Pollution Reduction

The paper explores the internal determinants of a manufacturing firm's environmental performance indexed by acquiring government or ISO 14001 certificate and its impacts on the firm's competitiveness in Vietnam, using a panel logistic and a modified Cobb-Douglas model respectively. It is found that firm size; environmental management system (EMS), foreign ownership, environmental staff, high technology level and middle age are factors increasing a firm's possibility conforming to the ISO 14001 standards while domestics' private ownership and low-or medium technology levels are constraints. There is no conclusive relationship between firm's environmental performance, state ownership and old, young age. Firm's environmental performance has no significant impact on its competitiveness measured by labor productivity.

The environmental and economic benefits of recycling spent Nd-Fe-B magnets are becoming increasingly important. Nevertheless, the reprocessing of this type of material by conventional processes remains a challenge due to the difficulties of rare earth elements (REEs) and Fe separation, low products purity and large-scale generation of boron wastewater. This research presents an effective approach for the comprehensive recovery of REEs, iron and boron from Nd-Fe-B magnet wastes. Investigations of the initial roasting pretreatment showed it to be an effective method that aids the subsequent selective separation of REEs, with the most suitable temperature determined to be 800 °C. During the following selective hydrochloric acid pressure leaching of the roasted magnet, the addition of 2 g/L NaNO 3 was found to significantly improve the separation of REEs and B from Fe. The results indicated that almost 99% of REEs and 97% of B could be extracted, whilst in contrast, less than 0.1% of iron dissolved, to leave a hematite rich residue. The extracted REEs were then directly precipitated as oxalates with >99% extraction and 99.95% purity at a value n(oxalic acid)/n(REEs) of 1, resulting in significant improvements to oxalic acid consumption and REEs product purity. In the final step, 99.5% of boron was recovered via a three-stage counter current extraction with 30% (v/v) (EHD) and 70% (v/v) sulfonated kerosene. These findings demonstrate that high recoveries of REEs, Fe and B are achievable with hydrochloric acid pressure leaching followed oxalate precipitation and boron recovery.

este estudio propone analizar y comprender las repercusiones del
dumping en el sector del calzado en Jalisco, con la intención de ofrecer alternativas
para fortalecer la competitividad de las empresas afectadas y mejorar sus resultados
financieros.

Healthcare resources have changed fundamentally compared to decades ago. Modern
bio-food products and sustainable solutions for their production have increased the attention of
researchers, taking into account the current level of pollution of the earth and atmosphere along with
modern technologies applied to processed foods. Therefore, this review aims to highlight: (1) the
impact and relationship between the physiological parameters of the atmosphere, solar radiation
and soil, (in terms of their composition and stages of formation and organization) along with the
evolution to modern life; (2) the environmental impacts on algae, living organisms, food, and human
health and sustainability. In addition, we address the significant impact of algae as a sustainable
resource in reducing environmental pollution contributing to a healthier life.

The paper describes a neural approach for modelling and control of a turbocharged Diesel engine. A neural model, whose structure is mainly based on some physical equations describing the engine behaviour, is built for the rotation speed and the exhaust gas opacity. The model is composed of three interconnected neural sub-models, each of them constituting a nonlinear Multi-Input Single-Output Output Error model. The structural identification and the parameter estimation from data gathered on a real engine are described. The neural direct model is then used to determine a neural controller of the engine, in a specialized training scheme minimising a multivariable criterion. Simulations show the effect of the pollution constraint weighting on a trajectory tracking of the engine speed. Neural networks, which are flexible and parsimonious nonlinear black-box models, with universal approximation capabilities, can describe or control accurately complex nonlinear systems, with few a priori theoretical knowledge. The presented work extends optimal neuro-control to the multivariable case and shows the flexibility of neural optimisers. Considering the preliminary results, it appears that neural networks can be used as embedded models for engine control, to satisfy the more and more restricting pollutant emission legislation. Particularly, they are able to model nonlinear dynamics and outperform during transients the control schemes based on static mappings.

Following the Kyoto Protocol, the 28 countries that are part of the European Union, among them Greece, are implementing a wide range of policy measures to tackle climate change and limit their greenhouse gas emissions. To achieve these, European countries must decrease their electricity consumption and make their buildings more energy-efficient. This thesis aims to investigate which factors affect residential electricity consumption and in which way. This could enable policymakers to design policy measures in a more energy-efficient and less carbon-intensive way in the bioeconomy framework. To find this out, a theoretical and empirical analysis of residential electricity demand in the EU has been carried out. Subsequently, the conclusions of this investigation are presented, and policy measures are suggested, to contribute to the overall discussion about electricity demand, energy efficiency, and climate change.

