Plug in Electric Vehicle

In modern power systems, photovoltaic (PV) generation plays a vital role in sustainable energy supply. PV systems generate DC power, which is converted to AC using built-in converters for grid integration. The quality of power injected into the grid is crucial, especially in the presence of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and non-linear loads, which introduce harmonics and dynamic disturbances. To enhance power quality, advanced control strategies are employed. This paper presents a comparative study of direct-quadrature (DQ) control techniques using traditional proportional-integral (PI) controllers and fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) in a grid-connected PV system. The DQ control method simplifies the regulation of active and reactive power by transforming three-phase signals into a rotating reference frame. While PI controllers are widely used, they often struggle with non-linearities and load variations. FLCs, on the other hand, offer adaptive control without requiring precise mathematical models, making them more effective under dynamic conditions. The system under study includes PV generation, PEVs, and nonlinear loads. Performance metrics such as total harmonic distortion (THD), voltage stability, and power factor are analyzed. Results show that fuzzy controllers significantly improve power quality and system response.

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVS) have become increasingly popular as a viable transportation option as owners can charge them at home. This will add much energy to the house if the users charge their PEVs at home. The PEV charging load will lead to extra energy demand on the distribution network, and the users will need to pay more for electricity if they use the current domestic tariff in Malaysia. This research aims to analyze the PEV charging costs using time-of-use (ToU) tariffs with different time segmentations and price elasticity. The effect of four residential load profile patterns has also been investigated in Malaysia as a case study. Four PEV charging scenarios were created, and the charging times were set according to Malaysian driving styles, with charging times starting at 6 PM, 10 PM, and 9 AM. The PEV and electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) are set to be homogeneous, and the EV was assumed to have a minimum state-of charge of 20%. The main contribution of this paper is the selection of the ToU tariff segmentation, where the structure of the smallest time segmentation gave the lowest electricity bill per month compared to the Tenaga Malaysia Berhad (TNB) domestic tariff.

With the penetration of distributed generators (DGs), operation planning studies are essential in maintaining and operating a reliable and secure power system. Appropriate siting and sizing of DGs could lead to many positive effects forthe distribution system concerned, such as the reduced total costs associated with DGs, reduced network losses, and improved voltage profiles and enhanced power-supply reliability. In this paper, expected load interruption cost is used as the assessment of operation risk in distribution systems, which is assessed by the point estimate method (PEM). In light with the costs of system operation planning, a novel mathematical model of chance constrained programming (CCP) framework for optimal siting and sizing of DGs in distribution systems is proposed considering the uncertainties of DGs. And then, a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA), which combines the GA with traditional optimization methods, is employed to solve the proposed CCP model. Finally,the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed CCP model are verified by the modified IEEE 30-bus system, and the test results have demonstrated that this proposed CCP model is more reasonable to determine the siting and sizing of DGs compared with traditional CCP model.

espanolEl cambio climatico esta principalmente provocado por las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero producidas por la actividad humana. Se estima que alrededor de un 50% de dichas emisiones son debidas al transporte por carretera y a la generacion electrica. La electrificacion del sector transporte mediante la utilizacion de vehiculos electricos que sustituyan a los tradicionales de combustion interna es clave para contribuir a la descarbonizacion de la sociedad. Sin embargo, esta sustitucion tecnologica tiene importantes implicaciones que han de ser tenidas en cuenta antes de su despliegue masivo. El objetivo de este articulo es realizar una revision de la tecnologia de recarga de vehiculos electricos y su impacto en la red electrica EnglishThe climate change is mainly generated by the greenhouse gas emissions due to the human activity. It is estimated that around a 50% of these emissions comes from road transportation and electricity generation. The transportation sector ele...

