Power system distribution

This study proposes a novel approach to automate the interpretation of transformer frequency response analysis (FRA) data, addressing the inherent subjectivity of traditional methods. It introduces a framework that converts conventional FRA Bode plots into polar plots, which intuitively combine magnitude and phase information into a single, visually rich image. The study then evaluates the use of image processing techniques to analyze these polar plots for fault detection and classification. By simulating common transformer faults, such as winding deformation and short circuits, we demonstrate that each fault type produces a unique and identifiable pattern on the polar plot. The proposed methodology, which includes image preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification, achieves a remarkable 97.5% overall accuracy in diagnosing the transformer's condition. A comparative analysis with traditional statistical methods, like the correlation coefficient, confirms the superior performance and objectivity of our image-based framework. The results indicate that this approach can significantly reduce reliance on expert judgment, improve diagnostic reliability, and enable the development of standardized automated systems for transformer condition monitoring.

Electricity outages are frequently caused due to problems in the electric distribution system (EDS). The method presented in this research describes a comprehensive dual-phased design to enhance the electric network efficiency and reliability. A hybrid particle-firefly optimization method is applied in the first phase to allocate reclosers and sectionalizer in an optimal accessible path. Furthermore, in the second phase, the medium distribution voltage systems that comprise five main circuit breakers and one power source are taken into consideration, as well as automatic load shift to an alternative power supply and the secondary circuit breaker shut down under normal conditions. The authors provide a streamlined technique based on swapping out loads to determine the reduction value of the anticipated energy not-supplied (ENS) and cost of energy not-supplied (CENS) to customers after installing a sectionalizer and recloser in the APO 132/33 kV radial distribution network. The optimized CENS with the protective device of the distribution system is tremendously reduced compared to the CENS of the conventional state, which has no protective scheme.

The increasing demand for reliable and efficient power distribution has underscored the critical need for real-time substation feeder power line monitoring and auditing systems. These systems are essential for enhancing grid reliability, minimizing outages, and improving power quality in modern smart grids. Traditional monitoring methods, reliant on manual inspections and delayed responses, often fail to meet the dynamic requirements of today's power networks. This review comprehensively examines the state-of-the-art technologies driving real-time feeder monitoring and auditing, focusing on internet of things (IoT), supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, artificial intelligence (AI), wireless sensor networks (WSN), and advanced sensors. By synthesizing recent advancements, the study highlights their applications in monitoring key parameters like voltage, current, and power factor, as well as auditing for energy losses and theft. The review categorizes approaches into sensor-based, communication-based, and AI/ML-driven methodologies, evaluating their strengths, limitations, and scalability. It also addresses challenges such as cybersecurity, interoperability, and cost-effectiveness, particularly in rural deployments. Contributions include a comparative analysis of technologies, identification of research gaps, and a roadmap for future innovations, including the integration of 5G and edge-AI. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and policymakers aiming to advance smart grid technologies and ensure sustainable power distribution.

The fundamentals of reliability analysis as it applies to the planning and design of industrial and commercial electric power distribution systems are presented. Included are basic concepts of reliability analysis by probability methods, fundamentals of power system reliability evaluation, economic evaluation of reliability, cost of power outage data, equipment reliability data, and examples of reliability analysis. Emergency and standby power, electrical preventive maintenance, and evaluating and improving reliability of the existing plant are also addressed. The presentation is self-contained and should enable trade-off studies during the design of industrial and commercial power systems. Design, installation, maintenance practices for electrical power and grounding (including both power-related and signal-related noise control) of sensitive electronic processing equipment used in commercial and industrial applications are presented. Keywords: designing reliable industrial and commercial power systems, equipment reliability data, industrial and commercial power systems reliability analysis, reliability analysis IEEE Standards documents are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board. The IEEE develops its standards through a consensus development process, approved by the American National Standards Institute, which brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve the final product. Volunteers are not necessarily members of the Institute and serve without compensation. While the IEEE administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the consensus development process, the IEEE does not independently evaluate, test, or verify the accuracy of any of the information contained in its standards.

