Regulatory & Compliance

This paper explores the increasing prevalence of de-risking within the financial sector, driven by heightened regulatory scrutiny, evolving financial crimes, and recent geopolitical developments. While de-risking is a method to manage compliance risk, its broad application has led to significant unintended consequences, particularly in emerging markets where financial inclusion is vital to economic stability. The recent grey-listing of countries like Lebanon highlights the challenges of balancing risk management with maintaining access to essential financial services, as these designations can amplify de-risking pressures and financial isolation. This paper examines the global impact of de-risking across sectors such as fintech, cryptocurrency, and correspondent banking, arguing for a more balanced approach. By leveraging advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), financial institutions can refine risk assessments to support compliance while preserving financial inclusion. The paper concludes with recommendations for financial institutions and regulators to adopt a risk-sensitive strategy that upholds both compliance and inclusion, fostering a sustainable financial system in an increasingly complex global environment.

Discover how Elevate Accounting & Auditing helps businesses across the UAE meet Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Counter Financing of Terrorism (CFT) compliance requirements through expert guidance, tailored solutions, and regulatory support aligned with UAE laws and FATF standards.

International and local researchers have extensively studied the impact of equity financing on business financial performance, as the cost of equity represents the required return investors expect for assuming ownership risk (Kenton, 2025). This metric is vital for capital budgeting and investment decisions. Compliance with equity regulations can be complex and costly, sometimes involving borrowing, non-declaration of dividends, and other financial sacrifices that may affect shareholders and employees negatively. In Kenya, Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOs) play a significant role, directly or indirectly impacting around 10 million Kenyans and holding over 80% of the country's saving. The Sacco Society Regulatory Authority (SASRA) licenses and regulates deposit-taking SACCOs, imposing strict equity adequacy requirements. Out of 245 SACCOs applying for licenses by 2019, only 177 were approved; by 2022, after suspensions and new approvals, 176 remained licensed. Many SACCOs struggle to meet these equity thresholds. Balancing compliance costs without compromising financial performance or shareholder wealth maximization is critical. This study investigated the relationship between equity cost compliance and financial performance of licensed deposit-taking SACCOs in Kenya. Using secondary data from audited financial statements, the study employed logistic multiple regression analysis focusing on Shareholders' Equity, Total Liabilities, and Dividends Paid. Results indicated that effective management of equity financing, minimizing equity costs, is essential for the financial stability and improved performance of SACCOs.

Digital financial inclusion for populations in sanctioned or high-risk jurisdictions presents a complex challenge. On one hand, millions of individuals are excluded from mainstream financial systems due to geopolitical sanctions and compliance-driven "de-risking" by financial institutions. On the other, emerging fintech platforms offer new opportunities to bridge this gap through innovative services, provided they remain fully compliant with local and international regulations. This early-stage exploratory research proposes a compliance-aware framework for digital financial inclusion, using the case of DevPay Türkiye as an illustrative example. DevPay's platform is examined as a model that integrates compliance by design-strict adherence to licensing, Anti-Money Laundering (AML), Countering the Financing of Terrorism (CFT), and sanctions regulations-while extending financial services to sanctioned or financially marginalized users in a lawful manner. A qualitative case study approach is employed, comparing regulatory requirements and fintech solutions. The analysis finds that robust compliance controls (e.g. stringent Know-Your-Customer, sanctions screening, transaction monitoring) combined with tailored technological features (e.g. e-KYC for refugees, stablecoin-to-fiat conversion under oversight) enable inclusion without violating sanctions. However, this balance demands careful navigation of legal frameworks and proactive regulator engagement. The paper concludes with implications for policy and practice, arguing that compliance-centric fintech innovation can support vulnerable populations within the boundaries of law and international norms. This working paper represents preliminary research and has not been peer-reviewed.

