Red Soil

Introducción: El frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) es la leguminosa más importante para consumo humano en el mundo, es una fuente importante de proteína, calorías, vitaminas del complejo B y minerales. Por lo que el objetivo del trabajo de investigación fue estudiar las propiedades fisicoquímicas y la calidad nutricional en las principales variedades de frijol consumidas y producidas en México, con el propósito de conocer  sus beneficios nutricionales para el consumidor.                       Método: En este estudio se seleccionaron seis variedades de frijol más representativas y consumidas en México: Bayo, Negro, Peruano, Flor de Mayo, Alubia y Pinto, así como, una variedad de frijol ejotero. A estas variedades se les determinaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas, C, H y N por medio del Analizador Orgánico Elemental Flash 2000. La determinación de Cu, Fe, Zn, Ni, Na, K, Ca y Mg se determinó por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y el P se terminó por espectrofotometría y meta...

Vegetation types have important effects on soil moisture. Vegetation and soil moisture has certain feedback mechanism. To investigate the influence of different vegetation processing method of subtropical red soil water content, through the PR2 moisture meter type profile, we measured 100 -400 mm soil volumetric water content of four types of test samples (Bare area, Cynodon dactylon strip covering, Cynodon dactylon over covering, Citrus net tillage) under different weather. The results show that: 1) Under the condition of drought and rainfall, the soil moisture content at the depth of 100 mm was the highest in the region of Cynodon dactylon strip covering ; 2) At the depth of 200 mm and 300 mm, the soil moisture content was the highest in the whole orchard, but the soil moisture content was the highest under the condition of strong and urgent rainfall in 300 mm; 3) The soil moisture content at the depth of 400 mm in each plot was higher than which of the 100 mm, 200 mm and 300 mm. It was still the highest in the whole orchard region at the same depth, which showed that the soil moisture in the shallow layer increased with the depth of soil layer; 4) Variance analysis showed that the Cynodon dactylon strip covering had a significant difference compared with other areas, which explained that Cynodon dactylon strip covering could significantly increase the soil water content. The research results could be used to provide a scientific basis for soil and water conservation in subtropical red soil.

Adsorption-desorption processes of Pb at contaminated levels in two variable charge soils were investigated. The red soil (RAR) developed on the Arenaceous rock (clayey, mixed siliceous thermic typic Dystrochrept) adsorbed more Pb 2þ than the red soil (REQ) derived from the Quaternary red earths (clayey, kaolinitic thermic plinthite Aquult). The maximum adsorption values (X m ) that were obtained from the simple Langmuir model were 52.6 mmol Pb 2þ kg À1 soil and 29.9 mmol Pb 2þ kg À1 soil, respectively, for the RAR and REQ. Adsorption of Pb 2þ decreased soil pH by 1.10 unit for the RAR soil and 1.21 unit for the REQ soil at the highest loading. The adsorption equilibrium pH of RAR was higher than that of REQ at the same Pb 2þ concentration. The distribution coefficient (K d ) of Pb in the soils decreased exponentially with increasing Pb 2þ loading. Most of the adsorbed Pb 2þ in the soils was not desorbed in the 0.01 mol L À1 NaNO 3 solution. After five successive extractions with NaNO 3 , only 0-11% of the total adsorbed Pb 2þ in the RAR soil was desorbed and the corresponding value of the REQ soil was 0-19%, indicating that the RAR soil had a greater affinity

Cadmium (Cd) has received considerable attention because of its association with various human health problems. The behavior of adsorption-desorption of Cd at contaminated levels in two variable charge soils were investigated. The red soil (RAR) developed on the Arenaceous rock (clayey, mixed siliceous thermic typic Dystrochrept) adsorbed more Cd 2+ than the red soil (REQ) derived from the Quaternary red earths (clayey, kaolinitic thermic plinthite Aquult). The characteristics of Cd adsorption could be described by the Freundlich equation (r 2 = 0.997 and 0.989, respectively, for the RAR and REQ) and the simple Langmuir adsorption equation (r 2 = 0.985 and 0.977, respectively, for the RAR and REQ). The maximum adsorption values (X m ) that were obtained from the simple Langmuir model were 36.23 mmol Cd 2+ kg -1 soil and 31.15 mmol Cd 2+ kg -1 soil, respectively for the RAR and REQ. Adsorption of Cd 2+ decreased soil pH by 1.28 unit for the RAR soil and 1.23 unit for the REQ soil at the highest loading. The distribution coefficient (k d ) of Cd in the soil decreased exponentially with increasing Cd 2+ loading. The adsorption of cadmium in the two variable charge soils was characterized by a rapid process that lasted approximately 15 min, followed by a slower but longer period. 85.5% and 79.4% of the added Cd were adsorbed within two hours by the RAR and REQ soil, respectively. More Cd 2+ was adsorbed at 10 • C than at 25 • C or 40 • C. After five successive desorptions with 0.01 mol L -1 NaNO 3 solution, 53.3% of the total adsorbed Cd 2+ in the RAR soil was desorbed and the corresponding value of the REQ soil was 46.5%, indicating that the RAR soil had a lower affinity for Cd 2+ than the REQ soil at the same Cd 2+ loading.

ABSTRACTAdsorption–desorption of copper (Cu2+) at contaminated levels in two red soils was investigated. The red soil derived from the Quaternary red earths (clayey, kaolinitic thermic plinthite Aquult) (REQ) adsorbed more Cu2+ than the red soil developed on the Arenaceous rock (clayey, mixed siliceous thermic typic Dystrochrept) (RAR). The maximum adsorption values (MA) that are obtained from the simple Langmuir model were 25.90 and 20.17 mmol Cu2+ kg−1 soil, respectively, for REQ and RAR. Adsorption of Cu2+ decreased soil pH, by 0.8 unit for the REQ soil and 0.6 unit for the RAR soil at the highest loadings. The number of protons released per Cu2+ adsorbed increased sigmoidally with increasing initial Cu2+ concentration for the RAR soil, but the relationship was almost linear for the REQ soil. The RAR soil released about 2.57 moles of proton per mole of Cu2+ adsorbed at the highest Cu2+ loading and the corresponding value for the REQ soil was 1.12. The distribution coefficient (Kd...

