Politeness strategies

This study aimed 1) to find the politeness strategy that is used by Banjarese and American to their relatives by using Yassi system of politeness which adaption from Brown and Levinson and Scollon and Scollon by adding Kinship (K) 2) to discover the influence of gender in using politeness strategy among Banjarese and American. The source of data was utterances by Banjarese and American. It used politeness theory of Brown & Levinson; Bald on-record, Positive, Negative, and Off-record. The study used descriptive qualitative method and the data were the transcription of utterances by Banjarese and American. The result of the study found that that Banjarese used positive politeness, negative politeness, and off-record to their relatives. Banjarese male paid more respect to their relatives in using politeness strategy. Banjarese female concentrated on expressing their personal feeling and better at giving compliment. In addition, American tend to use positive politeness,negative politeness, and bald on record. While American male often use politeness marker to address their interlocutor to make the interlocutor feel accepted. Furthermore, American female tend to exaggerate their utterance which make the interlocutor feel accepted and appreciated. This study is able to encourage the society to apply the politeness in better way which creates the harmony in the social interaction.

The study is mainly aimed at mapping the politeness system and more specifically discusses the role of ages as one of the most crucial social variables governing politeness strategies of heritage languages in South Sulawesi. The data were taken randomly from 120 respondents of the three etnic groups of South Sulawesi, namely Torajanese, Enrekangness, and Taeness who were interviewed and asked to fill out questionaires and some others from the author’s studies on politeness system of Makasarese and Buginese etnics. The study reveals that ages play important part in politeness strategies among the three communities. As mentioned in many literatures, in a symmetrical relation, regardless of ages, people tend to employ a positive politeness strategy, and as such using a more casual and direct speech for intimacy, when conversing to friends, and employ a negative politeness strategy, using a more formal and indirect speech for deference, when conversing to strangers. However, the study f...

This paper presents findings from a long-term study on compliments in Italian, employing different theoretical and methodological approaches. This study adopts variational pragmatics to investigate the impact of gender on compliments. We examine whether Italian compliments exhibit gender-specific patterns that transcend cultural variations, as suggested in prior research. After revisiting in a variational perspective the wide collection of spontaneous speech analyzed in an earlier phase of the research, new data are drawn from a questionnaire submitted to a sample of 576 young speakers in the University of Catania (Italy). This questionnaire explores various facets of complimenting, including frequency, object, modulation, and function. This analysis reveals a distinct gender pattern, highlighting a pragmatic role of compliments that is salient in women's interaction. Among them, compliments are much more common and intensified, they concern mostly appearance, and they are a positive politeness strategy as they serve an important interpersonal function: linked to the concept of phatic communion, compliments are acts aimed at creating, maintaining, and strengthening mutual solidarity.

Београд 1945 »Кад радиш, нека ти је богом просто! Али кад ти је срце запечаћено мртвим воском, онда је то проклетство.« Јанко Веселиновић »Проклет јест и остаје новац који се не употребљава на опште народа послове.« Сима Милутиновић-Сарајлија Једног од последњих дана фебруара месеца 1935. године све су београдске новине донеле вест да је у Стишкој улици, у кући број 16а, нађена мртва сопственица те куће. Звала се Рајка Радаковић, била је родом из Сарајева, а живела је у тој кући већ петнаестак година, потпуно повучено, животом старе, усамљене девојке и важила је као тврдица и особењак. Њену смрт је открио писмоноша те улице. Пошто је два дана узалуд звонио, обишао је кућу, погледао кроз прозор из дворишта, видео у предсобљу леш старе девојке како лежи наузнак, и одмах пријавио ствар полицији. По обичајима који су тада владали, криминална хроника заузимала је много места у дневној штампи. Сви дневни листови искоришћавали су убиства, несреће и крваве догађаје да би, распаљујући машту гомиле, заголицали њено љубопитство и, задовољавајући га до у најситније појединости, повећали продају листа. И ову вест о смрти усамљене старице новине су објавиле на видном месту, са голицавим поднасловима: »Да ли се ради о злочину?«, »Истрага у току. Наш репортер на лицу места«. Али овога пута није новинама било суђено да донесу дуге репортерске извештаје са језивим појединостима и фотографским снимцима. Комисија, која је одмах изишла у Стишку улицу, утврдила је брзо и несумњиво да није у питању злочин, него да је стара девојка умрла природном смрћу, од срчане капи, а да је све у кући неоштећено и на свом месту, без трага провале и ма каквог насиља и крађе. Чим је објављена вест о смрти старе девојке, дошао је у Стишку улицу стари и познати београдски трговац Ђорђе Хаџи-Васић са женом. То су били једини рођаци које је покојница имала у Београду. Они су извршили сахрану и, као најближи рођаци, преузели кућу и све што је у њој, док се питање заоставштине не расправи. Новине нису више никад поменуле име Рајке Радаковић. Ни њен тадашњи живот ни њена смрт нису имали ничега што може да привуче пажњу и узбуди машту читалачке гомиле, али њену истинску судбину причаће вам странице које долазе.

The peculiarities of communicative behavior within the national culture are determined, on the one hand, by certain linguistic means, and on the other hand, by the rules defining how to use these means. In this article, we identify the following main features of speech behavior patterns implemented by speakers of indigenous languages of Siberia, in particular by the Ket language speakers: 1) Etiquettical speech behavior patterns are implemented in most cases not verbally, but actionally; 2) There are practically no native politeness formulas, instead of them arbitrarily formulated statements or borrowed etiquette clichés are used; 3) Informative speech behavior patterns can be implemented both verbally and actionally; 4) Such communicative and pragmatic factors as age, social status and social distance do not seem to affect the implementation of directive speech behavior patterns.

