Querns and Millstones

Dans le cadre de la Carte archéologique de la Franche-Comté, une prospection-inventaire a été réalisée sur la rive gauche de l’Ognon grâce au partenariat entre l’État et le Département du Doubs : communes de Rigney, Rignosot, Germondans et Blarians. Ce secteur était marqué par trois gisements importants : la grotte de Rigney qui a livré une industrie lithique du Magdalénien moyen et final, la forge du Moulin-Martin à Rigney et l’imposant château médiéval de la Roche également à Rigney. Ce tra..

Macro-lithic stone tools were a part of the so-called Neolithic package introduced by the first farmers north of the Sudety Mountains and Carpathians in the 2nd half of the 6th millennium BCE. In the early communities of the Linear Pottery Culture (LBK) in today's southwestern Poland, two general traditions are noticed when selecting raw materials for their production. The first tradition is evidenced by axes and adzes made exclusively of metabasite from the Bohemian Massif in Sudety as far as 200 km south. On the other hand, grinding and abrading tools used for processing various products and tool manufacturing were made of locally accessible selected rocks and erratic resources. This paper focuses on the production and use of different grinding and abrading tools from the LBK microregion in southwestern Poland (Lower Silesian cluster). The collection consists of 80 implements grouped into a few categories: passive querns and grinding slabs/anvils, active grinders, handstones, hammerstones, grooved abraders and polishers. To study strategies for selecting and processing patterns of locally accessible raw materials, we studied morphometric characteristics and use-wear and residue analysis combined with experimental data. Our research showed that the methods of production and utilisation of grinding and abrading tools in grain processing, edge tools manufacturing and repair, as well as deposition patterns of querns and grinders at the settlements in the Lower Silesian cell, are similar to southern and northwestern regions of the LBK occupations. That shows similar technological traditions among the first farmers and their similar patterns of adaptation to the local environments. ☆ This article is part of a special issue entitled: 'Anthropological insights into Ground Stone technologies' published in Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.

The sampling of several series of whetstones from medieval sites in the northern quarter of France and Belgium has revealed the (omni-)presence of specimens originating from Norway. This origin, assumed by macroscopic observation of the rocks, has been verified by previously unpublished EDS analyses acquired using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The rock is a fine ash-grey to green-grey micaceous quartz schist, rich in flakes of muscovite, chlorite and biotite, sometimes extending as far as the green-tinted quartz mica schist. The phyllosilicates bear a signature that ascertains their identification.
The first Norwegian whetstones appeared in Western Europe with the arrival of the Vikings in the late 8th − 9th centuries, and the same supply seems to have lasted throughout the Middle Ages and the modern era. The production area of these whetstones is well known in the county of Telemark in Norway, where the exploitation of multiple quarries began in the Iron Age and ended around 1950.
This study distinguishes Eidsborg stone from the macroscopically similar Mostadmarka stone, which crops out in the Caledonides region of western Norway and supplied whetstones from the 8th to the 11th century. The latter material appears to be absent from our collections, whereas the Eidsborg quarries supplied the French-Belgian region. These observations are in line with those made over the last decades around the North Sea basin, and illustrate that its southern part was connected to the same trading system. These discoveries shed light on an underestimated part of the medieval economy and reveal an exceptionally long-lived trading circuit.