Laboratory study on adsorption-desorption of flubendiamide was conducted in two soil types, varying in their physical and chemical properties, by batch equilibrium method. After 4 h of equilibrium time, adsorption of flubendiamide on soil matrix exhibited moderately low rate of accumulation with 4.52 ± 0.21 % in red soil and low rate with 3.55±0.21 % in black soil. After amending soils with organic manure, adsorption percentage increased to 6.42±0.21 % in red soil and (4.18±0.21 %) in black soil indicating that amendment significantly increased sorption. Variation in sorption affinities of the soils as indicated by distribution coefficient (K d ) for sorption was in the range of 2.98-4.32, 4.91-6.64, 1.04-1.45 and 1.92-2.81 ml/g for red soil, organic manure-treated red soil, black soil and organic manure-treated black soil, respectively. Desorption was slightly slower than adsorption indicating a hysteresis effect having hysteresis coefficient ranges between 0.023 and 0.149 in two test soils. The adsorption data for the insecticide fitted well the Freundlich equation. Results revealed that adsorption-desorption was influenced by soil types and showed that the maximum sorption and minimum desorption of the insecticide was observed in soils with higher organic carbon and clay content. It can be inferred that crystal lattice of the clay soil plays a significant role in flubendiamide adsorption and desorption. Adsorption was lower at acidic pH and gradually increased towards alkaline pH. As this insecticide is poorly sorbed in the two Indian soil types, there may be a possibility of their leaching to lower soil profiles.

ABSTRACTAdsorption–desorption of copper (Cu2+) at contaminated levels in two red soils was investigated. The red soil derived from the Quaternary red earths (clayey, kaolinitic thermic plinthite Aquult) (REQ) adsorbed more Cu2+ than the red soil developed on the Arenaceous rock (clayey, mixed siliceous thermic typic Dystrochrept) (RAR). The maximum adsorption values (MA) that are obtained from the simple Langmuir model were 25.90 and 20.17 mmol Cu2+ kg−1 soil, respectively, for REQ and RAR. Adsorption of Cu2+ decreased soil pH, by 0.8 unit for the REQ soil and 0.6 unit for the RAR soil at the highest loadings. The number of protons released per Cu2+ adsorbed increased sigmoidally with increasing initial Cu2+ concentration for the RAR soil, but the relationship was almost linear for the REQ soil. The RAR soil released about 2.57 moles of proton per mole of Cu2+ adsorbed at the highest Cu2+ loading and the corresponding value for the REQ soil was 1.12. The distribution coefficient (Kd...

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Agricultural land use in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam is dominated by intensive irrigated rice cropping systems on both alluvial and acid sulfate soils. A stagnating and occasionally declining productivity may be linked on the alluvial soils to low N use ...

This experiment investigates the feasibility of replacing cement with stone cutting dust in M20 grade concrete. This study aims to understand the details of varying proportions of stone cutting powder on the workability, compressive strength, and flexural strength of the concrete mix. On the other hand, disposal of stone cutting powder is generated from stone cuttings and it is becoming a problem to environment even there is no chance of growth of plants. So, the cutting powder will be used as replacement material in cement by 10%, 20% and 30%. The aim of this study is to find the maximum content of stone cutting powder by partial replacement of cement. The study of workability and durability properties of M20 grade concrete with replacement of stone cutting powder is achieved at 10% of replacement with good results. Additionally, it also assess the economic viability and environmental impact of this substitution and. Through a systematic experimentation, the study aims to identify the optimal percentage of stone cutting powder replacement that balances performance and sustainability in M20 concrete.

This study aims to determine the effect of a combination of chemical fertilizers and biological fertilizers on the fruit yield of red chilies and the income obtained by farmers. The research was conducted on rainfed lowland land in Nagari Pariangan, Tanah Datar Regency, West Sumatra in September 2016 February 2017. The research design used a Randomized Block Design with 4 treatments and 6 replications. The treatments used were NPK fertilizer 750 kg/ha (A0, recommendation), NPK fertilizer 500 kg/ha+biological fertilizer 6 l/ha (A1), NPK fertilizer 750 kg/ha+biological fertilizer 6 l/ha (A2), and NPK fertilizer 1,250 kg/ha+biological fertilizer 6 l/ha (A3). The results showed that the application of NPK and biological fertilizers had a significant effect on the growth and yield of red chilies. The use of NPK fertilizer 750 kg/ha+biological fertilizer 6 l/ha gave the best results on plant height, fruit circumference and fruit yield. The highest fruit yield was 11.35 tonnes/ha, an incre...

The application of sewage sludge (SS) to agricultural soil can help meet crop nutrient requirements and enhance soil properties, while reusing an organic by-product. However, SS can be a source of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), resulting in an increased risk of antibiotic resistance dissemination. We studied the effect of the application of thermally-dried anaerobically-digested SS on (i) soil physicochemical and microbial properties, and (ii) the relative abundance of 85 ARGs and 10 MGE-genes in soil. Soil samples were taken from a variety of SS-amended agricultural fields differing in three factors: dose of application, dosage of application, and elapsed time after the last application. The relative abundance of both ARGs and MGE-genes was higher in SS-amended soils, compared to non-amended soils, particularly in those with a more recent SS application. Some physicochemical parameters (i.e., cation exchange capacity, copper concentration, ph...

