Phosphate Analysis

Excavations of a portal tomb at Tirnony, Co. Derry/Londonderry in 2010 and 2011 revealed a surprisingly dynamic monument with evidence for Neolithic ritual. The excavation uncovered pre-tomb pits, a disturbed stone floor, and primary tomb deposits, containing Neolithic pottery, flint tools, struck quartz and possible hammer-stones. There were indications of the sequence of construction of the elements of the tomb, and of interruptions, of unquantified duration, in the tomb's development potentially revealing a dynamic, multi-phase monument. Radiocarbon dates obtained from excavated material place the commencement of activity at Tirnony in the 38th to 40th century BC. After initial Early Neolithic activity at Tirnony there were sporadic indications of further activity with radiocarbon dates from the interior of the tomb suggesting Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, Iron Age and Late Medieval reuse. Our findings add to a growing body of evidence for a phase of Early Neolithic activity pre-dating the rectangular house horizon of around 3700 BC, and confirm, as already suggested by the dating of Poulnabrone, Co. Clare, that portal tombs appear at an early stage of the Irish Neolithic.

This paper presents the results of a study exploring the potential of magnetic-susceptibility and phosphate soil analyses to locate and characterize buried Neolithic settlements in Thessaly, Greece. Using the preliminary results of large-area magnetometer surveys, soil samples were collected at three well-known sites along exploratory lines and augers targeting the locations of possible features of interest, including habitational structures and enclosures. The results demonstrated the capability of these analyses to detect the sites, outline hotspots and better interpret the features identified in the magnetometer results.

Utifrån av författarna tidigare genomförda undersökningar i form av inventeringar och geofysisk prospektering kan en spektakulär storgård i form av en hall med tillhörande kultområde, en så kallad Tissø-anläggning, beläggas ha funnits i området invid Korshamn på Björkö i Adelsö socken, Uppland (Kalmring m.fl. 2017).
Det utpekade kultområdet avgränsas av den anläggning som i folkmun kallas 'kyrkan' och som utgörs av två parallella drygt 30 meter långa stenrader. Området ligger direkt invid fornlämningsområdet för det mycket stora gravfältet Hemlanden (L2017:1904).
För att söka pröva om - och i så fall var - ett möjligt kulthus kan ha funnits inom området, samt var eventuella kultiska aktiviteter kan ha bedrivits genomförde författarna i november 2023 en forskningsundersökning i form av fosfatanalys. Den visar på mycket förhöjda fosfatvärden i områdets södra del.
Fältstudien genomfördes på initiativ av författarna inom forskningsprojektet 'Manorial Residence at Birka-Korshamn - The Viking-age Hall' och inte inom ramen för SHM:s verksamhet.

This paper presents a snapshot of a neolithic maritime exchange network centred on the Pitted Ware Culture (PWC) site of Tråsättra (circa 2630 to 2470 BCE), located northeast of modern-day Stockholm, Sweden. We used a combination of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-MA/ES) and thin section analysis to study and source the clays used to produce 19 potsherds and 39 ceramic figurines from the site. Our results showed that while all potsherds were made with local clays, 10 of the figurines were made with non-local clays sourced from across the Baltic Sea region, including the island of Gotland and the Åland archipelago. Furthermore, most of the non-local figurines were anthropomorphs, while all animal figurines were made with local clays. We suggest that this striking pattern indicates that the PWC people of Tråsättra were participating in a long-distance trading network comparable to the ritual and prestige focused exchange systems found in many anthropologically known maritime societies. Similar results were also received from the analysis of 14 potsherds and 3 figurines from the nearby Early Neolithic (circa 3620 to 3360 BCE) site of Lappdal, suggesting that the exchange of ceramics was a long-standing practice for fisher-forager cultures in the Baltic Sea region. Our cluster analysis of clay composition also indicates that some figurines may have been traded on the local level, pointing to multiple spheres of economic interaction. We argue that these results highlight the considerable economic complexity that was present in this neolithic fisher-forager society.

