Public Understanding Of Science

This article presents the results of empirical research, aiming to understand the involvement between scientists and society in general. The objective was to analyze the perceptions of researchers from different areas of knowledge regarding the challenges and motivations for publicly communicating scientific and technological knowledge. The starting question focused on understanding how scientists understand this type of communication and whether they take actions to improve the population's perception of science and technology. A survey was conducted between September and December 2024 among 110 researchers from research and higher education institutions, from different areas of knowledge, and in different Brazilian regions. The findings suggest that researchers' engagement in science communication is not solely driven by individual attitudes but is significantly influenced by institutional structures, incentive systems, and the legitimation of communication as a core academic activity. The rise of digital platforms and the Covid-19 pandemic have highlighted the critical need for enhanced public engagement, advocating for more active and dialogical forms of scientific participation in policymaking. Consequently, researchers assume a dual role as both educators and trust-builders within academic and research institutions.

Acteurs de la CSTI et réseau en région Centre Animation de la journée par Patrice Dézallé, journaliste PROGRAMME 9h00 : Accueil, Café 9h30 : Ouverture par Centre•Sciences 9h35 : Introduction aux Forums Territoriaux INTRODUCTION DU FORUM Nous comptons sur vous pour participer, poser des questions, apporter vos témoignages. Olivier Morand, directeur de Centre Sciences, présente les enjeux de la journée. « Bienvenue à tous. Merci d'être présents à ce forum. Votre présence marque pour nous un intérêt et il marque aussi le fait que vous vous impliquez dans la culture scientifique, ce que nous avons souvent l'habitude d'appeler la CSTI. Ce premier forum marque un premier temps de rencontre alors que des actions existent déjà depuis de nombreuses années, et nous espérons pouvoir reconduire ce type de rendez-vous sur de futurs thèmes à définir. Cette journée s'inscrit dans un grand programme, que l'on appelle ESTIM. Il est initié et coordonné par Universcience et l'AMCSTI. Vous aurez une présentation vidéo de Claudie Haigneré, présidente d'Universcience, qui n'a pas pu être présente aujourd'hui. Laure Chémery, qui représente ici Universcience, et Didier Michel, de l'AMCSTI, pourront apporter des précisions ou répondre à vos questions sur ce programme et plus généralement sur la gouvernance de la CSTI. Dans ses actions régionales, Centre•Sciences a été proposé pour accompagner la mise en place de ce forum, en tant que référent territorial en matière de culture scientifique. Ce forum s'inscrit dans un ensemble de forums qui ont déjà eu lieu ou qui se dérouleront dans les mois à venir. Ce premier forum en région Centre ambitionne plusieurs choses : à la fois une rencontre entre les acteurs de culture scientifique que vous êtes -on verra ce que l'on peut définir comme typologies d'acteurs. Vous êtes totalement différents par vos métiers, vos pratiques. Parfois vous êtes distants : géographiquement, dans une région qui est vaste ; et ne travaillant pas forcément sur les mêmes thématiques, actions, de public, de diffusion. Ce forum doit donc apporter une certaine réflexion afin de favoriser ces échanges entre ces différentes typologies d'acteurs. Dans la perspective de collaborations, de mise en réseaux, de valorisation et de mutualisation des actions, des méthodes ou d'outils existants, voire d'aborder la co-construction de projets. Ce terme de CSTI recouvre une très grande diversité d'actions -soit par les actions, soit par les acteurs. Au plan national, la culture scientifique repose sur d'importantes fondations, notamment quatre grandes institutions parisiennes : le Muséum national d'Histoires naturelles, le Musée des Arts et Métiers, le Palais de la Découverte, la Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie. La culture scientifique repose aussi sur d'autres actions : des mouvements initiés dans les années 70-80, le GLACS avec les physiciens dans la rue à Aix-en-Provence, dont Michel Crozon avait été un des piliers, un des porteurs. Nous avons d'ailleurs organisé il y a deux ans des Journées Michel Crozon en son honneur sur la mémoire de la culture scientifique. En 1989 les état-généraux de la culture scientifique ont abouti à la création d'un certain nombre de structures de culture scientifique sur l'ensemble du territoire,

La ciencia ciudadana no solo amplía la participación: transforma la noción misma de objetividad. Incluir voces no especializadas en el proceso científico permite diversificar los criterios epistémicos, someter los saberes expertos a revisión pública y democratizar la producción de conocimiento. La apertura no debilita la ciencia, la fortalece.

Measurement of public trust in sources of information about science primarily examines whether the public turns to the "science communication industry" for information about science. Research posits, however, that scientists are not the singular cultural authority on science. Here, we examine the extent to which people turn to religion and religious individuals for information about science. Drawing on a nationally representative survey of US adults, we examine what factors-when individuals have a question about science-shape respondent's likelihood of turning to science-based versus religion-based sources. Results show that religiosity is a strong positive predictor of looking to religious sources for scientific information, but it does not deter seeking out scientific sources. The results also show that interest in science has a positive influence on the likelihood of turning to a religious source.

