Range extender electric vehicles

Der computergestützte Entwurf neuer elektrischer Maschinen verkürzt die notwendigen Entwicklungszeiten deutlich. Numerische Verfahren ermöglichen die Berechnung komplizierter, wirklichkeitsnaher Maschinenmodelle. Unter Einbeziehung nichtlinearer Materialeigenschaften ist die exakte Modellierung dynamischer Vorgänge sowie die schnelle Optimierung der Maschinendaten entsprechend der jeweiligen Zielparameter möglich. Somit können auch bei kleinen zu fertigenden Stückzahlen genau auf die jeweilige Anwendung zugeschnittene Antriebssysteme mit vertretbarem Aufwand entwickelt werden. Der in dieser Arbeit untersuchte Permanent-Magnet-Motor (PMM) ist eine mehrpolige Sonderbauform der permanentmagneterregten Synchronmaschine, der als drehzahlvariabler, getriebeloser Direktantrieb eingesetzt wird. Er hat einen guten Wirkungsgrad und ist in der Lage, sehr große Drehmomente pro Volumeneinheit bei geringer Drehzahl abzugeben. Die erarbeiteten Maschinenmodelle dienen als Grundlage für weiterführen...

Bei PKW-Abgasturboladern mit Schwimmbuchsenlagern können in einem breiten Betriebsdrehzahlbereich gleitlagertypische Oil-Whirl-und Oil-Whip-Effekte auftreten. Zu deren Beschreibung werden in diesem Beitrag die Modellierung und der Modellabgleich des Rotors eines Abgasturboladers vorgestellt. Zur Modellierung des Rotors werden im Sinne eines Ritz-Verfahrens die ersten vier Eigenformen (zwei Starrkörper-und zwei Biegeeigenformen) des ungefesselten Rotors verwendet. Mit einer experimentellen Modalanalyse am freien Rotor wird das Rotormodell abgesichert. Die Fluidfilme in den Schwimmbuchsenlagern werden mit Finiten Volumen modelliert und das Rotorgehäuse wird als starr und unverschieblich angesetzt. Für die Modellanpassung veränderbare Parameter sind die Lagergeometrie, die unterschiedlichen Ölviskositäten im inneren und im äußeren Schmierfilm sowie die Eigenfrequenzen des Rotormodells. Am Versuchsmodell werden die Rotorbewegung in zwei orthogonale Richtungen einer Ebene am Verdichterrad und die Schwimmbuchsendrehzahl in Abhängigkeit von der Rotordrehzahl gemessen. Zur Messung der Schwimmbuchsendrehzahl wird das Turboladergehäuse mittels 3-D-Druck transparent ausgeführt. Dadurch können die Schwimmbuchsen während des Betriebes mit einer Hochgeschwindigkeitskamera optisch erfasst werden. Die Auswertung der Hochgeschwindigkeitsbilder liefert die aktuelle Buchsendrehzahl. Zum Abgleich des numerischen Modells werden die Schwimmbuchsendrehzahl und die Amplituden und Frequenzen der Rotorschwingungen in Abhängigkeit von der Rotordrehzahl herangezogen. Für den Modellabgleich werden verschiedene Versuche durchgeführt: Bei ansteigender und abfallender Rotordrehzahl wird in einem Versuch das Konstanttonphänomen, eine subsynchrone Bewegungsform mit nahezu konstanter Frequenz, erzwungen. In einem zweiten und dritten Versuch wird ein Oil-Whirl im inneren Schmierfilm erzeugt. Nach Anpassung der Modellparameter (Lager-und Schwimmbuchsengeometrie, Ölfilmviskositäten, Rotoreigenschaften) konnte eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung der gemessenen und der berechneten Zeitverläufe der Rotorbewegung und der Schwimmbuchsendrehzahl beobachtet werden.

Kurzfassung Bei PKW-Abgasturboladern mit Schwimmbuchsenlagern könne n i einem breiten Betriebsdrehzahlbereich gleitlagertypische Oil-Whirlund Oil-Whip-Effekte auft reten. Zu deren Beschreibung werden in diesem Beitrag die Modellierung und der Modellabgleich des Rotors eines Ab gasturboladers vorgestellt. Zur Modellierung des Rotors werden im Sinne eines Ritz-Verf ahrens die ersten vier Eigenformen (zwei Starrkörperund zwei Biegeeigenformen) des ungefesselte n Rotors verwendet. Mit einer experimentellen Modalanalyse am freien Rotor wird das Rotormodell abgesichert. D ie Fluidfilme in den Schwimmbuchsenlagern werden mit Finiten Volumen modelliert und das Rotorgehäuse wird al s starr und unverschieblich angesetzt. Für die Modellanpassung veränderbare Parameter sind die Lagergeome trie, die unterschiedlichen Ölviskositäten im inneren und im äußeren Schmierfilm sowie die Eigenfrequenzen des Rot orm dells. Am Versuchsmodell werden die Rotorbewegung in zwei orthogo nale Richtungen einer Eb...

Hydrogen has proven itself to be a great source of energy due to its physical characteristics and its high availability. One way to use the energy inside hydrogen is the fuel cell. But inside a moving car, hydrogen storage tank existence requires high precautions and present many increasing risks; so our idea takes the theory of HHO (hydrogen generator) to separate hydrogen and then utilize a fuel cell to produce clean source of energy. This produced electrical energy will be used in operating an electrically powered car, and in charging the HHO cell. Electrically powered cars as an aim draws us to this work, the first part for producing hydrogen gas from water, the design parameters of the electrochemical cell, and the reached findings will be presented. It was found that stainless steel 304 was more convenient for the electrode materials compared with other metals. The amount of hydrogen evolved was confirmed by pop-sound test. The fuel cells was settled to be the most effective w...