This study explores the pragmatic application of negative politeness strategies in requests produced by Jordanian and Omani students. By comparing the negative politeness strategies utilized by each group, the research aims to highlight both similarities and differences in their approaches. A qualitative methodology, incorporating observation and semi-structured interviews, will be employed to gather data from a sample of 10 Jordanian students at Jerash University in Jordan and 10 Omani students at Sultan Qaboos University in Oman. The study will test the following hypotheses: Jordanian and Omani students tend to favor similar negative politeness strategies when making requests, and the enactment of these strategies may vary in terms of request formulation and specific linguistic choices. Future research directions include examining positive politeness strategies in requests among these populations, potentially enriching the current findings through a deeper investigation of politeness behaviors in their daily communicative interactions.

In an era where trust has eroded across institutions, relationships, and communities, the systematic breakdown of politeness represents more than mere social decline-it signals the collapse of fundamental coordination mechanisms that enable human societies to function effectively. This comprehensive two-volume work presents The Path of Politeness as a complete framework for understanding and restoring systematic courtesy as the foundational element of all successful social assembly processes.

Javanese language education is very important and urgent to be given to children from an early childhood. Javanese language is one of the cultures of the Indonesian State which is full of meaning. The variety and level of speech in the use of Javanese teaches its users to uphold the values of hospitality, courtesy, inferiority, respect and respect to others. This study aims to describe and explain the concept of Javanese language education in kindergarten to develop early childhood character and preserve culture. This research is a case study conducted at 4 kindergartens in Solo City, including Al Islam 2 Kindergarten, ABA Nurul Hidayah PK, Permata Hati Jebres Kindergarten and Alam Miftahul Jannah Kindergarten. Data obtained from the analysis of the vision of the institution, activities and programs of the institution, children's activities and the viewpoints of educators. To identify problems, analytical techniques used are interactive analysis techniques. The results showed that the vision of the 4 kindergartens developed the character of young children who have character. In addition, the internalization of the Javanese language education program is also carried out in learning activities by teachers, to create a culture of mutual respect in schools, in the family environment to the community environment by using polite and polite regional languages as a communication tool.

This study deals with euphemism in political speech of David Cameron about ISIS attacks. The objectives of the study were to find out the types of euphemsim used in David Cameron‟s speech on ISIS attacks and the reason why the most dominant types was choosen. The study was conducted by applying descriptive qualitative method.The data for this study were David Cameron political speech transcript in 20 July 2015, 14 November 2015, 2 December 2015, 5 february 2016. The source of the data was from United Kingdom goverment website . The data were analyzed using the theory of Allan and Burridge (1991). The findings of the study showed that the types of euphemism used in David Camerons political speech about ISIS attacks were: figurative expression (28,8%) ,circomlocution (15,5%), ommision (13,3%), ommision (13,3%) , hyperbole (11,1%), understatement (8,8%) , flippancy (8,8%), abbreviation (8,8%),  borrowing (2,2%) and clipping (2,2%)  . Figurative expression as the most dominant type used...

The use of address forms varies from culture to culture according to each society’s sociocultural values and norms. Therefore, the variations in the choice, usage,and understanding of forms of address can create communication problems. This study investigates address forms used in Algerian society between non-acquaintances in different age and gender contexts. It aims to identify the main address categories used to address a stranger and to trace the impact of socio-cultural norms and values on their preferences. For this purpose, a discourse-completion task (DCT) was used to collect data from 104 Algerian respondents ofdifferent ages and genders which were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. The results show that Algerians use a variety of address forms with kinshipterms dominating, followed by religious terms. They testify that politeness in Algerian society is established by showing deference and respect to elders and at thesame time demonstrating intimacy and closeness to the addressee, which is prescribed by the Qur’an. However, the choice of a term is determined by age, power,gender and distance. The findings reflect the collectivist and Islamic nature of Algerian society. The paper provides new insights into the impact of culturalfactors on address forms and contributes to address research, cross-cultural pragmatics, intercultural communication and second language teaching.

: The research paper entitled, “Dissenting Voices in Cameroon Political
Discourse from 2019-2022: A Rhetorical Analysis of some High Profile Politicians”,
analyses the discourses of three Cameroonian politicians. This stemmed from the
observation that within the socio-political context of Cameroon, the speeches of
prominent figures such as Paul Biya, Ni John Fru Ndi, and Maurice Kamto have
reaped significant attention due to the strategic use of language behind their
discourses and major contrasting perspectives. Understanding this sociopolitical context in which these dissenting voices emerge and their hidden
intends is crucial for grasping the dynamics and complexities of political
discourse in Cameroon. It is from this perspective that this paper examines the
main socio-political themes and arguments presented in the selected discourses
and explore the strategies employed by Paul Biya, Maurice Kamto, and Ni John
Fru Ndi in articulating their dissenting views within the Cameroonian political
context. The analysis hinge on contemporary rhetoric which informs the
methodological tools applied in the work. The study analyse varying opinions in
three speeches made by three different politicians between 2019 and 2022. The
analyses demonstrated that all the three politicians used varying or dissenting
views in theirs discourses through different Sub-sub rhetorical strategies of
emotional, logical, and pathetic appeals. These rhetorical elements were
independently analysed from their sub-sub themes to find the hidden
techniques used in the discourses. The results showed that all politicians used
these strategies. We found the aspirant, Maurice Kamto and Ni John Fru Ndi
dominating in dissent. This is because, as aspirants, they were publicising their
capabilities to Cameroonians. The incumbent, Pual Biya, used fewest dissenting
voices. His discourse was more of higher instructions where the aspirants used
as base for their dissent

Calisma, Shaw’in Silahlar ve Adamlar adli oyunundaki duzmece vatanseverligi ve karakterlerin aptalca davranislarini ele almaktadir.  Onur, idealizm, kahramanlik, sosyal adalet, cinsiyet esitligi, ikiyuzluluk ve sosyal hayatla ilgili daha bircok konu ve degerler Shaw’in oyunlarinin ana temasini olusturmaktadir. Silahlar ve Adamlar oyunu da benzer konulari deginmektedir. Evliligin romantizmi ve vatanseverligi olusturan degisik unsurlar ele alinmistir. Savasin korkunclugu, sevgi, umut, inanc,  insanlarin yanlis ve sahte idealizmini degistirmek icin Shaw’in cabasi ve elestirisi verilmistir.  Bu oyunda savas, Balkanlarla sinirli olmasina ragmen, Shaw, savasi yikim, kan dokme ve yoksulluk olarak gordugu icin acimasizca elestirmektedir. Shaw’in toplumsal ve ahlaki sorunlara karsi duyarliligi, toplumdaki basmakalip davranisi ve sahte idealizmi ve duzmece vatanseverligi degistirme arzusu da ele alinmistir.