The religion-science relationship has been the focus of a growing body of research. Such analyses have often suffered from poorly specified concepts related to religion and to science. At the individual level, scholars often assume that an individual's religiosity will affect her orientation towards science. But an orientation towards science consists of several sub-concepts, each of which may have a unique relationship, or lack thereof, with religiosity. We use observed measures from the 2008 General Social Survey to build latent variables representing science orientation sub-concepts and assess their relationships using structural equation modeling. We find that religiosity has no significant association with interest in or knowledge of science. Religiosity does, however, have a significant negative association with confidence in science. This suggests that the lack of faith in science held by religious individuals is not a product of interest or ignorance, but is instead based on theological or institutional reservations.

Academic scientists in the United States are relatively nonreligious, at least compared to the general population, and some evidence suggests that the professional culture of academic science may foster perceptions of discrimination among scientists who are religious. We examine perceptions of religious discrimination among biologists and physicists in the United States. The analysis shows that Protestant, Muslim, and adherents of “other” traditions report higher rates of religious discrimination in both biology and physics relative to those who do not identify with a religion. Jewish and Catholic adherents report higher rates of discrimination in biology but not in physics. Most of the religious identity effects among biologists are not explained away by measures of beliefs, practices, or professional and demographic characteristics. On the other hand, religious identity differences in perceptions of religious discrimination among physicists are mediated by measures of religious pr...

Scientists have long been associated with religion’s decline around the world. But little data permit analysis of the religiosity of scientists or their perceptions of the science-faith interface. Here we present the first ever survey data from biologists and physicists in eight regions around the world—France, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Taiwan, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States, countries and regions selected because they exhibit differing degrees of religiosity, varying levels of scientific infrastructure, and unique relationships between religious and state institutions (N = 9,422). The data collection includes biologists and physicists at all career stages from elite and non-elite universities and research institutes. We uncovered that in most of the national contexts studied, scientists are indeed more secular—in terms of beliefs and practices—than those in their respective general populations, although in four of the regional contexts, over half of scientists see...

Measurement of public trust in sources of information about science primarily examines whether the public turns to the "science communication industry" for information about science. Research posits, however, that scientists are not the singular cultural authority on science. Here, we examine the extent to which people turn to religion and religious individuals for information about science. Drawing on a nationally representative survey of US adults, we examine what factors-when individuals have a question about science-shape respondent's likelihood of turning to science-based versus religion-based sources. Results show that religiosity is a strong positive predictor of looking to religious sources for scientific information, but it does not deter seeking out scientific sources. The results also show that interest in science has a positive influence on the likelihood of turning to a religious source.

The religion-science relationship has been the focus of a growing body of research. Such analyses have often suffered from poorly specified concepts related to religion and to science. At the individual level, scholars often assume that an individual's religiosity will affect her orientation towards science. But an orientation towards science consists of several sub-concepts, each of which may have a unique relationship, or lack thereof, with religiosity. We use observed measures from the 2008 General Social Survey to build latent variables representing science orientation sub-concepts and assess their relationships using structural equation modeling. We find that religiosity has no significant association with interest in or knowledge of science. Religiosity does, however, have a significant negative association with confidence in science. This suggests that the lack of faith in science held by religious individuals is not a product of interest or ignorance, but is instead based on theological or institutional reservations.

La desconexión entre la formación docente y las demandas del mercado laboral en México limita el desarrollo de habilidades de empleabilidad en los estudiantes. Para enfrentar este desafío, se propone una red de docentes avaladas por empleadores, que capacita en competencias críticas mediante metodologías prácticas y mentorías con el sector productivo.

This paper addresses the merits of public health activism that advocates for social change in which health is the outcome of interest. We acknowledge that while efforts at the individual level are important, social network models consider the underlying mechanisms that lie outside the public health sector. This paper considers the inequitable health of Indigenous people who bear a disproportionate share of the negative health consequences due to economic development programs that follow an assimilation model. This paper discusses a combination of theoretical constructs to understand and solve the problems at hand. It concludes that while the attention paid to technological and behavioral solutions at the individual level yields important health outcomes, attention should also be paid to structural causes that address social, political and economic barriers to prevent disease, disability and premature death.

1._ Educación inclusiva y diversidad atender distintas realidades (discapacidad, contextos culturales, lenguas) para que nadie quede fuera. Resolución más ágil: implementar recursos digitales accesibles (traducción automática, lectores de pantalla, subtítulos, materiales en distintos formatos). Por qué: porque son soluciones rápidas de aplicar, de bajo costo y permiten que estudiantes con distintas realidades (idioma, discapacidad o contexto cultural) participen en igualdad de condiciones sin tener que esperar grandes reformas estructurales.

Face aux attaques politiques contre les institutions scientifiques, faut-il défendre une science « neutre » ou assumer son engagement dans la société ? Dans cet entretien croisé, la philosophe des sciences Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent et le chercheur en études sociales des sciences Gabriel Dorthe appellent à dépasser l'opposition stérile entre expertise et opinion. Ils plaident pour une recherche lucide sur ses propres biais et ouverte à la critique, condition nécessaire pour renouer un lien de confiance entre science, politique et société.