Electric trains inject a large amount of harmonics to the power network and consume high reactive power which makes them one of the worst loads kinds to be used in the power systems. These loads have non-linear characteristics and cause harmonic distortion. Filtering is one of the common ways utilized to eliminate harmonics and compensate reactive power. Filters are categorized in three types: passive, active and hybrid. Both passive and active filters have their own deficiencies while hybrid filters benefit from advantages of both former filters while overcoming their deficiencies. In this paper, active, passive and hybrid filters are discussed and then a suitable hybrid structure is introduced. Thereupon a harmonic model of an intercity electric train is presented and application of the proposed hybrid filter structure to the train is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of utilization of such hybrid filter structure in elimination of...

Context and Current Status of Art Due to the increasing use of electronic devices, loads are growing less resilient to transient voltage fluctuations, called voltage sag. A range of devices called Custom Power is a technologydriven product and service solution that offers functionalities for improving power quality. The dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is the most technologically sophisticated and cost-effective device for mitigating voltage-sag in distribution systems among the various innovative custom-power devices. In order to increase voltage quality by adjusting voltage magnitude, wave form, and phase shift, the standard DVR works by injecting AC voltages in series with the incoming three-phase network. These load voltage characteristics are crucial since they have the potential to the protected load's performance. Real and reactive powers are injected into the distribution system as part of the voltagesag adjustment, which establishes the energy storage device's capacity needed for the restoration plan. The voltage source inverter of the DVR has the ability to electrically create the reactive power needed. To achieve the real-power need, an external energy storage device is required. Therefore, while evaluating a DVR's capabilities, particularly for mitigating long-duration voltage sag, the highest amount of real power that can be delivered to the load during voltagesag correction is a determining factor. Energy consumption can be decreased by using voltage injection with a suitable phase advance relative to the source side voltage. However, using will not be sufficient to meet the energy need.

Electricity outages are frequently caused due to problems in the electric distribution system (EDS). The method presented in this research describes a comprehensive dual-phased design to enhance the electric network efficiency and reliability. A hybrid particle-firefly optimization method is applied in the first phase to allocate reclosers and sectionalizer in an optimal accessible path. Furthermore, in the second phase, the medium distribution voltage systems that comprise five main circuit breakers and one power source are taken into consideration, as well as automatic load shift to an alternative power supply and the secondary circuit breaker shut down under normal conditions. The authors provide a streamlined technique based on swapping out loads to determine the reduction value of the anticipated energy not-supplied (ENS) and cost of energy not-supplied (CENS) to customers after installing a sectionalizer and recloser in the APO 132/33 kV radial distribution network. The optimized CENS with the protective device of the distribution system is tremendously reduced compared to the CENS of the conventional state, which has no protective scheme.

In recent years, utilities have been faced with rising number of complaints about the quality of power due to sags and interruptions. There are a number of reasons for this, the most important being that with influx of digital computers and other types of electronic controls customers in all sectors (residential, commercial and industrial) have more sensitive loads. Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is a series connected power electronic based device that can quickly mitigate the voltage sags in the system and restore the load voltage to the pre-fault value. It is recognized to be the best effective solution to overcome this problem. The primary advantage of the DVR is keeping the users always on-line with high quality constant voltage maintaining the continuity of production. In this paper a fuzzy logic control method for DVR that protects a sensitive load, to counter voltage sag under unbalanced loading conditions is presented. DVR along with other parts of the distribution system are simulated using Matlab/ Simulink

This paper presents the analysis of actual oscillographic records with high impedance faults (HIFs) upon various contact surfaces in order to identify the main characteristics of such fault in both time and wavelet domains. The features of HIFs extracted by means of the wavelet coefficient energies of the maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT) have been used for developing a new detection method to yield results in satisfactory agreement with real applications. The proposed HIF detection method was installed at a local utility substation and good results have been obtained.

Energy losses is a key focus of operational efficiency of Distribution System Operators and utility regulators. The energy losses is estimated using power line loss (kW), Load factor (LF) and the Loss Load Factor (LLF) over a defined time. The energy loss is highly dependent on the Loss Load Factor (LLF) or simply loss factor which is a dimensionless ratio between average and peak values of load loss [1]. The LLF can also be calculated using the LLF coefficient which ranges from 0.15-0.2. Any variations in the LLF coefficient greatly affects the accuracy of technical energy loss estimation for power utilities. The LLF coefficient needs to be reassessed in order to reduce over or under estimation of technical energy loss of distribution networks. Technical energy loss reduction strategies are greatly capital intensive and time consuming, there is therefore a need to accurately estimate losses in order to reduce the financial and regulatory burden on power distribution companies.

