Piping Engineer

The paper presents the influence of non-metallic inclusions on the multi-stage forging process and the mechanical properties of the dodecagon socket bolt used in the automotive industry. The detected metallurgical defect was so large that it directly influenced the mechanical properties of the bolt and resulted in failure to meet the requirements of the mechanical property class. In order to assess the defect, an X-ray examination and metallographic examination of the defective bolt were performed, showing exogenous non-metallic inclusion. The size of the defect on the cross section was 0.531 mm in width and 1.523 mm in length; the defect was continuous along the entire axis of the bolt. In analysis, a finite element method (FEM) simulation of the multi-stage forging process was designed, taking into account a non-metallic inclusion parallel to the sample axis, reflecting the studied case. The process of defect propagation due to material upset in the head area was analyzed. The final forging stage in shaping the dodecagonal socket and filling the flange area was particularly studied. The effect of the defect was observed to significantly reduce the effective cross-section as a result of the expansion of the defect perpendicular to the axis of the bolt. The mechanical properties of products with and without the defect were analyzed. In the first step, the hardness test confirmed that the required value for the mechanical class 8.8 of both bolt types was obtained. In the second step, the bolts were subjected to a static tensile test. The bolts without the defect gave a positive result, while all 10 bolts with the defect gave a negative result, achieving a tensile strength below the requirements. Tensile strength tests were confirmed by metallographic tests and FEM simulation with perpendicular inclusion spread in the area of the head. The bolts were damaged directly under the bolt head, which is inconsistent with the requirements of ISO 898-1. It has been shown that non-metallic inclusions with orientation in accordance with the axis of the bolt can directly cause loss of functionality and these defects should be detected even before assembling in the machine element.

The safety of hazardous production facilities is directly related to the reliability of pipeline systems, which must be ensured regardless of environmental conditions. Accidents on pipeline sections can have catastrophic consequences associated with damage to human health and the environment. Damage to the metal of pipeline elements during operation due to internal corrosion occurring under the influence of the working fluid is one of the main reasons for failure. This study aims to develop an improved butterfly check valve (BCV), which is a pipeline element. For this purpose, various structural materials used in the production of check valves were analyzed, and the changes in their mechanical properties under the influence of temperature were also considered. Based on this material, a butterfly check valve was developed. The stress-strain state of the developed structure was assessed using the finite element method (FEM). Strains, stresses, and displacements were calculated to evaluate valve performance. These calculations are necessary to determine the most loaded elements of the BCV at the maximum and minimum ambient temperatures. The following conclusions were obtained: X6CrNiTi18-10 stainless steel grade is the most suitable material for piping systems transporting liquids in production facilities. On the basis of the simulation results, the values of equivalent stresses, maximum strains, and displacements were obtained. The research results confirmed the performance of the improved design, the unhindered motion of the working fluid in the working direction, and the convenient connection to horizontal and vertical sections of the pipeline.

Dubai's rapid urban growth has increased the demand for advanced building materials that guarantee strength, safety, and long-term performance. Among these, UPVC pipes and fitting in Dubai have gained strong popularity for their reliability and efficiency in plumbing, irrigation, and drainage systems. Why UPVC Pipes Are a Better Choice Unlike traditional metal pipes that may rust or corrode over time, UPVC (Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride) pipes are designed to remain durable even in extreme weather conditions. This makes them a smart choice for Dubai's hot climate and diverse construction needs.

Recent seismic events showed a quite high vulnerability of industrial piping systems and components, where damage ranges from simple failure of joints to failure of supporting structures. The performance of the whole piping system strictly depends on the functionality of its individual components. Moreover, the behaviour of bolted joints is complex and critical under seismic actions. Therefore, they need special attention and deep investigation. In addition even for refinery industries, it is also important to know the leakage behaviour of typical flanged joints. Currently, both American and European codes are available to design flanged joints under static loading. Nonetheless, there is no code available to take into account seismic loading effects on these joints. Along these lines, we intend to present in this paper the results of a test campaign on two different types of flanged joints carried out at the University of Trento(Italy), by means of bending and axial loading, respectively. Test results were favourable and were analysed and compared with: 1) the demand provided by piping systems connected to a typical support structure, 2) allowable, yielding and ultimate design values provided by available codes.