The aim of this article is to develop an understanding-based argument for an explicitly political specification of the concept of race. It is argued that a specification of race in terms of hierarchical social positions is best equipped to guide causal reasoning about racial inequality in the public sphere. Furthermore, the article provides evidence that biological and cultural specifications of race mislead public reasoning by encouraging confusions between correlates and causes of racial inequality. The article concludes with a more general case for incorporating empirical evidence about public reasoning into philosophical debates about competing specifications of the concept of race.

Academic research aims to contribute objective, evidence-based knowledge. However, in an increasingly competitive scholarly environment, exaggerated or "hyped" claims have become prevalent in research publications and associated press releases. This paper examines the scope and causes of hype in academic writing using quantitative data from empirical studies. The paper explores how hype affects scientific communication, public trust, and research integrity, and offers data-informed strategies to mitigate its impact.

In this essay, we analyze the public communication debacle before the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake that led to the infamous trial of the “L’Aquila Seven.” Examining the trial transcripts to extract norms regarding the proper role of scientists in society, we conclude that the first verdict interpellated the figure of the responsible scientist citizen who is expected to perform rhetorical citizenship when communicating with a lay public, while the second assumed a distinction between public and technical spheres that absolves scientists from responsibility to their fellow citizens and reduces their role to performance of an expertise divorced from rhetoric. Tracing the civic outcomes of these conflicting norms, we identify three missed opportunities during the prequake discourse in which the scientists failed to correct statements that they, and only they, knew to be flawed. To prevent future communicative debacles that arise from a dangerous separation of scientists and laypeople, we ar...

Digitalisation becomes a key component in modern public administrations, and, consequently, constitutes a landmark in current legal relationships between citizens and public authorities. Administrative procedures are flooded with digital solutions to achieve more efficiency and accessibility. However, a gap often emerges between the speed at which public services are digitalised and the ability of many citizens to adapt to and understand these technologies. Even when authorities attempt to nudge citizens toward certain digital behaviours, resistance can be strong if individuals do not trust the solutions provided.

This research aims to explore the set of principles which public authorities should follow when offering digital solutions in administrative procedures. These principles may be reunited under an umbrella term – “the right to trust digital solutions in administrative procedures”. The proposed right is not monolithic but inherently multidimensional. It draws from several fundamental values and legal principles, including transparency, accountability, neutrality, security, and privacy. The paper proposes four conceptual pillars that define this right:
(1) the right to understand digital administrative procedures, including how algorithms work and decisions are made;
(2) the right to neutrality, which encompasses both infrastructure-level neutrality (e.g., Internet neutrality and platform independence) and algorithmic neutrality, with a particular focus on the risk of bias in automated decision-making;
(3) the right to security, focusing on reliable and safe digital public services, especially in systems outsourced to private providers;
(4) and the right to privacy, which includes the ethical and lawful management of personal data.
The last two elements can be linked more deeply because both relate to good data management, even if they may target it from different angles.

The study engages with current European legal instruments (such as the GDPR, the NIS2 Directive, and Regulation (EU) 2015/2120), as well as comparative practices across EU Member States. It emphasises the need to assess algorithmic bias in automated procedures and questions whether legal safeguards can ensure that public digital infrastructures and decisions remain neutral, lawful, and inclusive. This research also reflects on the institutional responsibilities of public authorities: how they educate and assist citizens in navigating digital services, the implications of relying on Big Tech platforms for public communication, and the limits of legal remedies in digital contexts.

Furthermore, the research aims to find the necessary legal framework and the practical approaches for safeguarding citizens' rights in the context of digitalising administrative procedures. Lastly, another objective is to assess whether the above-mentioned components fit well under an umbrella term and if that umbrella term should rather follow the steps of administrative law principles or even towards becoming a component under a new “right to digital public administration”.

The article presents results from surveys of life scientists in Taiwan (n = 270) and in Germany (n = 326). Fewer Taiwanese than German researchers have frequent contact with the media and they rate their experiences with journalists less positively. Furthermore, they are less prepared to adapt to journalistic expectations and to a greater extent than German researchers they expect journalists to consider scientific criteria in their reporting. These findings are interpreted in Weingart's "medialization of science" framework as indicators of lower medialization of science in Taiwan than in Germany. However, Taiwanese scientists are more willing than German scientists to accept journalistic simplification at the expense of accuracy. This is explained as an adaptation to the media system and to the perceived scientific literacy of the media audience. We hypothesize that cultural differences regarding the relative priority of relational vs. rational communication goals may also contribute to more tolerance of journalistic simplification in Taiwan.

For several decades scholars have studied media reporting on scientific issues that involve controversy. Most studies so far have focused on the western world. This article tries to broaden the perspective by considering China and comparing it to a western country. A content analysis of newspaper coverage of vaccination issues in the UK and China shows, first, that the government-supported ‘mainstream position’ dominates the Chinese coverage while the British media frequently refer to criticism and controversy. Second, scientific expertise in the British coverage is represented by experts from the health and science sector but by experts from health agencies in the Chinese coverage. These results are discussed with respect to implications for risk communication and scientists’ involvement in public communication.