Fulvic acid, Ca and Mg concentrations as well as dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), pH and electric conductivity values of soil solutions, which resulted from injecting bidistilled water onto glass columns filled with different soils (black rendzina, brown rendzina, red clayey rendzina, red clay) characteristic of the Aggtelek karst system (NE Hungary), were determined. Identification and determination of fulvic acid were achieved by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and adsorption chromatography, respectively, with fluorescent spectrometric detection. The Ca and Mg concentration of the samples was determined by applying an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric (ICP-AES) method. DIC-expressed in CO 2 concentration values-was determined by using a CO 2 selective electrode. According to the SEC analysis, the apparent molecular weight of the fulvic acids of the samples were between 500 and 1600 Da. The fulvic acid concentration values of the percolated water samples decreased in function of the soils investigated as follows: black rendzina>brown rendzina>red clayey rendzina>red clay, which is in concordance with the organic matter content of these types of soils. The results obtained for fulvic acid, Ca and Mg concentrations as well as for DIC, pH and electric conductivity of the water samples collected from the column filled with red clay were in good agreement with those of a seepage water sample collected from an observation station built in red clay above the Be ´ke Cave (Aggtelek). Since the artificially prepared red clay column was exposed to the same temperature and humidity conditions like red clay of the sampling site, this method seems to be suitable for modelling infiltration of fulvic acid and metals from red clay into seepage water under laboratory conditions.

Red rice (Oriza sativa L.) It is the most important weed for rice cultivation, and can reduce productivity. With the advent of the Clearfield® system, it became possible to control it using herbicides, belonging to the chemical group of imidazolinones. However, several cases of red rice resistant to these herbicides have already been identified, intensifying the problem especially when rice is sown in dry soil. The objective of this work was to describe the potential of different cropping systems in rice areas to reduce the presence of red rice resistant to these herbicides, through a case study conducted in a field. The work was conducted in the municipality of Manoel Viana, located on the Western Border of Rio Grande do Sul, during the 2021/2022 agricultural year, using 3 treatments: minimum crop (CM) and pre-germinated (PG). This commercial crop had been implanted under the minimum tillage system for several years before the implementation of the treatments. The presence of susceptible and resistant red rice was evaluated in soil samples collected after the 2021/2022 harvest. The samples were then stratified at the following depths: 0.0-0.15m and 0.15-0.30m. At the same soil collection points, in each field, rice was harvested to estimate grain yield (kgha-1), grain mass and whole grain yield. A higher number of red rice seeds was observed in the area cultivated in the pregerminated system, but only 7.95% of these seeds generated plants in the previous harvest. However, in minimum cultivation, 33.86% of the seeds generated plants. This result, combined with the higher average yield and percentage of whole grains, leads to the conclusion that the use of the pre-germinated system, in addition to reducing problems with red rice, can also improve the economic gain of the products.

A large number of structures are exposed to sea water either directly or indirectly. Therefore, this research work seeks to investigate the effect of sea water during mixing and curing on compressive strength of concrete. The necessity of this research work is that, commonly water used for concreting is water from boreholes which contains number of salts and hence we are testing it for extreme case i.e. sea water case. For this concrete cubes were cast for a design mix of M-20, 1:1.777:2.826 by weight and 0.47 water cement ratio and M-25, 1:1.432:2.472 by weight and 0.414 water cement ratio. Half of cubes were cast and cured with sea water and half with potable water. The cubes were cured for 7, 14, 21, 28 days and were tested for compressive strength.

Congo red is one of dyes-stuff in textile industry wastwater. If it is thrown directly without waste management process, the dyes could pollute environtment, especially soil. Humin has OH phenolic and carboxylic functional group which can interacted with congo red. The aim of this study is recognize humin characteristic from the soil of Baturraden resin forest, determine the adsorption capacity and isotherm adsorption pattern of congo red by humin from the soil of Baturraden resin forest. Humin in this study is isolated from the soil of Baturraden resin forest. soil cleared of gravel and dirt, then it extracted by using NaOH of nitrogen atmosphere and purified to applies mixture HCl:HF. Humin that is obtained is used to be interacted with dyes with various contact time, various of pH and concentration of congo red so that the adsorption capacities and isotherm adsorption pattern can be obtained. Result of the study showed that the humin has water content 34.92 %, dust content 8.64 %...

The northernmost derivation of the Mediterranean climatic influence and the wide distribution of carbonate rocks are factors that could explain red soils distribution in the lands of Southern Bulgaria. However, due to the mainly mountainous landscape, red soils can be found only on certain spots in Bulgaria. One of the most typical examples of red soil can be found in the lands of Nova Lovcha Village in Bulgaria, but this area was not studied in detail due to its border position. In this study, the catena principle was used to estimate the parental material and slope drainage relationships as factors in soil formation. Samples from different parts of the slope were analyzed for grain size, parent rock and soil mineralogy, pH, and humus content. The red soils of Nova Lovcha showed both local rocks origin in the deeper parts of the soil profiles and allochthone silicate elements in the upper horizons. The most relevant explanation for this mineralogical difference could be a transfer from another nearby area; Neogene alluvial deposits or from weathered older rocks, cropping out in the vicinity of the area. Our results show a relation between this particular landscape and the Greek Thracian allochthonous red soils. This confirms the variety of factors for red soil formation and explains the penetration of Mediterranean influence in the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula.

The pulp and paper industry is important to the Brazilian economy. In the present study, we investigated Corymbia citriodora wood in three soil types: Quartzarenic Neossol, Red Latosol and Red Nitosol. We aimed to determine how differences in physical, chemical and water-holding capacity among these three types of soils can cause changes in wood density and anatomical ratios in C. citriodora wood, important parameters in the production of pulp and paper. We used standard techniques in the methodology. Soil types did infuence wood quality and could be used as a factor in considering the fnal quality of the product. Corymbia citriodora wood have not previously been considered for use in paper/pulp production. However, if we consider wood density as a key factor, wood from Red Nitosol - NV trees can be used since lower basic densities were identifed and are most appropriate for the production of printing and writing paper, owing to fber features. Otherwise, woods from Quartzarenic Neos...