Elementare Betrachtungen zum stationären Magnetfeld 19.1 Magnetische Kraftwirkungen und das B-Feldes Wie mit dem Vorhandensein elektrischer Ladungen immer ein elektrisches Feld verbunden ist, so tritt immer ein magnetisches Feld auf, wenn elektrische Ströme fließen, wenn sich also elektrische Ladungen bewegen. Ein stationäres magnetisches Feld entsteht, wenn es sich um Gleichstrom handelt, der also hinsichtlich der Stromdichte J bzw. des Stromes I zeitkonstant ist. Daher sprechen wir in diesem Fall von Stationarität. Das magnetische Feld kann wie das elektrische durch Feldlinien veranschaulicht werden. Von dem Verlauf dieser Linien geben die bekannten, erstmals im Jahre 1821 von Seebeck [21] durchgeführten Versuche mit Eisenspänen eine Vorstellung. Auf langgestreckten Eisenspänen oder auf Magneten werden im magnetischen Feld mechanische Kräfte ausgeübt, die die Eisenspäne in eine bestimmte Richtung zu drehen versuchen. Dadurch wird die Feldlinienrichtung an jeder Stelle des B-Feldes definiert, das nach Abschnitt 18 die Kraftwirkungen des magnetischen Feldes charakterisiert. Diese Feldlinien bezeichnet man als magnetische Induktionslinien, magnetische Feldlinien oder hier als B-Feldlinien. Abbildung 19.1. B-Feldlinien einer Drahtspule Wichtige Anwendungen dieser Vorstellung sind magnetische Speichermedien wie Magnetbänder, bei denen man durch einäußeres Magnetfeld die lang

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Entwurf und der experimentellen Untersuchung zweier wirkungsgradoptimierter Asynchronmaschinen für eine Nennleistung von 20 kW und eine Nenndrehzahl von 30.000 min-1. Der Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen liegt auf der Quantifizierung des Einflusses des verwendeten magnetisch aktiven Materials. Es kommen zum einen ein hoch-siliziertes Blech (M270-35A) und zum anderen eine Kobalt-Eisen-Legierung (Vacoflux 50) zum Einsatz. Im ersten Abschnitt der Arbeit wird abgeleitet, wie sich Leistung und Verluste mit zunehmender Drehzahl verhalten und wo technologische Grenzen schnelldrehender Maschinen liegen. Im Anschluss werden zur detaillierten Berücksichtigung der Materialeigenschaften während des Maschinenentwurfs kombiniert analytisch-numerische Berechnungsmethoden entwickelt. Mit Hilfe dieser Methoden lassen sich Maschinenparameter und Feldamplituden auch für analytisch schwer erfassbare Fälle, wie geschlossene Rotornuten, mit guter Genauigkeit vorausberechnen. Ergänzend wird ein einfach parametrierbares Modell des Rotors zur Berechnung der Eigenfrequenzen eingeführt. Die Erwärmung wird mit Hilfe eines thermischen Netzwerkmodells bestimmt. Das Vorgehen bei der Variantenberechnung zur Ermittlung der wirkungsgradoptimalen Maschine wird ausführlich erläutert. Beide Maschinen wurden im "back-to-back" Verfahren experimentell untersucht. Die Gültigkeit der Berechnungsverfahren und die Performance der verwendeten Materialien werden anhand von Leerlauf-und Lastmessungen, Schwingungsmessungen und eines Erwärmungslaufes überprüft. Ergänzend wurden Geräuschfrequenzmessungen durchgeführt.

An approach for controlling a hydrostatic dynamometer for the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing of hybrid vehicles is proposed and experimentally evaluated. The hydrostatic dynamometer, which is capable of absorbing and regenerating power, was specifically designed and built in-house to evaluate the fuel economy and control strategy of a hydraulic hybrid vehicle being developed. Unlike a chassis dynamometer whose inertia is similar to the inertia of the vehicle being tested, the inertia of this hydrostatic dynamometer is only 3% of the actual vehicle. While this makes the system low cost, compact, and flexible for testing vehicles with different weights and drag characteristics, control challenges result. In particular, the dynamometer must apply, in addition to the torques to mimic the wind and road drag, also the torques to mimic the acceleration and deceleration of the missing inertia. To avoid estimating the acceleration and deceleration, which would be a noncausal operation, a...

The purpose of this paper is to reveal the effect of fuel injection pressure on the power and torque of a diesel engine. The research method used is the experimental method. Pressure variations of 110 kg/cm 2 , 120 kg/cm 2 and 130 kg/cm 2 were applied to a 1981 Chevrolet LUV diesel car. From the experimental results of research conducted at the Automotive Engineering Vehicle Workshop, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, it was found that, at a standard pressure of 120 kg/cm 2 obtained an average car power of 29.6 kW at 4470 RPM and 81.65 Nm of torque at 2455 RPM. When the injector pressure is reduced by 110 kg/cm 2 , engine power decreases by 17.1% and torque decreases by 16.2%. When the injector pressure is increased to 130 kg/cm2, there is an increase in engine power by 4.05% and a decrease in torque by 14.89%.