Environmental linguistics is an emerging field at the intersection of linguistics and natural sciences. It recognizes the mutual relationship between cultural and ecological diversity, documenting linguistic structures and verbal practices by which speakers conceptualize, encode, and transmit knowledge about the natural world. It surpasses the largely metaphorical and narrative program of ecolinguistics to position language as the preeminent conceptual framework and channel for environmental knowledge. Natural phenomena—as Indigenous experts explain—cannot be understood apart from the languages that encode them, and vice versa. Language diversity is thus the key to safeguarding biodiversity and a balanced human relationship with nature.

Mergers and acquisitions (M & A) are the buzz words for corporates worldwide. The object of mergers and acquisition is to increase the value of the company as it takes long time to create value through organic growth. The purpose of merger/acquisition could be for expanding the company’s operations to new markets, economies of scale or scope, acquire new products or capabilities. Investopedia defines ‘Merger’ as the combining of two or more companies, generally by offering the stockholders of one company securities in the acquiring company in exchange for the surrender of their stock. Acquisition is defined by Investopedia as ‘A corporate action in which a company buys most, if not all, of the target company's ownership stakes in order to assume control of the target firm. Mergers and acquisitions are used synonymously though there is a line of difference between the two, where acquisition is takeover of one company by another and clearly establishes itself as the new owner. Acq...

This study explores the comparative use of address and kinship terms in Sundanese and English to uncover how language encodes social relationships, politeness, and cultural ideologies. Grounded in Semantic Field Theory, Pragmatic Meaning, and Contextual Meaning, the research adopts a qualitative approach to analyze second-person pronouns, vocatives, and familial references. Data were sourced from Sundanese politeness systems and English dictionary entries, then examined through lexical, discursive, and cultural perspectives. Findings reveal that Sundanese employs a hierarchical and context-sensitive system of address rooted in collectivist values, whereas English maintains a neutral and egalitarian approach. The stratified linguistic system in Sundanese demands careful lexical choices based on age, social status, and intimacy, while English relies more on tone and pragmatic markers. This comparison underscores the intricate relationship between language and culture, offering insights for intercultural communication and sociolinguistic understanding.

ABSTRACTSociolinguistics has never been a closed or autonomous discipline, but rather has considered relations between linguistic variables and so-called real-world variables, such as age, sex, and social class. Developments in discourse analysis now permit the analysis of the effectiveness of utterances in their real-world context. This study of communicative success uses as its data transcripts of eight aviation accidents, as well as transcripts of fourteen flight simulator sessions. The linguistic variable considered is mitigation; the real-world variables are success or failure of the individual communication, and peer judgments of the overall effectiveness of the simulator crews. To quantify the use of mitigation, a four-degree scale was established by using the judgments of several linguistic analysts and was validated against the judgments of members of the aviation community. Using this scale, a number of hypotheses were confirmed: (1) Utterances going up the chain of comman...

Günlük kullanımda sıradan bir bildirişimin büyük oranda başarıyla gerçekleştiği bilinse
de başarısız örneklerle de karşılaşılmaktadır. R. Jakobson’un şablonu temel alındığında alıcı,
verici, bildiri, kod, kanal ve bağlam bileşenlerindeki olası aksaklıkların bu tür sorunlara yol
açtığı genel kabuldür. Bu çalışmada bir bildirişimin başarılı ya da başarısız olmasında rol
oynadığını düşündüğümüz beklenti kavramının genel/sıradan bildirişim açıklamalarında ve
özel bağlamlarda oluşan sıra dışı bildirişim süreçlerinin açıklamalarındaki yeri
araştırılmaktadır. Edimbilimsel bakış açısının bildirişime katkılarından biri, bildirişimin
sadece kodlama ve kod çözme işleminden ibaret olmadığı, konuşur ve dinleyici arasında
gerçekleşen bir çıkarım sürecinin var olduğunu ortaya koymuş olmasıdır. Bu bakış açısı
konuşurun yanında dinleyiciyi de aktif bir şekilde bildirişimde temsil etmektedir. Bu nedenle
beklenti gibi dinleyicinin aktif olduğu bir durumda edimbilimsel yöntemler (Bildirişimsel
Sezdirim Kuramı ve Bağıntı Kuramı) kullanılarak konuşur ve dinleyicinin bu süreçteki
rollerini ayrı ayrı değerlendirebilmek amaçlanmıştır. Beklentinin bildirişimdeki yeri
araştırılırken bunun genel ve özel bağlamlarda ayrı şekillerde işlediği görülmüştür. Genel bir
bildirişim için sıradan, varsayımsal örnekler oluşturulmuş; özel bağlamdaki yeri için
“estağfurulah” kalıp sözüne odaklanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak bildirişimin başarılı bir şekilde
gerçekleştirilebilmesi için beklenti unsurunun konuşur ve dinleyici tarafından gözetilmesinin
bir zorunluluk olduğu tespit edilmiş; dinleyicinin, konuşurun kast edimine ulaşma
sürecindeki başarısızlığı ve yine dinleyicinin, konuşurun beklentisiyle ilgili varsayımlarının
belirsizliğinin, onu bildirişimsel bir çıkmaza soktuğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

This research presents a comparative pragmatic analysis of apology strategies in American and Japanese talk shows by examining linguistic, discursive, and cultural dimensions. Drawing from Speech Act Theory (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1969) and Politeness Theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987), the study explores how public apologies reflect differing socio-cultural values and communicative norms. Using a qualitative descriptive method, data were collected from ten talk show episodes (five American, five Japanese) aired between 2015 and 2023. The analysis was conducted across three levelsmicro (linguistic features), meso (discursive practices), and macro (social ideologies)-based on Fairclough's (1995) discourse model. Findings reveal that American apologies are often casual, humorous, and emotionally expressive, aligning with individualistic values and positive politeness strategies. In contrast, Japanese apologies are formal, ritualistic, and indirect, reinforcing collectivist ideals and negative politeness. These distinctions underscore the role of culture in shaping pragmatic choices and highlight that apologies function as performative acts embedded in broader ideological frameworks.