Money laundering has been around for as long as money. The earliest accounts date back to ancient Greece and Rome. However, money laundering as we know it today began to evolve to mask the criminal enterprise it often conceals only hundreds of years ago. In 1931, an individual became involved in the creation of casinos in Havana, Cuba, to launder operations for the then-legal income from illegal gambling in the United States. It was almost fifty years before the popularity of casino gambling in Nevada, the casinos' visibility in Las Vegas, and the newfound capability to monitor the funds flowing in and out of the casinos began to attract the attention of regulatory authorities. In 1985, the U.S. Treasury Department adopted regulations requiring casinos to file Currency Transaction Reports on cash wagers of more than $10,000. By the late 1980s, casino corporations were being cited for millions of dollars of currency transaction violations. Shortly thereafter, Congress enacted anti-money laundering legislation . Developments in the casino industry set the stage for a more involved U.S. regulatory framework that expanded into industries beyond gaming because it was felt that just going after the proceeds of crime would not be enough to stem the flow of money into Florida properties and businesses. In 1991, Congress passed the Bank Secrecy Act, which required financial institutions to create effective anti-money laundering programs including the filing of currency transaction reports for cash transactions over $10,000, as well as reports of suspicious activity inside or outside the bank, whenever a bank Deep Science Publishing

This comprehensive article examines the transformation of financial services through cloudnative API architectures, focusing on implementation strategies across banking, fintech, and insurance sectors. The article investigates the evolution of security frameworks, regulatory compliance mechanisms, and scalability patterns in cloud-native environments. Through detailed articles, real-time payment processing systems, fraud detection capabilities, and multi-layer security architectures, the article demonstrates how financial institutions leverage microservices, API gateways, and hardware security modules to enhance operational efficiency while maintaining robust security measures. The article explores the integration of artificial intelligence in fraud detection, regulatory technology for compliance automation, and resilience patterns for fault tolerance. Additionally, it examines the impact of open banking standards, cross-border payment processing, and data protection frameworks on the financial services ecosystem.

The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), is an agency of the Federal Ministry of Environment that had been empowered by the NESREA ACT to enforce all environmental laws, guidelines, policies, standards and regulations in Nigeria. The Agency had been saddled with other responsibilities, such as prohibition of processes and the use of equipment or technology that undermine environmental quality; enforce compliance with the provisions of International Agreements or Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), to which Nigeria is a signatory. Environmental challenges and mitigation, requires the collaboration of other bodies like NGOs, and related Federal and State MDAs in Osun state. Such synergies had in the past brought fruitful results that need to be sustained for the benefit of the citizenry. These institutions and their members serve as watch dogs of the Agency wherever they may be. This paper provides an insight into the various processes and programmes of the Agency in protecting the environment in Osun state and environs

All thank you for reading this document describing critical actions needed to unify cyber security protection across the government and then the private sector.. If I were writing it for the President, I would make it perfectly formatted. For now, it is a draft outline of some of the MOST IMPORTANT Cyber Security issues we must fix. If chosen, I am highly confident I can lead this effort. One critical fix is put combat veterans and cyber security long term veterans at the head of critical agencies starting with the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA)
Contents Comprehensive Review and Solutions for the United States Government Cybersecurity Management.  Here are basic contents.

Contents
Comprehensive Review and Solutions for the United States Government Cybersecurity Management 3
DoD CIO DOGE Planned cut list 6
Solutions: Reforming U.S. Cybersecurity for a Unified, Secure Future 8
Concerns about the zero trust reference architecture 11
United States Government and United States Military ABBREVIATED List of Compliance and Risk Management policies and current horrible executive orders 12
ZERO TRUST Unified Command battle fatigue 16
Bill Ross list of integration and build successes 18
Bill Ross letter to President Trump ask to receive the simple DoD CIO job 20
DOD CIO IT management failures 23
Unified Command for warfighting command help, guidance, and instruction for a DoD wide policy and instructions of how to deploy zero trust 24
Zero Trust and CMMC failures 26
The Department of Defense's (DoD) Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) has faced several criticisms since its inception: 29
Define a statement of work on how to create and AI framework to implement DoD CMMC. At a minimum consider Problem, Why Problem, Requirements to fix it, and possible costs 31

This is not a formal UNRISD publication. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed studies rests solely with their author(s), and availability on the UNRISD Web site () does not constitute an endorsement by UNRISD of the opinions expressed in them. No publication or distribution of these papers is permitted without the prior authorization of the author(s), except for personal use. Gender profile of carers in NPOs .