Dating to the Middle Neolithic (3270-2920 BCE), the settlement site Oldenburg LA77 is one of the earliest villages in the southwestern Baltic and is emblematic of the socioeconomic shift from isolated farmsteads in the Early Neolithic towards population agglomeration in villages in the Middle Neolithic. This settlement is the best archaeobotanically analysed Neolithic site in the SW Baltic. The combination of macrobotanical and stable isotope analysis, supplemented by the study of phytoliths and starch grains preserved on grinding stones, the combined SEM-and chemical analyses of organic surface residues, and the lipid biomarker analysis on organics preserved in the ceramic matrix allow us for a comprehensive reconstruction of everyday activities in the long and complex process that starts with the cultivation of plants and ends with their transformation into meals. We trace household-based plant economy with specific spatial arrangement of these activities, identify distinct cultivation and processing techniques, reconstruct Neolithic recipes and observe related ritual activities.

Kleva koppar-nickel -sulfidmineralisering i Jönköpings län associeras med en elongerad mafisk pluton. I denna studie presenteras de opaka faserna för disseminerad malm från platsen. De relativt rika resp. fattiga proverna skiljer sig åt texturellt och mineralogiskt. Prover med nätverkstexturer rymmer magnetkis medan de med enbart aggregat domineras av pyrit. Kobalt saknas i pentlandit från de fattigare proverna men utgör en säkerställd del i de rikare proverna. Samtidigt är andelen Ni hos samma mineral större i fattigare prover, främst ifrån lokalen Mörka gången. Samma lokal visar optiskt tydligast tecken på förändringar hos magman i form av resorbtion av sulfider. Järnoxiderna magnetit och ilmenit förekommer som inklusioner i sulfiderna eller som enskilda aggregat. Interna sprickor hos magnetit har fyllts av kopparkis resp. pyrit. Resultaten tolkas som att mineraliseringen tidigt under sitt viloläge hettades upp på nytt till följd av tension och ett inflöde av sulfidfattig magma rubbade balansen i den delvis redan kristalliserade magman.

Kleva koppar-nickel -sulfidmineralisering i Jönköpings län associeras med en elongerad mafisk pluton. I denna studie presenteras de opaka faserna för disseminerad malm från platsen. De relativt rika resp. fattiga proverna skiljer sig åt texturellt och mineralogiskt. Prover med nätverkstexturer rymmer magnetkis medan de med enbart aggregat domineras av pyrit. Kobalt saknas i pentlandit från de fattigare proverna men utgör en säkerställd del i de rikare proverna. Samtidigt är andelen Ni hos samma mineral större i fattigare prover, främst ifrån lokalen Mörka gången. Samma lokal visar optiskt tydligast tecken på förändringar hos magman i form av resorbtion av sulfider. Järnoxiderna magnetit och ilmenit förekommer som inklusioner i sulfiderna eller som enskilda aggregat. Interna sprickor hos magnetit har fyllts av kopparkis resp. pyrit. Resultaten tolkas som att mineraliseringen tidigt under sitt viloläge hettades upp på nytt till följd av tension och ett inflöde av sulfidfattig magma rubbade balansen i den delvis redan kristalliserade magman.

Phosphate concentrator at Eshidiya, of Jordan Phosphate Mines Co. Plc, Jordan treats two different types of ores. Both these ores are de slimed to remove clay minerals and the slimes are discarded as tailings. The discarded slimes contain P2O5 as high as 20%. Tests were conducted to use these slimes as direct P fertilizer in alkaline/saline soils both in Jordan and India. It is noted that the slimes along with N containing materials either of organic or inorganic origin work as efficiently as known phosphatic fertilizers. Full article: http://www.potopk.republika.pl/Full_text/im_2013_z2_a30.pdf