The article presents results from surveys of life scientists in Taiwan ( n = 270) and in Germany ( n = 326). Fewer Taiwanese than German researchers have frequent contact with the media and they rate their experiences with journalists less positively. Furthermore, they are less prepared to adapt to journalistic expectations and to a greater extent than German researchers they expect journalists to consider scientific criteria in their reporting. These findings are interpreted in Weingart’s “medialization of science” framework as indicators of lower medialization of science in Taiwan than in Germany. However, Taiwanese scientists are more willing than German scientists to accept journalistic simplification at the expense of accuracy. This is explained as an adaptation to the media system and to the perceived scientific literacy of the media audience. We hypothesize that cultural differences regarding the relative priority of relational vs. rational communication goals may also contri...

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are now believed to be major contributors to the seasonal orone depletion over the Antarctic continent. They are so important for society that substitutes must be rapidly found and commercialized. Several substitutes have been selected by the industry and significant research and development programs are underway to commercialize them. Unlike the simple, fullyhalogenated CFCs which can be made in a single step, there are many potentially viable routes to the alternatives, requiring significant improvements in catalysis. Many other important issues such as materials compatibility, energy efficiency, developing country needs and product life cycle of the alternatives need to be resolved before a timely transition to substitutes can be accomplished.

This article examines the visual and political dimensions of seawall construction in Kesennuma, Japan, in the aftermath of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami. Through a visual lens the study explores how seawalls, in their various forms, act as visual and political symbols that reflect and shape both governmental authority and community values. By analysing fieldwork data, including landscapes, visual media, and architectural structures, the research reveals how 'politics of visuality' have played a significant role in the reconstruction process. The study argues that seawalls are not merely functional structures, but artifacts imbued with cultural and political meaning, mediating the tension between governmental priorities of safety and community concerns for preserving cultural identity. The case of Kesennuma provides a unique perspective on how visual elements in infrastructure influence public perceptions and local decision-making, especially in a context where the connection to the ocean is central to community identity. Ultimately, the research calls for a more nuanced approach to Japan's disaster management of tsunami, one that goes beyond physical protection to also consider the cultural and visual landscapes. This approach is essential for addressing the complex interplay of safety, identity, and environmental concerns in coastal recovery efforts.

Farmers' and ranchers' livelihoods depend upon agricultural land and waterway quality. Yet agriculture practices such as fertilizer use and large-scale hog farms threaten water quality and public health. Rural newspapers, a primary source of information that guides residents in their decision-making including how they act in response to water threats, could be influential in encouraging readers to address local climate change threats. Yet we do not generally know how rural and local newspapers perform when reporting on environmental issues. We argue that rural-urban information disparities extend to the manner in which local newspapers deliver water quality information to rural audiences. Thus, we systematically examined how newspaper publications representing rural and urban areas in five similarly situated Midwestern states framed and sourced their water quality and water pollution reporting. The content analysis results found that water quality was primarily framed from a responsibility perspective emphasizing who should be responsible for protecting waterways, and residents living in smaller and rural areas mostly received environmental news based on information provided by local and state governmental sources. We found urban newspapers were more likely to present water pollution stories employing a greater diversity of frames-including more conflict frames-than rural papers. This study makes three important contributions by 1) adding to the scarce amount of scholarship on the state of environmental rural news information, 2) theoretically linking local news coverage as an information disparity, and 3) creating an agricultural frame variable to explain rural environmental news coverage.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar y problematizar la cuestión de la gestión del conocimiento para la Apropiación Social de la Ciencia y Tecnología (ASCyT) que se presenta como una línea de acción de la Estrategia Nacional que sobre este asunto lanza Colciencias, el Organismo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Colombia en 2010. Este análisis se realiza a la luz de las propuestas que hacen actores dedicados a la apropiación en el marco del foro nacional que sobre este tema se organizó en 2014. Nos preguntamos por el significado y los retos que supone pensar una gestión del conocimiento para la ASCyT. En la medida en que la misma se define sobre la comprensión de que el conocimiento es móvil, diverso y situado y por tanto difícilmente administrable, tratamos de mostrar la amenaza que suponen miradas simplistas de la gestión que privilegian criterios de novedad, eficacia y evaluación a través de indicadores.

Las políticas y los programas de comunicación pública de la ciencia y la tecnología ( ) desarrollados en las dos últimas décadas en Colombia han respondido a las necesidades y a las visiones de la cultura académica, lo cual ha repercutido en la cultura cientí ca en el país. A partir del análisis de esta situación, se propone una revisión de los roles que la comunicación puede cumplir en los procesos de recreación de cultura cientí ca.