New discoveries of flat Archaic querns recovered from the cargo of a Phoenician shipwreck at a depth of 110 m in Xlendi Bay (Gozo, Maltese Islands) dated to ca. 7th century BC and millstone fragments found at Cerro del Castillo (Cádiz, Spain) from Phoenician material between 7th and 6th century BC share the same petrographic texture and geochemical composition. The four samples consist of vesicle-rich grey basaltic lavas with a moderate porphyritic index and a microcrystalline intergranular groundmass. Major and trace elements distributions of the investigated artifacts highlight a provenance from Pantelleria Island, which is located in the Mediterranean Sea between Sicily and Cape Bon (Tunisia). This rules out other important widespread sources of basic volcanic rocks that were also used for millstones in ancient times, such as Etna volcano, Iblei Mountains and the Levant. Due to its barycentric position in the Sicily Channel, Pantelleria Island could therefore have represented one of the main supplying area of volcanic millstones for the Phoenicians. The provenance from Pantelleria was already documented for other volcanic millstones in Phoenician sites and Carthaginian settlements of Sicily (e.g. Motya and Entella) and Tunisia (e.g. Utica and Carthage) and those found in the shipwreck of El Sec (off the coast of Mallorca), dated to ca. 4th century BC. The new millstones from Pantelleria discovered in (i) an older shipwreck cargo (i.e. Xlendi Bay) and (ii) the most westerly Phoenician settlement of Gadir (nowadays Cadiz, ca. 1500 km far from Pantelleria) point to widespread Phoenician trade in Pantellerian basaltic rocks in the Archaic Period. Pantelleria Island can therefore be considered as a nodal point for trade in volcanic millstones, many centuries before the Hellenistic people and the Romans would largely exploit the basaltic lavas from Etna and Iblei Mountains for the same purpose.

La ciudad de Carteia es uno de los yacimientos de la bahía de Algeciras donde mayor número de evidencias
de instrumental pesquero han aparecido, lo que denota una intrínseca relación con las actividades
marítimo-pesqueras. Se presenta un recorrido historiográfico por aquellas investigaciones que
han deparado hallazgos de este tipo, incluyéndose las últimas novedades que se han producido al hilo
de las recientes intervenciones arqueológicas llevadas a cabo en el llamado Jardín Romántico de Carteia.

Este artículo constituye una primera aproximación al estudio del uso de los recursos pesqueros en Algeciras, entre el final de la Edad Moderna y el inicio de la Contemporánea, desde un punto de vista arqueológico y multidisciplinar. Aún antes de haber concluido la última intervención en el yacimiento, se adelantan los resultados de la excavación micro-espacial de un depósito con el despiece de cientos de atunes de mediana y gran talla vertidos tras su ronqueo, muy posiblemente, en relación con su aprovechamiento conservero. Se realiza una primera valoración arqueo-ictiológica y se explica el proceso de conservación preventiva y la extracción de un bloque de este depósito para su uso como recurso museográfico.

During the research conducted at the polycultural site in Zohor at the Piesky site (western Slovakia) between 1995 and 2008–2010, settlement features from the Middle Bronze Age were examined, along with various others. They were exclusively pottery. With the exception of one feature from the Middle Phase, most belong to the Late Middle Bronze Age and the Blučina stage. A similar dispersion of dating was indicated by the detector finds from the surveyed area. In 2022, a Tumulus culture grave was uncovered during the excavation of adjacent plots. This represents the first clear discovery of a settlement and its contemporaneous burial site from the Middle Bronze Age in southwest Slovakia. Despite the considerable area surveyed, no other graves have been found in the immediate vicinity. However, it can be assumed that this site was originally part of a larger burial area. The grave pit, which was relatively shallow and rectangular in plan, showed no traces of a mound. The grave inventory comprised three vessels and a collection of bronze objects. In addition to two typical bracelets of Tumulus cultures, there was an atypical knife and an object resembling a rather large fishing hook. Based on the arrangement of the inventory within the grave pit, it is likely that this was originally a skeleton grave, with the remains not preserved due to unfavourable soil conditions. The pottery and bracelets suggest that the grave dates to the later part of the Middle Bronze Age.

This study advances research carried out during the creation of a bibliographic database of ethnological information regarding hand milling systems in the framework of the ERC-Project PLANTCULT Identifying the Food Cultures of Ancient Europe: an interdisciplinary investigation of plant ingredients, culinary transformation and evolution through time led by S.M. Valamoti. The main aims of the database are to collect information linked to the processes of plant grinding with handmills, basically driven with a back and forth motion, in different parts of the world and to connect this information to specific archaeological, textual and experimental data, in particular that associated with food preparation. The database is structured in various sections (basically publications, plants and other foodstuffs, milling processes, products, querns and use and social context), in order to facilitate systematic extraction of all relevant information from a wide range of publications that discuss ...