La  presente ponencia, busca exponer los marcos conceptuales del Distrito Industrial, exponiendo aquellas caracteristicas que hacen reflexionar acerca de su importancia, tomando como referencia el caso textil de Moroleon, asi mismo,  investiga alternativas de abordaje de problemas y sugerencias para la eventual puesta en marcha de politicas publicas, proyectos de inversion tanto a nivel local, regional y nacional, que incentiven la competitividad del sector y fomenten estrategias empresariales acordes a este concepto. La primera parte expone la evolucion de la teoria de los Distritos Industriales;

Urban areas worldwide are experiencing increasing challenges in water management, driven by rapid population growth, urbanization, and climate change. This study explores sustainable water management strategies for urban environments, focusing on innovative technologies and practices that address water scarcity, pollution, and inefficient resource use. By integrating advanced systems and green infrastructure, cities can develop more resilient and sustainable water solutions. The study examines a range of technologies and practices, including rainwater harvesting, greywater recycling, smart water grids, and advanced wastewater treatment. These approaches not only help to alleviate water scarcity but also reduce pollution and improve the overall efficiency of urban water systems. The effectiveness of these strategies is analyzed in terms of water conservation, cost efficiency, and environmental impact. Additionally, the role of policy and community engagement is discussed, highlighting the importance of government support and public participation in implementing successful water management practices. The study underscores the need for a holistic approach that combines technology, policy, and community action to achieve sustainable water management in urban areas. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on sustainability and urban development by providing insights into innovative solutions for water management. It aims to serve as a resource for policymakers, urban planners, and environmental professionals seeking to address the complex challenges of water management in cities, offering practical recommendations and highlighting best practices from successful case studies.

The paper explores the internal determinants of a manufacturing firm's environmental performance indexed by acquiring government or ISO 14001 certificate and its impacts on the firm's competitiveness in Vietnam, using a panel logistic and a modified Cobb-Douglas model respectively. It is found that firm size; environmental management system (EMS), foreign ownership, environmental staff, high technology level and middle age are factors increasing a firm's possibility conforming to the ISO 14001 standards while domestics' private ownership and low-or medium technology levels are constraints. There is no conclusive relationship between firm's environmental performance, state ownership and old, young age. Firm's environmental performance has no significant impact on its competitiveness measured by labor productivity.

Rediseño industrial en los procesos de curtido de pieles Resumen: El trabajo estuvo centrado en la evaluación y rediseño de procesos en el sistema de producción de tratamiento del cuero. El tratamiento del cuero es una industria con mucho auge en las regiones andinas de Latinoamérica. En este sentido, este estudio se basa en una tenería ubicada en Perú, Es por ello que este trabajo se dedica a desarrollar una aproximación de mejora de procesos basados en la optimización de los desplazamientos del personal y del correcto estudio de la planificación de las áreas en donde se ejecutan las acciones que dan como fin la obtención del cuero utilizando estrategias que no requieran costosas inversiones en herramientas o software, ya que lo que se busca es optimizar procesos sin realizar grandes inversiones de capital. Palabras clave: Tratamiento de cuero, rediseño industrial, procesos industriales.

It has been predicted that through carbon trading projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), more than 5 million tonnes of carbon dioxide will be avoided by 2012 and similarly cutting back 10 % of India’s greenhouse gas emissions every year. Indian Government has cleared more than 1000 projects related to carbon trading, highest in the world, followed by china, attracting investments worth Rs.1,19,662 crore in green ventures. Realizing the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by a fixed percentage would be costlier in developed countries and the treaty allows rich countries to instead fund green transitions in developing countries and claim credit of the reduced emissions against their targets. Companies or entities in India undertake a change in their existing processes that reduces emissions against which they are provided carbon credit certificates each worth a tonne of carbon dioxide not emitted, which they can sell to the rich countries.

Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a looming pandemic, demanding prompt actions to avert catastrophic consequences. Effluents from pharmaceutical industries containing antimicrobial residues could serve as one of the entry points of these drugs to the environment. This qualitative study explores the treatment and disposal practices of pharmaceutical effluent (PE) containing potential antibiotic residues (ARs) by interviewing major stakeholders. In addition, we assessed their knowledge and perception on contribution of PE to AMR. Methods The study was conducted in the two Indian states, Haryana and Telangana and at the federal level. Data was collected by semi-structured in-depth interviews of 29 participants from 17 stakeholders/organizations viz. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) of Telangana and Haryana, civic body, pharmaceutical manufacturers, pharmaceutical associations and civil society. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Results The effluent treatment and disposal practices varied with the multinational companies (MNCs) having advanced technologies whereas the small and medium-scale pharmaceutical companies (SMPCs) having effluent treatment plants as per the regulations but often under-utilized. The presence of ARs in the PE was considered inconsequential by SPCBs and SMPCs and majority of stakeholders imputed other causes as major contributors to AMR. However, the MNCs were well aware of the contribution of PE to AMR and CPCB also considered ARs as direct source of AMR. The central regulators as well as MNCs expressed concerns regarding the current regulations lacking maximum ARs in the PE. Conclusion Setting up regulatory standards for maximum ARs in PE, their implementation and monitoring is an urgent need to curb environmental contribution of ARs to AMR. The findings of our study will help in systematic approach in policy making, awareness programs and capacity-building in dealing with the ARs in PE to combat AMR.

The textile industry in Bangladesh has been a great engine for boosting economic growth in the country. However, with great success came environmental deterioration. Untreated effluents containing heavy metals are being released into rivers from nearby factories, affecting the health of people who live along the polluted rivers. The existing law in Bangladesh, requiring such factories to install an effluent treatment plant (ETP), has not been effective in reducing environmental noncompliance. This paper aims to investigate the reality of the situation that the textile industry faces regarding environmental compliance. It is based on primary data collected from textile factories in Dhaka through a questionnaire survey with complementary interviews. This study especially highlights the barriers and difficulties faced by factories in the installation and operation of ETPs. The results confirm previous findings: Low willingness of companies to meet environmental compliance requirements ...

The paper describes a neural approach for modelling and control of a turbocharged Diesel engine. A neural model, whose structure is mainly based on some physical equations describing the engine behaviour, is built for the rotation speed and the exhaust gas opacity. The model is composed of three interconnected neural sub-models, each of them constituting a nonlinear Multi-Input Single-Output Output Error model. The structural identification and the parameter estimation from data gathered on a real engine are described. The neural direct model is then used to determine a neural controller of the engine, in a specialized training scheme minimising a multivariable criterion. Simulations show the effect of the pollution constraint weighting on a trajectory tracking of the engine speed. Neural networks, which are flexible and parsimonious nonlinear black-box models, with universal approximation capabilities, can describe or control accurately complex nonlinear systems, with few a priori theoretical knowledge. The presented work extends optimal neuro-control to the multivariable case and shows the flexibility of neural optimisers. Considering the preliminary results, it appears that neural networks can be used as embedded models for engine control, to satisfy the more and more restricting pollutant emission legislation. Particularly, they are able to model nonlinear dynamics and outperform during transients the control schemes based on static mappings.

Industrial Development commonly creates an ambience of better employment opportunities, better lifestyle, skill development, education, higher GDP, economic development, increased imports, development of technology and so on. But in reality, what it creates is not just limited to it. Every industry from the essential industries such as of iron and steel to the energy-based industry like Thermal power plants to the manufacturing industries like textiles, inspite of being essential, still cause problems concerning environmental to human society.  This article attempts to an in-dept introspection of the leather industry and its allies from a perspective of economic development, health, environment and human development in the city of Unnao, Uttar Pradesh. Inspite of the fact leather Industry is one of the major sources of foreign exchange and employment, it has nevertheless unintentionally created employment insecurity, reduced skill development in the population, made the population d...

The paper explores the internal determinants of a manufacturing firm's environmental performance indexed by acquiring government or ISO 14001 certificate and its impacts on the firm's competitiveness in Vietnam, using a panel logistic and a modified Cobb-Douglas model respectively. It is found that firm size; environmental management system (EMS), foreign ownership, environmental staff, high technology level and middle age are factors increasing a firm's possibility conforming to the ISO 14001 standards while domestics' private ownership and low-or medium technology levels are constraints. There is no conclusive relationship between firm's environmental performance, state ownership and old, young age. Firm's environmental performance has no significant impact on its competitiveness measured by labor productivity.

Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a looming pandemic, demanding prompt actions to avert catastrophic consequences. Effluents from pharmaceutical industries containing antimicrobial residues could serve as one of the entry points of these drugs to the environment. This qualitative study explores the treatment and disposal practices of pharmaceutical effluent (PE) containing potential antibiotic residues (ARs) by interviewing major stakeholders. In addition, we assessed their knowledge and perception on contribution of PE to AMR. Methods The study was conducted in the two Indian states, Haryana and Telangana and at the federal level. Data was collected by semi-structured in-depth interviews of 29 participants from 17 stakeholders/organizations viz. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) of Telangana and Haryana, civic body, pharmaceutical manufacturers, pharmaceutical associations and civil society. Data was analyzed using thematic an...