O artigo possui a finalidade de descortinar a atuação ministerial, no plano de efetividade dos programas de conformidade, enquanto um dos instrumentos de inovação do Direito, com escopo na proteção das garantias fundamentais e, especialmente, na reparação de violação e promoção dos direitos humanos, no palco da Justiça de Transição. O compliance é apresentado como um instituto, adequado à concretude da proteção de direitos, dimensão inevitável para Estado Democrático e seus consectários. Como caso concreto, é elucidado o ajuste de conduta firmado entre os Ministérios Públicos e a Volkswagen do Brasil, em 2020, correlato às violações de direitos humanos empreendidas durante a ditadura civil-militar de 1964 a 1985, e como o assunto perpassa a faceta da responsabilização das corporações empresariais.

The paper is focused to further description and analysis the selected aspects of behavior of Czech banking as a cybernetic system. The objective of the paper is to clarify the implications of central bank regulatory interventions in relations of the managing system (regulator – central bank) to managed system (controlled system – commercial banks) as relationships between operational indicator (discount rate) and regulated indicator (commercial rates).The paper draws on data published by the Czech National Bank (CNB) at http://www.cnb.cz. Methodology of the paper is principally based on the economic cybernetics with special focus to the time series methods and trends analysis. The usual description, literary research, comparison and analytic-synthetic methods are used here as well. The main expected results of the paper relate to the linkages between discount rate and the commercial rate (still not explored), which leads to a discussion of negative commercial rates. Conclusions of t...

Money laundering is a crime that enables the globalisation of all others. It is fought by teams embedded in companies, and financial organisations worldwide, based on recommendations from a single global watchdog interpreted into local legislation. It is watched over by regulators empowered by laws to punish and fine anyone not correctly performing the proscribed duties and obligations of Anti-money laundering (‘AML’). Those who labour to meet the regulations relentlessly screen information coming in and out of their businesses, looking for matches with lists of names or patterns of behaviour within data streams, any indication that their customer might be suspicious. Such suspicions are to be reported to the government immediately. So many are these reports that governmental bodies are deluged in them, unable to sort the self-protective reflex report from the definitive alert for criminal activity. Some companies have thousands of employees performing match reviews daily on millions of data records per hour. The volume of matches to be reported grows ever upwards.
This industry considers Artificial Intelligence (‘AI’) the possible saviour to the increasing burden. The companies hope to be able to filter out false positives, and the regulators want to be able to automate the analysis of vital criminal intelligence.
Is the rapid adoption of Artificial Intelligence a sign that “creative destruction” (a capitalist innovation process first theorised in 1942) is occurring? Although its theory suggests that it is only visible over time in aggregate, this paper devises three hypotheses to test its presence on a macro level and research methods to produce the required data. This paper tests the theory using news archives, questionnaires, and interviews with industry professionals. It considers the risks of adopting Artificial Intelligence, its current performance in the market and its general applicability to the role.
The results suggest that creative destruction is occurring in the AML industry despite the activities of the regulators acting as natural blockers to innovation. This is a pressurised situation where current-generation Artificial Intelligence may offer more harm than benefit. For managers, this paper’s results suggest that safely pursuing AI in AML requires having realistic expectations of Artificial Intelligence's benefits combined with using a framework for AI Ethics.

Awareness of the environment and environmental ethical
behaviors are increasing day by day in the travel and tourism
sector. Different concepts are examined from the green point of
view. This research examines the impact of green
transformational leadership GTL on employees' green behaviors
EGB with the mediating role of green Human Resource
Management GHRM practices and the moderating role of
employee green values EGVs. Hypothesized relationships were
tested through a sample of 250 employees in EGYPTAIR
Training Academy, and structured equation modeling (PLSSEM) was conducted to analyze the obtained data. Findings
reflected a significant impact of green transformational
leadership GTL on both in-role and extra-role employees’ green
behaviors. Besides, green human resource management practices
mediated the relationship between the green transformational
leadership and both types of green behaviors. Furthermore, it was
observed that the individual green values as a moderator variable,
strengthened the association between green human resource
management and both types of green behaviors. Research
findings assure that the adoption of these green strategies will
empower Egypt Air Training Academy to enhance its
sustainability initiatives and establish itself as a benchmark for
other entities.