In this paper, the Equivalent Linearization Method (ELM) with a weighted averaging, which is proposed by , is applied to analyze some vibrating systems with nonlinearities. The strongly nonlinear Duffing oscillator with third, fifth, and seventh powers of the amplitude, the other strongly nonlinear oscillators and the cubic Duffing with discontinuity are considered. The results obtained via this method are compared with the ones achieved by the Min-Max Approach (MMA), the Modified Lindstedt -Poincare Method (MLPM), the Parameter -Expansion Method (PEM), the Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) and 4 th order Runge-Kutta method. The obtained results demonstrate that this method is very convenient for solving nonlinear equations and also can be successfully exerted to a lot of practical engineering and physical problems.

In carcass production for flexible pipe systems roll formed profiles are wound around a mandrel forming an interlocking, flexible structure able to withstand collapse from outside water pressure or mechanical crushing. Carcass is often produced in lengths of several kilometres, which implies numerous welds between coils of stainless steel, often duplex grades. The welds are a source of failure, since fracture from time to time occurs here in the winding stage. A simulative test in form of three-point-bending is developed, which shows promising results together with simplified air- and v-bent profiles allowing offline testing of welds for optimisation purposes. Comparative studies are shown possible but discrepancies in boundary conditions cause the maximum strains in the simulative test to differ from those in production. A study of weld failure is done applying the simulative test and tensile tests using GOM ARAMIS 4M system for strain measurements. The results show strain localiza...

The present paper deals with the influence of vibration and temperature on corrosion rate of ASTM A537 carbon steel used for crude oil storage tanks of Basrah fields south Iraq. Experimenting immersion method was used for testing, studied and analyzes behavior of ASTM A537 carbon steel corrosion rate. Three types of crude oils: light, medium and heavy crude oils were collected from tanks of export and used for test. The experimental immersion test results demonstrated that the vibration increases the corrosion rate compared to static case. The light crude oil show larger value of corrosion and heavy crude oil show smaller values, while medium crude oil show moderate values.

The Piping Engineering Course in Mumbai meets these criteria, offering stable job prospects and competitive salaries. With industries continuously expanding and modernizing, there is a steady increase in the demand for skilled piping engineers. This makes it an appealing career choice for engineering graduates.

The next edition of this Standard is scheduled for publication in 2015. ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of this Standard. Interpretations are published on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages at http://cstools.asme.org/ as they are issued. Errata to codes and standards may be posted on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages to provide corrections to incorrectly published items, or to correct typographical errors in codes and standards. Such errata shall be used on the date posted. The Committee Pages can be found at http://cstools.asme.org/. There is an option available to automatically receive an e-mail notification when errata are posted to a particular code or standard. This option can be found on the appropriate Committee Page after selecting "Errata" in the "Publication Information" section. ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American National Standards. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and comment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and the public at large. ASME does not "approve," "rate," or "endorse" any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity. ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability for infringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assumes any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as government or industry endorsement of this code or standard. ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the established ASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

This standard is issued under the fixed designation A193/A193M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