Description/Abstract A mobile 480-V, 2-MVA UPS System utilizing battery energy storage was installed at S and C Electric Company's Polymer Products Fabrication Building in Chicago, Illinois in May 1999 to provide uninterrupted power to the building for up to 15 ...

Lightning is a natural phenomenon that cannot be stopped. However, it can be controlled and the energy diverted. Lightning is described and the induced energy is calculated. Adequate grounding and bonding are demonstrated. The effects of the configuration of metal are discussed. Actual photos illustrate problems with unbalanced and inadequate ground paths that have resulted in fires we have investigated.

His extensive research makes use of advanced mathematical techniques and models that arise from fundamental physical principles. His major research interests are in the areas of nonlinear dynamical systems and control theory, with particular emphasis on applications to mechatronics and aerospace systems. He has authored/co-authored several book chapters and over 140 peer-reviewed journal articles/proceedings papers. He served on the IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control Editorial Board and on the IEEE Control Systems Society Conference Editorial Board as an Associate Editor. He also served as international program committee member for several conferences and as a member of AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Technical Committee. Geert De Cubber is the team leader of the Robotics & Autonomous Systems Unit of the Department of Mechanics of the Belgian Royal Military Academy. He is also a senior researcher at this institute with a research focus on developing robotic solutions for solving security challenges like crisis management, the fight against crime and terrorism, and border security. He received his diploma in Mechanical Engineering in 2001 from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and his Doctoral Degree in Engineering in 2010 from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the Belgian Royal Military Academy. He is and was the coordinator of multiple European and national research projects, like FP7-ICARUS (on the development of search and rescue robots) and H2020-SafeShore (on the development of a threat detection system).

Power distribution veri cation is rapidly becoming a necessary step in deep submicron DSM design of high performance integrated circuits. With the increased load and reduced tolerances of DSM circuits, more failures are being seen due to poorly designed power distribution systems. This paper describes an e cient approach for the veri cation of power distribution at the full-chip transistor level based on a combination of hierarchical static and dynamic techniques. Application of the methodology on practical design examples will be provided. We will also demonstrate the necessity of an analysis at the full-chip transistor level to verify the complex interactions between di erent design blocks based on static and dynamic e ects.

In the current national scene, many actions point at projects of digital inclusion and citizenship. In this context, providing access technologies as a requisite for the implementation of these actions is primordial. In this way, many innovative experiences have been presented in the past few years. This paper presents a study on the Powerline Communication -PLC technology; as a proposal for a feasible access network for Brazilian Amazon. First, the characteristics of the PLC technology are studied from an implanted indoor prototype at Federal University of Pará. The measures used in this prototype serve as input for a created model, from which it is intended to study the system more widely, considering factors such as: scalability, reliability and the physical characteristics.

This paper propose a reliability-centred maintenance method developed to support cost-effective maintenance of electricity distribution systems. Electrical utilities, today active at the liberalized market need to incorporate methods, like this one, to fulfill requirements on reliability and cost. Results are shown for an application study of an urban distribution system and with different PM strategies applied to reduce failures for the cable component. The conclusion is that it is beneficial to apply PM strategies based on the results of quantitative systematic techniques such as the maintenance methodology developed and introduced in this paper, and that there exist incentives to provide the input data required.

Metering systems planning in transmission networks can be modeled as an optimization problem in which the metering system cost is minimized, subjected to redundancy constraints that enable the state estimation function to observe system state and debug bad measurement data. However, the budget for investments in the metering system is commonly insufficient to achieve such a goal for the entire power system. On the other hand, there are areas of the power network considered more important for system operation than others. Consequently, a more qualified supervision of such areas is necessary to ensure adequate decision making regarding network operation and control. This work proposes a methodology flexible and easily adaptable to cope with limited investment budgets. An ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO-PCH) is employed to solve the optimal meter placement problem. A fast and cost-effective algorithm based on a decomposition strategy (ACO-PCH-DS) that takes into account the local nature of the state estimation problem is also proposed in order to improve computational efficiency of planning metering systems for large power networks. Tests with the IEEE bus systems and part of a real Brazilian system are carried out to validate the proposed methodology. If the stop criteria are the time limit (200 s), the ACO-PCH-DS reduces in 15% the cost of the measurement plan in IEEE 118-bus system, when compared to the ACO-PCH. For 300 min as a time limit, the ACO-PCH-DS do not provide a better cost only for reliability in the IEEE-300 bus system.