La serie de textos de instrucciones que se ha seleccionado para este estudio forma parte de los veintidós legajos que el marqués del Risco recopiló con documentos relativos al gobierno del Perú, todos ellos con distintos interlocutores, fechas y procedencias. A pesar de las diferencias entre estos documentos, todos se integran en una “filiación discursiva” de documentos oficiales “organizados en torno a la idea de la carta” (Koch 2008: 62) y, por tanto, cuentan siempre con un emisor y un destinatario que se ven condicionados por el contexto diplomático y formal de sus textos. Tras haber analizado las formas y fórmulas de tratamiento de este mismo corpus en trabajos anteriores (Riopedre Ferreira, en prensa), el objetivo de este estudio consiste en dar a conocer otros mecanismos de cortesía que se utilizan en las instrucciones, ya que estas suponen potenciales amenazas a la relación entre los interlocutores que pueden atenuarse. Para esto, se ha llevado a cabo un análisis de los actos de habla directivos, que emplean diversas estrategias de cortesía como enunciados consentido imperativo, impersonales, realizativos o deónticos. Además de clasificar los mecanismos de los documentos, el análisis ha servido para identificar a los posibles autores y destinatarios de algunos textos que no los explicitaban.

This dissertation is an examination of address with pronouns and their related forms in Russian, Polish, and Czech. The treatment of the topic is unique in that the author seeks to understand not just who uses what forms when, but how these forms are motivated, what they mean, and what this says about the conceptual structures that underlie usages of forms of address in each of the three languages. The questions the author examines include: What motivates plural and third person address? Why is it logical, and what does it mean, to address one person as plural or as third person? Do plural and third person address differ in meaning, or are they simply two versions of essentially the same thing? What do Russian, Polish, and Czech forms of address have in common, and how do they differ? The author seeks to answer these questions through an analysis of forms of address in the framework of cognitive linguistics. Specifically, she examines two phenomena, one of which is asymmetrical address, the circumstance in which one speaker receives a polite or formal form and the other receives the intimate or informal form. The author also examines switches in address, whereby one speaker suddenly changes the form of address he or she uses with interlocutor. Data for these analyses are drawn from two films and two plays in each language (Russian, Polish, Czech) and from a research project in which native speakers wrote scripts based on short video clips. The analysis of asymmetrical address and switches in address reveals how speakers' fundamental understanding of spatial relations (such as UP/DOWN, BIG/SMALL, OUT/IN, and FAR/NEAR) structures their language use. It is by examining manipulations of speakers' conceptual as well as physical space that we discover how linguistic forms of address reflect and reinforce social relationships. (Anne Stepan Keown)

This research was made based on the number of people making mistakes in communicating in the social environment. Some errors in communication often result in ambiguity, due to the delivery of unclear information. Related to the topic the researcher made the research that analyze the flouting maxims in Wonder Woman movie and find the reason why the characters flouted the maxims by using the theory of Grice (1975). This research used qualitative descriptive method by Sudaryanto (2015) to analyze data. The results of the research showed that there were 12 data which were flouting maxims namely 1 data flouting maxim of quality, 2 data flouting maxim quantity, 2 data flouting maxim manner and 7 data were flouting maxim relations. The conclusion based on the results of this research is that all the characters in Wonder Woman movie was flouted all of the maxims, it can be seen from the result of analyzed the data, especially in the main character. The most frequently flouting maxim is maxi...

The purpose of this study was to describe the attitude of the language towards the politeness of the language of the students of Putera Batam University. This study used a survey method. The sample in this study were 43 students of English Literature. Data obtained from observation sheets and questionnaires. Assessment is done using a Likert scale. The data analysis technique used descriptive statistics using technical regression analysis. The results of the study showed that language attitudes had a positive effect on student politeness. This finding recommends that the development of language attitudes will improve student language politeness. This study aims to analyze the language attitude of students of the English Literature study program at Putera University, then analyze the politeness of the students of the English Literature Study Program at the Putera Batam University. And the influence of language attitudes on the politeness of the language of students of English Literat...

The speech act of disagreement is an area that has received scant attention in the field of interlanguage pragmatics. However, in academic communication the strategies employed in this act of speech precede the development of an argument, a textual genre that is considered central to scholastic positioning. The less equitable the power relationship between the parties (between peers, between teacher and group of students, etc.), the stronger the illocutive intensity of this act. This study aims to investigate the strategies used in an unequal situation (student/lecturer) by Chinese learners of Spanish as a second language in order to perform the speech act of disagreement in their second language. Data relating to 149 Chinese university students were gathered by means of a pedagogical framework-based task in which they had to write an email to their lecturer expressing their disagreement. To identify their sociopragmatic knowledge in a digital environment and its adequacy in an academic Spanish context, the microstructure of their writings was examined for pragmatic moves related to politeness and level of directness. Our results suggest that the Chinese students analysed in the study did not adjust to an appropriate register or manner in academic Spanish.