Changing market requirements, pressure to minimize production costs, competition, but also legislative restrictions have an impact on a number of areas, not excluding the automotive industry. Currently, development trends are moving towards the application of advanced technological solutions and materials, with the aim to reduce vehicle's weight, increase their strength and safety, and at the same time reduce the emission of vehicles. The Shell Eco Marathon competition is an excellent platform for the implementation of these activities. The main goal of the competition is to support the creative invention of research teams and bring innovative ideas and technical solutions. The scientific article focuses on a detailed analysis of development steps in the construction of experimental vehicles. The results of the research were presented at a competition in London 2019 with successful achievement. This work is a contribution to the design and aerodynamic optimization of the body and at the same time brings new ideas and structural elements to improve the production power unit.

Hydrogen has proven itself to be a great source of energy due to its physical characteristics and its high availability. One way to use the energy inside hydrogen is the fuel cell. But inside a moving car, hydrogen storage tank existence requires high precautions and present many increasing risks; so our idea takes the theory of HHO (hydrogen generator) to separate hydrogen and then utilize a fuel cell to produce clean source of energy. This produced electrical energy will be used in operating an electrically powered car, and in charging the HHO cell. Electrically powered cars as an aim draws us to this work, the first part for producing hydrogen gas from water, the design parameters of the electrochemical cell, and the reached findings will be presented. It was found that stainless steel 304 was more convenient for the electrode materials compared with other metals. The amount of hydrogen evolved was confirmed by pop-sound test. The fuel cells was settled to be the most effective w...

Air conditioning in automobiles is done by air conditioning compressor driven by the engine. The engine exerts a specific power to run air conditioning system. During running, fuel consumption, noise and vibration increase. Most of gasoline automobiles in Turkey have used Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as an alternative fuel. In this study, the effect of use of Air Conditioner (AC) on engine vibration in gasoline car engines are experimentally investigated. According to the experiment results, it is observed that the use of AC while running on LPG decreases the engine vibration at the revolution speeds of 800, 2000, 3000 and 5000 rev/min whereas the use of AC while running on gasoline decreases the engine vibration at the revolution speeds of 2000, 3000 and 4000 rev/min. In addition to that, when the AC is on, the levels of vibration increase in the engine while running on LPG and gasoline are observed to be linear and nonlinear with the increase in the idle revolution speeds, respectively. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the car engine while using LPG is running more stably compared to that while using gasoline.

Zusammenfassung Der Einsatz elektrischer Einzelradantriebe in Kraftfahrzeugen eröffnet auf Grund der Möglichkeit der schnellen und genauen radindividuellen Stellung positiver und negativer Drehmomente neue Potenziale für die Fahrdynamikregelung. Hierdurch wird eine Regelung des Reifenlängsschlupfes an jedem Rad mit hoher Dynamik und Genauigkeit sowie eine höhere Energieeffizienz ermöglicht, die mit konventionellen Eingriffen des Bremssystems nicht umsetzbar ist. Damit eine darauf aufbauende Regelung der Fahrzeugdynamik diese Vorteile konsequent ausnutzen kann, wird in diesem Beitrag ein hierarchisches Konzept zur Fahrdynamikregelung vorgestellt, das eine Unterteilung der Beobachtungs- und Regelungsstruktur auf Rad- und Fahrzeugebene vorsieht.

Compilation of articles on motor-fan.jp in 2023
36 pages

1. Its name is "8C type"! Mazda Rotary is back! MX-30 PHEV model "e-SKYACTIV R-EV"      Published on 2023/01/13      2 pages
  Page 2
2. Mazda's new rotary "Model 8C" / How is 13A related to 16X?
      Published Date 2023/04/15      Kota Sera      4 pages
  Page 4
3. The Mazda 8C Rotary is a "new rotary engine that pursues the ideal" newly developed using the  technology cultivated at SKYACTIV [Internal Combustion Engine Super Basic Course]      Published 2023/09/14
      Kota Sera      11 pages
  Page 8
4. A special engine that only Mazda can build, the 8C rotary, is thus built
      Published 2023/10/08      Kota Sera      7 pages
  Page 19
5. New Generation Rotary: Mazda 8C, Complete Explanation (excerpt only)
      Motor Fan Illustrated Vol.204      Release Date: 15. September 2023
      Kota Sera      11 pages
  Page 26

Numeric values are not necessarily correct - translations by browser have included a lot of confusions, e.g. like "2023-rotor ... MX-1 ...
in 30". And price tags have been irritating using e.g. "<>" ...

german keywords: Wankelmotor / Kreiskolbenmotor
English Keywords: Wankel Engine / Wankel Rotary Engine / Rotary Piston Engine / Rotary Combustion Engine

In response to the ongoing challenge of limited driving range in electric vehicles (EVs), this study introduces an innovative solution by integrating Micro Wind Turbines (MWTs) as range extenders. MWTs capture kinetic energy from oncoming airflow, converting it into mechanical energy. The research employs mathematical modeling and numerical analysis to optimize MWT placement on the EV's front bumper and assess its impact. Notably, the integration of MWTs leads to a 13.1% increase in Kia Saoul 2018 vehicle efficiency during the FTP highway driving cycle, enhancing the driving range by 24 kilometers. In addition, an extension of this concept to heavy-duty vehicles, exemplified by the Volvo FH Electric, showcases a 7% increase in overall efficiency with promising results in the context of the highway driving cycle. This research presents a pioneering solution with far-reaching implications for enhancing EV range and promoting sustainable transportation.