Nowadays, thermal comfort is becoming a major problem for people due to increasing global warming and climatic changes, but it can be resolved by the concept of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems. The purpose of HVAC is to provide occupants with a comfort zone so that they can feel comfortable according to their thermal comfort. The core objective of this study is to design and propose an HVAC system as per actual design conditions for the University Auditorium located in Karachi, Pakistan. A direct Expansion (DX – Type) system is installed in the Auditorium that has exceeded the lifespan of twenty years, refrigerant R-22 which is currently being used has been obsolete due to its high GWP (Global Warming Potential) and ODP (Ozone Depletion Potential) values which are 1810 and 0.05 respectively. To achieve the objective of this study, two approaches are employed. Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) method & Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) software. The cooling load calculated from the CLTD method is 202 kW equivalent to 57.5 Ton of Refrigeration (TR). On the other side, the cooling load calculated from HAP software is 192.8 kW equivalent to 55 TR. By considering the calculated cooling load for the University Auditorium, two different HVAC systems are proposed, based on Water cooled and Air-cooled Vapor Compression Cycle. After this study, engineers will be able to design an HVAC system for any facility as per design conditions. Also, they can propose different cost-effective and energy-efficient HVAC systems for that particular space.

Current research into renewable energy sources, energy efficiency techniques, and cutting-edge technologies is intense among governments, corporations, and the scientific community to meet the world's energy needs while mitigating the impact of human activities on the environment. A design analysis of a small steam boiler for steam generation was done in this work. Along with the creation of a conceptual design, specifications, and design considerations were produced. The permitted expansion stress range, minimum pipe wall thickness, cylindrical steam boiler characteristics, and minimum cylinder wall thickness were all established. The minimum thickness (t) of the cylindrical steam boiler was determined to be 2.0815 mm. Nonetheless, when a factor of safety of 1.5 and a 0.9 mm allowance for corrosion is incorporated, the actual thickness of the cylindrical vessel employed becomes 4.02 mm. The minimum wall thickness of the pipe was 1.5 mm. In addition, a design temperature of 426 °C and an ambient temperature of 32 °C were chosen. It was calculated that the allowable expansion stress range was 166.1 MPa. When the steam spring relief valve was calibrated, the force at which pressure was released was measured and the result was 312.4 N.

This two-part series, written for piping engineers and designers, fills a gap left by the out-of-print Rip Weaver books from the '90s. Despite technological advances like CAD, the fundamentals of piping rules remain relevant. “The Fundamentals of Piping Design” introduces the design of piping systems, processes, and equipment layout, serving as a reference for new hires, engineering students, and veteran engineers.

Mechanical tests were performed on samples prepared from the body and the neck of bottles made of seamless tube, steel 34CrMo4. Plastic material flow curves were taken from tensile tests on samples which were made from tubes and finished bottles. Deformation hardening intensity is calculated, and propensity towards brittle fracture is estimated on the basis of the ratio of total elongation and elongation at maximum load. Compared to the samples of quenched and tempered bottle body, quenched and tempered bottle neck samples indicate that characteristics of strength are almost unchanged with an increase in the minimum strain at the destruction from 12,8% to 15,1%. It was concluded that the results of the plastic material flow can serve as a preliminary indication of anomalies that could contribute to unsatisfactory results of the burst test.

Laboratory corrosion studies were carried out in green, white, and black liquors from a pulp and paper mill in the Northwestern US. The corrosion potential behavior and corrosion rates of carbon steel, stainless steel, and cast irons were determined at the service temperatures of the equipment from which the liquors were sampled, including storage tanks, evaporators, and concentrators. Both low-and high-silicon content carbon steels were found to be spontaneously active and had unacceptably high corrosion rates in the green liquor, white liquor, and strong black liquor. Carbon steels were spontaneously passive in the weak black liquor and also tended to passivate in the intermediate black liquor. Nickel-alloyed cast irons used for valves in the evaporators had corrosion behavior similar to or poorer than the carbon steels. Stainless steels such as type 304L austenitic stainless steel and type 2205 duplex stainless steel were found to have excellent resistance to corrosion in all the alkaline pulping liquors.