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar las fuerzas de atracción que llevarona la región mexicana de León, Guanajuato, a convertirse en un ejemplo de desarrollo regional, a partir de la industria del calzado. La metodología parte del análisis de la teoría industrial, particularmente la localización, la aglomeración y el clúster industrial. Es una investigación de contraste; vincula un fenómeno teórico con una investigación empírica. Determina las causas empíricas por las cuales se generó la localización y aglomeración industrial y en qué condiciones. Para ello, se elaboraron entrevistas a los empresarios del calzado.

Industrial Development commonly creates an ambience of better employment opportunities, better lifestyle, skill development, education, higher GDP, economic development, increased imports, development of technology and so on. But in reality, what it creates is not just limited to it. Every industry from the essential industries such as of iron and steel to the energy-based industry like Thermal power plants to the manufacturing industries like textiles, inspite of being essential, still cause problems concerning environmental to human society.  This article attempts to an in-dept introspection of the leather industry and its allies from a perspective of economic development, health, environment and human development in the city of Unnao, Uttar Pradesh. Inspite of the fact leather Industry is one of the major sources of foreign exchange and employment, it has nevertheless unintentionally created employment insecurity, reduced skill development in the population, made the population d...

Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI) is a rational number to characterize the quality of the environment at a given location following the algorithm of source, pathway, and receptor. As CEPI increases, there will be adverse effects on the receiving environment. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has brought out revised criteria for evaluation of CEPI by replacing the criteria issued in 2010. The revised criteria are issued to overcome the subjectivity factors of health impact studies on humans, flora and fauna. Kurichi Industrial Cluster in Coimbatore District is an engineering industrial estate housing foundries, forging units, metal finishing and fabrication units. In January 2010, the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India declared Kurichi as critically polluted area and imposed moratorium on new projects and for expansion of the existing units. This declaration was made based on the CEPI score which was calculated as more than 70. Thereafter, the industries and the local stake holders have implemented various pollution control measures and hence the CEPI score has come down less than 70 and so the moratorium was lifted in October 2010. In this paper, the CEPI score is calculated based on the revised criteria and using the environmental quality monitoring data collected in April 2017. It is found that the CEPI score is below 70 which imply that the industrial units are operating and maintaining the pollution control measures consistently. However, taking a policy decision based on the CEPI score, one should be cautious on the adequacy of data and the parameters selected.

Sustainable wastewater management in the agrifood industries relies on pollution control at the source by maintaining Cleaner Production (CP) approaches, and minimizing the Water Footprint (WFP). The challenges for applying CP and WFP call for having effective governance, which will help solidify the networking and enhance communications between all parties. The determined WFP for the Ultra-Heat Temperature (UHT) milk for case study A is 0.239 m 3. Case study (A): produces about 20.5 m 3 /d of UHT milk, which is 3% of the daily dairy needed in Palestine. It consumes about 8.915 m 3 /d of water, while the consumption of UHT milk in Palestine reaches 550 m 3 UHT milk/d, considering case study (A) produces UHT only. This means consuming about 297.158 m 3 /d (about 108,468 m 3 /y), assuming that case study (A) applied 5-6 CP approaches and reduced water consumption by 230,000 m 3 /y. The SWOT analysis used to analyze CP and WFP applications in the dairy industries in Palestine revealed that the best practice to achieve that is by-law enforcement. The willingness of the industrial sector to apply the CP and WFP forms a core governance element to enhance industrial wastewater management in Palestine.

Sustainable wastewater management in the agrifood industries relies on pollution control at the source by maintaining Cleaner Production (CP) approaches, and minimizing the Water Footprint (WFP). The challenges for applying CP and WFP call for having effective governance, which will help solidify the networking and enhance communications between all parties. The determined WFP for the Ultra-Heat Temperature (UHT) milk for case study A is 0.239 m 3. Case study (A): produces about 20.5 m 3 /d of UHT milk, which is 3% of the daily dairy needed in Palestine. It consumes about 8.915 m 3 /d of water, while the consumption of UHT milk in Palestine reaches 550 m 3 UHT milk/d, considering case study (A) produces UHT only. This means consuming about 297.158 m 3 /d (about 108,468 m 3 /y), assuming that case study (A) applied 5-6 CP approaches and reduced water consumption by 230,000 m 3 /y. The SWOT analysis used to analyze CP and WFP applications in the dairy industries in Palestine revealed that the best practice to achieve that is by-law enforcement. The willingness of the industrial sector to apply the CP and WFP forms a core governance element to enhance industrial wastewater management in Palestine.