Makalah ini membincangkan kesopanan bahasa yang dipaparkan dalam novel Melunas Rindu, iaitu komponen sastera (Komsas) untuk para pelajar Tingkatan 4 di Zon 4 (negeri Johor, Sabah, Sarawak dan Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan). Kajian ditumpukan pada dialog watak utama dan watak sampingan dalam Bab 5 novel ini. Dialog yang menjadi data kajian dianalisis berdasarkan model kesopanan Leech dan model kesopanan Grice. Kedua-dua model ini mengemukakan maksim kesopanan yang perlu dipatuhi bagi mewujudkan situasi bebas konflik. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kepustakaan, analisis teks dan kuantitatif. Berdasarkan pengklasifikasian dan analisis yang dilakukan, dapatan kajian memperlihatkan hanya empat daripada enam maksim Leech dan dua maksim Grice yang dipatuhi. Novel ini memaparkan kesopanan bahasa yang dominan berdasarkan paparan analisis kesopanan maksim Leech dan Grice yang sekali gus menggambarkan sosiobudaya Melayu.

La montée en fièvre contagieuse des récents coups d’État militaires en Afrique mobilise comme à l’accoutumée des passions militantes et des énergies intellectuelles. De ces multiples mobilisations a su s’imposer une constante devenant pour cela même doxique : les coups d’État militaires sont la source de déstabilisation et d’instabilité politique en Afrique. Contre cette constante, et sans toutefois la déconsidérer, la présente contribution procède d’abord à une taxinomie des différents coups d’État militaires sur le continent africain, ce dont témoigne l’expression de « troisième vague » dans l’intitulé, pour démontrer ensuite que cette nouvelle vague de coups d’État militaires recèle un potentiel dans la marche de l’Afrique vers sa quête de soi. Ainsi, sous le prisme de la philosophie, de l’histoire, du droit et des disciplines connexes, cette réflexion, fortement nuancée, appelle à considérer certains des coups d’État militaires de la vague susdite comme la « négation » à partir de laquelle va pouvoir résulter la « négation de la négation », correspondant ici à un rejet de l’humiliation institutionnelle de l’État en Afrique et une réelle conquête de sa souveraineté.

Mots-clés : Afrique ; humiliation institutionnelle ; coups d’État militaires ; troisième vague ; souveraineté.

This study explores the use of positive politeness strategies in requests made by Jordanian and Omani students within an academic context. By examining the positive politeness strategies employed in their interactions, the research aims to identify the preferred strategies utilized by these students when communicating with their classmates. Data will be collected through memos and semi-structured interviews with a sample of Jordanian and Omani students. The study anticipates uncovering both differences and similarities in the positive politeness strategies employed by the two groups while also investigating the influence of culture on their request patterns. Further research could explore the role of gender in motivating the use of specific positive politeness strategies between male and female students.

Study considers the natural phenomenon of cross-lingual and cultural impact on communication between the language instructors and their students at college level. Therefore, it tends to focus on students that employ politeness in answer to strategic negation shown by their instructors in classroom context. Based on methodology and approach to collect the data, the two phases in study helped to collect more data. The first phase used a sheet to complete discourse by teachers on specific requests. The teachers had to complete the discourse with declining requests of students. The study was framed on model of Beebe, Takahashi and Uliss-Weltz (1990). The assessment rated the responses of teachers and later investigated about politeness in students. Five language instructors of three languages, Urdu, English and Sindhi were taken. Results revealed that teachers irrespective to the language they teach, usually employ indirect techniques to refuse requests than direct. However, female instructors found for use of various refuse techniques compared to their male instructors. Similarly, the students in refer to politeness in refuse to requests, showed more polite and valuable concern to indirect techniques used for refusing the requests by teachers. Study is significant in teaching multilingual context. This can assist instructors to lessen their threatening face to refuse requests.

This study explores the pragmatic application of negative politeness strategies in requests produced by Jordanian and Omani students. By comparing the negative politeness strategies utilized by each group, the research aims to highlight both similarities and differences in their approaches. A qualitative methodology, incorporating observation and semi-structured interviews, will be employed to gather data from a sample of 10 Jordanian students at Jerash University in Jordan and 10 Omani students at Sultan Qaboos University in Oman. The study will test the following hypotheses: Jordanian and Omani students tend to favor similar negative politeness strategies when making requests, and the enactment of these strategies may vary in terms of request formulation and specific linguistic choices. Future research directions include examining positive politeness strategies in requests among these populations, potentially enriching the current findings through a deeper investigation of politeness behaviors in their daily communicative interactions.

Theories of (im)politeness have over the years focused on examining how
communicative techniques are used to promote and also maintain social
harmony. Earlier studies on how politeness is portrayed in Igbo literature
patronised Igbo works of literature of English expression. There is a dearth
of research on how the Igbo language is used to portray (im)politeness in
Igbo literature of Igbo expression. The aim of this study, therefore, is to
identify various verbal (im)politeness strategies portrayed in the Igbo
novels using ỌjaDufuo Dike (ỌDD) as a case study and to also add to the
available literature on the pragmatic study of Igbo literature. Purposive
sampling was used in the selection of the text ỌDD, and data obtained
from the text were analysed using (im)politeness strategies. The study
found more impolitic verbal expressions in the text than polite
expressions, such as bald on record, negative, positive, and mock
impoliteness. The only positive politeness strategy in the text is
negative politeness, which manifests in ordering.
Keywords: Verbal impoliteness, politeness in Igbo,

This study analizes the use of the formula οὐδέ τι σε χρή in epic poetry, especially with regard to its use for indirect speech acts and expressions of verbal politeness. This is a formula exclusively attested in Homer and the Homeric Hymns. Furthermore, the specific contexts in which this formula is used are analyzed, with particular attention to a possible dependency of use between both corpora. The study concludes that, while this formula is a common feature in both works, an evolution is evident in its use in the Hymns when compared to the Homeric poems, particularly in terms of the syntactic-pragmatic contexts in which it appears.