Abstract
The results of the geochemical methods applied to samples of Classical and Hellenistic ‘Olynthian’ querns (hopper-rubbers) from the excavation of the University of Athens at Kardamaina (ancient Halasarna, Cos) by the Geological Department of the University of Athens proved that the rock they were made of was extracted from Argos (Nisyros). These artefacts are considered to be the high-quality products of a local Nisyrian workshop, subsequently exported to Halasarna, in a close distance to the south. According to Strabo (Geographica 10.488-489), Nisyros provided its neighbours with rock suitable for mills. Other types of mills had also been manufactured in Nisyrian volcanic stone, apart from ‘Olynthian’ mills, such as the ‘Delian’ mills or rotary querns, as well as beds of oil-presses, big mortars etc. The above-mentioned evidence sheds light on the – until  recently – unknown issue: the existence of a Nisyrian stone-carving workshop, where humble implements for everyday use were manufactured in antiquity. In the present paper, new data about the ancient quarries of that rock will be presented, as well as the archaeological remains detected at various sites of the island, which attest to the existence of a local  workshop specialised in the carving of mills and similar industrial implements. The dating and the documentation of the historic circumstances of its activity will also be attempted.

Περίληψη
Τα αποτελέσματα των γεωχημικών αναλύσεων σε δείγματα από ‘ολυνθιακούς’ χειρόμυλους κλασικών και ελληνιστικών χρόνων της πανεπιστημιακής ανασκαφής της Καρδάμαινας (αρχαίας Αλάσαρνας) της Κω, που πραγματοποιήθηκαν από το Τμήμα Γεωλογίας του Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών, απέδειξαν ότι o λίθος κατασκευής τους προέρχεται από το Άργος Νισύρου. Αυτά τα τέχνεργα θεωρούνται προϊόντα υψηλής ποιότητας του εργαστηρίου της Νισύρου, που εξάγονταν στην γειτονική Αλάσαρνα. Σύμφωνα με τον Στράβωνα (Γεωγραφικά Χ 488-89), στη Νίσυρο οι γειτονικές περιοχές έβρισκαν τον κατάλληλο ηφαιστειακό λίθο για μύλους. Στον ίδιο ηφαιστειακό λίθο της Νισύρου λαξεύονταν εκτός από τους ‘ολυνθιακούς’ και άλλα είδη μύλων, όπως οι ‘δηλιακοί’ και οι περιστροφικοί χειρόμυλοι, αλλά και βάσεις ελαιοπιεστηρίων, όλμοι κλπ. Αυτά τα στοιχεία φώτισαν ένα
άγνωστο – έως πρόσφατα – θέμα: την ύπαρξη ενός νισυριακού εργαστήριου λιθοξοΐας, όπου ταπεινά σκεύη για καθημερινή χρήση
κατασκευάζονταν κατά την αρχαιότητα. Στην παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζονται νέα στοιχεία για τα αρχαία λατομεία εξόρυξης του λίθου αυτού, καθώς και τα αρχαιολογικά κατάλοιπα που εντοπίστηκαν σε διάφορες θέσεις του νησιού και μαρτυρούν την λειτουργία ενός τοπικού εργαστηρίου λιθοξοΐας μύλων και ομοειδών εργαστηριακών τέχνεργων. Θα επιχειρηθεί χρονολόγηση και τεκμηρίωση του ιστορικού πλαισίου λειτουργίας του εν λόγω εργαστηρίου.

https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/Products/9781803278254

This article presents reflections derived from an experience of democratising research and dialogue between Indigenous and academic knowledge. From 2019 onwards, the authors of this article, some of whom are doctoral candidates in anthropology and archaeology, along with Indigenous community leaders, have worked collaboratively in the Los Morteritos-Las Cuevas Indian Community (Catamarca, Argentina). Our joint efforts involve, in the first instance, a process of community strengthening and promotion of responsible Indigenous tourism, through what we have called the Ancestral Sites Survey addressing community interests without neglecting academic agendas. This article analyses three cases from this survey, exploring pathways of interdisciplinarity and interculturality in interpreting archaeological or ancestral materiality. During these years, we have pursued an academic practice that integrates various decolonial and intercultural methodological approaches. The free, prior, and informed consultation, framed within Argentine legislation (ILO Convention No. 169, ratified by National Law No. 24.071), has guided the entire process.