Potato is an important tuber crop, consumed globally by over a billion people. Among the essential nutrient for optimum potato growth, sulfur (S) is the most crucial after nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium. In addition, the S is necessary for amino acid production, disease resistance, protein synthesis, and N assimilation. In this study, we tested the performance of three S sources: magnesium sulfate (EPTOP), gypsum, Ammonium sulfate (AS) applications at 45 and 90 kg ha − 1 for soil S availability, vegetative indices, above-and below-ground biomass, and potato S uptake. It was found that maximum soil S availability was reported when applied as EPTOP, followed by gypsum and AS at 90 kg ha − 1 compared to 45 kg ha − 1. For vegetative indices such as normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI), normalized difference red-edge index (NDRE), and chlorophyll content (CC), the maximum values were reported when gypsum and EPTOP were applied compared to AS. These differences were decreased later in the crop stages. Besides, individual band re ectance red and red-edge values decrease with time and near infra-red increases with time, following the same trend as of vegetative indices. For S uptake, sources or rates did not affect shoot S uptake, but for tuber S uptake, the factors such as S source, rate, and sites had a signi cant interaction. The maximum S (9.65 kg ha − 1) among the tubers was removed when EPTOP was applied at 45 kg ha − 1. It was reported that the EPTOP can release the S slowly so can retain in the soil for longer time which eventually re ects in its responses as biomass production and S removal.

Ultisol has main problem of low nutrient availability causing a high percentage of flowers and fruit fall and reducing red chili production. This study aimed to find out effectiveness of biostimulants in reducing percentage of flower and fruit fall, use of inorganic fertilizer doses, and their role in increasing production red pepper in Ultisol. The method used experimental and randomized block design with 9 treatments.  The treatment used application of flush biostimulants and without watering into soil with various doses inorganic fertilizers. The fertilizer doses were 100%, 75%, and 50% based on fertilization recommendations. The study results showed that application of biostimulants combined with inorganic fertilizers of various doses had a significant effect on fruit weight/plant and red pepper production, but had an insignificant effect on the percentage of flowers and  fruits, as well as number of fruits/plant. Application of biostimulants and various doses of inorganic ferti...

Red rice (Oriza sativa L.) It is the most important weed for rice cultivation, and can reduce productivity. With the advent of the Clearfield® system, it became possible to control it using herbicides, belonging to the chemical group of imidazolinones. However, several cases of red rice resistant to these herbicides have already been identified, intensifying the problem especially when rice is sown in dry soil. The objective of this work was to describe the potential of different cropping systems in rice areas to reduce the presence of red rice resistant to these herbicides, through a case study conducted in a field. The work was conducted in the municipality of Manoel Viana, located on the Western Border of Rio Grande do Sul, during the 2021/2022 agricultural year, using 3 treatments: minimum crop (CM) and pre-germinated (PG). This commercial crop had been implanted under the minimum tillage system for several years before the implementation of the treatments. The presence of susceptible and resistant red rice was evaluated in soil samples collected after the 2021/2022 harvest. The samples were then stratified at the following depths: 0.0-0.15m and 0.15-0.30m. At the same soil collection points, in each field, rice was harvested to estimate grain yield (kgha-1), grain mass and whole grain yield. A higher number of red rice seeds was observed in the area cultivated in the pregerminated system, but only 7.95% of these seeds generated plants in the previous harvest. However, in minimum cultivation, 33.86% of the seeds generated plants. This result, combined with the higher average yield and percentage of whole grains, leads to the conclusion that the use of the pre-germinated system, in addition to reducing problems with red rice, can also improve the economic gain of the products.

This article showcases the findings of an experimental study conducted on a red siltclayey taken from the site of Chaaba Elhamra (M'sila region, Algeria) for the purpose of
being used for the building of road embankments and pavement layers. This experimental
research aims to evaluate the geotechnical characteristics of this red soil, both before and
after being treated with two classes of cement (CEM-II/B-L 32.5 N and CEM-II/B-L 42.5
N), and to analyse the impact of the cement class on its geotechnical properties. The
experimental program included identification tests as well as Proctor compaction, CBR,
and unconfined compression tests. The interpretation of the results has taken into account
knowledge acquired from the literature. The findings showed that the percentage of
cement had a beneficial effect on the geotechnical characteristics of this red silt-clay.
Moreover, they highlighted that the type of cement did not have a great influence on the
physical parameters, the compaction parameters, and the CBR indices. However, it was
observed that class 42.5 cement had a much greater effect on UCS values than lower class
32.5 cement.
Keywords:
class of cement, treatment, silt-clayey,
compaction, unconfined compression, CBR test
1. INTRODUCTION
The increase in the costs of geotechnical projects due to the
utilization of quality soils has led to the need to use local
materials, which do not meet the requirements, after their
treatments. The use of cement to improve the geotechnical
characteristics of soils is a widely employed technique. This
method has shown efficiency and cost-effectiveness for the
purpose of building road embankments, road sub-bases, and
load-bearing soils for geotechnical projects including retaining
walls, dams, tunnels, and reservoirs [1-5].
The chemical processes that lead to the formation of
resistance in soils treated with cement are hydration, cation
exchange, and pozzolanic reactions [6]. The main processes
that contribute to the development of the resistance of soilcement mixtures are, firstly, the hydration that happens when
cement and water mix, which leads the initial cementitious
products to be formed, and secondly, the pozzolanic reactions,
which contribute to the development of long-term resistance
by dint of the interactions between soil minerals and the lime
released by the cement [7-9].
Many investigations have examined the influence of
fundamental characteristics on the resistance of cement treated
soils, including the amount of cement used [10-12], chemical
components of cement [3, 13], curing conditions [14, 15],
curing time [16-18], hydration level and/or ratio of water to
cemen

A vast fraction of the population of India considers agriculture as its primary occupation. The production of crops plays an important role in our country. Bad quality crop production is often due to either excessive use of fertilizer or using not enough fertilizer. The proposed system of IoT and ML is enabled for soil testing using the sensors, is based on measuring and observing soil parameters. This system lowers the probability of soil degradation and helps maintain crop health. Different sensors such as soil temperature, soil moisture, pH, NPK, are used in this system for monitoring temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and soil pH along with NPK nutrients of the soil respectively. The data sensed by these sensors is stored on the microcontroller and analyzed using machine learning algorithms like random forest based on which suggestions for the growth of the suitable crop are made. This project also has a methodology that focuses on using a convolutional neural network as a pr...