In his influential Logic and Conversation (1975) Linguist H.P. Grice suggests that conversation is based on a shared principle of co-operation. Intrinsic to this principle are four maxims that underlie all human discourse. Borrowing from the study of semantics and Grice’s theory of Implicature, playwright Billy Cowan demonstrates how being conscious of these maxims, and then breaking, or even sticking to them religiously, can help students to better understand and write subtext.

This study analyzes the politeness strategies employed by John Simpson and Imran Khan during a BBC interview, using Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness framework. Adopting a qualitative descriptive approach, utterances from the interview transcript were examined, focusing on bald on-record, off-record, positive politeness, and negative politeness strategies. Findings reveal that Imran Khan predominantly used positive politeness strategies, emphasizing solidarity by frequently addressing John Simpson by name and providing justifications. In contrast, John Simpson employed more negative politeness strategies, such as hedging and indirect questioning, to minimize imposition while maintaining journalistic rigor. Both participants also utilized bald on-record strategies during moments of heightened tension, and employed off-record strategies like metaphors and rhetorical questions to soften contentious remarks. The study highlights how professional roles, cultural backgrounds, and political sensitivities shaped their communication choices, offering insights into intercultural pragmatics and media discourse. These findings have practical implications for media professionals, language learners, and researchers.

Paper Info Acknowledgments in academic writing serve as a platform for expressing gratitude, recognition, and social bonds. In line with this, the present study investigates the pragmatic aspects of acknowledgments in selected theses by Iraqi EFL learners to identify how politeness strategies influence the structuring of gratitude and the types of acknowledgment acts are most frequently employed. Five acknowledgments are selected from different Iraqi universities to be analysed according to Yule's (1996) strategies of politeness (solidarity and deference) along with Bach and Harnish's (1979) taxonomy of acknowledgments acts and by means of qualitative method of research analysis. The study reveals-in regard to strategies of politeness-that the deference strategy is frequently employed when addressing academic figures such as supervisors and professors, while the strategy of solidarity is identified when writers acknowledge family, friends, and colleagues. Regarding the acts of acknowledgments, the study shows that thanking is the most frequently used act, followed by the act of accepting, whereas acts like apologizing, condoling, congratulating, greeting, bidding, or rejecting are not existed in the provided acknowledgments. Notably, the study uncover that in some acknowledgments, the act of thanking can function or imply an act of accepting when it acknowledges received support or guidance. The study finds out that Iraqi EFL learners strategically balance hierarchical respect and personal closeness in their acknowledgments, reflecting both academic conventions and cultural values.

Trata-se ilustrar a maneira pela qual Addison e Shaftesbury reconfiguram as noções de honra e coragem por meio da centralidade que fornecem ao autocontrole e à fraternidade social. Estas, participando da formação do caráter como fundamentais para a manutenção das virtudes, colaborariam com o afloramento da natureza que ambos autores designavam como próprias aos cavalheiros: a sociabilidade. Sendo assim, caberá apresentar de que maneira Addison e Shaftesbury: 1-desassociam a coragem bélica do ponto de honra cavalheiresco para 2reconduzi-la à noção de autocontrole das afecções. Esses movimentos, em última instância, direcionam a honra masculina para a sociabilidade, que seria o verdadeiro meio no qual, para os dois filósofos, os homens podem encontrar a alegria. Ao longo das duas partes, além disso, espero deixar evidente como a noção de homem como animal social é fundamental para a repaginação, proposta por Addison e Shaftesbury, da honra que comporá o caráter polido proposto por ambos os autores.

Disagreement has been widely regarded as one of the most interesting speech acts in EFL context since the way the speaker expresses her or his opposing view can affect the addressee’s self-image and view of the addressor. This article attempted to identify various strategies native speakers of English realized this speech act through a qualitative method by analyzing two sets of authentic data from two half-hour interviews. Next, it investigated the lack of emphasis on disagreement in EFL materials before offering possible suggestions to equip non-native learners of English with pragmatic competence to disagree effectively. The findings and recommendations had implications for EFL teachers, course designers, and materials developers in how and why speech acts and pragmatic competence should be emphasized in order to ensure that nonnative speakers of English could communicate effectively without being perceived as pragmatically inferior.

Bir yabanci dil bilmenin en somut gostergesi olan ancak yabanci dil ogretiminde geri planda kalan  konusma becerisi, bireylerin yetkin olduklari yabanci dili farkli iletisim durumlarinda, konuya, duruma ve  partnere uygun, akici ve etkili sekilde kullanmalari ve bu dilde iletisimi sorunsuz surdurebilmeleri seklinde tanimlanmaktadir. Konusma becerisinin edinimi ve gelisimi, Turkiye’de Almancayi  Ingilizceden sonra ikinci yabanci dil olarak ogrenen Alman Dili ve Edebiyati ve Alman Dili Egitimi  Bolumlerinin ogrencileri acisindan buyuk sorun teskil etmektedir. Bu gercekten yola cikilarak, calismada  Almancayi Ingilizceden sonra ikinci yabanci dil olarak ogrenen ogrencilerin Almanca edimbilimsel-soylemsel  becerilerinin gelisimlerini boylamsal arastirma yontemiyle toplanan sozlu derlem verileri  uzerinde arastirmak amaclanmistir.   Arastirmanin deneysel bolumunde, Ege Universitesi Edebiyat Fakultesi, Alman Dili ve Edebiyati  Bolumunden 8 ogrencinin, 2011-2014 yillari arasinda belirli za...