A sintered material resistant to heat and mechanical strain, particularly to impact and friction, for the pro duction of molded articles, made of a matrix metal pow der having approximately 70 to 100% by weight of a copper component and approximately 0 to 30% by weight of an alloy component of cobalt, chromium, iron, manganese, nickel, tungsten and/or carbon. In another embodiment, the sintered material may also

Piping system plays a vital role in Power plants, Petroleum refineries, Food processing unit, Chemical Plant, Textile plants etc. Through piping system has huge number of component installed in it but there is some major components. This research paper deals with the basic understanding of piping ,its main component, piping standards, Documents required in piping. In this paper we try to mention brief description of all aspects of piping, through it seems to be a quite simple but practically this research paper is of great importance for Piping engineer, Students and Teachers.

High alloy stainless steels, such as superduplex and 6%Mo, have been extensively used for seawater cooling systems and in reverse osmosis desalination plants. From time to time corrosion has been observed at flange faces that is not attributable to poor quality material or excessively severe operating conditions. Over the last fifteen years there have been studies looking at corrosion of flanged joints. Some have investigated flange materials, while others have looked at different gasket materials. The present paper reviews the published data and presents some field experience from the authors' company. These are combined to present some recommendations on combinations to be avoided and the best choice of suitable gaskets for systems operating at different pressures.

Failure Investigation was carried out on a fractured Weld neck flange of an 8"discharge pipeline of an ethylene compressor in a Petrochemical complex. The Investigation was carried out with the aim of determining the root cause of the failure. In the course of this investigation, Metallurgical techniques including micrography and fractography as well as stress analysis of the piping were carried out on the failed part. The root cause of the failure was identified as vibration induced fatigue enhanced by the non-homogeneity of the microstructure of the flange due to incorrect normalizing practice after forging. Remedial measures to prevent a reoccurrence were proffered.

Specifications applicable to anchor bolt usage. The most desirable materials for anchor bolt applications are selected on the basis of availability and cost. The ASTM Specifications are cross-referenced with AISI Grade Designations and a brief description of the use of AISI Grade Designations is presented. Subsequent reports will present the results of tests of high-strength anchor bolts and the implications of the tests on design procedure.

The ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping: The original ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping was tentatively introduced in 1935 as a single all inclusive document for piping design. Beginning in 1955, various sections were "split-off" to address the designs of specific piping systems.

The oil and gas industry in the USA has an extensive infrastructure of pipelines, 70% of which were installed prior to 1980, and almost half were installed during the 1950s and 1960s. Ideally the mechanical properties (i.e. yield strength, tensile strength, transition temperature, and fracture toughness) of a steel pipe must be known in order to respond to detected defects in an appropriate manner. Neither current in-ditch methods nor the ILI inspection data have yet determined and map the desired mechanical properties with adequate confidence. In the quest to obtain the mechanical properties of a steel pipe using a nondestructive method, it is important to understand that there are many interrelated variables. This paper reports a literature review and an analysis of a sample set of data. There is promise for correlating the results of NDE measurement modalities to the information required to develop relationships between those measurements and the mechanical measurements desired for pipelines to ensure proper response to defects which are of significant threat.

Abstract. In petroleum industries, especially in refineries installations, hundreds of miles of pipes are installed to transfer row and refined material (fluid and gas) from a point to another of the plant, connecting all the components involved in the transformation process (tanks, distillations columns, furnaces, etc..). Recent seismic events showed a quite high vulnerability of these structures, where damage ranges from the simple failure of joints to the failure of supporting structures. For these reasons, initially the seismic analysis and ...

The welding process is one of the fabrication processes in which tubes can be performed for structural purposes and transport liquids or gases. This study is focused on the manufacturing, characterization, and evaluation of mechanical properties of welded tubes made from oxygen-free copper (C1020) sheets using friction crush welding. The welded tubes were produced using different tool rotation speeds (1500, 1600, and 1700 rpm) and feed rates (130, 140, and 150 mm/min). The flanged edge height of 2.5 mm and 0.5 mm gap between the ends of the copper sheet was used. All examinations on welded tubes were achieved using different instruments such as optical microscopy, SEM , hardness, and tensile testers. The microstructure study showed good weld quality and good material flow between the two ends of the copper sheet in the weld zone. M oreover, the weld zone was not defective. The lowest hardness was identified in the crush zone due to the coarseness of the copper grains. The highest tensile strength of 105 M Pa was obtained at the tool rotation speed of 1500 rpm and 130 mm/min feed rate. The results also showed that ductile fracture is the main source of failure.