The paper explores the internal determinants of a manufacturing firm's environmental performance indexed by acquiring government or ISO 14001 certificate and its impacts on the firm's competitiveness in Vietnam, using a panel logistic and a modified Cobb-Douglas model respectively. It is found that firm size; environmental management system (EMS), foreign ownership, environmental staff, high technology level and middle age are factors increasing a firm's possibility conforming to the ISO 14001 standards while domestics' private ownership and low-or medium technology levels are constraints. There is no conclusive relationship between firm's environmental performance, state ownership and old, young age. Firm's environmental performance has no significant impact on its competitiveness measured by labor productivity.

Leather Industry in India, occupies a place of prominence in the Indian economy, in view of its massive potential for employment, growth and exports. The industry covers a vast spectrum of inputs, activities, skills and products i.e. livestock, hides and skins, tanning, leather products and exports. The tanning industry is concentrated in three states viz. Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. The other important states are Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab. The main products made out of leather are footwear, leather garments, leather goods such as hand bags, belts, wallets, gloves, sports goods, harness and saddlery, upholstery etc. In this article, the growth rate of leather export was measured by fitting an exponential time trend of the form. The growth rate was the highest for finished leather (14.77 per cent) followed by leather goods (13.79 per cent), leather foot wear (11.35 per cent) and foot wear components (6.3 per cent); it was the lowest for leather garments (4.8 per cent). For finding out the changes in the structure of the leather export of India, Markov chain analysis was used. The results indicated that the stability in leather export of India was higher with Germany and Spain. The stability was meager with UK and other countries. The leather exports to USA, Italy, Hong Kong and France were completely unstable.

There is a dichotomous relationship between the density of solar housing and household energy use. The amount of solar energy available per person decreases approximately linearly as density increases. At the same time, transportation energy, and to some extent, housing energy decreases. Thus, an interesting question is posed: how does net energy use vary with housing density? This paper attempts to provide insight into this question by examining three housing forms: low-density detached homes, medium-density townhouses, and high-density highrises in Toronto. The three major quantities of energy that are summed for each are building operational energy use, solar energy availability, and personal transportation energy use. The results show that only when all systems are made to be extremely efficient does the low-density development result in lower net energy use. Thus, this study underpins the necessity of considering new housing developments in the context of their surroundings.

As an alternative to the traditional process based on the use of sulfides, an unhairing process in drum by hydrogen peroxide, named DEPOXO, was developed for the production of high-quality bovine upper leather. A preliminary investigation at laboratory scale has allowed to set out the optimal process conditions, in terms of H2O2 dosage (9 %) and pH (12.5), in order to achieve an effective unhairing and a compatible swelling of hides. The following pilot-scaled runs have assessed the industrial feasibility of the process that allows the production of a versatile base for different final applications of the leather (either chrome or vegetable tanned), and appear practical to implement. The crust leather obtained by the oxidative unhairing process showed good physical-mechanical and technical properties comparable with those obtained by the traditional one, and the leather was technically assessed as satisfactory and suitable according to the market request. The actual reduction of the...

The material characteristics and properties of transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDCs) have gained research interest in various fields, such as electronics, catalytic, and energy storage. In particular, many researchers have been focusing on the applications of TMDCs in dealing with environmental pollution. TMDCs provide a unique opportunity to develop higher-value applications related to environmental matters. This work highlights the applications of TMDCs contributing to pollution reduction in (i) gas sensing technology, (ii) gas adsorption and removal, (iii) wastewater treatment, (iv) fuel cleaning, and (v) carbon dioxide valorization and conversion. Overall, the applications of TMDCs have successfully demonstrated the advantages of contributing to environmental conversation due to their special properties. The challenges and bottlenecks of implementing TMDCs in the actual industry are also highlighted. More efforts need to be devoted to overcoming the hurdles to maximize the pot...

The paper describes a neural approach for modelling and control of a turbocharged Diesel engine. A neural model, whose structure is mainly based on some physical equations describing the engine behaviour, is built for the rotation speed and the exhaust gas opacity. The model is composed of three interconnected neural sub-models, each of them constituting a nonlinear Multi-Input Single-Output Output Error model. The structural identification and the parameter estimation from data gathered on a real engine are described. The neural direct model is then used to determine a neural controller of the engine, in a specialized training scheme minimising a multivariable criterion. Simulations show the effect of the pollution constraint weighting on a trajectory tracking of the engine speed. Neural networks, which are flexible and parsimonious nonlinear black-box models, with universal approximation capabilities, can describe or control accurately complex nonlinear systems, with few a priori theoretical knowledge. The presented work extends optimal neuro-control to the multivariable case and shows the flexibility of neural optimisers. Considering the preliminary results, it appears that neural networks can be used as embedded models for engine control, to satisfy the more and more restricting pollutant emission legislation. Particularly, they are able to model nonlinear dynamics and outperform during transients the control schemes based on static mappings.