The challenge of meeting the corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards of 2025 is leading to major developments in the transportation sector, not the least of which is the utilization of clean energy sources. Solar energy as a main source of on-board fuel has not been extensively investigated. This paper reports on the usage of solar energy for transportation and investigates the extended driving range, the economic value, and the energy return of investment (EROI) of adding on-board photovoltaic (PV) technologies to plug-in electric vehicles (EV). The study develops a comprehensive PV system model and optimizes the solar energy to DC electrical power output ratio for on-driving mode. In times of no-use, the proposed system transforms into a flexible energy generation system that can be fed into the grid and used to power DC electrical devices in homes and offices. The results show that by adding on-board PVs to cover less than 50% of the projected horizontal surface area of a typical passenger EV, up to 50% of the total daily miles traveled by a person in the U.S. could be driven by solar energy. For the lifetime driving cost, even with low electricity price (0.13 $/kWh), adding on-board PV shows a positive impact if the system is operating in high solar energy environment (e.g. Arizona). If the electricity price is high ((0.35 $/kWh), there is positive economic impact even in low solar energy environments (e.g. Massachusetts). The energy payback time (EPBT) is found in a range 3.5-4.8 years, depending on where the system operates and energy return of investment (EROI) is between 6.2 to 8.6 times.

La modernización de las redes eléctricas es una realidad que genera nuevos desafíos en el diseño, operación y gestión del transformador de distribución, los cuales dependerán, entre otras cosas, de condiciones particulares como la topología de la red y los índices de penetración de tecnologías de movilidad eléctrica y generación distribuida (GD). Este artículo revisa aspectos generales de la bibliografía internacional frente al impacto que puede tener la generación distribuida y los vehículos eléctricos en el transformador en el marco de las Smart Grid. También se presentan las principales estrategias aplicadas para mitigar los posibles impactos negativos.

In the last twenty years, electric vehicles have gained significant popularity in domestic transportation. The introduction of fast charging technology forecasts increased the use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle and electric vehicles (PHEVs). Reduced total harmonic distortion (THD) is essential for a distributed power generation system during the electric vehicle (EV) power penetration. This paper develops a combined controller for synchronizing photovoltaic (PV) to the grid and bidirectional power transfer between EVs and the grid. With grid synchronization of PV power generation, this paper uses two control loops. One controls EV battery charging and the other mitigates power quality disturbances. On the grid connected converter, a multicarrier space vector pulse width modulation approach (12-switch, three-phase inverter) is used to mitigate power quality disturbances. A Simulink model for the PV-EV-grid setup has been developed, for evaluating voltage and current THD percentag...

In this paper, Plug-in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (PFCEV) is considered with dual power sources including Fuel Cell (FC) and battery Energy Storage. In order to respond to a transient power demand, usually supercapacitor energy storage device is combined with fuel cell to create a hybrid system with high energy density of fuel cell and the high power density of battery. In order to simulate the PEV model, dynamic state space models of bidirectional DCDCconverter and grid connected voltage source converter are considered to connect the PFCEVto the main grid. In order to stabilize the DC-link power and distribute the power between dualenergy storage sources in PEV during normal and disturbance conditions on the grid voltage, afuzzy control strategy has been developed. For tuning the parameters of fuzzy logic controller, the PSO (particle swarm optimization) algorithm has been used. This controller determines the super capacitor and fuel cell powers that should be generated according to the amount of available energy in DC-link. Moreover, a robust sliding mode control strategy for three phase power electronic converter based on positive and negative symmetrical components is presented to investigate the voltage disturbance ride-through capability.

In the foreseeable future, plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) will dominate the car market. Once the random charging behaviors of PEVs continue, a higher peakvalley difference would occur. In this paper, a new problem on studying the dynamic economic/emission dispatch (DEED) including PEVs for peak shaving and valley filling is proposed, and furthermore, the effect caused by different vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) loads on DEED is analyzed. The optimization model of the problem is constructed including several practical constraints, such as power flow constraints and ramp rate limits. The battery degradation cost is also included, which reshapes the objective function of DEED. Based on the model, a strategy for DEED including PEVs for peak shaving and valley filling is given, and a multiobjective optimization algorithm is adopted to solve the proposed problem. To demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed strategy, three DEED cases are considered under different V2G power. The analysis of the effect on fuel cost and emission caused by different V2G power shows that the proposed strategy can effectively reduce emission and cut down the investment in peak load plants. Index Terms-Dynamic economic/emission dispatch, PEVs, peak shaving and valley filling, multiobjective optimization.