Requirements for the quality of finished products is continuously increasing. It adducts to improve existing and develop of new schemes roll design. This paper contains the analysis of technological schemes for rolling channels, which are used in the CIS countries. Were described different ways of rolling channels and design features roughing and finishing passes. The authors were compared schemes of UPN-shaped profiles' rolling on different Iron and Steel Works. The article describes methods for improving the roll design, proposed and implemented by domestic developers. These methods are based on the gained experiences of flange profiles' rolling and developments of the modern world. It makes possible to reduce manufacturing costs and improve product quality of the channels.

Requirements for the quality of finished products is continuously increasing. It adducts to improve existing and develop of new schemes roll design. This paper contains the analysis of technological schemes for rolling channels, which are used in the CIS countries. Were described different ways of rolling channels and design features roughing and finishing passes. The authors were compared schemes of UPN-shaped profiles’ rolling on different Iron and Steel Works. The article describes methods for improving the roll design, proposed and implemented by domestic developers. These methods are based on the gained experiences of flange profiles’ rolling and developments of the modern world. It makes possible to reduce manufacturing costs and improve product quality of the channels.

This work has investigated preparation of silver nano-particles using spinning disc reactor. The effects of technological factors and experimental conditions such as: concentrations of AgNO3, glucose, PVP K30 (polyvinylpyrrolidone), spinning speed... on quality of nano-silver particles have been studied. With experimental conditions: rotation speed of 2000 rpm, weight rate of mPVP:mAgNO3 = 1, AgNO3 concentration of 0.01 M, glucose concentration of 0.02 M, silver particles of about 12 nm were obtained and the nano-silver solution were stable for more than 42 days.

The article presents a calculation model of the linear energy of welding P235GH steel tubes with high-frequency currents in order to obtain an optimal microstructure and geometry of the weld of high internal purity. The model was developed based on real data for the standard linear energy used in the steelworks Huta Łabędy and presented as the power factor P/V and P/(V·t), where P is the power [kW], V the production speed [m/min] and t the wall thickness. The model can be used for two ranges of pipe diameters: 114.3–168.3 mm and 219.1–323.9 mm. The data from the model were implemented into the High Frequency Induction (HFI) control panel of Huta Łabędy in order to produce test tubes which were subsequently tested with ultrasounds to verify the quality of the internal weld. In addition, samples were taken for metallographic analysis, which was supposed to check whether the applied linear energy calculation model allows the obtainment of the optimal weld geometry and the optimal angle...

Conference paper,When an external load is applied to one of its ends, a pipe’s bends cross section tends to deform significantly both in and out of its end plane. This shell type behaviour characteristic of pipe bends and mainly due to their curves geometry accounts for their greater flexibility. This added flexibility is also accompanied by stresses and strains that are much higher than those present in a straight pipe. The primary goal of this research is to study the elastic-plastic behaviour of pipe bends under out of plane moment loading. It is also required to study the effects of changing the value of the pipe bend factor and the value of the internal pressure on that behaviour and to determine the value of the limit moments in each case. The results of these analyses are presented in the form of load deflection plots for each load case belonging to each model. From the load deflection curves, the limit moments of each case are obtained. The limit loads are then compared to...