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung einer modellbasierten Flugsteuerung hinsichtlich des Aufbaus einer kooperierenden Formation zwischen zwei unbemannten Starrflüglern. In Vorbereitung auf die Einnahme der Formationsposition soll das verfolgende Flugzeug zusätzlich einen positionierenden Warteflug leisten. Hierzu werden Lösungen erarbeitet, die den Warteflug mittels einer Rollwinkelregelung in Abhängigkeit der radialen Abweichung von der Zielkreisbahn und den Formationsflug basierend auf der Kommunikation relevanter Flugdaten durch eine Telemetriestrecke in einer Leader-Follower Formation umsetzen. Die Methoden werden in Bodentests auf ihre grundlegende Funktionsweise überprüft und anschließend im Flugversuch erprobt. Die Flugversuche haben gezeigt, dass der Warteflug mit einer direkten Rollwinkelregelung nicht performant ist. Auf Basis der Auswertung des Wartefluges wird eine Kurswinkelregelung mittels Ausnutzung des Richtungsfeldes eines stabilen Grenzzyklus in das Modell implementiert. Diese Methode konnte aufgrund der Schließung des DLRs durch die Coronakrise nicht mehr im Flugversuch getestet werden. Die grundlegende Funktionsweise zum Aufbau eines Formationsflugverhaltens wird im Flugtest erfolgreich nachgewiesen.

His research interest lies in two fields. The first is research focusing on best and effective ways to teaching and learning in STEM K-16. He is currently researching on best practices in learning Dynamics, a sophomore engineering core course. The second research focus of Dr. Mativo is energy harvesting in particular the design and use of flexible thermoelectric generators. His investigation is both for the high-tech and low tech applications. In addition to teaching courses such as energy systems, mechanics, mechatronics, and production, he investigates best ways to expand cutting edge technologies to the workforce.

Nowadays, the topic of reducing vehicles’ energy consumption is very important. In particular, for electric vehicles, the reduction of energy consumption is necessary to remedy the most critical problems associated with this type of vehicle: the problem of the limited range of the electric traction, also associated with the long recharging times of the battery packs. To reduce use-phase impacts and energy consumptions of vehicles, it is useful to reduce the vehicle mass (lightweighting). The aim of this work is to analyze the parameters of a vehicle which influence the results of lightweighting, in order to provide guidelines for the creation of a vehicle model suitable for studying the effects of lightweighting. This study was carried out through two borderline case models, a compact car and an N1 vehicle, and simulating these through a consolidated vehicle simulation tool useful for consumption estimations. This study shows that the parameters that most influence the outcome of li...

The difficulty in designing internal combustion piston is determined by complex operating conditions. Piston is the busiest engine part. Combined mechanical and thermal loads work on it. Profiling the piston in two mutually perpendicular planes is a major part of its design. The shape of the piston in a cold state is quite different from the cylindrical one. The aim is, despite the varying amount of material in the various zones, when the working temperature reaches the piston to take cylindrical form, thus providing minimal clearance to the engine cylinder. Because it is a moving part, the parameters at work are hard to determine. There are studies of the piston temperature state, some of which are described and analysed.

This paper demonstrates the design of an electric trike’s energy management system for a goods delivery service via various possible component configurations. A model of the energy management system was first developed based on general engineering vehicles’ equations using Matlab software. Various component configurations, such as the usage of two battery types (lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA)), implementation of three braking strategies (full mechanical, parallel, and series strategies), the presence of a range extender (RE), and various masses of range extenders were simulated by using the model. The driving cycle of the e-trike as input data in the simulation was obtained by driving the vehicle around Bandung City. Speed, distance, and elevation were obtained by using GPS-based software. The simulation results showed that the most efficient and effective component configuration was to use the serial regenerative braking strategy with no...

Dieser Artikel beschreibt den Aufbau einer dreiphasigen geschalteten Reluktanzmaschine in Klauenpolausführung, welche mithilfe eines neu entwickelten additiven Fertigungsverfahrens hergestellt wurde. Der 3D-Multimaterialdruck erlaubt die Verarbeitung von keramischen und metallischen Werkstoffen in einem Druckvorgang, wodurch es erstmals möglich ist, alle elektromagnetisch aktiven Teile eines Elektromotors mittels additiver Fertigung herzustellen. Im Fokus dabei steht die Möglichkeit, vollständig keramisch isolierte Wicklungsstrukturen zu realisieren. Im Gegensatz zu konventionellen, polymerbasierten Isolationsmaterialien besitzen Keramiken deutlich bessere thermische Eigenschaften, wodurch die Überlastfähigkeit und die Leistungsdichte elektrischer Maschinen gesteigert werden können. Das Design der gedruckten Maschine wurde maßgeblich von den Anforderungen des additiven Herstellungsverfahrens bestimmt. Um die Maschine charakterisieren und einordnen zu können, wurde mithilfe einer FEM-Analyse und durch Messung das Drehmoment für unterschiedliche Rotorwinkel bestimmt. Die rechnerisch ermittelten Werte stützen sich dabei auf die Messung der magnetischen Eigenschaften des gedruckten Magnetmaterials. Diese werden mit denen konventioneller Magnetmaterialien verglichen und Unterschiede diskutiert. Schlüsselwörter: gedruckter Elektromotor; 3D-Multimaterialdruck; Überlastfähigkeit; Leistungsdichte; keramische Isolation; magnetische Eigenschaften Entirely 3D-printed, switched reluctance machine with claw pole topology. This article describes the fabrication of a three phase switched reluctance machine with stator claw poles using a novel additive manufacturing technology called 3D multi material printing, which allows the use of metals and ceramics in one printing job. Thus, it becomes possible for the first time to produce all electromagnetic components of an electric machine by additive manufacturing. The focus of the paper is on the possibility to realize winding structures with the substitution of the conventional polymer-based insulation with ceramics, offering better thermal properties. This can be used to increase the overload capacity and the power density. The design of the machine is mainly defined by the requirements given by the additive manufacturing process. To characterize the printed machine, the torque which depends on the rotor position, was measured and calculated with FEM-analysis. The calculation is based on the measured magnetic properties of the printed magnetic material which is compared with conventional magnetic materials of electric machines.