A key assumption made in this paper is that electric vehicle (EV) battery charging profiles are rectangular. This requires a specific and new formulation of the charging problem, involving discrete action sets for the EVs in particular. The considered cost function comprises of three components: the distribution transformer aging, the distribution energy losses, and a component inherent to the EV itself (e.g., the battery charging monetary cost). Charging start times are determined by the proposed distributed algorithm, whose analysis is conducted by using game-theoretic tools such as ordinal potential games. Convergence of the proposed algorithm is shown to be guaranteed for some important special cases. Remarkably, the performance loss w.r.t. the centralized solution is shown to be small. Simulations, based on realistic public data, allow one to gain further insights on the issues of convergence and optimality loss and provide clear messages about the tradeoff associated with the presence of the three components in the considered cost function. While simulations show that the proposed charging policy performs quite similarly to existing (continuous) charging policies such as valley-filling-type solutions when the non-EV demand forecast is perfect, they reveal an additional asset of rectangular profiles in presence of forecasting errors.

In the last twenty years, electric vehicles have gained significant popularity in domestic transportation. The introduction of fast charging technology forecasts increased the use of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle and electric vehicles (PHEVs). Reduced total harmonic distortion (THD) is essential for a distributed power generation system during the electric vehicle (EV) power penetration. This paper develops a combined controller for synchronizing photovoltaic (PV) to the grid and bidirectional power transfer between EVs and the grid. With grid synchronization of PV power generation, this paper uses two control loops. One controls EV battery charging and the other mitigates power quality disturbances. On the grid connected converter, a multicarrier space vector pulse width modulation approach (12-switch, three-phase inverter) is used to mitigate power quality disturbances. A Simulink model for the PV-EV-grid setup has been developed, for evaluating voltage and current THD percentages under linear and non-linear and PHEV load conditions and finding that the THD values are well within the IEEE 519 standards.

The advantage of grid-to-vehicle power over vehicle to grid is that the existing power grid infrastructure and technology are able to support its operation. In this paper, a regulation operation framework for grid-to-vehicle-based plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) aggregator is proposed. Based on that, PEVs can provide regulation services during charging. The objective function consider the influence of regulation services on the energy of battery charging for PEVs and the constraint of systems for battery charging power of PEVs, achieving the maximum aggregator earnings. A regulation algorithm is proposed for the aggregator to schedule PEVs. The algorithm considers the constraint of PEVs battery capacity and reduces the communication traffic between the aggregator and the PEVs. Simulation results indicate that the optimal scheduling can not only increase the earnings of the aggregator but also reduce the charging cost of PEV owners on the basis of meeting the charging requirements of PEVs.

Double-layered intelligent energy management approach for optimal PEV integration. • PEVs are utilized to provide both real and reactive power support to the grid. • First layer involves real power management to minimize the PEV (dis)charging cost. • Second layer involves reactive power management to minimize system power losses.

La modernización de las redes eléctricas es una realidad que genera nuevos desafíos en el diseño, operación y gestión del transformador de distribución, los cuales dependerán, entre otras cosas, de condiciones particulares como la topología de la red y los índices de penetración de tecnologías de movilidad eléctrica y generación distribuida (GD). Este artículo revisa aspectos generales de la bibliografía internacional frente al impacto que puede tener la generación distribuida y los vehículos eléctricos en el transformador en el marco de las Smart Grid. También se presentan las principales estrategias aplicadas para mitigar los posibles impactos negativos.

Nowadays, it is a common concern for modern electrical networks and energy management systems to derive an optimal operation management considering energy costs, pollutant emissions, and security, of the system in the presence of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). In this paper, a multiobjective optimization problem is solved to schedule power sources in a typical microgrid, while PEVs are viewed as a stochastic factor. PEVs residing in a city are considered as probable loads and/or generations depending on how they interact with the utility grid. A novel stochastic methodology is used to calculate the 24 h expected power demand and generation of vehicles aggregated in municipal parking lots. The objective functions of the problem are voltage security margin to be maximized and the total power losses, the total electrical energy costs, and the total emissions of power sources, which should be minimized. Based on different scenarios, the impact of PEVs penetration on base load, voltage profile, and also the value of objective functions, are assessed. Numerical results show the effect of different fleets of PEVs, as well as on the operation of future microgrids. Index Terms-Microgrid, plug-in electric vehicle (PEV), probability density function (pdf), voltage security margin (VSM). NOMENCLATURE Abbreviations EV Electric vehicle. PEV Plug-in electric vehicle. BEV Battery electric vehicle. PHEV Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. FCEV Fuel-cell electric vehicle. G2V Grid-to-vehicle. V2G Vehicle-to-grid. P2V Parking-to-vehicle. V2P Vehicle-to-parking. DG Distributed generator.