A vast fraction of the population of India considers agriculture as its primary occupation. The production of crops plays an important role in our country. Bad quality crop production is often due to either excessive use of fertilizer or using not enough fertilizer. The proposed system of IoT and ML is enabled for soil testing using the sensors, is based on measuring and observing soil parameters. This system lowers the probability of soil degradation and helps maintain crop health. Different sensors such as soil temperature, soil moisture, pH, NPK, are used in this system for monitoring temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and soil pH along with NPK nutrients of the soil respectively. The data sensed by these sensors is stored on the microcontroller and analyzed using machine learning algorithms like random forest based on which suggestions for the growth of the suitable crop are made. This project also has a methodology that focuses on using a convolutional neural network as a pr...

Melia dubia is a fast growing deciduous tree species has popularity among the farmers and wood based industries to fulfill their growing demands. Several workers have studied on growth performance of different tree species with respect to site factors. A field study was conducted to know the effect of soil types and age gradation on growth of M. dubia in central dry zone of Karnataka during 2018-19. Established plantation in two soil types (Black and red soil) with 2, 4, 6 and 8 year age gradations were selected. Results revealed that, trees grown in black soil recorded maximum height at initial (7.41 m) and at the end of 12 months (8.19 m) as compared to red soil at initial (6.89 m) and after 12 months (7.65 m). Diameter at breast height (DBH) and crown diameter did not differ significantly with respect to different soil types. Among the age gradation, the maximum height (10.75 m and 10.90 m), dbh (0.218 and 0.224 m) and crown diameter (3.44 m and 4.38 m), basal area (30.981 and 32.815 m 2 ha-1) and wood volume production (200.279 and 241.529 m 3 ha-1) at initial and 12 months after start of experiment were recorded in 8 year plantation. Interaction of black soil and 8 year plantation recorded the maximum growth for all the growth parameters and may be recommended for harvest to get maximum returns.

Laboratory study on adsorption-desorption of flubendiamide was conducted in two soil types, varying in their physical and chemical properties, by batch equilibrium method. After 4 h of equilibrium time, adsorption of flubendiamide on soil matrix exhibited moderately low rate of accumulation with 4.52 ± 0.21 % in red soil and low rate with 3.55±0.21 % in black soil. After amending soils with organic manure, adsorption percentage increased to 6.42±0.21 % in red soil and (4.18±0.21 %) in black soil indicating that amendment significantly increased sorption. Variation in sorption affinities of the soils as indicated by distribution coefficient (K d) for sorption was in the range of 2.98-4.32, 4.91-6.64, 1.04-1.45 and 1.92-2.81 ml/g for red soil, organic manure-treated red soil, black soil and organic manure-treated black soil, respectively. Desorption was slightly slower than adsorption indicating a hysteresis effect having hysteresis coefficient ranges between 0.023 and 0.149 in two test soils. The adsorption data for the insecticide fitted well the Freundlich equation. Results revealed that adsorption-desorption was influenced by soil types and showed that the maximum sorption and minimum desorption of the insecticide was observed in soils with higher organic carbon and clay content. It can be inferred that crystal lattice of the clay soil plays a significant role in flubendiamide adsorption and desorption. Adsorption was lower at acidic pH and gradually increased towards alkaline pH. As this insecticide is poorly sorbed in the two Indian soil types, there may be a possibility of their leaching to lower soil profiles.

Laboratory study on adsorption-desorption of flubendiamide was conducted in two soil types, varying in their physical and chemical properties, by batch equilibrium method. After 4 h of equilibrium time, adsorption of flubendiamide on soil matrix exhibited moderately low rate of accumulation with 4.52 ± 0.21 % in red soil and low rate with 3.55±0.21 % in black soil. After amending soils with organic manure, adsorption percentage increased to 6.42±0.21 % in red soil and (4.18±0.21 %) in black soil indicating that amendment significantly increased sorption. Variation in sorption affinities of the soils as indicated by distribution coefficient (K d ) for sorption was in the range of 2.98-4.32, 4.91-6.64, 1.04-1.45 and 1.92-2.81 ml/g for red soil, organic manure-treated red soil, black soil and organic manure-treated black soil, respectively. Desorption was slightly slower than adsorption indicating a hysteresis effect having hysteresis coefficient ranges between 0.023 and 0.149 in two test soils. The adsorption data for the insecticide fitted well the Freundlich equation. Results revealed that adsorption-desorption was influenced by soil types and showed that the maximum sorption and minimum desorption of the insecticide was observed in soils with higher organic carbon and clay content. It can be inferred that crystal lattice of the clay soil plays a significant role in flubendiamide adsorption and desorption. Adsorption was lower at acidic pH and gradually increased towards alkaline pH. As this insecticide is poorly sorbed in the two Indian soil types, there may be a possibility of their leaching to lower soil profiles.