The role of any variable is interpreted as the required task or performance of it in any part of a program. This role contributes to the easy understanding of the program and thus formulates it clearly and unambiguously. Many novice programmers face various difficulties in understanding programming, especially Object Oriented Programming. This research adopts the design of a visualization tool which includes visual model that shows the role of the reference variable (an object) within a Java program to enhance comprehension understanding for novice programmers. The model enables them to interact and thus formulate an objectoriented program in an intuitive and clear way. Based on the actual experimentation, the effectiveness of this model is improved and the importance of this research in the field of object programming is demonstrated.

false rumors regarding the side effects of the polio vaccine quickly spread across various social media platforms, including Facebook, X (formerly known as Twitter), WhatsApp, and YouTube. This rapid spread of misinformation had a detrimental impact on Pakistan's efforts to eradicate polio. This essay sheds lights on two critical aspects related to polio vaccine misinformation on social media in Pakistan. First, it examines the current state of polio vaccine misinformation on social media and finds it a significant threat to public health, resulting in vaccine refusals, erosion of trust in public health institutions, distrust in science, and providing opportunities for anti-vaccination groups and individual advocates to target healthcare workers involved in polio eradication efforts nationwide. Second, it highlights the collaborative initiatives undertaken by relevant government institutions and social media companies, which have proven inadequate in effectively addressing the persistent dissemination of mis/disinformation, particularly on Facebook. Lastly, we suggest Pakistan should adopt a more inclusive approach of engaging all stakeholders, promote independent fact-checking initiatives, and increase health literacy among the target population about the risks and benefits associated with the polio vaccine.

Risk researchers have traditionally examined technologies that have become stigmatized in the public realm. In this study, we examine a prior cognitive phenomenon, which assumes that technologies are classified according to the non-scientific taxonomies that individuals use to make sense of the world. We describe the coarse taxonomies revealed during five focus groups involving expert and non-expert participants. The study suggests that in discussions of salmon genomics, participants consistently conflate genomic research with transgenic applications. The authors discuss the implications of this phenomenon for public policy.

Human reproductive cloning replication of genetically identical or near identical human beings-can hardly be said to have had a good press. Banned in one way or another by many countries including the UK1, execrated by the General Assembly of the World Health Organization as 'ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality'2, forbidden by the European Commission through its Biotechnology Patents Directive3, by the Council of Europe through its Bioethics Convention4 and by UNESCO through its Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights5, clearly human cloning arouses massive disapproval reactions ... What are the reasons, and especially the moral reasons, offered as justifications for this wholesale disapproval? In brief summary these seem to be: 'yukthe whole thing is revolting, repellent, unnatural and disgusting'; 'it's playing God, hubris'; 'it treats people as means and not as ends, undermines human dignity, human rights, personal autonomy, personality, individuality and individual uniqueness; it turns people into carbon copies, photocopies, stencils and fakes'; 'it would be dangerous and harmful to those to whom it was done, as well as to their families; it would particularly harm the women who would be bearing the babies, and especially so if they were doing so on behalf of others as would probably be the case; it would harm societies in which it happened, changing and demeaning their values, encouraging vanity, narcissism and avarice; and it would be harmful to future generations.' 'Altogether it would be the first massive step on a ghastly slippery slope towards' here fill in the horror 'Hitler's Nazi Germany, Stalin's USSR, China's eugenic dictatorship; or, from the realms of literature, Boys from Brazil, mad dictators and of course mad scientists in science fiction, Big Brother in Nineteen Eighty-Four, and the human hatcheries of Brave New World'. 'It would be unjust, contrary to human equality, and, as the European Parliament put it, it would lead to eugenics and racist selection of human beings, it would discriminate against women, it would undermine human rights, and it would be against distributive justice by diverting resources away from people who could derive proper and useful medical benefits from those resources'. So, clearly, where it has not already been legally prohibited it should be banned as soon as possible.

Este artículo sostiene que la divulgación científica es, en esencia, una práctica argumentativa, evaluable en tres dimensiones clave: epistémica, conceptual y divulgativa. Desde el aspecto epistémico, se destaca la capacidad de la argumentación para facilitar el análisis crítico y la construcción del conocimiento. En lo conceptual, se subraya la importancia de utilizar conceptos de forma precisa y justificada. En el nivel divulgativo, se aboga por un lenguaje racional y accesible que favorezca el diálogo entre comunidad científica y público general. La voz del texto examina cómo una divulgación bien argumentada puede fomentar la comprensión profunda de la metodología científica, transparentar debates teóricos y habilitar una comunidad crítica e informada, preparándola para evaluar hipótesis, teorías y datos de forma reflexiva y accesible.