Smart charging/discharging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) is definitely able to bring a significant cost benefit for both EV station owners and EV owners as well. To this end, this paper develops a Mamdani-based fuzzy strategy with the inputs including the forecasted and real PV generation data, electricity price, and the instantaneous state-of-charging (SOC). Moreover, the output power of PEVs is considered as the output of the proposed strategy. In order to attain further smooth and accurate power sharing for PEVs, varied output rules are assigned commensurate with the rated power of each PEVs. In addition, another fuzzy strategy is developed using the instantaneous SOC error to establish a specified SOC for PEVs at the departure time. While two PV panel profiles are taken into account, Simulation in MATLAB/Simulink environment presents accurate and acceptable results from SOCs of PEVs, PEVs output power, prices and grid power.

In addition to being environment friendly, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems can help the plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) users in reducing their energy costs and can also help stabilizing energy demand in the power grid. In V2G systems, since the PEV users need to obtain system information (e.g., locations of charging/discharging stations, current load, and supply of the power grid) to achieve the best charging and discharging performance, data communication plays a crucial role. However, since the PEV users are highly mobile, information from V2G systems is not always available for many reasons, e.g., wireless link failures and cyber attacks. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a novel concept using cyber insurance to ''transfer'' cyber risks, e.g., unavailable information, of a PEV user to a third party, e.g., a cyber-insurance company. Under the insurance coverage, even without information about V2G systems, a PEV user is always guaranteed the best price for charging/discharging. In particular, we formulate the optimal energy cost problem for the PEV user by adopting a Markov decision process framework. We then propose a learning algorithm to help the PEV user make optimal decisions, e.g., to charge or discharge and to buy or not to buy insurance, in an online fashion. Through simulations, we show that cyber insurance is an efficient solution not only in dealing with cyber risks, but also in maximizing revenue for the PEV user. INDEX TERMS Cyber insurance, plug-in electric vehicle, vehicle charging, vehicle-to-grid, Markov decision process.

Double-layered intelligent energy management approach for optimal PEV integration. • PEVs are utilized to provide both real and reactive power support to the grid. • First layer involves real power management to minimize the PEV (dis)charging cost. • Second layer involves reactive power management to minimize system power losses.

The design and implementation of management policies for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) need to be supported by a holistic understanding of the functional processes, their complex interactions, and their response to various changes. Models developed to represent different functional processes and systems are seen as useful tools to support the related studies for different stakeholders in a tangible way. This paper presents an overview of modeling approaches applied to support aggregation-based management and integration of PEVs from the perspective of fleet operators and grid operators, respectively. We start by explaining a structured modeling approach, i.e., a flexible combination of process models and system models, applied to different management and integration studies. A state-of-the-art overview of modeling approaches applied to represent several key processes, such as charging management, and key systems, such as the PEV fleet, is then presented, along with a detailed description of different approaches. Finally, we discuss several considerations that need to be well understood during the modeling process in order to assist modelers and model users in the appropriate decisions of using existing, or developing their own, solutions for further applications.

Actualmente, la infraestructura de la red eléctrica se encuentra en evaluación en diferentes países: la cuestión es que es antigua y ya no responde a las exigencias y necesidades que la sociedad demanda. La próxima generación de esta red, a menudo llamada "red inteligente", deberá contar con generación de energía distribuida, más capacidad de almacenamiento, decenas de millones de fuentes de energía renovable estocásticas y el uso de las tecnologías de la comunicación, tanto para permitir la armonía entre la oferta y la demanda como para incentivar un adecuado comportamiento del consumidor. Estos desafíos buscan reducir la pérdida de energía y la huella de carbono de la red, haciéndola más "inteligente" y "más verde". En este documento se discute cómo aplicar los conceptos y las tecnologías descubiertas y aplicadas en la Internet, fruto de más de cuatro décadas de investigación, al diseño de la red eléctrica inteligente. Esto es posible debido a que amb...