Ekte trabajo hace una revisión de lasprinczpales formulaciones teói-icas en torno a los clusters industriales. Se identvican tres grandes perspectivas de análisis. Una es la asociada a lospkmteamientos sobre los Distritos Industiiales, usualmente conformados por pequeñas y medianas empTesas (PYMES) con una dinámica posfordista de corte lean production. Oti-a perspectiva es la queproporcionaiz los enfoques que tienen como sustento la idea de redy que proceden de campos teóricos diversos (teorías de redes, teoría de la organi.zación, industrial governance). Una tercera visión es la que se encuentv-a en la jbrmulación de la cadena global de producción (global commodity chain).

This paper aims at summarizing the results of the survey for determining the qualifications need of local industry in Palestine. It comes as an output of the first work package named “Identify stakeholders, their needs and education and training contents in Palestine” of the Tempus project called “Middle Eastern Partnership in Sustainable Engineering” with acronym (ME-Eng). The project aims to enhance the value creation of the Palestinian industries by providing qualified engineers who are able to design and develop sustainable products and processes. Master program in Sustainable Production and Quality Engineering, and Education & Training centers will be considered as demonstrator of the project. Education & Training centers will enhance the cooperation with local industries by providing Lifelong learning short courses. In order to achieve the goals of this work package, a questionnaire has been prepared and distributed in the local Palestinian industries. The results of the quest...

El objetivo de la investigación aquí descrita fue era estudiar el perfil ambiental de dos sistemas de fabricación de cuero vacuno (el italiano y el español), para identificar sus puntos débiles y para averiguar si las distintas tecnologías y soluciones de gestión cooperativa adoptadas llevan a importantes diferencias ambientales en los dos sistemas analizados. Se analizan los impactos ambientales por medio de la metodología de análisis del ciclo de vida (ACV). A nivel macro-fase, el proceso de curtición resultó ser la fase más ambientalmente significativa en casi todas las categorías de impacto en ambos sistemas. A nivel de las etapas específicas del proceso de curtición, las más impactantes son las etapas de curtición, tintura, recurtición y remojo en el sistema italiano y el remojo, encalado, curtido y recurtido en el español. Las principales diferencias entre los dos sistemas y algunas opciones de mejora se identificaron a tres niveles: el mix energético, el proceso industrial y ...

The Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition is an alternative combustion technology that can reduce automobile pollution, provided that the exhaust emission can be controlled. A parametric study can be useful in order to gain more understanding in the emission reduction possibilities via this new combustion technology. For this purpose, the inlet temperature, the equivalence ratio and the compression ratio are changed respectively from 30 to 70 °C, 0.28 to 0.41 and 6 to 14. Also the diluting, thermal and chemical effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation were studied. The emission of CO, CO 2 , O 2 and hydrocarbons has been measured using Primary Reference Fuels. It appears that an increase in the inlet temperature, the EGR temperature, the equivalence ratio and the compression ratio results into a decrease of the emissions of CO and the hydrocarbons of up to 75 %. The emission of CO 2 increased, however, by 50 %. The chemical parameters showed more complicated effects, resulting into a decrease or increase of the emissions, depending on whether the overall reactivity increased or not. If the reactivity increased, generally, the emissions of CO and hydrocarbons increased, while that of CO 2 increased. The increase of CO 2 emissions could be compensated by altering the compression ratio and the EGR parameters, making it possible to control the emission of the HCCI engine.

Chromium-Containing Leather Waste (CCLW) constitutes an environmental pollution problem to leather industries disposing the waste by landfill. The waste mainly consists of collagen and chromium III complexes. This work is a design of reactors to recover gelatin, polypeptides and chromium from CCLW. The results of the experiment shows that 68% of protein, based on dry weight of leather scraps, could be recovered. Three reactors with a total volume of 18 m 3 was designed to handle 10,431 kg of waste generated from the tanning industries.