This study explores the effectiveness of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in optimizing Aero Medical Services within the airline industry, with a focus on improving patient care, operational efficiency, and regulatory compliance. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the study integrates quantitative data analysis and qualitative insights from Aero Medical Managers, Directors, and flight crew across various airlines. Findings reveal that a strategic application of KPIs significantly enhances patient outcomes and satisfaction, streamlines operational processes, ensures stringent compliance with health and safety regulations, and optimizes financial performance. Specifically, the study demonstrates that KPIs related to response times, medical equipment readiness, and crew training are pivotal in reducing medical emergency response times by 25% and increasing passenger satisfaction by 30%. Moreover, compliance-focused KPIs contributed to a 40% improvement in adherence to regulations, while financial KPIs facilitated a 25% reduction in the costs associated with Aero Medical Services. These results underscore the critical role of KPIs in advancing Aero Medical Services, offering a blueprint for airlines to achieve excellence in patient care and operational management. The study concludes with recommendations for implementing a KPI-driven approach and suggests avenues for future research, including the exploration of technology integration and comparative analyses across different airline models and regulatory environments.

To ensure the integrity of financial systems and combat illicit financial activities, understanding AML (Anti-Money Laundering) compliance regulations is crucial for financial institutions and businesses. AML compliance regulations are designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorist activities by imposing specific requirements on financial institutions, including customer due diligence, monitoring, and reporting of suspicious activities (GitHub Docs).

Este artigo explora a importância da investigação de fraudes em instituições corporativas, abordando suas causas, impactos e a relevância de práticas como due diligence e documentoscopia na prevenção e combate a atividades fraudulentas. As fraudes corporativas, motivadas por fatores como pressão, oportunidade e racionalização, têm impactos significativos, incluindo perdas financeiras, danos reputacionais e consequências legais. A metodologia de investigação envolve detecção, recolha de evidências, análise forense e entrevistas. O fortalecimento dos controles internos, a educação contínua dos funcionários e a promoção de uma cultura de integridade são estratégias essenciais para combater fraudes. O artigo também destaca as melhores práticas recomendadas por entidades como a ACFE para criar ambientes corporativos mais seguros e éticos.

This paper investigated community project initiative and community development: A study of Uruagu and Akabo communities in Nnewi North local government area of Anambra state (2016-2021)". The study was anchored on Endogenous theory of development. The study adopted survey research design. The study was carried out in Uruagu and Akabo communities in Nnewi North local government area of Anambra state and the two communities have estimated population of 30,000 out of 196,300 that is the population of Nnewi North local government area. The hypotheses formulated earlier in this study were tested using Pearson's Chi-square. The study found out that Community project initiative has impacted on the provision of infrastructure/social amenities in Uruagu and Akabo communities in Nnewi North local government area of Anambra state. The study recommends among others that efforts should be made to encourage people to participate more in community development project and training.

The purpose of this study was to assess employees’ perceptions of anti-money laundering practices at the National Development Bank in Botswana. The study used a quantitative approach. A population of 84 respondents who are employees of a development financial institution (DFI), the National Development Bank (NDB) of Botswana was sampled in this study. Out of these, 36 respondents were selected through a stratified random sampling method to ensure representation in all strata. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data.  The study found that employees of National Development Bank understand the concept of money laundering and the stages involved in money laundering. Secondly, the study established that the main causes of money laundering were corruption, politicians and prominent person’s influence, and weak banking and financial systems. Thirdly, the study established that money laundering is harmful to the economy in different ways that include increased national cr...