La movilidad eléctrica es una alternativa sustentable que permite disminuir el consumo energético y la emisión de gases contaminantes con respecto a la movilidad convencional. Existen proyecciones que predicen un aumento del uso de vehículos eléctricos. Con esto se crean diversas líneas de estudio relacionadas a inferencias sobre las características de la integración de esta nueva demanda y sobre los efectos que generará en los sistemas eléctricos. Entonces, en el presente trabajo se proponen como principales objetivos: (i) determinar el impacto en la red de una inserción moderada de puntos de recarga públicos; (ii) evaluar el nivel de penetración de EVs de usuarios residenciales para modos de carga (G2V) domiciliaria lenta y semirrápida, según restricciones de variables de operación de la red; y (iii) proponer estrategias de gestión de la recarga controlada y la función dual de carga y aporte de energía a la red de los EVs a través de sus baterías de almacenamiento (V2G). Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la incorporación moderada de puntos de recarga públicos no afecta significativamente la operatividad de la red. Además, se muestra que la recarga controlada de los vehículos eléctricos logra disminuir los impactos negativos en el sistema eléctrico bajo estudio permitiendo mayores niveles de inserción y/o retrasando inversiones en infraestructura eléctrica. Un modo de operación con aporte de energía desde los vehículos eléctricos hacia la red permitiría desplazar generación de punta caracterizada por sus altos niveles de contaminación. Aun así, este modo de operación torna al sistema más susceptible a operar dentro de rangos inadmisibles.

In the future grids, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions Electric Vehicles (EVs) seems to be an important means of transportation. One of the major disadvantages of the future grid is the demand-supply mismatch which can be mitigated by incorporating the EVs into the grid. The paper introduces the concept of the Distributed Resource Allocation (DRA) approach for incorporating a large number of Plug-in EV (PEVs) with the power grid utilizing the concept of achieving output consensus. The charging/discharging time of all the participating PEVs are separated with respect to time slots and are considered as strategies. The major aim of the paper is to obtain a favorable charging strategy for each grid-connected PEVs in such a way that it satisfies both grid objectives in terms of load profile smoothening and minimizing of load shifting as well as economic and social interests of vehicle owners i.e. a fair share of the rate of charging for all connected PEVs. The threefold contribution of the paper in smoothening of load profile, load shifting minimization, and fair charging rate is validated using a representative case study. The results confirm improvement in load profile and also highlight a fair deal in the charging rate for each PEV. INDEX TERMS Distributed resource allocation, plug-in electric vehicle, output consensus problems.

eólico y solar), y contingencias. En este sentido, en este artículo se presenta el diseño de un control para regular la frecuencia de una microred y garantizar niveles aceptables de frecuencia ante diferentes eventos tales como contingencias y variaciones de cargas. Para este diseño se ha utilizado una microred modelada en el programa MATLAB/Simulink® cuyo control de frecuencia se realiza mediante baterías de autos eléctricos que representan cargas bidireccionales para el sistema y también mediante un generador diésel. El esquema de control propuesto como alternativa en el presente artículo incluye baterías dedicadas que integran sistemas de generación eléctrica a partir de energía renovable. Este control con batería dedicada mejora el desempeño de frecuencia de la microred, especialmente cuando existe una baja reserva rodante de potencia si se compara con un control basado en autos eléctricos. Adicionalmente, el control propuesto permite crear una inercia ficticia en los generadores eólicos o solares, permitiendo un control rápido de frecuencia.

El presente análisis parte de una revisión de normas nacionales e internacionales aplicables para vehículos eléctricos, con el fin de establecer requisitos mínimos y parámetros técnicos para la implementación de estaciones de carga rápida de vehículos eléctricos en las Islas Galápagos. En base a información de generación de energía eléctrica, demanda vehicular y demanda de potencia en Galápagos, se realiza una simulación de Montecarlo, tomando en cuenta la probabilidad de hora de carga, porcentaje de carga en el que se encuentra la batería y curvas de carga de vehículos eléctricos existentes en las islas, así se determina la demanda requerida, considerando dos casos de estudio. El primero, el reemplazo de autobuses a diésel por autobuses eléctricos; el segundo, el reemplazo de vehículos clase: autobús, SUV y automóvil. Los resultados del análisis de demanda proveniente de la simulación determinan qué caso de estudio tiene mayor impacto sobre la curva de demanda máxima y el número de...