This study investigates the effects of replacing fine aggregate in M20 grade concrete with locally available material. The experiment aims to assess the performance of concrete when a portion of fine aggregate is substituted with materials such as locally available material (red soil). Various replacement levels are considered such that 10%,20% and 30% to evaluate the workability properties of the resulting concrete mixes. The experimental program involves laboratory testing, workability and durability tests by compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. In this study trying to achieve feasibility and effectiveness of using locally available material as fine aggregate replacements in M20(1:1.5:3) grade concrete at optimum percentage of 10% replacement, offering potential benefits in terms of sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and performance.

In order to study the role of surface condition or surface texture of soil sample, the textural image analysis was applied to the soil images that were collected using the real-time soil spectrophotometer. The experiments were conducted both in laboratory and on the field. The results show that soil reflectance was significantly affected by the condition of the sample surface. The rough surfaces tended to reduce the soil reflectance. The changing of the reflectance can be predicted calculating the changing of correlation feature of the soil image, especially for the red channel of the image. The correlation feature of red channel also gave a good prediction for moisture content. Copyright @2001IFAC.

A vast fraction of the population of India considers agriculture as its primary occupation. The production of crops plays an important role in our country. Bad quality crop production is often due to either excessive use of fertilizer or using not enough fertilizer. The proposed system of IoT and ML is enabled for soil testing using the sensors, is based on measuring and observing soil parameters. This system lowers the probability of soil degradation and helps maintain crop health. Different sensors such as soil temperature, soil moisture, pH, NPK, are used in this system for monitoring temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and soil pH along with NPK nutrients of the soil respectively. The data sensed by these sensors is stored on the microcontroller and analyzed using machine learning algorithms like random forest based on which suggestions for the growth of the suitable crop are made. This project also has a methodology that focuses on using a convolutional neural network as a pr...

Soil aggregation plays a critical role in the maintenance of soil structure, as well as in its productivity. Fertilization influences soil aggregation, especially by regulating soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in aggregate fractions. The present study evaluated the influence of three contrasting fertilizer regimes (unfertilized control-CK-, mineral fertilization-NPK-and manure combined with NPK-NPKM) on soil aggregate stability, aggregate-associated organic carbon and total nitrogen sequestration and mineralization of SOC. Soil samples from (20 cm) depth were collected from a long-term fertilization experiment and analysed for size distribution ranging (>250 μm, 250-53 μm and <53 μm sizes), SOC and TN contents, as well as for mineralization of bulk and aggregate associated-SOC. Both NPK and NPKM fertilizations significantly enhanced SOC and TN contents in bulk soil and its constituent aggregates of >250 μm, 250-53 μm and <53 μm sizes, as compared to CK. Long-term NPK and NPKM increased SOC and TN stock in bulk soil by 45 and 98%, and by 70 and 144%, respectively, as compared to CK. Similarly, higher values of SOC and TN stock in all aggregate fractions was observed with the application of NPKM. Application of NPK and NPKM for 26 years significantly increased aggregate stability, which was positively correlated with total SOC contents in terms of mean weight diameter (MWD) (Adj. R 2 ¼ 0.689, p < 0.03) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) (Adj. R 2 ¼ 0.471, p < 0.24). Moreover, higher scores regarding cumulative mineralization for bulk soil and aggregate associated OC were observed with the application of NPK and NPKM. Irrespective of treatments, higher cumulative C-mineralization was observed for macro-aggregates (>250 μm size) followed by 250-53 μm and <53 μm size aggregates. Interestingly, a highly positive correlation was observed between aggregate stability and the cumulative amount of mineralization for bulk soil and aggregate fractions, with R 2 ranging from 0.84 to 0.99. This study evidenced that long-term fertilization of NPK and NPKM can improve soil aggregation, stability and associated OC and TN stock in aggregates, as well as aggregate-associated OC mineralization, which was further governed by aggregate size.

Inappropriate agronomic and input management practices such as continuous utilization of DAP and urea with surface broadcast method of application has led to inefficient nutrient use, which could finally cause low productivity of tef. Thus, this study was conducted on two soil types (Vertisol and Cambisol) in Northern Ethiopia during the 2011 main crop season to examine the different compound fertilizer applications under different planting methods and seed rates. An improved tef variety ‘Quncho’ (Dz-Cr-387) was used as a test crop and 5 treatments evaluated using RCBD with 3 replications. The treatments were: 1) band application of complete fertilizer under drill seed in row at 5 Kg ha –1 seed rate; 2) broadcast complete fertilizer and seed (at 25 Kg ha –1 seed rate); 3) band application of DAP and urea under drill seed in row at 5 Kg ha –1 seed rate; 4) broadcast DAP and urea and seed (at 25 Kg ha –1 seed rate); 5) broadcasting tef at 25 Kg ha –1 seed rate with no fertilizer appli...

This article focuses on learning degree of anthropogenic transformation of the natural environment. Red Book of Moscow contains protected plant species and animal species that survive in habitat of Moscow. Red book focuses on that you cannot save species without saving their soil habitat. Soil is a special habitat that focuses on relation between components of nature and soil. As it is the control center of the entire landscape reserve "Teply Stan". Only the protection and preservation of the soil can provide reliable guarantee of preservation of all life. However, none of protected natural territories of Moscow does not include direct purpose of protecting the soil. This work is the first scientific attempt of preparing the Red Book of the soil in the city. The red book of soil will not only serve the protection of soil, but also helps emerging of city`s most tentative natural areas that need in protection. Results of research findings include a series of maps and the Red Book of the soil, prepared by using IT technologies. Organization and carrying out such work allows to implement the requirements of the new regulations on natural habitats, reveals the practical significance of ecological and geographical knowledge and skills.