Bei Ausgrabungen im Vorfeld der Erweiterung des Gewerbegebiets "Plateforme Départementale d'Activités d'Alsace Centrale" bei Dambach-la-Ville konnten 2012 die Reste einer neolithischen Siedlung aus der zweiten Hälfte des 5. Jahrtausend v. Chr. untersucht werden (Croutsch u. a. 2015). Dambach-la-Ville liegt im Departement Bas-Rhin, unweit von Sélestat, etwa 40 km von Straßburg entfernt (Abb. 1). Der Fundplatz wurde im Verlauf einer präventivarchäologischen Maßnahme durch Flächenprospektionen, im Bereich der geplanten Erweiterung des Gewerbegebiets, entdeckt. Insgesamt wurden rund 60 ha durch die Anlage von Baggerschnitten sondiert. Etwa 10 % der Gesamtfläche wurden auf diese Weise untersucht. Die Siedlungsspuren erstrecken sich über rund 3 ha, belegt durch über 500 dokumentierte Befunde und rund 4000 Artefakte. Die Funde können der Epi-Rössener Gruppe Bischheim occidental du Rhin supérieur (BORS) zugeordnet werden. Die chronologische Abfolge und Entwicklung der archäologisch definierten Kulturgruppen im Verlauf der zweiten Hälfte des fünften vorchristlichen Jahrtausends sind heute im Elsass bereits gut bekannt. Auf die Bischheimer Gruppe folgen die Gruppe Bruebach-Oberbergen und Bischheim occidental du Rhin supérieur (ehemalige Straßburger bzw. Entzheimer Gruppe) Jeunesse u. a. 2004). Derzeit sind ungefähr 50 Fundstellen dieser Epi-Rössener Gruppe nachgewiesen, die sich hauptsächlich im Departement Bas-Rhin befinden. Unweit von Dambach-la-Ville, in etwa 10 km Luftlinie entfernt, am nördlichen Rand der Vogesen, liegt der Fundplatz Mont St. Odile bei Otrott. In der Rheinebene befinden sich die bekannten Fundplätze Bischoffsheim und Rosheim, sowie Entzheim und Holtzheim in der Peripherie von Straßburg. Der Abstand zu den weiter südlich gelegenen Fundplätzen der BORS-Gruppe beträgt etwa 40 km. Hier handelt es sich aber lediglich um kleine Befundgruppen oder Einzelbefunde. Hinsichtlich der ausgegrabenen Fläche stellt der Fundplatz Dambach-la-Ville eine Besonderheit dar. Die bislang untersuchten Fundstellen dieser Zeit haben eine weitaus geringere Ausdehnung. Sie bestehen oft nur aus kleineren Grubenensembles, mit bereits stark erodierten Oberflächen. Zu den flächenmäßig größten untersuchten Siedlungen gehören die etwas früher datierte, der Gruppe Bruebach-Oberbergen zugeordnete, Fundstelle Obernai, die Fundstelle Bischoffsheim (Jeunesse u. a. 2004) und Entzheim (Schmitt 1974; Croutsch u. a. 2008). Letztere sind etwa zeitgleich mit Dambach-la-Ville. Keine dieser Siedlungen wurde vollständig ausgegraben. Pro Fundstelle konnten in der Regel lediglich 30-40 Gruben dokumentiert werden.

Portillo-Sotelo, J.L., Bernal-Casasola, D. y Sibón Castañeda, B. (2025). “Docencia a través de la ilustración arqueológica: técnicas pedagógicas para la enseñanza de la cultura material romana”. Almoraima. Revista de Estudios Campogibraltareños 62, pp. 131-140.