Hydrogen has proven itself to be a great source of energy due to its physical characteristics and its high availability. One way to use the energy inside hydrogen is the fuel cell. But inside a moving car, hydrogen storage tank existence requires high precautions and present many increasing risks; so our idea takes the theory of HHO (hydrogen generator) to separate hydrogen and then utilize a fuel cell to produce clean source of energy. This produced electrical energy will be used in operating an electrically powered car, and in charging the HHO cell. Electrically powered cars as an aim draws us to this work, the first part for producing hydrogen gas from water, the design parameters of the electrochemical cell, and the reached findings will be presented. It was found that stainless steel 304 was more convenient for the electrode materials compared with other metals. The amount of hydrogen evolved was confirmed by pop-sound test. The fuel cells was settled to be the most effective w...

For years the interest of the University of Roma 1 (UDR1) research group has been focused on the development of a Hybrid Series vehicle (called Lethe ©), different from standard ones, thanks to the use of a Gas Turbine (GT) set as a thermal engine. The reason for this choice resides in the opportunity to reduce weight and dimensions, in comparison to a traditional Internal Combustion Engine. It's currently not possible to use the GT engine set directly for the vehicle traction, so the UDR1 HS configuration only shows the GT set connected with the electric generator. The result is that the traction is purely electric. The resulting engine configuration is commonly described as a Hybrid Series Plug In. Several previous studies have been carried out, and this research has allowed us to define the correct ratio (Degree of Hybridization) between the installed power of the battery pack and that of the GT electric generator which simultaneously guarantee the main life for the battery package and the capacity of the vehicle to complete a common mission without lack of energy or stopping. This article reports the final step of the research: once all data has been calculated, how to "hybridize" a commercial city car, passenger sedan or any other vehicle.

Pollution derived from transportation systems is a worldwide, timelier issue than ever. The abatement actions of harmful substances in the air are on the agenda and they are necessary today to safeguard our welfare and that of the planet. Environmental pollution in large cities is approximately 20% due to the transportation system. In addition, private traffic contributes greatly to city pollution. Further, “vehicle operating life” is most often exceeded and vehicle emissions do not comply with European antipollution standards. It becomes mandatory to find a solution that respects the environment and, realize an appropriate transportation service to the customers. New technologies related to hybrid–electric engines are making great strides in reducing emissions, and the funds allocated by public authorities should be addressed. In addition, the use (implementation) of new technologies is also convenient from an economic point of view. In fact, by implementing the use of hybrid vehic...

This paper demonstrates the design of an electric trike’s energy management system for a goods delivery service via various possible component configurations. A model of the energy management system was first developed based on general engineering vehicles’ equations using Matlab software. Various component configurations, such as the usage of two battery types (lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA)), implementation of three braking strategies (full mechanical, parallel, and series strategies), the presence of a range extender (RE), and various masses of range extenders were simulated by using the model. The driving cycle of the e-trike as input data in the simulation was obtained by driving the vehicle around Bandung City. Speed, distance, and elevation were obtained by using GPS-based software. The simulation results showed that the most efficient and effective component configuration was to use the serial regenerative braking strategy with no...

Hydrogen has proven itself to be a great source of energy due to its physical characteristics and its high availability. One way to use the energy inside hydrogen is the fuel cell. But inside a moving car, hydrogen storage tank existence requires high precautions and present many increasing risks; so our idea takes the theory of HHO (hydrogen generator) to separate hydrogen and then utilize a fuel cell to produce clean source of energy. This produced electrical energy will be used in operating an electrically powered car, and in charging the HHO cell. Electrically powered cars as an aim draws us to this work, the first part for producing hydrogen gas from water, the design parameters of the electrochemical cell, and the reached findings will be presented. It was found that stainless steel 304 was more convenient for the electrode materials compared with other metals. The amount of hydrogen evolved was confirmed by pop-sound test. The fuel cells was settled to be the most effective w...