The theory of variable structure systems with sliding mode control has been used to develop a power conditioning system. An experimental system has been developed, and digital simulation of both the power and control systems has been performed. The good agreement between the analytical study and the experimental and simulation results confirms the validity of the proposed control system.

In this paper analysis results of a cooperation of the unified power quality conditioner with the fuel cell units are presented. A comprehensive control strategy is introduced to extract the compensating signals for the control of the proposed system. The used control strategy can extract the reference currents and voltages of UPQC fast and accurately in the presence of harmonics and/or frequency oscillation. The proposed scheme can compensate voltage sag, voltage interruption and harmonics at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) on power distribution system. The simulation results prove the efficiency of using the presented method on power quality improvement.

This paper presents a new method based on high transient fault signal and locating faults on three-terminal power lines. For high transient based protection line trap design which tune at normal supply frequency are installed at each end of multiterminal transmission line. Due to installation of line trap at each end of line protection of transmission line is improved. Also Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is utilized for classifying external and internal fault of transmission line. Transmission line model design in MATLAB simulink and successive results obtained using this technique. ANN successfully classify the fault upto 90 percent fault cases.

Making better estimates of the risk associated with outages and asset failures is an ultimate decisionmaking goal since the cost of service interruption due to forced or planned outage can be substantial. This paper address how the risk calculation is improved by the use of Big Data related to weather and other environmental impacts that may lead to outages and asset deterioration. Big Data considered in this paper relates to various weather data coming from weather monitoring services such as radar, satellite, land stations, specialized tracking systems (lightning), etc., as well as vegetation and topography databases. In addition, by integrating the traditional utility measurement data coming from Intelligent Electronic Devices located in substations and along the feeders provides better assessment of the risk. Developing a framework that ties the data and physical network components together in time and space to obtain better predictions of equipment failure is an emerging area of research. Our study opens several opportunities to address unique fundamental issues by effectively fusing weather and network data in time and space for the benefit of predicting likelihood of power network outages under severe weather conditions, which will lead to better maintenance and operation strategies. An advanced predictive data analytics approach that incorporates spatiotemporal properties of the Big Data is used to obtain some experimental results. To better visualize the risk assessment results, a Geographic Information System view of the power system components is offered. This view allows operators to assess the risk in the face of unfolding weather conditions and take actions accordingly. The benefits of using Big Data to achieve such decision-making capability are contrasted with the legacy solutions and their mostly after-the-fact reactive actions. The Big Data utilization is part of a larger effort aimed at introducing various advantages to the utility industry based on the advanced data analytics and diverse data sets. We discuss several examples from the recent work done for the utility industry using a real-life representation of their system and the associated events.

The design of the optimal power distribution system (PDS or powertrain) for fuel cell-based vehicles is a complex task due to PDS comprising one or more power converters, several types of secondary energy sources, a fuel cell, several control loops, and protections, among others. The optimized powertrain design tries to minimize the mass, volume, and cost, and also to improve system efficiency, fuel economy (both hydrogen and electricity), and vehicle autonomy. This paper analyzes the influence of four different factors that deeply affect the optimal powertrain design, in particular: the minimum power delivered by the fuel cell, the storage of the recovered energy from the regenerative braking periods, the battery technology, and the maximum battery state-of-charge variation. The analysis of these factors is carried out over a set of 9 different fuel cell-based architectures applied to a light vehicle, and a 10th architecture corresponding to a pure electric vehicle. This analysis p...

Now a days power system network operates at different states due to variation in load demand. As a result, the power flow in transmission line keeps on changing which needs to be controlled precisely. Therefore, in this paper an attempt to control power flow in transmission line at various operating states of power system network using Unified power flow controller (UPFC) is considered. Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) has been employed to provide dynamic control of series and shunt converters of UPFC because it adapts wide range of dynamic changes of power sys-tem operations easily. The performance of the FLC based UPFC to control power flow under three operating states (nominal loading, variable loading and different referencing of power) of IEEE-14 bus system has been observed in PSCAD environment. The results show that FLC based UPFC is capable of controlling power flow in transmission line in whatever states the power system network is operating. In addition, to validate the statement that FLC based UPFC cope up with networks variation flexibly, the simulation results are compared with proportional integral (PI) based UPFC. The results show that the FLC based UPFC has better power flow capability compared to PI controller.