The earliest evidence of Assyrian mills in northern Mesopotamia dates to the Neo-Assyrian period (c. 900–600 BC). The geographical distribution of the finds indicates a correlation between the expansion and agricultural policies of the Assyrian Empire and the utilization rate of the Assyrian mills. Since 2021, the archaeological excavations at Tanır Yassıhöyük in the Afşin-Elbistan plain have yielded a series of significant findings, including the discovery of Assyrian mills, which had not previously been documented to the north of the Taurus Mountains. The objective of this paper is to stimulate interest about the political implications and cultural influences of the empire on its Anatolian frontiers, via the analysis of the newly discovered cluster of findings from the Afşin-Elbistan plain. The presence of Assyrian mills, Assyrian-influenced stone vessels of the bar-handled type, and Assyrian pottery, although comparatively less abundant, suggests that the Assyrian influence on the region was more enduring than initially anticipated, persisting into the Post-Assyrian and Achaemenid periods.

Durante un tiempo, desde la dirección del Enclave Arqueológico de Carteia, se designó este espacio como "Jardín de la Playa" por lo que en ocasiones aparece referido con este término. Cádiz), emplazamiento en el que se sitúan los vestigios visibles más destacados asociados a la producción de salsas y salazones de pescado de Carteia (lámina 1).

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Résumé - FR
Connu depuis le XVIIIe siècle, le site du « Camp de Macquenoise » est localisé au nord de la Forêt domaniale de Saint-Michel (Aisne) et à deux pas de la frontière franco-belge. Il a pour la première fois été identifié comme une carrière d’extraction de meules à grain dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, et a fait l’objet de deux campagnes de fouilles programmées en 2021 et 2022. Plusieurs ébauches de meules va-et-vient, des outils de percussion en pierre et les déchets de taille fournissent à la fois un bon aperçu de la chaîne opératoire de production des meules et un cadre chronologique à cette activité. Celle-ci est antérieure à la généralisation du moulin rotatif au cours de La Tène moyenne/finale, et les formes enregistrées montrent des parallèles avec les objets connus dans la région pour le Hallstatt final – La Tène ancienne. Cadre chronologique qui est conforté par l’observation d’impacts d’outils métalliques sur les ébauches de meules. Des traces de chauffe perçues sur le front de taille et sur certains blocs évoquent aussi une extraction et un débitage par choc thermique et percussion.
Mots-clés :
Meules, carrière, grès de Macquenoise, âge du Fer, Ardenne.

Abstract - ENG
The site of the "Camp de Macquenoise" is known since the 18th century, next to the Belgian border, to the north of the national forest of Saint-Michel (Aisne). It was first identified as a millstone quarry in the second half of the 19th century, and have been excavated in two campaigns in 2021 and 2022. A set of grinding tools roughouts, stone percussion tools and sandstone cutting waste provided a good overview of the grinding tools production process and a chronological framework for this activity. This quern manufacturing predates the generalization of the rotary mill during the Mid to Late La Tène period, and the shapes recorded show parallels with objects known in the region from the Late Hallstatt - Early La Tène period. This chronological framework is supported by the observation of metal tool impacts on the roughouts. Traces of heating on the cutting edge and on some blocks also suggest extraction and cutting by temperature shock and percussion.
Keywords
Querns, grinding tools, Macquenoise sandstone, Iron age, Ardenne.