This article uses the Central Weather Bureau (CWB) as a case study in examining China's effort to establish its own meteorological system and expand its weather observation services while reclaiming "meteorological sovereignty" in the post-war period. First, the article analyses various CWB meeting records to show how China adopted a military/civilian dual-use meteorological system, and to clarify the role played by the US military in China as well as its interaction with the Nationalist government. These records also help explain how the CWB emerged as the leading force in China's meteorological endeavors. The article then delves into the CWB's plans for an "Meteorological Forecast Network for Aviation." With the dual goals of improving domestic flight safety and providing East Asian meteorological information for aviation to the international community, the CWB established a management model consisting of a Meteorological Headquarters, Regional Meteorological Bases and Local Meteorological Stations in order to collect and integrate weather information from various regions. To cultivate talents in conducting ground and high-altitude observations, the CWB also introduced short-term training courses for meteorological personnel. Lastly, throughout the Chinese Civil War, the CWB adapted to the reversals of the war situation and the

Most adults in the U.S. and worldwide claim a religious affiliation. As an element of identity and worldview, faith informs many individuals' views of science, technology, and society at large. Engagement with faith communities and religious leaders about science can improve public perceptions and trust of scientists, advance evidence-based policy, and improve diversity, equity and inclusion in science fields. This commentary outlines examples and suggests guiding principles for science engagement with faith communities.

Most adults in the U.S. and worldwide claim a religious affiliation. As an element of identity and worldview, faith informs many individuals' views of science, technology, and society at large. Engagement with faith communities and religious leaders about science can improve public perceptions and trust of scientists, advance evidence-based policy, and improve diversity, equity and inclusion in science fields. This commentary outlines examples and suggests guiding principles for science engagement with faith communities.

Este artículo ofrece una reflexión filosófica accesible sobre la Medicina Basada en la Evidencia (MBE) dirigida a ciudadanos interesados. Se analiza el paradigma que prioriza ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) como forma más confiable de evidencia, en contraste con la intuición o experiencia clínica no sistemática
Revesp Cardiología. Asimismo, se presentan críticas relevantes al interior de la práctica médica contemporánea, cuestionando si la significación estadística depende exclusivamente de la aleatoriedad y cómo aspectos del diseño experimental y bias pueden influir en los resultados.
El ensayo argumenta que el desafío central no radica solo en producir conocimiento riguroso, sino en comunicar y justificar su relevancia pública, construyendo una ciudadanía crítica que evalúe con juicio la evidencia científica.

Data from the fourth Eurobarometer survey carried out in November 1999 suggest that Europeans have become increasingly opposed to genetically modified (GM) foods, but remain supportive of medical and environmental applications of biotechnology. In general, where the public perceives genuine moral difficulties and/or no real benefits, it is unwilling to accept the perceived risks of new biotechnologies. Greater support for the cloning of human cells and tissues than for the cloning of animals suggests that moral concerns attach specifically to particular applications and not necessarily to underlying molecular biological techniques. Furthermore, greater opposition to GM foods than to GM crops suggests that, for the public, food safety outweighs environmental concerns. Whereas both supporters and opponents feel insufficiently informed about the topic, supporters are more trusting of government and industry, but less trusting of environmental groups. With even supporters wor-rying about the "unnaturalness" of biotechnology, a clear implication of this survey is that policymaking and regulation need to augment risk and safety considerations with additional assessment criteria that reflect the public's concerns. With the integration of agrochemicals, GM foods, and pharmaceuticals, the life sciences conglomerate was one of the corporate visions for the 21st century. But confronted by a consumer revolt and supermarket boycotts of GM foods in Europe, threats of trade wars, and ultimately shareholder disaffection, the life science companies on both sides of the Atlantic have had to reassess their strategy. What went wrong and what are the lessons for the future? In 1997, we reported that the European public was ambivalent on biotechnology 1 . In that third Eurobarometer survey on public perceptions of biotechnology in 1996, we found broad support for medical applica-

This workbook provides a flexible, practical framework for researchers, labs, and organizations seeking to plan and implement science communication strategies that are clear, audience-centered, and outcome-driven. It guides users through defining goals, understanding and segmenting audiences, crafting tailored key messages, selecting appropriate channels and formats, planning timelines and responsibilities, and integrating evaluation and iteration into their communication process. The workbook emphasizes usability: it is designed to be revisited and adapted for various projects and audiences, helping communicators connect with purpose while translating complex research into accessible, actionable information. This resource contributes to advancing strategic thinking in science communication practice and supports both novice and experienced communicators in building trust, clarity, and relevance into their outreach.

This guide provides a practical framework for designing effective science and health communication strategies that are audience-centered, culturally sensitive, and responsive to evolving public health challenges. Drawing from case studies ranging from polio eradication to COVID-19 communication, it synthesizes theories and models such as the Health Belief Model, Narrative Communication, and Audience Segmentation to offer clear, actionable guidance. The guide emphasizes assessing audience characteristics, developing tailored messages, selecting appropriate communication channels, integrating visual aids, engaging community participation, and addressing ethical considerations such as stigmatization and confidentiality. It also highlights strategies for communicating both qualitative and quantitative data clearly and effectively. This resource is designed to support practitioners, researchers, and organizations seeking to improve public understanding, promote equitable health outcomes, and build trust across diverse populations, particularly among marginalized communities.

profesional es debido a que son enunciados de gran importancia al momento de la práctica profesional, ya que están relacionados con las normas de moralidad y el cumplimiento adecuado del deber además se describió acontecimientos relevantes acerca de la historia de la educación en el Ecuador y se obtuvo un extracto de lo que conlleva la formación de un docente universitario, para ello se realizó un proceso de investigación con base en artículos científicos y sitios web que permitan recolectar información pertinente para su comprensión, observando como esta profesión se percibe por la sociedad. Por otro lado, se ha encontrado que hay un escaso interés en estos temas debido a que muchos profesionales desconocen de ello, lo que conlleva a que no tenga una adecuada difusión y socialización para las futuras generaciones en los diferentes procesos de formación estudiantil, especialmente profesional.