Simultaneous switching noise (SSN) has become a major bottleneck in high speed digital design. For future systems, modeling SSN can be complex due to the thousands of interconnects that need to be analyzed. This is because a system level modeling approach is necessary that combines the chip, package and board level interactions. This paper presents an efficient method to model the SSN for high speed systems by developing circuit models for the planes and interconnections that can be combined using superposition theory. This approximation is valid at frequencies where skin effect is dominant. Simulation results are compared with the measurements on a test vehicle, verifying the validity of the method. In addition a system has been simulated to compute SSN, showing the application of this method for complex systems.

This report summarizes the status of the computer program RAD-POW. RADPOW is a program for Reliability Assessment of electrical Distribution POWer systems. It was developed at KTH School of Electrical Engineering, within the research program EKC and the research project on reliability of new electrical distribution systems. Further on, RADPOW has been used and further developed within the RCAM research group at KTH School of Electrical Engineering. This status report contains a brief description of the RADPOW_2006 version, the Loadow module from the RADPOW_1999_PH version and a description of the work done in the resulting RADPOW_2007 version. This version now includes a tested load ow module and the ability to calculate the latest component importance indices developed within the RCAM research group. The source code for the program has also been restructured and commented in a more detailed level than before.

Historically superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) has been considered by electric utilities as a load-leveling (peaking) device, requiring large energy-storage capability. However, as a result of system benefit studies and demonstration projects, utilities are beginning to realize that magnetic energy storage can be used for many utility applications, e.g., frequency regulation, power quality, substation transformer deferral, feederkustomer peak shaving, and renewable dispatchability. More important, utilities have realized that an energy storage device may be used for more than one application increasing its cost-effectiveness. We discuss one application of energy storage, the use of SMES at a utility substation, to protect the utility customers from short-duration voltage sags.

The intensity of peak currents due to lightning is a k e y factor in transmission line outages. Lightning peak currents are typically estimated with the use of remote sensing techniques. The Lightning Location and Protection (LLP) system installed in Ontario is employed specifically for this purpose. This system records the remote peak magnetic fields radiated b y cloud-to-ground lightning flashes. The peak stroke current distribution is determined by using these fields, a lightning locating algorithm, and a suitable propagation model. A more eflcient lightning location algorithm and an improved propagation model are both investigated and applied to data collected in Ontario, Canada. These results are used to examine double-corridor outages on transmission lines.

Power quality is one of the major problems in the present era. It has gained its importance because of the introduction of the sophisticated devices, whose performance is very sensitive to quality of power supply. Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure of end user equipment. One of the major problem dealt here is the voltage sag of the multiline power system. The aim of this paper is to design an Interline Dynamic Voltage Restorer which is able to compensate voltage sag and voltage regulation at critical load terminals. In our project, the Interline Dynamic Voltage Restorer (IDVR) has two IDVRs are connected to a common DC Link with Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). One of the IDVRs compensates for a voltage sag, the other IDVRs connected to common DC-Link energy storage. A current mode control strategy is incorporated into the IDVR system in both the working modes, voltage sag compensat...

Проблема преднамеренных электромагнитных деструктивных воздействий (ПЭДВ) на энергосистемы становится в последнее время все более и более актуальной в связи с двумя современными тенденциями: расширяющимся применением микроэлектроники и микропроцессорной техники в электроэнергетике, с одной стороны, и интенсивной разработкой специальных технических средств, предназначенных для дистанционного разрушения микроэлектроники, -с другой. Самым мощным средством разрушения микроэлектроники является электромагнитный импульс высотного ядерного взрыва (ЭМИ ЯВ). История экспериментов с ЭМИ ЯВ насчитывает уже полвека. За это время были написаны многие десятки статей, книг, отчетов, стандартов, детально описывающих явление ЭМИ ЯВ, его влияние на электронную аппаратуру и электроустановки, а также средства защиты от него. Однако большинство гражданских специалистов во многих областях техники по-прежнему остаются в неведении относительно этого феномена и средств защиты от него. Целью данной публикации является предоставление гражданским специалистам информации о доступных в Интернете стандартах и отчетах по данной теме, которые они могут использовать при оценке опасности ЭМИ ЯВ для силового электрооборудования и электронных приборов энергосистем и разработке средств защиты. 1. Стандарты Международной Электротехнической Комиссии (МЭК): 2. Стандарты Института инженеров электриков и электронщиков США (IEEE) 3. Стандарты Европейской Комиссии 4. Военные стандарты США 5. Стандарты НАТО ОТЧЕТЫ 1. Теория ЭМИ ЯВ 2. Геомагнитно-индуцированные токи и их влияние на энергосистему 3. Влияние ЭМИ ЯВ на энергосистему