Contribution 2024 à l'étude des MEULES des Moulins et carrières de meules de l'Hérault. (Dimensions, Métrologie, Fonctions, Meules et Broyeurs, chaîne opératoire d'extraction, Chronologie Moderne et Contemporaine, Moulins à roue Horizontale)

uploaded 5.I.2025 puis 14 .4.2025

Version 4 corrigée de quelques fautes de frappe - 4d version with some type-writting correction

A great number of Roman millstones have been discovered in the archaeological site of Byrsa at Carthage since the nineteenth century by different international archaeological teams which have excavated the site. Most of these millstones (catilli/metae) are hourglass-shaped, and all are made of igneous rocks whose source was identified through petrochemical study. The location of the artefact rock source was determined by comparing thin sections of samples taken from black and red-brownish lava catilli found at the Byrsa Roman site with geological samples taken from Tunisian volcanic rocks located in the northern-western part of the country (Nefza and Mogods regions). The comparison shows that the volcanic petrological and geochemical compositions (basalt and rhyolitic ignimbrite) of the catilli are not from local sources where basaltic and rhyodacite outcrops have been identified in the Guelb Saad Moun (Mogods region) and in the Nefza region respectively. The comparison with existing literature data on similar rocks from Italy has constrained the volcanic origin of the exploited lavas. Thus, the diversity of volcanic rocks (basalt and rhyolitic ignimbrite) suggests several outside origins, such as the Pantelleria Island for the black lava mills and Sardinia (in the area of Mulargia) for the red-brownish lava mills, where these two types of igneous rocks have been widely identified.

Erbe der Vulkane Der Vulkanismus hat viele Landschaften in Deutschland gestaltet, aber vor allem die Eifel. Schon früh nutzte der Mensch dort das vulkanische Gestein-so entstand eine Industrie, deren Netz über halb Mitteleuropa reichte. Basaltabbau in den 1930er Jahren. Tiefe Gruben, Schutthalden und unzählige Kräne bestimmten bis in die Nachkriegszeit die Vulkanlandschaft. Viele Menschen fanden Arbeit in der Steinindustrie.

Here is a Synthesis of my PhD (2021) in which stress is on the main concepts and innovations in millstone approach. Conclusion indicates a few important points for further studies.

I apologise for the errors this self-made English text contains and for my approximate English writing (indications for correction from native speakers are welcome).

Uploaded 21 sept. 2024

Цель данной статьи автор видит в том, чтобы дать общее представление о состоянии исследований архитектуры собора Рождества Богородицы в Суздале, а также показать те важнейшие направления дальнейшего изучения его форм, которые могут дать новый взгляд на сложение и развитие архитектуры Древней Руси. Акцент был сделан на сохранившейся архитектуре начала XIII в., но вопросы архитектуры раннего собора рубежа XI-XII вв. также были рассмотрены.

La culture des céréales et la transformati on du grain en farine apparaissent au Proche-Orient vers 9000 avant J.-C. Très rapidement, la consommati on de la farine va s'imposer dans tous les foyers. Si des broyeurs divers sont déjà att estés chez l'homme de Néanderthal et des dalles à moudre associées à des broyeurs et molett es au Paléolithique supérieur, les premiers moulins véritables, composés d'une meule et d'une molett e, apparaissent sur l'Euphrate, au nord-ouest de la Mésopotamie dans le courant du 9 e millénaire (fi g. 1 -Moore 1979). Plates et allongées, les meules dormantes (immobiles) présentent des surfaces acti ves plus

Se presenta la síntesis de un estudio de la tecnología de molienda de la cuenca del río Blanco (Mendoza, Argentina), entre 1550 y 860 años cal. AP. El registro abordado incluye 41 artefactos procedentes de cuatro sitios arqueológicos ubicados en dos ambientes: cordillera Frontal (2300 msnm) y valle de Potrerillos (1300 msnm). Se emplean análisis técnico-morfológicos y morfológico-funcionales para la comparación espacial y temporal de dicha tecnología desde la perspectiva de la Organización Tecnológica y la Biogeografía Humana. Se plantea la existencia de diferentes estrategias tecnológicas para cada ambiente en relación a la disponibilidad de recursos líticos y vegetales de cada espacio y a los patrones de movilidad y asentamiento de grupos con bases económicas diversificadas. Se propone la existencia de cambios en las estrategias económicas y tecnológicas vinculados a condiciones ambientales y factores sociales que implicaron un énfasis creciente en las prácticas de molienda. Estas interpretaciones contribuyen a comprender la evolución de las prácticas de molienda y su papel en la diversificación económica en la región.