This paper explores the perceived role of the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) legislation and it's Codes of Good Practice on the nature, scope, extent and reach of Corporate Social Investment (CSI) in South Africa. Through a mixture of scarcity of data, ambiguity in legislation and laxity in interpretation and application of the B-BBEE codes, the research provides as many questions as it does answers. Key findings, however include:  Though the B-BBEE codes are not mandatory, they have become a part of the commercial landscape and a necessary consideration for larger corporates doing business in South Africa.  B-BBEE, though not intended as a CSI driver, has become a key de-facto driver of CSI and is now intractably weaved into the foundations of CSI planning and implementation.  The codes generally are seen to be limited in influencing the motivations or rates of spend of large corporates, but are perceived to have had a much stronger influence on smaller businesses. Statistical data on this, however, does not exist. When it comes to large businesses governed by Industry Charters, however, the influence appears to be much stronger.  Larger corporates, however, seem to be accounting more precisely for their CSI spend as a result of the codes, and are increasingly including non-cash giving in the CSI accounting.  The inclusion of a de-facto CSI incentive in an economic transformation framework is seen to have narrowed CSI to the lens of the codes rather than allowing it to naturally broaden out.  It is perceived that the codes have shifted focus away from development impact, and instead towards ensuring compliance and a tick-box approach to CSI. This appears to have isolated CSI from broader business practice, rather than aligning it.  While the codes are not overly prescriptive on types of activities related to corporate giving, the looseness and ambiguity have unintentionally created a set of acceptable activities. The perception is that, as a result, flexibility in funding has been indirectly narrowed, that tangible, measurable outputs have been encouraged and that consideration of long-term impact has been limited. Funding for long-term systemic change is not seen as a norm.  The ambiguity in the drafting of the codes has created much confusion, but also opportunities for much circumvention. There is little sign that the codes have incentivised companies to support the notion of black economic empowerment as a matter of conviction. Compliance with the letter of the codes, rather than their spirit, seems to be the order of the day.  The ambiguity and complexity has further resulted in interpretation devolving to verification agencies, rather than remaining in the hands of the regulatory authorities.  Funding for contentious social justice issues, are somewhat restrained by the codes, depending on issue area. It is perceived, however, that such funding would generally be shunned by corporates anyway, irrespective of the influence of the codes.  The new codes, effective from May 2015, are seen as significantly changing the CSI landscape and having potentially disastrous outcomes for NPOs whose work does not fit within the revised priorities of income generation, enterprise development, skills development, education and training.  The structure of the codes have meant that a sizable portion of the business sector potentially lies out of the sphere of its influence; opting out, however, is much easier for smaller and medium sized businesses  The codes are weaker for not aligning with other regulatory and non-regulatory CSI incentives, nor with broader development plans that focus on aspects beyond economic transformation.  The codes serve as both an incentive and a mandatory requirement, depending on several factors, again, leading to further complication. Investigation needs to be undertaken on appropriate regulatory mechanisms, and comparative analyses on the structure of CSI regulations in Mauritius, Indonesia and India may be instructive in this regard.  Measurement of the influence of the codes is severely hampered by a lack of systemic longitudinal data on the CSI practices of business in general, and Small and Medium Enterprises in particular. Any further research on the role of the codes will require more intensive and broad ranging primary data as a first step.

In order to carry out the so-called "Big Data analysis", the collection of personal data seems to be inevitable. The opportunities arising from the analysis of such information need to be balanced with the risks for the data protection of individuals. In this sense, the anonymization technique might be a solution, but it seems to be inappropriate in certain circumstances, among which Big Data processing can be included. In fact, anonymization has a high degree of uncontrollability of the impacts of profiling directed to individual targets whose data has been anonymized. In this sense, pseudonymization can be used both to reduce the risks of reidentification and help data controllers and processors to respect their personal data protection obligations by keeping control over their activities. On the one hand, pseudonymization ensures the capability to reconstruct the processes of identity masking, by allowing re-identification. On the other hand the accountability of the data controller and data processor is guaranteed, thanks to the fact that there will always be a person who can re-identify subjects included in a cluster, acting as a "data keeper".

Publikace se zaměřuje na povinnosti emitentů, ktere souvisi s ochranou vnitřnich informaci. Jednou z významných povinnosti pro emitenty je povinnost publikace vnitřni informace. Uveřejněnim kurzotvorných informaci se zajisťuje transparentnost na trhu a korektni tvorba kurzů. Zakon o podnikani na kapitalovem trhu uklada emitentům financnich nastrojů, aby vedli seznamy osob s přistupem k vnitřnim informacim. Tuto povinnost autor rozebira v samostane kapitole, v niž reaguje na zhodnoceni uspěsnosti modelu z USA, který byl implantovan evropským narodnim zakonodarcům skrze evropskou směrnici.

Hlavním zaměřením diplomové práce je elektronické bankovnictví a jeho bezpečnost. Práce obsahuje zhodnocení současného stavu zabezpečení elektronického bankovnictví, možné hrozby napadení elektronického bankovnictví a rizika prolomení zabezpečení. Další část vyhodnocuje dotazník, který zjišťoval spokojenost uživatelů s bezpečností elektronického bankovnictví. Jsou doporučeny nové formy zabezpečení.The main focus of the thesis is an electronic banking and security. The work includes evaluation the current state of security of electronic banking, the possible threats of attack on electronic banking and risks of security breaches. The next part focus on user satisfaction with e-banking security using a questionnaire. Are recommended new forms of security.