El vehículo eléctrico EV  acarrea un futuro sustentable para la siguiente generación de automóviles. La penetración en el mercado de EV ha crecido drásticamente en el pasado reciente. No obstante, la unificación de EV en las redes eléctricas adiciona más desafíos para los ingenieros de sistemas de energía en todo el mundo. Es fundamental valorar los posibles impactos de la red debido a la unificación de los EV para garantizar un funcionamiento estable de la red. Sin embargo, se han efectuado diversos estudios de impacto del sistema de energía que abarcan varios aspectos del problema, principalmente en la estabilidad del voltaje el cual se ha mantenido poco más o menos desatendido. La carencia de modelos de carga más precisos para representar las variaciones y la carga y de los EV para los estudios de estabilidad siguen siendo un gran vacío. Consiguientemente, en este estudio se desarrolla un modelo de carga estática como base esencial para estudios de estabilidad realistas. Además, durante el estudio se identifica un comportamiento de carga EV específico que aún no se ha manifestado en la literatura.

Incentivada por regulaciones que buscan mitigar la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero, la industria automotriz ha encarado una incipiente transición hacia la electromovilidad; acotada hasta el momento a algunos países desarrollados occidentales, Japón, Corea del Sur y China. Esta transición genera importantes mutaciones en las capacidades tecnológicas y recursos naturales necesarios para el desarrollo y producción de vehículos, por lo que se abre un escenario de potencial reposicionamiento en términos de firmas y países. En este contexto, la producción de vehículos eléctricos y sus regulaciones vienen rezagadas en México, Brasil y la Argentina; principales productores automotrices latinoamericanos. Sin embargo, presentan algunas ventajas que podrían ser aprovechadas para reposicionarse en las cadenas de valor automotrices.|| Encouraged by regulations that seek to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases, the automotive industry has started an incipient transition to electromobility; so far, this transition has been limited to some of the Western developed countries, as well as Japan, South Korea and China. This transition generates important changes in the technological capabilities and natural resources needed for the development and production of vehicles, and opens a scenario of potential repositioning for firms and countries. In this context, the production of electric vehicles and their regulations are lagging behind in Mexico, Brazil and Argentina-the leading automotive producers in Latin America. However, they have some advantages that could be exploited to reposition themselves in automotive value chains.

El vehículo eléctrico se caracteriza principalmente  por su notable eficiencia y la nula emisión de gases de efecto invernadero a la atmósfera, versus su contra-parte de combustión interna. Sin embargo, ante un posible escenario de ingreso masivo de vehículos eléctricos al mercado mundial, las redes eléctricas deben estar preparadas para la conexión masiva de estos, ya sea para la recarga de batería o para brindar servicios eléctricos a la red bajo el esquema Vehicle to Grid. Bajo este esquema se aprovecha la capacidad de almacenamiento de los vehículos eléctricos para mejorar las prestaciones de las redes eléctricas actuales, siempre que estas últimas estén en condiciones de manejar aspectos tales como: control de flujo de energía, recarga masiva y simultanea, calidad de suministro eléctrico, entre otros.

El presente documento tiene como objetivo conocer esta configuración de red, sus principales características y las principales limitantes que tiene esta tecnología para su implementación en las redes eléctricas.