a Ústav sacharidů a cereálií, b Centrální laboratoře, Vyso-ká škola chemicko-technologická v Praze, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6 evzen.sarka@vscht.cz Došlo 5.3.14, přepracováno 31.7.14, přijato 26.9.14. Klíčová slova: fosforečnanový diester škrobu, rezistentní škrob, pomalu stravitelný škrob, stravitelnost škrobu, che-micky modifikované škroby Úvod Škrob patří mezi fyziologicky a hospodářsky nejdůle-žitější polysacharidy. Ukládá se v zásobních orgánech rostlin ve formě škrobových zrn, která se nerozpouštějí ve studené vodě. Hlavními složkami škrobu jsou dva -D-glukany-lineární amylosa s -(14) glykosidovými vazbami a větvený amylopektin, obsahující -(14) a -(16) vazby, kromě toho škrobová zrna obsahují i menší množství dalších složek, např. lipidy a proteiny. Fosfor se v nativním škrobu vyskytuje jako fosfátový monoester (především u hlízových škrobů), ve fosfolipidech (především u cereálních škrobů) a ve for-mě anorganických fosforečnanů. Fyzikálně-chemické vlastnosti nativníc...

Un site structuré et bien conservé, daté de la première moitié du III e millénaire av. J.-C., a été découvert en rive droite de la haute vallée de la Deûle à Houplin-Ancoisne (Nord). L'espace fouillé se caractérise en particulier par les vestiges d'une imposante palissade interrompue et par une vaste fosse contenant des amas d'ossements d'animaux découpés et consommés, inédites dans le groupe Néolithique final du ˝Deûle-Escaut˝. L'approche pluridisciplinaire permet de mener une réflexion sur l'évolution et le rôle de ce groupe culturel à la fin du Néolithique dans le nord de la France.

Westmoreland County Industrial Development Corporation (WCIDC) contracted with GAi Consultants to conduct a Phase IA archaeological study of a 143.3-acre parcel for the proposed Westmoreland Technology Park II project in East Huntingdon and Hempfield Townships, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania (Figure 1). The project area is located in the northwest corner of the intersection of Technology Drive and SR 3093 (Figure 2). The purpose of this Phase IA study is to conduct background research and ground truth preliminary assessments of archaeological potential based on this research in order to identify those locations within the project area that have a high to moderate potential for archaeological site locations. Those locations will require a Phase IB survey with subsurface testing and, possibly, surface collecting.
In a letter to GAi Consultants, Inc. dated December 8, 2005 (Appendix A), the Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission (PHMC) Bureau for Historic Preservation (BHP) indicated that a Phase I archaeological survey was recommended prior to construction. In their letter of December 8, 2005, the PH MC-BHP determined that no evaluation of historic structures was necessary in the project area. (The only structure within the study area was an abandoned structure that was less than 40-years old.) This study followed the Guidelines for Archaeological Investigations of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Historic Preservation (1991 ). The Area of Potential Effect (APE) for archaeological resources is the 143.3-acre project area.
The 143.3-acre parcel included all or part of three hilltops (see Figure 1 ). A large agricultural field was located in the southern portion of the project area. Woods cover much of the remainder of the study area. Background research for this project indicated that no previously recorded sites are present in the project area. Historic map research suggested that there are two areas with a potential for historic archaeological remains within the project area. These maps indicate the presence of a former 19th century house along the eastern edge of the project area; another 19th century house may have once stood just outside of the southern project limits. It appears likely that construction of SR3093 and Technology Drive destroyed any archaeological remains associated with these former structures.
Following background research, GAi's crew chief, Marina Davis, conducted a Phase IA field overview on the 143.3-acre parcel to ground truth preliminary assessments of archaeological potential. Conducted on December 4, 2005, this study assessed slope, surface disturbances, topographic setting and other factors that may affect the archaeological potential across the project area. Steep slopes, wetlands, and disturbed areas were considered to have low to no potential for archaeological sites.
Based on Phase IA findings, GAi recommends that a Phase IB survey in the form of subsurface testing be undertaken within six Areas (Areas B, C, D, G, H, and K) in the 143.3- acre parcel. These six areas, which cover nearly 93 acres, have moderate to high potential for containing intact prehistoric archaeological sites. The remainder of the study area (about 51 acres) consists of wetlands, steep slopes, or disturbed settings with low to no archaeological site potential and no additional archaeological work is recommended in these areas.