Red soil is formed by weathering due to the effect of bedrock and various fluids in subtropical and tropical climate zones. The major and trace element geochemistry of red soil are important for understanding its environmental conditions and interpreting its genesis. This study aims to determine how red soil is formed in the study area, where magmatic rocks are located, and to determine their relationship with magmatic fluids. In this context, geochemical analyses were conducted, and index values, spatial distributions, and multivariate statistics of the samples were calculated. Methods: A total of 49 red soil samples collected from the Sutlegen Village in the Kas district of Antalya were subjected to geochemical analysis. The following major elements were found in the red soil samples: Al2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO, MgO, K2O, P2O5, and SO3. The Al2O3–SiO2–Fe2O3 triangular diagram revealed that the samples underwent moderate laterization. Multivariate statistical analyses indicated ...

The main objective of this study was to work out production efficiency of some cooperative and non cooperative farmers in the central Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose a survey of central Punjab was conducted in the year of 2008-09. Two type samples were taken for the study. First type sample was comprised of 15 respondents who had joined together in different ways to cultivate their available lands. Second type included 60 respondents, 20 from each district of Jhang, Faisalabad and TT Singh. The results obtained through tstatistics analysis revealed that the per acre use of Agri inputs and outputs obtained for all the cash crops was significantly different and higher in case of cooperatives than non-cooperatives farmers. The benefit cost (B-C) ratio indicated that it was 38% higher for cooperative than non-cooperatives as it was 1.98 and 1.43 for respective categories. But these cooperatives farming could not sustain for longer time due to the lake of education and conflicts between the members.

The objective to carry out this project was to study the ecological diversity found in the Actinomycetes present in the Western Ghats’ soil. To fulfil the purpose soil from Bannerghatta National Park (Western Ghats), Bangalore was collected and tested. Various type of Actinomycetes culture was obtained which included pigmented (red and yellow) and filamentous cultures. Basic biochemical and physical experiments were performed, though prime focus was on the red pigmented organism. Of the 3 different red cultures obtained, 2 were found to be same and the 3rd culture though showed some variation in TLC (proteins), could not be confirmed as an entirely different type as it showed same pigmentation, because in the other preliminary tests all the 3 red cultures showed similar results. Bergey’s Manual was considered to classify the organisms accordingly, but due to the lack of data organisms were only grouped on the basis of presence of L-DAP and meso-DAP in their cell wall.

Phosphorus (P) is one of the key limiting factors for the growth of forests and their net primary productivity in subtropical forest ecosystems. Phosphorus leaching of the forest soil to the catchment and groundwater in karst region is the main source of water eutrophication. Strong P sorption capacity of minerals is generally assumed to be a key driver of P leaching in subtropical ecosystems which varies among different soil types. Here, we estimated P adsorption capacity of the O/A and AB horizon in both limestone soil and red soil of subtropical forests by fitting the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm to investigate the potential environmental risks of P. The maximum P sorption capacity (Q m), P sorption constant (K L), P sorption index (PSI), degree of P saturation (DPS), and maximum buffer capacity (MBC) were calculated. The results indicate that Q m of the O/A horizon in both soils were similar. Comparing these two soils, the red soil had a higher K L and MBC in the AB horizon; Q m of limestone soil was larger but K L was lower, indicating that the adsorption capacity of limestone soil was weaker and MBC was lower. There was no significant difference in PSI between the two soils. The DPS values of both soils were below 1.1%, indicating that P saturation is low in both subtropical forest soils due to the lack of marked anthropogenic disturbance. In the O/A horizon, P saturation associated with available P (DPS M3 and DPS Olsen) and that associated with P in the Fe-Al bound state (DPS citrate) were higher in the red soil than in the limestone soil. DPS did not differ significantly in the AB horizon, except for higher DPS M3 and DPS citrate in the red soil. The findings highlight the influence of the soil types on P adsorption. The P adsorption and buffering of red soils were higher than those of limestone soils, indicating a lower risk of P leaching in red subtropical forest soils.

Phosphorus (P) is one of the key limiting factors for the growth of forests and their net primary productivity in subtropical forest ecosystems. Phosphorus leaching of the forest soil to the catchment and groundwater in karst region is the main source of water eutrophication. Strong P sorption capacity of minerals is generally assumed to be a key driver of P leaching in subtropical ecosystems which varies among different soil types. Here, we estimated P adsorption capacity of the O/A and AB horizon in both limestone soil and red soil of subtropical forests by fitting the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm to investigate the potential environmental risks of P. The maximum P sorption capacity ( Q m ), P sorption constant ( K L ), P sorption index (PSI), degree of P saturation (DPS), and maximum buffer capacity (MBC) were calculated. The results indicate that Q m of the O/A horizon in both soils were similar. Comparing these two soils, the red soil had a higher K L and MBC in the AB hori...

An experimental investigation was undertaken to study the effects of lime-stabilized soilcushion on the strength behavior of expansive soil. In the present investigation, a series of laboratory tests (Unconfined compression tests and CBR tests) were conducted on both expansive soil alone and expansive soil cushioned with lime-stabilized non-expansive cohesive soil. Lime contents of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% by dry weight of cohesive non-swelling soil was used in the stabilized soil cushion. Both expansive soil and lime stabilized soil cushion were compacted to Standard Proctor's optimum condition with thickness ratio 2:1. Tests on cushioned expansive soils were conducted at different curing and soaking periods i.e., 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. The test results revealed that maximum increase in strength was achieved after 14 days of curing or soaking period with 8% of lime content.

The northernmost derivation of the Mediterranean climatic influence and the wide distribution of carbonate rocks are factors that could explain red soils distribution in the lands of Southern Bulgaria. However, due to the mainly mountainous landscape, red soils can be found only on certain spots in Bulgaria. One of the most typical examples of red soil can be found in the lands of Nova Lovcha Village in Bulgaria, but this area was not studied in detail due to its border position. In this study, the catena principle was used to estimate the parental material and slope drainage relationships as factors in soil formation. Samples from different parts of the slope were analyzed for grain size, parent rock and soil mineralogy, pH, and humus content. The red soils of Nova Lovcha showed both local rocks origin in the deeper parts of the soil profiles and allochthone silicate elements in the upper horizons. The most relevant explanation for this mineralogical difference could be a transfer from another nearby area; Neogene alluvial deposits or from weathered older rocks, cropping out in the vicinity of the area. Our results show a relation between this particular landscape and the Greek Thracian allochthonous red soils. This confirms the variety of factors for red soil formation and explains the penetration of Mediterranean influence in the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula.