This paper presents an overview analysis and a discussion of field experience with different drive configurations used in shovel applications. The analysis includes different drive topologies, shovel duty cycles for a typical truck pass loading and energy regeneration capabilities. Special attention is given to the interaction between the high power shovel drives and the grid: harmonics injection, reactive power requirements, and voltage regulation. This paper presents operational experiences obtained in copper mine industries. The main characteristics of the newest shovels with Active Front End (AFE) at the line side are also included. Finally, a critical evaluation of the different topologies is presented, showing that the shovel drive operation strongly affects the behavior of the power distribution system and that the introduction of the AFE technology produces an important performance improvement.

The paper proposes a near-optimal, distributed implementation of the particle filter for large scale dynamical systems with sparse measurements, as in wireless sensor networks (WSN) and power distribution systems. Compared to the centralized approach, the distributed implementation of the particle filter is computationally efficient and provides considerable transmission bandwidth savings due to a significant decrease in information exchange between the neighbouring nodes. In our test simulations, the performance of the distributed implementation is almost indistinguishable from the centralized particle filter.

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Energy theft is a significant problem facing the Nigerian power sector, leading to substantial revenue losses, poor power quality, and increased operational costs. The widespread illegal connections, meter tampering, and billing irregularities undermine the efficiency and reliability of electricity supply. To address these challenges, the implementation of prepaid meters has been proposed as a viable solution. Prepaid meters allow consumers to pay for electricity before use, thereby promoting efficient energy consumption and reducing the incidence of energy theft. By providing real-time monitoring and control over energy usage, prepaid meters can help utility companies ensure accurate billing and minimize losses. In Nigeria, various electricity distribution companies, including Ikeja Electric, have begun adopting prepaid meters to enhance service delivery and curb energy theft.

In this study, a novel sinusoidal PWM Switched Power Filter (SPF) and Dynamic Voltage Compensation (DVC) scheme using VSC/SMC/B-B controller for power mitigation and quality enhancements in medium power distribution systems are simulated. The system is based upon a stand-alone Wind Energy Conversion Scheme (WECS) using an induction generator and the proposed system control mechanisms, which are digitally simulated by using the MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems software.

The frequency stability of a power grid is effectively managed through the inertia and power reserves supplied by synchronous generators. Due to increasing concerns about the greenhouse effect and global warming, renewable energy sources (or microgrids) are increasingly replacing traditional fossil fuel-based methods of electricity generation. As microgrid deployment proliferates, power systems' inherent complexity and non-linear dynamics have escalated, rendering conventional controllers inadequate across diverse operating conditions. Factors such as reduced energy inertia, heightened penetration of renewable energy sources, and significant power fluctuations within confined transmission systems have heightened the vulnerability of microgrid frequencies to instability. This paper elucidates the concept of microgrids, examines frequency fluctuations in the presence of solar and diesel generators alongside load variations, and presents simulation-based analyses. Moreover, it provides a succinct overview of frequency control methodologies. Validation outcomes demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed controller in maintaining system frequency amidst fluctuating load demands and renewable energy inputs.

The orderly and rapid restoration of the distribution system (DS) after disasters relies on the accuracy and reliability of fault location. Disasters may also damage communication infrastructure, e.g., wireless base stations, resulting in failure to report fault information detected by remote fault indicators (RFIs) in a timely manner. By utilizing the emergency wireless communication via unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), this paper proposes a UAV-assisted communication restoration and fault location coordinated strategy. Designing multiple objectives, the strategy co-optimizes the communication restoration and fault location to get the UAVs’ flight trajectory as well as to identify the fault location and RFI abnormalities. The proposed method is verified for accuracy and validity by applying it to the IEEE 33-node system.