This bibliography was begun some 43 years ago. It grew out of personal curiosity and was added to from time to time according to the compiler's inclination. The work was brought to its present more comprehensive state at the behest of Andrew L. Morrison, archivist at the British Geological Survey, who conceived the idea of creating a web-based exhibition to mark the centenary of the first formal announcement of the Piltdown 'discovery' in December 1912. The bibliography complements the exhibition by providing, in its commentary, the information that was used to inform the 'Piltdown Timeline.' The exhibition itself was a joint venture between archivists at the British Geological Survey-which provided all the text and some images-the Natural History Museum, and the Geological Society of London. The Geological Survey played a small part in prompting the eventual exposure of the forgery by determining the true age of the Piltdown gravel; and it contributed to the subsequent scientific investigation that revealed the full extent of the forgery. Anon. 1904. Report for 1903: [Sussex Archaeological Society, notice to quit Castle Lodge, Lewes.] Sussex Archaeological Collections, 47, in the Autumn, received an intimation that the Castle Lodge, which had been occupied by the Society since the year 1885, had been sold to Mr. Dawson, and a notice to quit at Midsummer, 1904, was soon afterwards served by him on the Secretary. This purchase by one of our own Members, and its consequences, took the Council completely by surprise-as it understood that if the property was to be sold the Society should have the option of acquiring it...' This somewhat underhand action on the part of Charles Dawson has been cited as one among a catalogue of deceptions and questionable dealings which cast his character in a poor light. On the other hand, Francis Vere 1955, p.110, claims from anecdotal evidence that Dawson assisted the Society in securing its present and greatly improved accommodation at Barbican House close by the Lodge. An update of the situation appeared the following year [not seen] in the Report for 1904, ibid, 48, xv-xvi.) Anon. 1912a. Pre-boulder clay man: discovery near Ipswich. The Times, 1 Feb 1912, 6. (For the background to this discovery see comments under Moir 1912b. The correspondent of The Times reported that 'the Ipswich skeleton thus discovered represents not only the earliest remains of man yet found in England, but, with the exception of the Heidelberg jaw, the earliest yet found in Europe, for the chalky boulder clay far antedates the period of Neanderthal man whose remains have lately been found so abundantly in France. ...the Ipswich remains belong to a much older race than that of Galley Hill...[but] like the Galley Hill man, the Ipswich individual is of the modern type. Although both are older in date than the Neanderthal race found in Belgium and France, yet neither of them shows the peculiar and somewhat simian features of that race.' The anonymous author of this well-informed article may well have been Arthur Keith, since the piece reflects his views. Two weeks after the appearance of this report, Charles Dawson wrote to Arthur Smith Woodward at the Natural History Museum to inform him of his discovery of a 'skull which will rival H. Heidelbergensis...' Before the year was out, Ipswich man would be robbed of his glory by the arrival of Dawson's Piltdown woman.) . 1912b. The earliest known Englishman. Illustrated London News, 140 (23 Mar), 442, 446-447. (An account of Reid Moir's discovery of the Ipswich skeleton, described by him in Feb 1912: Moir 1912b. Includes an impressionistic reconstruction of Ipswich Man by the artist Amédée Forestier.) Anon. 1912c. The earliest man? / Remarkable discovery in Sussex / A skull "millions of years" old. Manchester Guardian, 21 Nov. (In spite of Smith Woodward's attempt at secrecy, the Manchester Guardian became the first national newspaper to announce the discovery of an early human at Piltdown. The anonymous reporter felt sufficiently confident to assert that 'There seems to be no doubt whatever of its genuineness, and more than a possibility of its being the oldest remnant of a human frame yet discovered on this planet.') Anon. 1912d. Notes. Nature, 90 (5 Dec), 390. ('Remains of a human skull and mandible, considered to belong to the early Pleistocene period, have been discovered by Mr. Charles Dawson in a gravel-deposit in the basin of the river Ouse, north of Lewes, Sussex. Much interest has been aroused in the specimen owing to the exactitude with which its geological age is said to have been fixed, and it will form the subject of a paper by Mr. Dawson and Dr. Smith Woodward to be read before the Geological Society on December 18.') . 