resistance training protocol consisted of climbing a 1-meter-long ladder, with a weight attached to a tail sleeve. Twenty-four hours following the main training session, rats of T and C groups were anaesthetized and the right soleus and flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscles were removed under sterile conditions via an incision on the dorsolateral aspect of the hind limb. For NT-4/5 and TrkB expression, quantitative real time RT-PCR was used. SPSS software and independent-samples t-test were used for data analysis. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Data indicate that resistance training significantly (P<0.05) decreased mRNA expression of NT4/5 in soleus muscle. However, no significant alteration was detected in FHL muscle (P>0.05). Our results also indicate that no significant alterations were detected for TrkB mRNA expression in soleus and FHL muscles (P>0.05). Decrease in mRNA expression of NT4/5 in soleus muscle may be as result of post-translation regulation following resistance training. Also, non-alteration in TrkB mRNA expression was indicated in probable roll of P75 receptor.

Periodization of training programs is a stage in the training process that takes place within a certain period of long, medium and short terms by manipulating the intensity and volume of training for adequate adjustment in order to achieve maximum performance at a predetermined and determined event. The periodization model of the training program applied by the trainers is very diverse, which is adjusted to the ability and potential of the athlete, especially in the sport of weightlifting (lifter), namely in this periodization using block periodization especially for snatch, clean and jerk lifts. At the level of national elite athletes, the application of the block periodization model is more likely to maximise the potential possessed by each athlete. This study aims to determine the effect of implementing periodization of training programs on increasing the total maximum power of snatch, clean and jerk training in improving the achievements of Indonesian lifters in international events. The research method used in this study is an experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design. This research method is carried out during one macro cycle with two meetings per micro cycle, namely the accumulation, transmutation, and realization phases. The sample in this study were 15 male and female Indonesian national weightlifters. The research instrument is in the form of a maximum Snatch and Clean and Jerk ability test which is seen in every international event. Data analysis: t-test with a significance level of 5% using SPSS software. The results showed an average increase in the ability of maximum force in the maximum force of Snatch and Clean & Jerk. The conclusion of this study is that the block periodization model has an impact on increasing the total ability of the maximum force from the results of the Snatch maximum force and the results of the Clean and Jerk maximum force insignificantly.