RESUMEN Actualmente, la infraestructura de la red eléctrica se encuentra en evaluación en diferentes países: la cuestión es que es antigua y ya no responde a las exigencias y necesidades que la sociedad demanda. La próxima generación de esta red, a menudo llamada "red inteligente", deberá contar con generación de energía distribuida, más capacidad de almacenamiento, decenas de millones de fuentes de energía renovable estocásticas y el uso de las tecnologías de la comunicación, tanto para permitir la armonía entre la oferta y la demanda como para incentivar un adecuado comportamiento del consumidor. Estos desafíos buscan reducir la pérdida de energía y la huella de carbono de la red, haciéndola más "inteligente" y "más verde". En este documento se discute cómo aplicar los conceptos y las tecnologías descubiertas y aplicadas en la Internet, fruto de más de cuatro décadas de investigación, al diseño de la red eléctrica inteligente. Esto es posible debido a que ambas redes están diseñadas para satisfacer las necesidades fundamentales de información y de energía, respectivamente, a través de conexiones entre proveedores dispersos geográficamente, para consumidores igualmente dispersos geográficamente. Teniendo en cuenta éstas y otras similitudes –y también diferencias fundamentales– se proponen varias áreas específicas en las que los conceptos y las tecnologías de Internet pueden contribuir al desarrollo de la siguiente generación de la red eléctrica. También se describen algunas áreas donde se pueden mejorar las operaciones de Internet aplicando la experiencia adquirida en la red eléctrica. Palabras clave Internet, red eléctrica, red verde, red inteligente, energía renovable. ABSTRACT Currently, the grid infrastructure is being evaluated in different countries: the point is that the grid is old and does not respond to the demands and needs of society. The next generation of this grid, often called "smart grid" must have distributed energy generation, more storage capacity, tens of millions of stochastic renewable energy sources, and the use of communication technologies, both to allow harmony between supply/demand and to encourage a proper behavior of the consumer. These challenges try to reduce energy loss and carbon footprint of the network, turning it into a more "intelligent" and "greener " grid. This document discusses how to apply the concepts and discovered-applied technologies in the Internet, which constitute the result of over four decades of research, to the design of the smart grid. This is possible because both networks are designed to satisfy the basic needs, of information and energy, through links between disperse geographically suppliers and consumers. Considering these and other similarities, –and also fundamental differences–, we propose several specific areas in which concepts and Internet technologies may contribute to the development of grid's next generation. Some areas where is possible to improve Internet operations applying the experience acquired in the grid are also described. RÉSUMÉ Actuellement, l'infrastructure du réseau électrique est sur évaluation en pays différents : le fait est qu'il est devenu dépassé et déjà non répond pas aux exigences et nécessités que lui demande la société, La prochaine génération de ce réseau, appelé "réseau intelligent", doit avoir génération distribué d'énergie, une capacité plus grande d'emmagasinage, dizaines de millions de sources stochastiques d'énergie renouvelable et l'usage des technologies de la communication, pour permettre l'harmonie entre l'offre et le demande et pour stimuler un comportement approprié du consommateur. Ces défis essayent de réduire les pertes d'énergie et la trace de carbone du réseau, en rendant lui plus "intelligent" et plus "vert". Dans ce document on discute sur comment appliquer les concepts et les technologies découvertes et appliqués dans l'Internet, que sont le fruit de plus de quatre décennies de recherche, à la conception du réseau électrique intelligent. Cela devient possible parce que les deux réseaux sont conçus pour satisfaire las nécessités fondamentales d'information et d'énergie, à travers de branchements entre fournisseurs et consommateurs disperses géographiquement. En considérant ces et des autres similitudes –et aussi des différences fondamentales-on propose divers champs spécifiques dans lesquelles les concepts et las technologies d'Internet peuvent contribuer au développement de la prochaine génération du réseau électrique. Aussi nous décrivons quelques champs dans lesquels on peut améliorer les opérations d'Internet en appliquant l'expérience acquis sur le réseau électrique. Mots-clés Internet, réseau électrique, réseau vert, réseau intelligent, énergie renouvelable. A. E. Estrada. " Tecnologías de internet para diseñar la red eléctrica del futuro " .

Air pollution in large cities and high prices of oil (nonrenewable resource) are signs that the current mobility model is unsustainable. The expectations have been set in plugin electric vehicles (EVs). EVs are penetrating markets and, soon, will be part of the alternatives of mobility in countries of Latin America. Therefore, efforts are needed in research and development to understand how the massive connection of EVs will impact the way in which power systems operate. This paper presents a literature review about this topic. The paper has focused on three main impacts: on network planning, on power quality and on markets and tariff schemes. After a quantitative analysis of the available literature, each issue is separately developed. Finally, conclusions are presented.