Anonymisation of personal data has a long history stemming from the expansion of the types of data products routinely provided by National Statistical Institutes. Variants on anonymisation have received serious criticism reinforced by much-publicised apparent failures. We argue that both the operators of such schemes and their critics have become confused by being overly focused on the properties of the data themselves. We claim that, far from being able to determine whether data are anonymous (and therefore non-personal) by looking at the data alone, any anonymisation technique worthy of the name must take account of not only the data but also their environment.

In the academic field, studies are usually presented that contemplate a functional analysis and the eventual criminal liability of the compliance officer as if it were a body that has the same attributions and performs similar functions in any type of organization. However, the corporate reality is much more complex and diverse. The bodies responsible for exercising the "compliance function" may be configured differently and perform very different functions depending on the organization. Moreover, within the same organization there may be multiple bodies that perform more specific functions directly involved in what we generically call "compliance". These circumstances have been enhanced by the publication of increasingly specific standards. This paper analyzes aspects of critical importance for a better understanding of the different realities that this type of bodies may present, such as the configuration they may have, their competences, hierarchical structure, delegation system, etc. (as well as the most common defects) to then examine possible scenarios that may trigger or originate the criminal liability of these professionals for omission of their duties. Although this study takes into account international technical standards (compliance management systems), the legal-criminal approach will be eminently Spanish, as we consider it to be of great value due to the interrelation, imprinting and mutual feedback that exists with a large majority of Latin American countries and for the international context.

In recent years, research within and outside the European Union (EU) has focused on the expanding scope of personal data. The analysis provided has primarily supported the conclusions that in time, personal data will become so ubiquitous that the EU data protection law would become meaningless, unreasonable, or even discredited and ignored. Notwithstanding these criticisms, EU law is promoted as the 'gold standard' for data protection laws and the law, including its definition of personal data, is being rapidly adopted by many non-EU countries. The objective of this article is to analyse the concept of personal data under EU law and to explore its continued relevance within a data protection framework that is rapidly globalised and in which technology is continuously evolving. The article argues that far from reflecting a universal notion of data protection, the EU law and particularly its definition of personal data reflects a perception of privacy that is peculiarly European. It further argues that recent developments in technology call for a re-examination of the concept of personal data and a more critical approach by countries with nascent data protection regimes. The article proposes the 'objective risk of contextual harm' as a new approach for formulating an alternative definition of personal data. It concludes that this approach better articulates the construction of data protection as a social good and a mechanism for (consumer) protection.

Příspěvek je výstupem projektu specifického výzkumu "Efektivní využití ICT a kvantitativních metod pro optimalizaci podnikových procesů" Interní grantové agentury Vysokého učení technického v Brně s registračním číslem FP-S-15-2787. ** Prof. Ing. Vladimír Smejkal, CSc. LL.M. působí na Fakultě podnikatelské Vysokého učení technického v Brně a na Unicorn College v Praze. Zabývá se mj. problematikou informatické kriminality a právních aspektů informačních systémů a jejich bezpečností. V letech 2004-2014 byl členem Legislativní rady vlády ČR. Je soudním znalcem v oborech kybernetika, kriminalistika, ekonomika a autorská díla.

Pravni vymezeni elektronickeho podpisu v CR bylo doposud dano Směrnici Evropskeho parlamentu a Rady 1999/93/ES ze dne 13. prosince 1999 o zasadach Spolecenstvi pro elektronicke podpisy, na jeho zakladě vytvořeným zakonem c. 227/2000 Sb., o elektronickem podpisu, ve zněni pozdějsich předpisů (dale take jen „EPZ“) a novým obcanským zakonikem, zakonem c. 89/2012 Sb. (dale take jen „NOZ“) Dne 23. cervence 2014 bylo vydano Nařizeni Evropskeho parlamentu a Rady c. 910/2014 o elektronicke identifikaci a službach vytvařejicich důvěru pro elektronicke transakce na vnitřnim trhu a o zruseni směrnice 1999/93/ES (dale take jen „Nařizeni“), ktere je – s urcitými výjimkami – ucinne od 1. cervence 2016. Protože jde o přimo působici předpis, bude jeho důsledkem s největsi pravděpodobnosti zruseni, nebo znacna redukce zakona o elektronickem podpisu, jakož i dalsi změny v ceske legislativě. Clanek se zabýva jak pravnimi, tak věcnými důsledky tohoto noveho Nařizeni v oblasti elektronickeho podpisu a h...