In der Normung werden zurzeit Störlichtbogen-Schutzgeräte integriert. Unterschiedliche Systeme existieren schon mehr als 20 Jahre und haben sich praktisch sehr gut bewährt. Aber wie bei allen technischen Neuerungen stehen vielschichtig Argumente der breiten Einführung im Wege. Da sich aber unser soziologisches, ökonomisches und technologisches Sicherheitsbedürfnis gesellschaftlich sehr stark erweitert hat, stehen viele vorgetragene Argumente dieser Entwicklung kontraproduktiv entgegen. Ein leichter Seitenblick ins Privatleben, wo wir nicht mehr mit einem Auto ohne Sicherheitstechnik fahren und auch nicht zugelassen bekommen, oder mit der Pudelmütze und einfachen Holzschiehern den Hang runterfahren, zeigt wie viele Argumente irrational sind. Wir wollen alles mit hoher Zuverlässigkeit, hoher Verfügbarkeit und handeln oft bei der Technik mit der Devise "geiz ist geil", obwohl uns eine zuverlässige und moderne Technik zur Verfügung steht. Es muss uns mehr bewusstwerden, dass das System der Elektroenergieversorgung, von der Erzeugung über die Verteilung hin bis zur Steckdose, eine der wichtigsten technischen Einrichtung ist, die unsere Lebensqualität entscheidend beeinflusst. Daher gilt Technik und Sachlichkeit immer in den Vordergrund zu stellen. Dazu zählt auch die modernen technischen Möglichkeiten zu nutzen um veraltete Erkenntnisse zu überwinden.

The proposed work aims to generate electricity by utilising the air flowing around the vehicle through the micro wind turbines (MWTs). In this case, the electricity produced can be used to charge up the battery or power up additional vehicle accessories, which increases the efficiency or/and range of the vehicle. Three driving cycles have been conducted to examine the model’s performance in moderate, highly dynamic and highway driving scenarios. The analytical works resulted in an 8.38\%, 4.6\% and 1.01\% efficiency increase for the case of the Highway driving cycle (FTP), the new European driving cycle (NEDC) and the standardisation random test aggressive driving cycle (RTS), respectively when adding the micro wind turbines model. In terms of range analysis, 16, 11 and 2 km of the range were added to the full battery charge range of the vehicle when the vehicle was simulated for the case FTP, NEDC and RTS driving cycles scenarios, respectively. The results conclude that the value of micro wind turbines is shimming with highway driving scenarios where the effect of regenerative braking is absent and the drag force acting on the vehicle is at its highest rate.

The difficulty in designing internal combustion piston is determined by complex operating conditions. Piston is the busiest engine part. Combined mechanical and thermal loads work on it. Profiling the piston in two mutually perpendicular planes is a major part of its design. The shape of the piston in a cold state is quite different from the cylindrical one. The aim is, despite the varying amount of material in the various zones, when the working temperature reaches the piston to take cylindrical form, thus providing minimal clearance to the engine cylinder. Because it is a moving part, the parameters at work are hard to determine. There are studies of the piston temperature state, some of which are described and analysed.

This paper presents a numerical study of the effect of the transmission configuration on the energy consumption of an electric vehicle. The first part of this study is related to a vehicle simulation model that takes into consideration vehicle resistances such as aerodynamic, rolling and inertial resistance as well as the traction force. The model was then validated by means of vehicle acceleration time, from 0 to 100 km/h in the case of a single-speed gearbox. Vehicle power demand and electrical energy consumption were then evaluated over three standardized test cycles: WLTC-Class 3, NEDC and FTP-75. For each cycle, two cases were studied: a single-speed and dual-speed gearbox. Very different power demand was observed between the cycles in terms of maximum and average driving power. The most power-demanding cycle was WLTC, while NEDC was less power demanding. However, the specific driving energy per kilometer was very similar for NEDC and FTP-75, as it respectively accounted to 0.1...

Electric vehicles have several disadvantages compared to conventional vehicles, such as their road ability and vehicle weight. To overcome these problems, range-extended engine technology has been developed. A range extender is a generator set that consists of an internal combustion engine coupled with a generator that operates when it is required. A vehicle simulator was deployed to compare the performance of three types of range-extended engines i.e. 1-cylinder 389 cc, 1-cylinder 494 cc and 2-cylinder 988 cc gasoline engines. The best type chosen was afterwards to be coupled with an electric vehicle. The performance data of each internal combustion engine was collected using experiment and simulation data. Two types of driving cycle, the Federal Test Procedure cycle and Artemis Rural Road cycle, were chosen to compare the optimum road ability of the vehicle. The result shows that the 2-cylinder 988 cc range-extended engine has the best performance, with an electrical motor energy consumption decrease of up to 83.26%, fuel consumption increase for the range-extended engine of up to 3.91 L/km, and a road ability increase of up to 232.79% compared to a pure electric vehicle.

Eine Million Elektrofahrzeuge sollen 2020 auf deutschen Straßen unterwegs sein. So lautet das Ziel der Bundesregierung. Aufgrund der derzeit noch sehr hohen Preise für Elektrofahrzeuge ist es wichtig, langfristig die Attraktivität eines solchen &quot;Stromers&quot; zu erhöhen. Zukünftig gilt dabei das induktive Laden (Wireless Power Transfer, WPT) als wichtiges Werkzeug hierzu. Gegenüber konduktivem Laden wird einerseits der Umgang mit einem unhandlichen Ladekabel vermieden, andererseits ist in besonderem Maße die ungewollte Emission von magnetischen Feldern zu beachten, wodurch Gesichtspunkte der EMV und des Personenschutzes berücksichtigt werden müssen. Hier setzt der dreidimensionale Feldscanner des Fraunhofer IWES an, mit dem das emittierte magnetische Streufeld frequenzund ortsselektiv, aber auch als Funktion eines Spulenversatzes vermessen wird. Neben einer Beurteilung der Streufelder nach ICNIRP oder nach anderen Richtlinien können auch die Eigenschaften des WPT-Systems gemäß...