The traditional service restoration methods are experiencing a significant challenge because the performance of such methods is often dominated by very large processing time. Therefore, it is important to develop a fast and an accurate method to solve a complex non-linear optimization problem representing the service restoration problem in a distribution system. In this paper, due to a binary nature of the service restoration problem, the Binary Water Cycle Algorithm (BWCA) is proposed to reduce out-of-service loads and system losses considering operational constraints, the radial topology of the distribution systems, and the influence of the presence of distributed generations (DGs) on the service restoration problem. The proposed method is a modified form of the Water Cycle Algorithm (WCA) that is mainly used for discrete and continuous optimization problems. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by comparing with other well-known meta-heuristic algorithms using a modified IEEE 33-node radial distribution system. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of this method to provide a precise decision with short convergence time for solving service restoration problems.

This paper presents the application of quantitative and qualitative methods to assess reliability and security in urban electrical substations. The method is a visual technique based on a conceptual analysis of the different substation configurations. We also performed a sensitivity analysis considering the effects of connecting and disconnecting various elements of a power system. The procedure considers evaluating the loadability levels of transformers, buses, and lines, as well as the current state of the individual elements and the number of connected elements. A new index was proposed for urban electrical substations, evaluating the non-attended demand risk. The technique was tested in a power system case study with a meshed subtransmission network and distribution circuits to supply power to the loads. The results showed that the proposed method is a useful qualitative method to obtain a quantitative description of the system during operation in critical cases and the non-attended demand risk. In addition, 30% of the electrical substations showed low reliability indicators for critical cases such as failures in transformers that connect different internal configurations. These findings could be of interest for utilities and operators, as this document provides a simplified and graphic method that can integrate components such as configurations, non-attended demand risk, and loadability indicators as key parameters to identify critical points that affect the reliability and security of power systems. The case study showed that the electrical substations with the highest non-attention demand risk, around 50%, were those with single-and double-bar configurations in their respective switchyards. On the other hand, the substations with the lowest risk of unmet demand, equal to or less than 20%, were electrical substations with a doublebar + bypass switch configuration, a double-bar and ring configuration in the 110 kV switchyard, and a single-bar configuration in the 13.8 kV switchyard. This study showed that those substations that had couplings had a higher probability of withstanding contingencies.

This paper presents the application of quantitative and qualitative methods to assess reliability and security in urban electrical substations. The method is a visual technique based on a conceptual analysis of the different substation configurations. We also performed a sensitivity analysis considering the effects of connecting and disconnecting various elements of a power system. The procedure considers evaluating the loadability levels of transformers, buses, and lines, as well as the current state of the individual elements and the number of connected elements. A new index was proposed for urban electrical substations, evaluating the non-attended demand risk. The technique was tested in a power system case study with a meshed subtransmission network and distribution circuits to supply power to the loads. The results showed that the proposed method is a useful qualitative method to obtain a quantitative description of the system during operation in critical cases and the non-attended demand risk. In addition, 30% of the electrical substations showed low reliability indicators for critical cases such as failures in transformers that connect different internal configurations. These findings could be of interest for utilities and operators, as this document provides a simplified and graphic method that can integrate components such as configurations, non-attended demand risk, and loadability indicators as key parameters to identify critical points that affect the reliability and security of power systems. The case study showed that the electrical substations with the highest non-attention demand risk, around 50%, were those with single-and double-bar configurations in their respective switchyards. On the other hand, the substations with the lowest risk of unmet demand, equal to or less than 20%, were electrical substations with a double-bar + bypass switch configuration, a double-bar and ring configuration in the 110 kV switchyard, and a single-bar configuration in the 13.8 kV switchyard. This study showed that those substations that had couplings had a higher probability of withstanding contingencies.

In Lithuania energy system are places where the electric field strength exceeds the value set in EU Directive 2013/35/EU. These zones could be set by analytical or numerical modelling. Hazardous zones could not be only under the high voltage wires but near the fences, other low-level connected to earth structures which are located near the high voltage power lines as showed by investigation. Algorithm for high voltage dangerous zones investigation is proposed.

This paper presents a new procedure to analyze power distribution systems that energize nonlinear loads. The algorithm uses the singular values of the transfer matrix that relates the output variables and the system perturbation. The algorithm is especially developed to analyze the compensation performance of shunt and series active power filters. The algorithm is proved by simulation in a multibus industrial power distribution system and programmed in Matlab.