Rice husk ash (RHA) has a high silica content which promotes its attractiveness as potential bio resource for the surface coatings industry. This work investigated the applicability of rice husk ash (RHA) as a flatting (gloss-reducing) extender in red oxide primer and compared its flatting effect with that of calcium carbonate, the standard gloss control agent. RHA was obtained by controlled incineration of rice husks at a temperature of 650 0 C and duration of 4 hrs. The granular ash obtained was ground to obtain powdery RHA of smaller particle size. The powdered RHA and calcium carbonate were sieved to obtain a fairly uniform particle size range of 32-63microns (μm) used in the formulation of the red oxide primers. The gloss levels of the dry films of the primers were measured with a gloss meter at 60 o angle of reflectance and the matt values of the primers calculated from their gloss values. The RHA-filled primer had the highest matt value (%) of 96.8±0.05 while that of calcium ...

This study was designed to determine the effects of co-teaching model on academic achievement students in general metalwork in technical colleges in Rivers State. The study specifically examined the effect of co-teaching strategy on students' academic achievement in metal fitting and welding and fabrication. Two research questions guided the study and two hypotheses were tested at .05 level of consistency. The population for this study was 53 NTC II students of the four Government Technical Colleges in Rivers State. No sample was made as the population was of manageable size. A total of forty (40) achievement test questions were set and administered to the students upon completion of the teaching and learning process. The test instrument was validated by three (3) experts and tested for reliability using Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) which yielded 0.77. The instruments used for data collection was Metal Fitting Achievement Test (MFAT) and Welding and Fabrication Achievement Test (WFAT). Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of consistency through the use of SPSS Version 20. The study found that students taught metal fitting and welding and fabrication using co-teaching model performed better than those taught with conventional teaching method. Therefore, the hypotheses of no notable difference between the achievement scores of students taught with co-teaching model and those taught with conventional teaching were rejected. Consequently, it was recommended among others that metalwork teachers should adopt co-teaching model throughout technical colleges in Rivers State.

This study was designed to determine the effects of co-teaching model on academic achievement students in general metalwork in technical colleges in Rivers State. The study specifically examined the effect of co-teaching strategy on students' academic achievement in metal fitting and welding and fabrication. Two research questions guided the study and two hypotheses were tested at .05 level of consistency. The population for this study was 53 NTC II students of the four Government Technical Colleges in Rivers State. No sample was made as the population was of manageable size. A total of forty (40) achievement test questions were set and administered to the students upon completion of the teaching and learning process. The test instrument was validated by three (3) experts and tested for reliability using Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) which yielded 0.77. The instruments used for data collection was Metal Fitting Achievement Test (MFAT) and Welding and Fabrication Achievement Test (WFAT). Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of consistency through the use of SPSS Version 20. The study found that students taught metal fitting and welding and fabrication using co-teaching model performed better than those taught with conventional teaching method. Therefore, the hypotheses of no notable difference between the achievement scores of students taught with co-teaching model and those taught with conventional teaching were rejected. Consequently, it was recommended among others that metalwork teachers should adopt co-teaching model throughout technical colleges in Rivers State.

INTRODUCTION History of Piping and Vessel Codes The realization of the need for codes did not become apparent until the invention of the steam engine. The first commercially successful steam engine was patented by Thomas Savery of England in 1698. The Savery engine, and the numerous improved engines which followed, marked the beginning of the industrial revolution. This new economical source of power was used to drive machines in factories and even enabled new and faster forms of transportation to be developed. The boilers of these early steam engines were little more than tea kettles where direct heating of the boiler wall was the method used to generate the steam. These crude boilers were the beginning of pressure containment systems. Boiler designers and constructors had to rely only on their acquired knowledge in producing boilers because there were no design and construction codes to guide them in their efforts to manufacture a safe operating steam boiler. Their knowledge was inadequate as evidenced by the numerous boiler explosions that occurred. A few of the more spectacular explosions will be mentioned. On April 27, 1865, at the conclusion of the Civil War, 2,021 Union prisoners of war were released from Confederate prison camps at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Their transportation home was aboard the Mississippi River steamboat Sultana (Figure 1.1). Seven miles north of Memphis, the boilers of the Sultana exploded. The boat was totally destroyed; 1,547 of the passengers were killed. This event killed more than twice as many people as did the great San Francisco earthquake and fire of 1906. In 1894, another spectacular explosion occurred in which 27 boilers out of a battery of 36 burst in rapid succession at a coal mine near Shamokin, Pennsylvania, totally destroying the entire facility and killing 6 people. Boiler explosions continued to occur. In the ten-year period from 1895 to 1905, 3,612 boiler explosions were recorded, an average of one per day. The loss of life ran twice this rate-over 7,600 people were killed. In Brockton, Massachusetts on March 20, 1905, the R. B. Grover Shoe Company plant (Figure 1.2a before, Figure 1.2b after) was destroyed, killing 58 and injuring 117. A year later in Lynn, Massachusetts, a $500,000 loss from a night-time factory boiler explosion occurred injuring 3 people.