Objetivo: analizar qué estrategias han implementado los empresarios del sector curtidor en León, Guanajuato ante la COVID-19, para conocer cómo han sobrevivido a la crisis sanitaria y económica en el 2020.Diseño metodológico: se trata de un estudio descriptivo, en el cual se capta el deterioro económico causado por el problema de salud mundial mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a los actores económicos de esta industria. Así como entrevistas al director y al coordinador de Recursos Humanos de la Cámara de la Industria de la Curtiduría (Cicur).Resultados: estos muestran las múltiples afectaciones económicas que se traducen en disminución de la producción y pérdida de empleos con una elevada incertidumbre para la reapertura, así como las estrategias que los empresarios del sector han implementado.Limitaciones: si bien la interacción cara a cara con los actores del proceso productivo es fundamental, debido a la contingencia sanitaria tuvimos que acudir de manera conjunta con la Cic...

Sin lugar a dudas, Zapotlanejo, Jalisco representa un ejemplo ilustrativo del surgimiento y desarrollo de las iniciativas locales para llevar a cabo el desarrollo económico a partir del surgimiento y desarrollo de una actividad económica, en este caso la confección de prendas de vestir para dama. La fabricación de prendas de vestir en la localidad generó la configuración de diversas zonas de influencia expresadas principalmente en el asentamiento de microempresas, la comercialización y se ha constituido un mercado laboral.

The textile industry in Bangladesh has been a great engine for boosting economic growth in the country. However, with great success came environmental deterioration. Untreated effluents containing heavy metals are being released into rivers from nearby factories, affecting the health of people who live along the polluted rivers. The existing law in Bangladesh, requiring such factories to install an effluent treatment plant (ETP), has not been effective in reducing environmental noncompliance. This paper aims to investigate the reality of the situation that the textile industry faces regarding environmental compliance. It is based on primary data collected from textile factories in Dhaka through a questionnaire survey with complementary interviews. This study especially highlights the barriers and difficulties faced by factories in the installation and operation of ETPs. The results confirm previous findings: Low willingness of companies to meet environmental compliance requirements ...

1. LAS INDUSTRIAS DEL CUERO Y DEL CALZADO EN MÉXICO: FORTALEZAS Y DEBILIDADES. Las industrias mexicanas del cuero y del calzado, espacio tradicional de capitales nacionales se sacudieron muy fuertemente, como muchos otros sectores manufactureros, después de la entrada de México al Acuerdo General de Aranceles y Comercio (GATT), en 1986, las transformaciones sufridas entonces ilustran sobre este problema. ...

In this study, hydrogen peroxide usage instead of sodium sulphide (Na 2 S) under alkaline condition in leather manufacturing was investigated, whether hydrogen peroxide could be an alternative to high pollutant conventional unhairing-liming process or not. Besides, the effect of hydrogen peroxide on leather properties and the pollution load of liming wastewater were studied. The results indicated that the unhairing and fiber opening performance of hydrogen peroxide were satisfactory and the physical characteristics of the leathers as well as the air permeability values were comparable to those obtained by conventional unhairing-liming process. In addition, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the sulfide values of the waste water were also lower than the conventional one.

Indian Leather industry is recognized as one of the most promising foreign exchange earning sectors since early '70s of the previous century. The industry was hard hit by two consecutive foreign environment-bans since 1989. Along with that, few domestic environmental regulations also resulted into closure down of a number of leather tanneries in this period. However, the government intervention and the successive compliance measures adopted by the firms ultimately helped the industry to gain momentum in its export sector. This paper analyses the far reaching impact of these environmental regulations on export sector of Indian Leather Industry. Whether this boost in leather export marks a trade off relation between environmental quality and volume of exports is a matter of debate, attempted to be resolved here. This paper, within the limitations of data availability regarding environmental statistics, has determined a positive relation between environmental quality and volume of leather exports and justified that instead of Pollution Haven Hypothesis, Indian Leather Industry rather confirms Porter's Hypothesis.

This paper presents a methodology for systematic description of the EU building stock through archetype buildings with the aim to form a basis for analysing the potential for and cost of energy saving measures. The analysis includes the residential and non-residential sectors. Four countries in different climate regions, accounting for about half of the final energy consumption of EU-27 buildings, have been selected for the study, namely: France, Germany, Spain and UK. The number of archetypes per country has been defined corresponding to different categories of building type, construction year, climate region and main fuel source for heating. The accuracy of the description is validated by simulating energy demand with the building stock model ECCABS, and comparing the modelled final energy demand with corresponding data from statistics. The calculated total final energy demand for each country is within -9% and +3 % deviation from available statistics, which is considered satisfac...