This paper presents the performance analysis of a hybrid filter composed of passive and active filters connected in series. The analysis is done by evaluating the influence of passive filter parameters variations and the effects that different active power filter's gain have in the compensation performance of the hybrid scheme. The compensation performance is quantified by evaluating the attenuation factor in a power distribution system energizing high-power nonlinear loads compensated with passive filters and then improved with the connection of a series active power filter. Finally, compensation characteristics of the hybrid topology are tested on a 10-kVA experimental setup.

In the last few decades, the Smart Grid paradigm presence has increased within power systems. These new kinds of networks demand new Operations and Planning approaches, following improvements in the quality of service. In this sense, the role of the Distribution Management System, through its Outage Management System, is essential to guarantee the network reliability. This system is responsible for minimizing the consequences arising from a fault event (or network failure). Obviously, knowing where the fault appears is critical for a good reaction of this system. Therefore, several fault location techniques have been proposed. However, most of them provide individual results, associated with specific testbeds, which make the comparison between them difficult. Due to this, a review of fault location methods has been done in this paper, analyzing them for their use on underground distribution lines. Specifically, this study is focused on an impedance-based method because their requirements are in line with the typical instrumentation deployed in distribution networks. This work is completed with an exhaustive analysis of these methods over a PSCAD TM X4 implementation of the standard IEEE Node Test Feeder, which truly allows us to consistently compare the results of these location methods and to determine the advantages and drawbacks of each of them.

In Colombia there are two indexes to measure the power supply continuity: DES and FES. DES stands for equivalent duration of the interruptions, ie. total time without power supply; meanwhile, FES stands for equivalent frequency of the interruptions, ie the total number ...

Growing widespread outages in power systems caused by natural disasters have highlighted the necessity of applying defensive approaches with the goal of prompt service restoration. In this context, this paper proposes a stochastic model with the goal of optimally using proactive operational actions before the upcoming disturbance hits. The actions considered in this study include network reconfiguration and crew prepositioning. To take the effective actions, the model simulates probable damages caused by the events via a set of scenarios generated by Monte Carlo simulation method. The proposed model aims at minimizing the expected load curtailment caused by the event over the scenarios. To calculate the amount of load curtailments, potential post-disturbance actions are also considered in the model. The model is mathematically formulated in mixed integer linear programming (MILP) fashion which can be easily solved via available software packages. A standard distribution system with a realistic set of data is employed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed model.

In order to realize the Smart Grid vision, it is necessary to have guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) for the communication and networking technology used in various stages of the Smart Grid, ranging from power generation, transmission, distribution, to the customer applications. The low cost wireless protocols such as Zigbee (using IEEE 802.15.4 defined physical and MAC layer) and Bluetooth (IEEE802.15.1) are especially useful for the power distribution system monitoring and customer applications. However, they do not support QoS and typically have a short propagation distance. In this paper, we propose to add the QoS into these low cost protocols by providing differentiated service for traffic of different priority at the MAC layer and use Zigbee as an example. Our analytical delay model and simulation results show that the proposed QoS enhancement can improve the delay and goodput of the network, thus ensuring the reliability, availability, and performance of a Smart Grid distribution monitoring and control.

This study assessed the impacts of natural phenomena-induced electrical faults on the distribution system of Lagos, served by Ikeja and Eko electricity distribution companies. The research evaluated the frequency, technical, cost, and reliability impacts of these faults. The study employed statistical and software-based short circuit fault analyses as well as system reliability indices methods to identify the most vulnerable feeders to nature-induced faults. It also simulated the network's response to fault currents and estimated the monthly costs of nature-induced outages. For the data period, an average of 20 to 43 nature-induced faults occurred annually on the networks. The obtained fault currents ranged from 0.67kA to 0.78kA and 0.52kA to 1.02kA for the 11kV and 33kV networks, respectively, which was useful for setting up installed breakers. The estimated average monthly cost of nature-induced energy loss was found to be between ₦3 million and ₦143 million for Eko and between ₦0.01 million and ₦108 million for Ikeja. The System Average Interruption Frequency Index and System Average Interruption Duration Index did not exceed 4 and 60, respectively, on 33kV network. In conclusion, natural phenomena-induced electrical faults had significant impacts, particularly in terms of monthly costs and investments in its mitigation should be explored.