As financial institutions, banks are commonly used as a place for money laundering activity, and most financial institution sends suspicious transaction reports to the Indonesian Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center (PPATK). This research aims to examine the impact of implementing regulatory technology (regtech) and the role of Anti Money Laundering (AML) officers in money laundering prevention in a bank. This research used explanatory research to test hypotheses; the primary data for this study was collected through a questionnaire distributed to 689 Anti Money Laundering (AML) officers in Indonesia; 296 respondents filled out the questionnaire with a response rate of 42.9%. The multivariate analysis results show that electronic know-your-customer (KYC) is not significant in money laundering prevention. Transactions monitoring and cost & time has a positive & significant impact on money laundering prevention. Furthermore, there is a positive & significant effect between bankers' competency & awareness of money laundering prevention. Regulatory Technology and bankers have an important role in preventing money laundering. Research related to technology & bankers on money laundering prevention is still limited in Indonesia. This study contributes to the current literature on anti-money laundering and the advancement of anti-money laundering systems.

Las clasificaciones de riesgo han resultado de gran importancia, como elemento que refleja el riesgo que significa efectuar operaciones con las distintas empresas, influye en los rendimientos que pueden exigir los inversionistas de las mismas, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación es seleccionar un conjunto de ratios financieros que permita predecir correctamente sobre el 70% de las clasificaciones de riesgo de empresas chilenas; demostrando a la vez, que es posible predecir dichas clasificaciones, mediante ratios financieros. El análisis se desarrolla utilizando una muestra de 18 y 17 empresas, que colocaron bonos corporativos en los años 2012 y 2013 respectivamente y aplicando la técnica estadística de Análisis Discriminante con el software estadístico, Statgraphics Centurion XVI. Los resultados muestran que al utilizar los ratios de: capital de trabajo/activos totales, razón circulante, razón endeudamiento, deuda largo plazo/capital, retorno sobre los activos, y margen EBI...

Temperature excursion, cold chain maintenance and the attendant issues of maintaining vaccine integrity across the supply chain network till the last mile remain a critical bottleneck to immunization and vaccine coverage. This study takes a pragmatic approach to understand supply chain professionals’ perspective regarding their awareness, acceptability, feasibility, and preparedness to take up innovations to optimize the vaccine supply chain and immunization coverage. Internet-based questionnaire was used to reach different public health supply chain professionals in Nigeria. A community of professionals whose works relates to the supply chain of public health commodity was selected as the sampling frame. This community includes some supply chain professionals in Nigeria who have identified as part of the International Association of Public Health Logisticians, IAPHL. There 200 valid responses of which 70.5% were males, and 29.5% were females. The knowledge of respondents on the vac...

Univerzita Karlova v Praze Právnická fakulta Disertační práce Právní úprava obezřetnostních pravidel v oblasti finančního trhu (Legal Regulation of Prudential Rules in Financial Market Area) JUDr. Bedřich Čížek Resumé: Hlavním cílem této disertační práce je poskytnout komplexní a systematizovaný pohled na právní úpravu obezřetnostních pravidel ve vybrané oblasti právní úpravy finančního trhu s důrazem na kritickou reflexi jednotlivých právních institutů a mezisektorové srovnání příslušných právních pravidel. Specifické otázky, které se tato disertační práce v rámci svého hlavního cíle pokouší zodpovědět, jsou: (i) co a jaká jsou obezřetností pravidla v rámci právní úpravy finančního trhu (quid iuris) a (ii) zda stávající právní úprava obezřetnostních pravidel v českém právním řádu splňuje kritéria kladená právní teorií na formu a obsah právních předpisů a na racionální uspořádání právního řádu. Disertační práce obsahuje také konstruktivní kritiku zkoumané problematiky, a to předevší...

Money launderers prefer to use financial services as the ideal medium to launder. The study aimed to provide an overview of the global AML/CFT regulations, application and how they should evolve in this dynamic environment. To gather more insight, a qualitative study was undertaken with relevant documents analysed. The main findings were: country implementation of the global AML/CFT regulations differed due to political and economic factors amongst others. While the various AML/CFT enforcements done by sampled countries were mainly cease and desist orders and monetary penalties which were publicized; and drawbacks of global AML/CFT regulations centered on application of these regulations and emerging trends. These include among other definitions of money laundering, reference to the three stage of money laundering, link between penalty and violations, technological innovations and regulations paradigm shift, cyber-attacks and data privacy. The study contributes to application and gr...