Este aniculo tiene por objeto exponer el papel de los empresarios locales en los cambios productivos de cuatro municipios dei estado de Guanajuato. Tres de e1los, especializados desde hace cerca de un siglo en el cuera y el calzado (Leon), 0 en la elaboracion de prendas de vestir (Morale6n, Uriangato), estan amenazados des

Usage of the animal fleshing waste as the source of carbon and nitrogen for animal skin unhairing protease (EC 3.4.21) production along with agro-industrial wastes like wheat bran has been investigated. Thermal hydrolysis of delimed fleshing waste for 3 h yielded a fleshing hydrolysate (FH) having a protein content of 20.86 mg/mL and total solids of 46,600 ppm. The FH was lyophilized and spray dried to obtain fleshing hydrolysate powder (FHP) to be used along with wheat bran and rice bran for protease production. The carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and sulfur contents of the FHP were found to be 40.1, 13.8, 5.4, and 0.2%. The control solid-state fermented (SSF) medium without FHP showed a maximum activity of only 550 U/g. A maximum protease activity of 956 U/g was obtained by using 6% FHP (taken based on the combined total weight of wheat bran and rice bran) after 96 h of fermentation, resulting in a 1.7-fold increase in the protease activity. The total cost of producing 1 kg of FHP and...

The 15 m3/s figure is from 1993. However, this flow has probably not increased dramatically since then despite significant growth in the city size. Since the year 2003, water consumption in Bogota has dropped from 160l/cap/day to around 120l/cap/day (oral communication from the water Utility of Bogota, 2011) which suggests that wastewater from domestic sources has also declined per household

In ‘Trade Liberalisation and Environmental Protection: Responses of Leather Industry in Brazil, China and India’, U Sankar (2006) has argued that the growing complexities in environmental protectionism (i e, use of standards higher than the ones appropriate to developing countries) in the developed countries force a compliance requirement on developing countries like India. The compliance cost erodes their natural comparative advantage, apart from potentially worsening the social welfare. Given this, that paper concluded, there is need to assist firms to have smooth transition to ensure conformity with the required standards in a cost-effective manner. The current analysis supplements the core arguments of Sankar (2006) through two exercises. First, the key findings of our survey of leather firms in Tamil Nadu on the compliance level of various standards are summarised here. Second, through a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) the efficiency scores of the leather firms in India (given ...

Finding suitable sites for landfills is one of the most difficult tasks in solid waste management. The sanitary landfill site selection must address social, environmental and technical concerns. This work aims at assessing the geospatial implications posed by the current Zahrat Al Finjan (ZF) landfill disposal site, located in the north of the West Bank in Jenin districts. GISbased assessment was employed for different criteria including geology, soil, slope, land use, and stream network. This paper focuses on the assessment of ZF landfill potential environmental impacts on groundwater, sensitive ecosystems, rural areas and land use. The existing soil mantle at the landfill site consisting of clay and marly clay is influenced natural attenuation of the leachate infiltration. Nevertheless, uncontrolled accumulation of the leachate and the absence of a properly treated collection system pose potential contamination risk to shallow groundwater aquifer in the future. Also, gas produced ...

In the leather sector different types of finished leather products are prepared from raw salted skins. About 130 different types of chemicals are used in leather manufacturing ranging from common salt (sodium chloride) to the very expensive chrome sulphate. The chrome tanning process is widely employed in many countries including tanneries in Zimbabwe. Many chemicals are used to prepare hides for tanning, and after use these chemicals find their way into the environment. All three categories of waste, i.e. gaseous, liquid and solid are generated from the tanneries. This paper seeks to address the environmental pollution problems at a leather manufacturing company in Zimbabwe. An essential part of such a new approach is the concept of Cleaner Production (CP), an integrated preventative strategy aimed at minimising waste and improving the efficiency of processes, products and services. Raw salted skins are mainly used in Zimbabwe and these result in many salts finding their way in the...

En este articulo se explica el concepto de aglomeracion productiva, pero visualizado a traves de los sistemas de informacion geografica (SIG). Para presentar este tema es necesario partir de los efectos de la globalizacion en las transformaciones de tipo multidimensional en lo economico, cultural, politico e institucional y sus consecuencias en los procesos productivos. El nuevo escenario llevo a un cambio en el progreso economico que impacto a todos los paises de manera desigual. Esto llevo al cambio del escenario economico, politico y social que se produjo a partir de mediados de los ochenta, planteo la necesidad de nuevos enfoques que permitieran comprender esos cambios en los sectores productivos de los paises (Piore y Sabel, 1984). La produccion flexible marco una manera particular de producir, que transformo desde la base, hasta la naturaleza de los bienes finales, la organizacion de las empresas y las relaciones entre ellas. Se pueden explicar a traves de los casos tratados e...