1912e. Palaeolithic man. Nature, 90 (19 Dec), 438. (A well informed summary of the paper read by Dawson and Woodward on 18 December and evidently submitted to Nature prior to the meeting) Anon. 1912f. A Palaeolithic skull / First evidence of a new human type. The Times, 19 Dec, 4. (Report of a meeting at the Geological Society of London on 18 Dec, at which a formal presentation was made on the discoveries at Piltdown. Dawson is here reported as stating that the first skull fragment was handed to him 'four years ago', i.e. about 1908. In his own published accounts Dawson was more vague about the date.) Anon. 1912g. A hard nut to crack for Christmas / Have we really found the 'missing link' at last? The Graphic, 28 Dec. (Not seen) Anon. 1913a. Wizard of Sussex. Daily Express, 4 Jan. (An account of the career of Charles Dawson as amateur palaeontologist and antiquarian, with a photograph of Dawson & Woodward digging at Barkham Manor, provided by Dawson. Not seen) Anon. 1913b. England's most ancient inhabitant. American Review of Reviews, 47 (Feb), 229-230. (Largely quotes from Pycraft 1912 and the London journal Public Opinion. Also included is a cartoon from the Swansea Herald which shows a 'Party Politician' holding aloft an apelike skull and remarking to another, 'See how even in this distant progenitor of ours we may trace those traits which, evolving through the ages, reach their almost divine development in us', with the caption 'The cerebral formation insignificant; the jaw superb'. The cartoon is reproduced in Blinderman 1986, 54.) Anon. (H. R. H.) 1913c. The Sussex skull. Hastings and St. Leonards Observer, 15 Feb. (A witty poem, reproduced in part as a frontispiece to this Bibliography) Anon. 1913d. The Piltdown skull. The Times, 25 Feb, 10. ('The Piltdown skull has now been formally presented to the British Museum, Mr. Charles Dawson F.S.A., F.G.S., the discoverer, and Mr. G. M. Maryon-Wilson, the owner of the gravel-pit, having made over to the Trustees their respective rights and interests in this specimen. On Saturday, after their usual meeting, Mr. Dawson gave the Trustees a short description of the skull, the associated specimens, and restorations... The specimen will now shortly be placed on public view in the large hall of the Natural History Museum, at South Kensington.') Anon. 1913e. Geologists in Sussex. Sussex Daily News, 14 July. (A lengthy and detailed account of a Geologists' Association excursion to the Barkham Manor pit on Saturday 12 July, including a record of many of those who attended. [Not seen]. A photograph of the GA visit, taken by a Mr Yates, is reproduced in Weiner 1955b, plate 8 (for authorship see p. 102; the version reproduced in Spencer 1990a, 79, inscribed "Geologists at Piltdown", has been cropped). For a summary see Walsh 1996, 39-40, 228. Spencer cites another newspaper report of the meeting: H. Kidner, A field day in Sussex, The Christian World, 17 July.) Anon. 1913f. The Piltdown skull: discussion on the size of the brain. The Times, 12 Aug, 5. (The Piltdown skull formed the most important item in the programme of the Anatomical Section of the International Congress of Medicine on the afternoon of 11 August. The meeting began at the Natural History Museum with an examination of the original specimens and a presentation by Smith Woodward before transferring to the Royal College of Surgeons where Prof. Keith presented an alternative reconstruction of the skull. In the discussion that followed, Prof. Elliott Smith agreed 'that the brain-cast as moulded by Dr. Smith Woodward did require considerable alteration.' Dr W. L. H. Duckworth expressed agreement with Keith's reconstruction of the skull, having independently come to the same conclusion. Mr Leon Williams exhibited a reconstruction of the lower jaw he had made in conjunction with Keith. Comments were also made by professors Anthony, of Paris, and Arthur Thomson, of Oxford. It would appear that Keith was the author of this report (Keith, 1950, 326). Spencer 1990b, 77, states that the now famous painting by John Cooke, 'A discussion on the Piltdown skull', purports to represent a discussion that took place at the Royal College on the afternoon in question: see Cooke 1915.) Anon. 1913g. [Discovery of canine tooth at Piltdown] Daily Express, 2 Sept. (Woodward announced the discovery of the Piltdown canine at a meeting of the British Association at Birmingham on 16 Sept 1913 (Woodward 1914a), but news of the discovery, made on 30 Aug, had already found its way to the office of the Daily Express, whose approach to Woodward for information yielded no more than a confirmation of the discovery and a prediction that it would prove 'of tremendous importance'. Dawson wrote to Woodward on the day of the press release expressing annoyance that someone known to him had 'let out about the tooth to the "Express"'. Details from Spencer 1990b, 79, 80-81.) Anon. 1913h. The antiquity and evolution of man. Nature, 92 (9 Oct), 160-162. (A well informed review of four recently published books authored by H. von Buttel-Reepen, G. F. Wright, V. Giuffrida-Ruggeri, and E. Fischer, the first three of which include remarks on Piltdown. The opinion expressed by...

This paper contains an overview of the programmes currently existing in Latin America to train science communicators. For such purpose, only postgraduate courses held regularly were considered in the study. Twenty-two programmes meeting such requirement were identified in five countries, 65% of which were in fact established over the past ten years. They present a lot of diversity in terms of admittance requirements, goals, contents, approaches, duration and graduation requirements. However, all of them share the same effort, aiming to offer specific contents in the area of science communication.