Phosphate nanomaterials, such as hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium nanoparticles (nHAs) derived from food industry by-products, offer a sustainable alternative to enhance P-use efficiency in agriculture. However, their limited solubility remains a challenge. This study first investigated the mechanisms of P solubilization of salmon and tuna bones (SnHAs and TnHAs) in fifteen strains of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) by an in vitro system. Then, best-performing strains were assembled in a consortium and tested in vivo on maize. We hypothesized that combining nHAs and the PSB consortium inoculated as seed coating (SC) outperforms single treatments alone in promoting plant growth and P cycling, and ensures the establishment in plant-soil system without a bacterial reinforcement (BR) by an additional inoculum suspension. The synergistic effect of nHAs and PSB was proved, improving maize root (+22 %) and total plant biomass (+29 %), as well as P (+32 %) and K (66 %) uptake compared to single treatments. With nHAs and SC, P-use efficiency and recovery increased by 25 % and three-fold, respectively, compared to nHAs alone or with bacterial reinforcement. Consistently, root and substrate bacterial biomass were associated with nHAs plus SC, while nHAs alone or with PSB upregulated PHT1;1 and PHT1;2 transporter genes in maize. Finally, linking the in vitro and in vivo system, we demonstrated that propionic acid production and P-solubilization efficiency of PSB co-applied with nHAs are key drivers of maize growth and P uptake. Our findings indicated that co-applying nHAs and PSB through SC offers a sustainable strategy to improve maize P-use efficiency.

Siedem tysięcy lat temu na rozległych obszarach Europy Środkowej rozwijało się osadnictwo pierwszych rolników przybyłych zza Karpat (kultura ceramiki wstęgowej rytej). Dotąd, ugrupowania starszej epoki kamienia zasiedlające ten teren prowadziły gospodarkę łowiecko-zbieracką, opartą na zdobywaniu pożywienia wyłącznie z otaczającego je środowiska naturalnego. Rozwój rolnictwa spowodował zmianę zarówno trybu życia, jak i pozyskiwania pożywienia. Łatwo wyobrazić sobie, że dieta bazowała odtąd na produktach pochodzących z hodowli zwierząt i uprawy roślin. Ale czy tylko? Wyniki stosowanych dziś zaawansowanych analiz specjalistycznych wskazują, że nadal korzystano w pełni z zasobów środowiska naturalnego. Dzięki temu dieta była urozmaicona i zaskakująco bogata.

The Florida phosphate deposits in Four Corners and Hardee County mines are composed mainly of phosphate minerals and quartz in addition to subordinate proportions of feldspars, dolomite, calcite, gypsum, kaolinite, attapulgite and montmorillonite. These phosphorites contain three structurally different types of mudclasts: massive mudclasts, mudclasts with concentric structure and mudclasts consisting of agglomerates of apatite microparticles. The latter are represented by particles resembling phosphatized fossil bacteria associated with microbial filaments, and hollow apatite particles having surfacial coatings and connected to microbial filaments. The Florida phosphate particles are reworked and vary in mineral composition, color and shape. They are composed of a mixture of well-crystalline species including carbonate fluorapatite (francolite), carbonate apatite and fluorapatite. The color variation of the phosphate particles is related to difference in mineral composition, extent of diagenetic effects and reworking. The light-colored mudclasts are characterized by the presence of carbonate apatite and aluminum hydroxide phosphate minerals, whereas the dark mudclasts are rich in iron aluminum hydroxide phosphate minerals. The Florida phosphorites are suggested to be formed partially by authigenetic precipitation, replacement of the sea floor carbonate and diatomite, and microbial processes. With respect to elemental geochemistry, the analyzed particles contain small percentages of sulfur and iron which are related to the occurrence of pyrite. Traces of silica and alumina are recorded which may be attributed to the diagenetic. Some of the tested particles are relatively rich in phosphorous, fluorine, calcium, and magnesium, while poor in silicon, potassium and sulfur. Whereas, the bioclasts (especially teeth) are relatively rich in calcium, phosphorous and fluorine while poor in silicon, aluminum, magnesium and potassium. Hence, the microchemical analyses revealed that differential diagenesis affected mudclasts more than bioclasts. There is a complete compositional gradation between clay and phosphate particles which reflects their interaction. This involved kaolinitization of the phosphate particles, phosphatization of the clay mineral particles and production of silica.