Hydrogen has proven itself to be a great source of energy due to its physical characteristics and its high availability. One way to use the energy inside hydrogen is the fuel cell. But inside a moving car, hydrogen storage tank existence requires high precautions and present many increasing risks; so our idea takes the theory of HHO (hydrogen generator) to separate hydrogen and then utilize a fuel cell to produce clean source of energy. This produced electrical energy will be used in operating an electrically powered car, and in charging the HHO cell. Electrically powered cars as an aim draws us to this work, the first part for producing hydrogen gas from water, the design parameters of the electrochemical cell, and the reached findings will be presented. It was found that stainless steel 304 was more convenient for the electrode materials compared with other metals. The amount of hydrogen evolved was confirmed by pop-sound test. The fuel cells was settled to be the most effective w...

Electric vehicles must improve their electric drive system efficiency and effectively use their limited energy to become a viable means of transportation. As such, these technologies have undergone substantial improvements from their initial conception. More efficient powertrains, together with improved storage technologies, have enabled more extended autonomy. However, from an engineering perspective, these systems are still a key area of research and optimization. This work presents a powertrain optimization methodology, developing energy savings and improving the performance of the electric vehicle by focusing on the differential. The proposed methodology includes a study of the dynamics of the electric vehicle and the generation of a mathematical model that represents it. By simulating the vehicle and varying the final ratio of the differential, a significant optimization for energy savings is obtained by developing a standardized driving cycle. In this case, NEDC, WLTC-2, and W...

Hydrogen has proven itself to be a great source of energy due to its physical characteristics and its high availability. One way to use the energy inside hydrogen is the fuel cell. But inside a moving car, hydrogen storage tank existence requires high precautions and present many increasing risks; so our idea takes the theory of HHO (hydrogen generator) to separate hydrogen and then utilize a fuel cell to produce clean source of energy. This produced electrical energy will be used in operating an electrically powered car, and in charging the HHO cell. Electrically powered cars as an aim draws us to this work, the first part for producing hydrogen gas from water, the design parameters of the electrochemical cell, and the reached findings will be presented. It was found that stainless steel 304 was more convenient for the electrode materials compared with other metals. The amount of hydrogen evolved was confirmed by pop-sound test. The fuel cells was settled to be the most effective w...

The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. This thesis was a product of the culmination of years of work during which support came to me in many forms. I am unable to list everyone who was integral to the process, and to all those omitted here I must state that my appreciation is no less felt. My gratitude goes out to SASOL for funding both the project itself as well as the researcher. I hope the developments undertaken ease and assist research both for SAFL and UCT and further inspire new projects. To my supervisor, Prof. Andy Yates, and co-supervisor, Victor Burger, I must give particular thanks. Their supervision was invaluable and without whom this project would never have become a reality. The advice and insight that I drew upon from a stock pile built up over many years of experience was instrumental to making this project possible. Gerhard Lourens the SAFL technician deserves special mention as he spent many hours assisting with technical glitches and issues. Special thanks go out to Samuel Ginsberg, Professor Edward Boje and Professor Hennie Mouton for their valuable input. Glen Newins and his workshop staff for all their assistance and company when things got a bit quiet in the laboratory. Bruce Raw was the eye of the storm, a calm solid place with plentiful advice and assistance. And to the Robertson and Raw families, your love and support will forever be cherished. 3. This report is my own work 4. I have not allowed, and will not allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his or her own.

BOCCACCINI, Lorenzo Virgilio: "Berechnung der elektromagnetischen Kräfte im Blanketeines Tokamakreaktors b~im Plasmastromabbruch und Bestimmung der dadurch hervorgerufenen mechanischen Spannungen" Zur Berechnung der mechanischen Effekte beim Plasmastromabbruch in Tokamkreaktoren wurde ein Programmsystem entwickelt. Dieses Programmsystem verwendet eine in geeigneter Weise modifizierte Version des dreidimensionalen Rechenprogramms CARIDDI-ursprünglich entwickelt an der Universität von Neapel-zur Berechnung von Wirbelströmen und Lorentzkräften. Die dadurch hervorgerufenen mechanischen Spannungen we'rden mit dem Programm ABAQUS berechnet. Zuerst wird ein Vergleich mit experimentellen Daten, die von einem maßstabsgetreuen Modell (Maßstab 1:10) des Vakuumgefäßes im ASOEX-Tokamak stammen, vorgestellt. Dieser Vergleich zeigt eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen den gemessenen und berechneten Ergebnissen. Danach wurden einige Rechnungen zum Karlsruher Keramikbrutblanket mit Helium-Kühlung für NET/ITER (durchschnittlicher Neutronenfluß durch die erste Wand von I M~) durchgeführt. Zwei Plasmastromabbrüche wurden betrachtet. m Beim ersten Abbruch wird ein Absinken des Plasmastroms vom II MA zu Null in 20 ms angenommen. Im zweiten Fall wird zunächst eine Plasmabewegung in vertikaler Richtung von I ,5 m in 40 ms und anschlißend ein Stromabfall zu Null in 20 ms betrachtet. Soweit notwendig wurden sowohl die magnetische Dämpfung als auch die Anwesenheit des Saddle Loop's berücksichtigt. Verschiedene Befestigungsarten des Blankets an den umgebenden Strukturen wurden betrachtet. Außerdem wurde eine statische und dynamische Festigkeitsanalyse durchgeführt. In vielen der oben betrachteten Fälle, besonders in denen mit Plasmabewegung, liegen die mechanischen Spannungen im Blanketsegmentgehäuse über dem Maximum der nach den ASME-Normen zulässigen Spannungen. Die berechneten Spannungen in den Kanistern sind jedoch akzeptabel.