Excavations carried out in several parts of the settlement complex of Aquincum (legionary fortress, Military and Civil Towns, villa estates) have so far revealed 250 complete or fragmentary hand querns and millstones
of different types. Most were discovered reused in secondary contexts, but some were found in their original position (i.e. in the courtyards of town houses or villas).The cataloguing of this group of finds has just been completed (although new ones continue to be found in ongoing excavations), and therefore detailed research on the types, material, and economic significance has only just begun (in a cooperation between the University of Oxford and the BHM Aquincum Museum). This paper presents the preliminary results of this work on the find location and dating of these stones, as well as distinguishing between hand querns and water-mills. It explores the potential of this neglected group of Aquincum finds, and especially what they might suggest about the extent of the use of water-powered milling on the Roman frontier in Pannonia.

ZLV, 57, 2012 (4): 344-351 344 KRPEŠ V. et al. ÚVOD Stabilita lesních ekosystémů v horských polohách (7.-8. LVS) je závislá na odolnosti smrku ztepilého vůči stresovým faktorům. Smrk ztepilý Picea abies (L.) K. je ve vysokých nadmořských výškách jedním z nejdůležitějších stromů pro plnění všech významných funkcí lesa. Snaha o jeho zachování a optimální růst nás vede k úsilí hledat pro jeho výsadbu co nejvhodnější sadební materiál tvořený stanovištně odpovídajícími sazenicemi z geneticky odpovídajícího osiva z míst-ních ekotypů, které jsou nejlépe adaptovány na místní podmínky. Stav rostlinných pletiv je ovlivněn řadou biotických a abiotických čini-telů, kteří zasahují do fyziologických procesů a mají určující význam pro růst rostlin. V případě smrku ztepilého se projevují nežádoucím způsobem zejména abiotické vlivy. Podle současných poznatků jsou to především škodlivé látky v ovzduší, které pronikají stomaty do pleti-va jehlic, kde vyvolávají reakce obranných mechanismů. Jestliže js...

Su alcuni aspetti della produzione di macine a Orvieto nell'Antichità (versione estesa e a fine pedagogico di un articolo sottomesso per la rivista italiana OTIVM di Perugia -addizione totale di 6 pagine ossia il 30% : passaggi, paragrafi e illustrazioni)

uploaded 28 june 2024

66 s. :obr., tab., grafy, výkresy +CD ROM +vol. přílohaCílem diplomové práce je návrh konstrukčního řešení technologické hlavice průmyslového robotu pro opracování plochého skla. Konstrukce hlavice pracuje na principu mechanického matování kartáči s brusnými zrny syntetického diamantu. Práce předkládá rozbor budoucího vývoje této technologie. Dále jsou zpracovány konstrukční návrhy hlavice a koncepce instalace hlavice do systému s průmyslovým robotem. Součástí práce je také stanovení technických podmínek pro efektivní využití této technologie, které byly zpracované na základě měření funkčního vzorku. Výkresová dokumentace konstrukčního návrhu je přiložena k práci

Weithin gehen wir noch immer davon aus, in den mit Wasserkraft betriebenen Mühlen eine Erfindung der griechisch-kleinasiatischen Welt vor der Zeitenwende zu erblicken, die erst im Mittelalter ihre weitere Ausbreitung erfahren habe 1. Erst auf der Höhe des Mittelalters um 1300, so nahm noch Wilhelm Abel an, besaß in wasserreichen Landschaften Mitteleuropas nahezu jedes Dorf seine Mühle 2. Die Expansion dieser klassischen Form von Energienutzung hätte man sich linear vor

Not even Gods are invulnerable. The bronze statue of Poseidon was found dismembered and broken in pieces in 1897 in the sea of Livadostra. ;Only the head was found intact. It was conserved in 1897, 1935, 1970 and 2016. The history of its adventures illustrates the technological achievements of the conservation discipline.