Field experiments were carried out at the Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR) farm at Samaru during 2011 and 2012 rainy season. The treatments evaluated were two rice varieties (NERICA 4 and 8), three rates of nitrogen (0, 65 and 130 kg N ha -1 ) and three seed rates (30, 60 and 90kgha -1 ). The treatments were factorially combined and laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three times. Results obtained shows that NERICA 4 produced taller plants than NERICA 8. Application of nitrogen up to 65 kg N ha -1 significantly increased plant height, and leaf area index, however, crop growth rate and relative growth rate responded to applied 130 kg N ha -1 . Plant height was not significantly increased beyond seed rate of 60 kg ha -1 . Based on this study it can be concluded that both NERICA varieties can be sown at the rate of 60 kg ha -1 with application of 65 kg N ha -1 . Key words: NERICA, Nitrogen, Seed rate, Northern guinea savannah

Colour in soils as well as other object is the visual perceptual property which is perceived by human eye. They are governed by spectrum of light corresponding to wavelength or reflected energy of the material. Developed model for soil acidity is based on visual interpretation, principal component and spectral enhancement techniques by using of the satellite image (IRS LISS III, 2014). In this context, red soil patch is much sensitive in red spectral band comparison to green and blue spectral bands and perceived as red tone by human eyes but same soil patch appears green in false colour composite (FCC) image of NIR (0.70-0.80μm), Red (0.60-0.70 μm) and Green (0.50-0.60μm) bands. The maximum coverage of red soil patches having low pH &lt; 6.5 (1:2.5) was recognized in 44.07 per cent of the total geographical area (3019.56 sq.km) under Banka district. Maximum red soil patches having their acidity were recognised in Katoria (18.56%), Chanan (15.15%), Bounsi (10.44%) and Banka (9.92%...

The study of dry extract was conducted on Fetească neagră variety, cultivated in five vineyards, in the Northern Region of Transylvania, in a white wines consecrated area, to find favorability for red wines. The research was conducted on protected geographical indications and protected designations of origin in correlation with five soil types on which the black grapevine are cultivated. Were used analitycal results from an official authorized laboratory and samples presented to national evaluating commisions for origin and authenticity certification for the commercialize purpose with protected geographical indication or protected designation of origin. The soil type and the location are not limitative factors for accumulating of high values of dry extract in the grapes destinated for producing red wines. The results were almost similar in the red wines produced in clasical white wines area, with those from a consecrated area for quality red wines.

Soil phosphorus (P) adsorption and desorption occur in an important endogenous cycle linked with soil fertility problems and relevant to the environmental risk assessment of P. In our study, the effect of long-term inorganic and organic fertilization on P adsorption and desorption characteristics in relation to changes in soil properties was evaluated by selecting three longterm experimental sites in southern China. The selected treatments at each site were CK (unfertilized), NPK (synthetic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) and NPKM (synthetic NPK plus manure). The adsorption and desorption characteristics of P were evaluated using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The results showed that long-term application of NPK plus manure significantly increased soil organic carbon (SOC), total P and available P at all three sites compared with the NPK and CK treatments. All three treatments fit these equations well. The maximum adsorption capacity (Q m) of P increased with NPKM treatment, and the binding energy of P (K) and the maximum buffering capacity (MBC) showed increasing trends. NPKM showed the highest Q m (2346.13 mg kg-1) at the Jinxian site, followed by Nanchang (221.16 mg kg-1) and Ningxiang (2219.36 mg kg-1). Compared to CK and NPK, the NPKM treatment showed a higher MBC as 66.64, 46.93 and 44.39 L kg-1 at all three sites. The maximum desorption capacity (D m) of P in soil was highest with the NPKM treatment (157.58, 166.76, 143.13 mg kg-1), showing a better ability to release P in soil. The correlation matrix showed a significant positive correlation of SOC, total and available P with Q m , D m and MBC. In conclusion, it is suggested that manure addition is crucial to improve P utilization in red paddy soils within the recommended range to avoid the risk of environmental pollution.

The present study aims at efficient abatement of pollutants from coke-oven wastewater using environmentfriendly and low-cost adsorbents for a green world. The adsorbent used were native laterite soil (NLS), heattreated laterite soil (HTLS), native shale (NS) and Heat-treated shale (HTS). One factor at a time (OFAT) approach was followed to determine the most effective condition based on the maximum removal. Heat-treated laterite soil and native shale were found most effective among their counterparts. Freundlich model was found best to analyze equilibrium data. The real coke-oven wastewater was collected and experiments were performed in batch mode. The percentage removal of cyanide (88.09% and 95.31%) and ammoniacal-N (87.28% and 92.12%) were found satisfactory when heat-treated laterite soil and native shale were used as adsorbents, respectively.

This study investigates the soil stabilization of red soil using polypropylene fibers. The specific gravity, Atterberg limits, and particle size distribution of the soil were determined. The Proctor compaction test was conducted to establish the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content. Reinforced soil samples were prepared with varying fiber contents. Shear strength tests, including direct shear and unconfined compression, were performed to assess soil stability. The study was conducted using soil samples from the Garchuk area of Guwahati city. The results provide valuable insights into the behavior of red soil stabilized with polypropylene fibers, contributing to practical engineering applications. This research addresses a knowledge gap and offers guidance for sustainable and effective soil stabilization techniques.