Die Teilentladungsmessung (TE-Messung) gilt heute als weltweit akzeptierte Diagnosemethode für die Zustandserfassung des Isoliersystems von rotierenden elektrischen Maschinen. Im Beitrag wird neben ihren Besonderheiten auch auf die unterschiedlichen Ansätze der Messung eingegangen. Die Diskussion wird mit praktischen Beispielen und Versuchen untermauert. Die Vorteile eines digitalen Messsystems mit fortgeschrittenen Möglichkeiten zur Separierung einzelner TE-Quellen oder der Identifikation von externen Störern werden aufgezeigt. Abschließend wird die automatisierte Erkennung phasenaufgelöster Muster als Endstufe der softwarebasierten Auswertehilfe vorgestellt und erklärt. Schlüsselwörter: rotierende elektrische Maschinen; Isoliersystem; Teilentladungen; phasenaufgelöstes Muster; automatische Mustererkennung Partial discharge measurements on rotating machines-experience and innovation. Partial discharge (PD) measurement is nowadays a worldwide accepted method for the condition-based assessment of stator insulation. The advantage of having a fully digital measuring system, with advanced hardware and software capabilities that allows improved insulation diagnosis by means of PD analysis, is shown. The sensitivity of the PD measurements can be strongly limited by a high noise level. State-of-the-art features based on synchronous multi-channel and multi-frequency techniques for signal separation of noise and PD defects are presented. The examples of data evaluation are described and the use of the automated PD pattern recognition system is discussed.

Die Anderung des Erzeugungsmixes in Deutschland erfordert den Zubau neuer Transportkapazitaten. Die fur das deutsche Verbundnetz neue Aufgabe des Hochleistungs-/Langstreckentransports elektrischer Energie erfordert den Einsatz von Hochspannungsgleichstromubertragungsstrecken (HGU-Strecken), eingebettet in das synchrone Drehstromverbundnetz. Als Ubertragungsmedium konnen dabei Freileitungen zum Einsatz kommen. Die vorliegende Publikation beschaftigt sich mit den technischen Grundlagen und einer Gegenuberstellung der heute im Einsatz befindlichen Technologievarianten. Fur mogliche Ausfuhrungsformen zukunftiger Freileitungen werden je nach Spannungsebene die zu erwartenden Emissionen der elektrischen und magnetischen Feldemissionen im Nenn- und Fehlerbetrieb beschrieben. Die Analysen erfolgen anhand der im Juni 2013 novellierten Fassung der 26.BImSchV, den berufsgenossenschaftlichen Regeln zum Arbeitnehmerschutz und aktuellen Studien der Weltgesundheitsorganisation zu elektromagnetisch...

Joshua earned his bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Georgia. In 2019, he served as Vice President and powertrain lead for the university's FSAE team. There he led powertrain design and development focusing on engine tuning and system integration. Joshua now works as a product engineer at a major automotive manufacturer, where he specializes in internal combustion engines.

Range extender engine is one of the main components of the range-extended electric vehicle (REEV) and together with a generator to extend the mileage of the electric vehicle. The main component of REEV is an electric motor, battery, and generator set that consist of generator and engine. In this study, we compared two models of REEV performance with two different types of the engine by simulation. Single cylinder 499 cc gasoline engine and single cylinder 667 cc diesel engine are chosen as the object of this research especially relating to the utilization of the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions when fitted to an electric vehicle. The simulation was conducted by using AVL Cruise software and performed by entering the data, both experiment and simulation data, on all the main components of REEV. This simulation was performed in Japan 08 driving cycle. Based on the simulation, fuel consumption is reduced up to 35.59% for REEV with single cylinder diesel engine 667 cc compared to REEV...

This paper presents the design of an Eco-Driving Assistant System (EDAS) in which the main goal is to minimize the energy use of battery electric vehicles, in particular, vehicles utilized for public transportation. The system optimizes the speed profile of a real route schedule while satisfying the constraints imposed on speed and time. It includes a driver feedback and a driver scoring GUI which allows the driver improving his/her driving skills and comparing him/herself to a "theoretical perfect driver". The system also includes a backward simulator that generates information related to the vehicle operation under the particular route to be optimized. The output information from the simulator is used as an input to the optimization algorithm. The simulator was validated using real data from a battery electric vehicle. The EDAS system was tested for three different driving profiles and energy consumption reductions of up to 30.33% were achieved.

This paper demonstrates the design of an electric trike’s energy management system for a goods delivery service via various possible component configurations. A model of the energy management system was first developed based on general engineering vehicles’ equations using Matlab software. Various component configurations, such as the usage of two battery types (lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA)), implementation of three braking strategies (full mechanical, parallel, and series strategies), the presence of a range extender (RE), and various masses of range extenders were simulated by using the model. The driving cycle of the e-trike as input data in the simulation was obtained by driving the vehicle around Bandung City. Speed, distance, and elevation were obtained by using GPS-based software. The simulation results showed that the most efficient and effective component configuration was to use the serial regenerative braking strategy with no...