Apologies are vital forms of speech embedded within diverse sociocultural contexts, significantly influencing effective communication and conflict resolution, particularly within academic communities. This study employs a mixed-methods approach to delve into the intricate dynamics of apology strategies among undergraduates at Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria. The research aims to understand how cultural factors shape the selection of apology strategies, considering local norms, personal beliefs, and the broader repercussions of transgressions. By addressing the research questions on socio-cultural influences and social class dynamics, the study navigates the complexities of apology phenomena within the university setting. The analysis draws on Brown and Levinson's Politeness Theory, examining politeness strategies, linguistic variables, and social variables in apologies. Findings reveal nuanced interplays of linguistic and social elements, reflecting diverse levels of formality, sincerity, and interpersonal relationships. The study underscores the significance of cultural norms and social dynamics in shaping communicative behaviors, offering insights for navigating face-threatening situations like apologizing within ABU, Zaria, and beyond. In social interaction, apology serves as a vital form of expressive speech, serving as an act of communication with profound implications. Its role in fostering harmony between individuals underscores its significance in interpersonal relationships. Scholars recognize its diverse strategies, from direct to implicit, serving varied communicative ends. Examining apology situations at Ahmadu Bello University, this study delves into undergraduates' strategies. Blending qualitative and quantitative methods, it unveils how local norms and values influence apology behaviors. Cultural context profoundly shapes apologies, offering insights into academic conflict resolution and communication. Understanding these interplay aids reconciliation efforts, informing stakeholders in fostering constructive resolution within academic settings.

This study examines the effect of bystander's presence on the politeness choices of female speakers' requests in the community of Najdi-Saudi Arabic. To achieve this goal, a discourse completion task was developed consisting of scenarios that required participants to complete with requests. To justify their choices, interviews were held with some of the respondents to gain insight into their politeness choices. The framework guiding the present study was that of Brown and Levinson (1987). The results of the qualitative and quantitative analyses revealed that speakers tended to use less direct and more indirect strategies, with higher complexity levels, when engaging in one-to-one conversations. The study also uncovered other intriguing findings that call for future comparative research in different cultures.

A major dilemma facing teachers in English as a second or foreign language countries nowadays is how students can best learn the English language – whether through ‘talk’ or through ‘silence’. Studies have shown that many Asian ESL learners tend to be silent in the classroom, and rely heavily on the teacher (Liu, 2002; Kaur & Lah, 1996). This study is part of ongoing doctoral research on the study of silence in academic discourse among Malaysian undergraduate science and non-science students. The aim of this paper is to provide an extensive review of the literature that has explored patterns of silence in the ESL classroom and the causes and cultural meanings of silence. Some findings on the study of silence among Malaysian science and non-science students in academic discourse will also be presented. It is hoped that the review will forward a stance between theory and practice in relation to learning through talk or learning through silence in the Asian context.

This study investigates the impacts of age and gender on the use of euphemistic strategies in Alexandrian Arabic, a dialect that is spoken in the coastal city of Alexandria to the northwest of Egypt. To achieve this objective, a role-play that includes 6 situations categorised to account for the age and gender variables groups was developed and administered to 160 Alexandrian Arabic speakers, who were divided into four primary groups, each consisting of 40 speakers based on age (old vs young) and gender (male vs female). The responses were analysed using a mixed-methods approach, with quantitative and qualitative measures. The analysis is based on a taxonomy we collected from alghazo et al. International Review of Pragmatics 17 (2025) 1-29 many previous frameworks, such as Allan and Burridge (1991) and Warren (1992). The results revealed age to be a crucial factor in selecting euphemistic strategies: the older group most frequently employed the implication strategy, and the synonym strategy was more common among the younger group. The results further revealed that gender has a lesser effect on the choice of euphemistic strategies by the participants: borrowing is more common among the female participants, and other methods are utilised almost equally by the two genders. This denotes that although specific euphemism strategies, like synonymy and deletion, can be age-specific, others, such as understatement and taboo, cut across age groups, which can perhaps be seen as manifestations of norms culturally embedded. Gender differences are also only slightly significant except in borrowing, in which females use this strategy more than males, perhaps due to their sociocultural or sociolinguistic functions that shaped women's language.

This research offers a contemporary pragmatic approach toward the analysis of conversational silence in Harold Pinter's The Birthday Party and fills the void in the analysis of silence as a complex Speech Act in drama. It considers different types of silence and answers the question of whether or not they obey or break Grice's maxims with regard to dialogue interactions. In extending prior work, this paper aims to explore various aspects of silence as a strategic act that has dramatic performative effects, explore their politeness effects in detail, and explore the kind of situations in which the act of silence is likely to occur. This research employs both qualitative and quantitative analysis with an additional use of text mining and statistical tools for data visualization. It is thus suggested that silence in The Birthday Party has other functions that are more strategic, as it is here indicated: power, in so far as it may be read as the interlocutor's power off and as a way of turning down or dodging an offer; face, as it has been shown, in so far as it entails the deployment of three different types of silence, namely: internal, interactive, and turn-const Such findings enhance the audience's understanding of Pinter's dramatic and pragmatic approach to silence and thus enrich current theoretical analysis of pragmatic speech acts on the stage.

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RESUMEN: En el presente trabajo se plantea las caracteristicas del modelo de absorvedor patentado recientemente por la empresa que lleva adelante la construccion del prototipo de colector solar cilindro-parabolico con almacenamiento en la linea focal. El mismo, y luego de varias modificaciones,  fue presentado en la Oficina Espanola de Patentes y Marcas (OEPM) y que fue aceptado a finales del ano 2015. Este modelo intenta brindar un principio de solucion factible al problema de la gestionabilidad de la produccion de energia de origen termosolar, en funcion al almacenamiento. Ademas se indican los problemas que aun se tiene por resolver respecto de la configuracion final en base a cada una de las combinaciones de fluidos termicos y calo portadores que se podrian emplear, segun el rango de temperatura que se desea alcanzar y a la finalidad del equipo.