A system was designed for high-pressure accelerated life testing (ALT) of composite materials exposed to saline water solutions or other potentially corrosive media. The system was comprised primarily of a large stainless steel pressure vessel with the capability to perform extended pressure holds of up to 41.3 MPa at temperatures up to 70 °C. Using a nylon fabric-reinforced Buna-N rubber diaphragm as a media isolator and an inert ceramic coating on all wetted surfaces of the vessel, 3.5% saline water solutions were successfully held at test pressures and temperatures for extended periods with no evidence of corrosion or other degradation even after several days of exposure. Pressurization was achieved through a hydraulic pump system, which contained pressure monitoring equipment and valves and was isolated from the saline water by the diaphragm. The temperature of the entire vessel and contents was maintained by complete immersion in a heated, filtered water bath. The efficacy of u...

This technical report has been reviewed and is approved for publication. Publication of this report does not constitute Air Force approval of the report's findings or conclusions. It is published only for the exchange and stimulation of ideas.

When heated from room temperature to 165 C, some shape memory metal alloys such as titanium-nickel alloys have the ability to return to a previously defined shape or size with dimensional changes up to 7%. In contrast, the thermal expansion of most metals over this temperature range is about 0.1 to 0.2%. The dimension change of shape memory alloys, which occurs during a martensite to austenite phase transition, can generate stresses as high as 700 MPa (100 kspi). These properties can be used to create a closure for radioactive materials packages that provides for easy robotic or manual operations and results in reproducible, tamper-proof seals. This paper describes some proposed closure methods with shape memory alloys for radioactive material packages. Properties of the shape memory alloys are first summarized, then some possible alternative sealing methods discussed, and, finally, results from an initial proof-of-concept experiment described.

Meyer Tool & Mfg., Inc. (Meyer Tool) of Oak Lawn, Illinois is manufacturing six Cryogenic Control reservoirs (CCRs) for the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab). Five of the CCRs will be installed in the new Super High Momentum Spectrometer (SHMS) planned for Jefferson Lab's Hall C and the sixth will be installed in Hall D. Both projects are part of the 12 GeV upgrade to the CEBAF accelerator. The CCRs are a cryogenic distribution box designed by Jefferson Laboratory. They include internal reservoirs in order to provide a continuous supply of liquid helium and liquid nitrogen to superconducting magnets through periods of disruption in the external supply. This paper discusses the manufacturing and process measures that were implemented in order to meet the Department of Energy requirements for pressure vessels (10CFR851 Appendix A Part 4), to eliminate brazing flux contamination, and to reduce weld distortion in multiple internal vessels. The CCRs will undergo pressure and vacuum testing at Meyer Tool before being installed by the magnet manufacturer.