New Directive EU on Package Travel and Linked Travel Arrangements-What is New and What Rxemains? The aim of this article is to briefly present new EU rules regarding the offer, sale and provision of package travel and linked travel arrangements. The stress is put on the comparison of Directive 90/314 with new Directive 2015/2302 and in addition, the distinctive similarities and differences between both Directives.

Thanks to the advent of the digital revolution, coupled with advances in computing power, medical research is becoming increasingly data intensive. Extracting meaningful information from data sets and continuous flood of data is a challenge but holds unparalleled potential for observational studies on, e.g., the use and safety of drugs and rare diseases, epidemiological studies and digital disease detection. At the same time Cloud computing is used for two main reasons in secondary health research: first, to allow large-scale digital health data processing using readily scalable, external infrastructure; and second, to allow the sharing of digital health data with collaborators via a jointly usable IT environment. In this context of the DITAS project (https://www.ditas-project.eu/), to reconcile the often-competing values of data protection and innovation, aims at providing developers with processes and tools for the creation of GDPR compliant data-intensive applications in cloud computing. The aim of this paper is to show how in DITAS context researchers can lawfully further process for research purposes sensitive data originally collected for clinical activity when anonymization (Section 2) and pseudonymization (Section 3) techniques are applied.

Úvod V EU je v současnosti 27 členských států, mezi které od května roku 2004 patří i ČR. Ve všech státech EU funguje poštovní trh, který se řídí právními předpisy ES a potažmo národními předpisy jednotlivých členských zemí. Uzpůsobit národní poštovní sektory podmínkám poštovního trhu EU však musí i další evropské státy, které hodlají přistoupit k EU. V sektoru poštovních služeb jednotlivých členských států EU působí mnoho poštovních operátorů, univerzální poštovní službu však poskytuje v každé zemi pouze jeden z nich. Proces postupné liberalizace poštovního trhu EU má vliv na provozování univerzální služby v budoucnosti. Úplným zrušením tzv. poštovních monopolů, tj. vyhrazených oblastí, v jejichž rámci mohou národní poštovní operátoři výhradně poskytovat určité služby jako jakousi kompenzaci za svoji povinnost poskytovat nákladově náročnou univerzální poštovní službu, se mohou národní poštovní operátoři v některých členských státech dostat do finančních potíží, čímž by se také ohrozilo poskytování univerzální poštovní služby. Tato situace může nastat zejména v těch zemích, které nejsou na liberalizaci poštovního trhu připraveny a u kterých je malý počet zasílaných poštovních zásilek na jednoho obyvatele. Obě tyto podmínky bohužel splňuje ČR, která se dokonce podle studie poradenské firmy PricewaterhouseCoopers z roku 2006 umístila na předposledním místě v připravenosti na plné otevření poštovního trhu hned za posledním Rumunskem. Za účelem zajištění poskytování univerzální poštovní služby tak bude nutné nalézt alternativní způsob kompenzace pro její poskytovatele. Cílem tohoto článku je analýza poštovních právních předpisů EU a ČR, vysvětlení pojmů univerzální poštovní služba, poskytovatel univerzální poštovní služby a jejich prezentace v kontextu EU a ČR.

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Money laundering risk assessment is a primary tool to combat the perils of money laundering. This study is based on a model of risk assessment, which assists the management of financial institution to evaluate the range and level of money laundering risk (MLR). In this model, MLR is primarily divided into two risk levels, i.e. Inherent Risk & Control Risk with their auxiliary subdivisions. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) software assists in its computations and provides for pairwise weights and comparisons. By using this model, money laundering risk of a financial institution could be assessed.

Against the common perception of data protection as a roadblock , we demonstrate that the GDPR can work as a research enabler. This study demonstrates that European data protection law's regulatory pillars, the first related to the protection of the fundamental right to data protection and the second regarding the promotion of the free flow of personal data, result into an architecture of layered data protection regimes, which come to tighten or relax data subjects' rights and data protection safeguards vis à vis processing activities differently grounded in public or merely economic interests. Each of the identified data protection regimes shape different "enabling regulatory spots" for the processing of sensitive personal data for research purposes.