Bahasa merupakan alat komunikasi penting dalam interaksi seharian. Komunikasi berkesan semasa perbualan bergantung pada kerjasama antara pihak yang terlibat untuk menghasilkan tuturan yang mudah difahami dan dapat diterima. Kejayaan berkomunikasi dapat dianalisis menggunakan pelbagai prinsip berkaitan tatacara perbualan. Prinsip-prinsip tersebut mengariskan syarat yang perlu dipatuhi oleh pihak yang terlibat dalam perbualan untuk memastikan kelancaran komunikasi. Salah satunya ialah Prinsip Kerjasama Grice (1975). Menurut Grice, pihak yang terlibat dalam perbualan akan dapat berkomunikasi dengan baik apabila mereka mematuhi prinsip kerjasama yang meliputi empat maksim, iaitu masksim kuantiti, kualiti, relevan dan cara. Interaksi semasa perbualan akan menjadi kurang lancar sekiranya peserta gagal mematuhi maksim-maksim tersebut. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk meneliti pelanggaran maksim Prinsip Kerjasama Grice oleh peserta rancangan hiburan baharu realiti Muzikal Lawak Superstar (201...

This research reviewed the concept of pragmatic competence and its importance in language acquisition, and then moved on to request acts that contribute to facilitating the process of acquiring Hebrew as a second language (HSL). Then the research moved to the idea of politeness in requesting, referring to politeness strategies as proposed by Brown and Levinson(1978,1987) and request strategies as patterned by Blum-Kulka(1989).The data was collected based on a discourse completion test (DCT) questionnaire, including five different situations in Hebrew. The participants were 60 individuals, divided into 30 Israeli native Hebrew speakers and 30 Egyptian (HSL) learners. Data was collected and analyzed according to the taxonomy of Blum-Kulka et al.(1989) Cross-Cultural Speech Acts Realization Patterns (CCSARP) for requests to determine the similarities and differences in responses between two groups according to the level of directness and the pragmatic proficiency among Egyptian learners of Hebrew as a second language (HSL) in realizing requesting acts in different social situations. The results showed that Egyptians succeeded in realizing speech acts of request in various social situations compared to the responses of Israeli participants. Therefore, the findings indicate that they were linguistically and pragmatically competent for realizing requests in Hebrew as a second language.

The present study is to explore the symbiotic relationship between education and migration in Jhumpa Lahiri's novel, The Namesake. Through the lens of the protagonist, Gogol Ganguli, the narrative delves into the intricate process of cultural adaptation and identity formation. The paper examines how Gogol's educational experiences serve as a pivotal force in his journey of self-discovery. Additionally, it investigates the impact of migration on the characters' sense of identity, emphasizing the challenges and transformations that arise when navigating the intersections of Indian and American cultures. The role of literature is highlighted as a key element in Gogol's assimilation, providing insights into the human condition and fostering a deeper understanding of cultural complexities. Ultimately, the paper aims to unravel the nuanced interplay between education, migration, and identity in The Namesake, offering readers a glimpse into the rich tapestry of cultural exploration depicted in Lahiri's masterful storytelling. 1. Introduction The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri intricately weaves a narrative that delves into the complexities of identity, migration, and the pursuit of education. The novel follows the life of Gogol Ganguli, born to Bengali parents in the United States, and explores the challenges he faces in navigating his dual cultural identity. The novel spins gold out of the straw of ordinary lives. The rampant migrations and migratory lives in the contemporary world have led to the consideration of many aspects of these lives in many academic areas and fields, and naturally it has become a contemporary major motif for literature. Making its own way through diverse considerations like politics and economy, sociology, identity and subjectivity, language, gender and sexuality, literary studies pay attention to the multitude of these experiences. People began to move to places of advancement so that their life will be socially and economically uplifted and this practice has gained importance to migration. It takes place at such a large rate that it has become a movement thereby leading to the emergence of migration literature. Writings based on migration theory focus on the experience of people moving to places and the displacement, alienation and cultural identity they come across as they sail through the new place. The impact of migration on the personal lives of writers are often reflected in their writings. This novel definitely has an autobiographical link as Lahiri's experience of growing up as a child of immigrants resembles that of her protagonist, Gogol in the novel. The economic impact and cultural shifts come along with migration. The field of migration theory in literature doesn't have a single founder, but scholars like Salman Rushdie, Edward Said, and Homi K. Bhabha have significantly contributed to the exploration of migration, displacement, and cultural hybridity in literary works. Rushdie, for instance, is known for his novel Midnight's Children, which addresses the postcolonial experiences of migration and identity. Edward Said, in his work Reflections on Exile, discusses the psychological and cultural dimensions of displacement, while Homi K. Bhabha's concept of "third space" explores the inbetween spaces that emerge from migration and cultural encounters. These scholars have played pivotal roles in shaping the discourse around migration in literature. Migration literature offers a global perspective connecting readers to universal themes while highlighting the uniqueness of each migration experience which serves as a historical documentation of different waves of migration. 2. Education as a Bridge Education emerges as a significant theme in the novel, serving as a bridge between Gogol's Bengali heritage and his American upbringing. Gogol's academic pursuits become a means for him to connect with both worlds, reflecting the broader idea that education can act as a powerful tool for integration in diasporic communities. Through Gogol's experiences, Lahiri highlights the transformative potential of education in shaping one's identity and fostering a sense of belonging. As the narrative unfolds, the protagonists navigate the complexities of identity, cultural adaptation, and the pursuit of knowledge, shedding light on the transformative impact of education within the context of migration. Lahiri weaves a rich tapestry that explores the challenges and opportunities presented by the intersection of these two powerful forces, inviting readers to reflect on the universal themes of self-discovery and belonging in the face of geographical and intellectual exploration.

This paper focuses on conversational style differences between Japanese and English and how to overcome the differences in English teaching to Japanese speakers. Using videotaped English conversations between native speakers of American English and Japanese, it analyses their differences in conversational styles. The result shows that native speakers of English interpreted Japanese speakers’ verbal and nonverbal behaviors, such as nodding, frequent pauses or ellipsis, and taking turns, differently from Japanese speakers’ intentions and sometimes regarded them as unfriendly or unfavorable. In the second half of the paper, it reports the result of experimental English classes in which positive politeness strategies, one of the constituents of conversational strategies, were explicitly taught. It shows students’ progress in conversational skills by using various strategies they learned in class. The last part summarizes the findings and discusses implications of the results in relation to