This article is focused on an analysis of factors negatively affecting the tube production process of tubes made from austenitic stainless steel with a very small diameter of φ 0.34 mm. The analysis was concentrated on factors that affect the drawing process stability of the seam tubes where the desired final dimensions-a diameter of φ 0.34 mm and a wall thickness of 0.057 mm-are limiting factors. Seam tubes made from steel 1.4306 and 1.4301, from producers KT and EW with a longitudinal weld line made by tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, were used as blanks for constituent drawing operations. It is desirable to provide sufficient inert gas flow and cooling during the formation of a weld joint in a protective atmosphere chamber. A significant temperature gradient prevents the formation of undesirable Cr 23 C 6 carbides in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) which negatively affects the plasticity and formability of the steel and is the cause of technological fractures.

The study determined the effect of manually operated hydraulic machine press on students’ academic performance and interest in fabrication and welding engineering in Technical Colleges in Rivers State using Fabrication and welding processes; measurement, drilling, shearing, grinding, welding, and finishing as variables. Seven objectives, seven research questions guided the study, and seven hypotheses were tested at .05 level of significance level. The study adopted quasi-experimental research design and was carried out in Rivers State, Nigeria. The population for the study was 53 students of Government Technical College (Voc II) in Fabrication and Welding Engineering students from four Technical Colleges in Rivers State for the 2021/2022 academic session out of which Government Technical College, Port Harcourt and Ele-ogu were selected, this is because the population was small and manageable. These students in their intact classes were assigned (28) for experimental (Project Teaching Method) and (25) for control (Demonstration Teaching Method). The instrument for data collection was Fabrication and Welding Engineering Performance Rating Scale (FWEPRS) and Fabrication and Welding Hydraulic Machine Project Interest Inventory (FWHMPII) and were validated. A reliability index of .83 was obtained for FWEAPRS using Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficient. In addition, Cronbach Alpha was used to determine the internal consistency of the FWHMPII items and it yielded .80. The research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation while hypotheses were tested using Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) at .05 level of significance. The computation was done using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS 25). Findings of the study revealed that: Students exposed to fabricated manually operated hydraulic machine press project method have higher academic performance than those exposed to demonstration method in measurement, drilling, shearing, grinding, welding, metal work finishing and hydraulic system. The intervening variable such as gender had no significant effect on students’ performance and interest in fabrication and welding engineering as both male and female students had high level of interest in the manually operated hydraulic machine press using project method. The implications of these findings were discussed and recommendations were made such as: Government should provide hydraulic machine press for practical teaching for measurement process; Non-governmental organizations should assist in providing the machine as a method to teach drilling process; the National Board for Technical Education should take into consideration introducing the manually operated hydraulic machine press equipment as Practical Project Teaching Technique in fabrication and welding curriculum; government should help to equip technical colleges workshop with hydraulic machine press for effective teaching of grinding process; the government should provide the machine so that measurement process can be properly taught in technical colleges, non-governmental organizations should assist in providing technical colleges with the fabricated manually operated hydraulic machine press equipment needed to teach the drilling process since the machine has be proven to be effective, the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) should take into consideration introducing the manually operated hydraulic machine press equipment as practical project teaching technique in fabrication and welding curriculum, teachers should be trained in finishing process through courses and workshops. Indigent students should be granted scholarships to boost their performance and interest in fabrication and welding.

El polipropileno es un material con características únicas, ya que su composición hace que sea un plástico muy resistente y que sus aplicaciones sean muy diversas. El sistema de tuberías de polipropileno viene siendo usado desde 2008 y ha revolucionado las bases de la fontanería por lo que es utilizado actualmente en un 60% de las obras de construcción. En este caso se evaluará los beneficios de las tuberías de polipropileno en comparación a las tuberías de PVC mediante un análisis comparativo entre el trazado y diseño para ambos sistemas. Por un lado, se contrastará las condiciones del trazado y diseño de los dos sistemas de tuberías. Por otro lado, se comprará cálculo de pérdidas de presión que se generan en ambos sistemas. La metodología se ampara en los pilares de una investigación cuantitativa. Se realizará el trazado y diseño utilizando las consideraciones para cada tipo de tuberías en el caso del pabellón de aulas de informática de un colegio en el distrito de La Molina. Los ...