This paper presents the results of a study exploring the potential of magnetic-susceptibility and phosphate soil analyses to locate and characterize buried Neolithic settlements in Thessaly, Greece. Using the preliminary results of large-area magnetometer surveys, soil samples were collected at three well-known sites along exploratory lines and augers targeting the locations of possible features of interest, including habitational structures and enclosures. The results demonstrated the capability of these analyses to detect the sites, outline hotspots and better interpret the features identified in the magnetometer results.

Singapore, Michigan, was a small nineteenth-century lumber
town situated on the north bank of the Kalamazoo River near
its outlet to Lake Michigan. Nestled within a vegetated coastal
dune field, Singapore enjoyed strong economic success in the
mid-nineteenth century but was entirely abandoned by the turn
of the twentieth century. Prevailing historical legend suggests
that Singapore’s dramatic downfall resulted from excessive
clear-cutting of surrounding forest that destabilized bordering
coastal dunes that then migrated inland, burying the village.
This narrative was further supported by the fact that the precise
location of Singapore remained uncertain within the dynamic
dune system. In 2017–2018, a new construction project afforded
an opportunity to search for Singapore and to determine if
intact archaeological remains persisted. Members of the Applied
Anthropology Laboratories at Ball State University designed a
unique Phase I approach combining traditional survey methods,
consideration of coastal dune dynamics and groundwater
elevations, and extensive ground-penetrating radar survey
to determine the potential presence and depth of associated
archaeological deposits. Results yielded a small number of historic
artifacts and several features believed to date to the nineteenthcentury
Singapore occupation. Despite popular myths about
the village’s location beneath coastal dunes, our work suggests
village placement in a relatively flat, interdunal area between
coastal dunes. Intact archaeological remains are present and
restricted to the upper 0.6 m (2 ft) of eolian deposits. Regional
economic factors, not environmental catastrophe, seem to best
explain the disappearance and abandonment of Singapore.

Singapore, Michigan, was a small nineteenth-century lumber town situated on the north bank of the Kalamazoo River near its outlet to Lake Michigan. Nestled within a vegetated coastal dune field, Singapore enjoyed strong economic success in the mid-nineteenth century but was entirely abandoned by the turn of the twentieth century. Prevailing historical legend suggests that Singapore's dramatic downfall resulted from excessive clear-cutting of surrounding forest that destabilized bordering coastal dunes that then migrated inland, burying the village. This narrative was further supported by the fact that the precise location of Singapore remained uncertain within the dynamic dune system. In 2017-2018, a new construction project afforded an opportunity to search for Singapore and to determine if intact archaeological remains persisted. Members of the Applied Anthropology Laboratories at Ball State University designed a unique Phase I approach combining traditional survey methods, consideration of coastal dune dynamics and groundwater elevations, and extensive ground-penetrating radar survey to determine the potential presence and depth of associated archaeological deposits. Results yielded a small number of historic artifacts and several features believed to date to the nineteenth-century Singapore occupation. Despite popular myths about the village's location beneath coastal dunes, our work suggests village placement in a relatively flat, interdunal area between coastal dunes. Intact archaeological remains are present and restricted to the upper 0.6 m (2 ft) of eolian deposits. Regional economic factors, not environmental catastrophe, seem to best explain the disappearance and abandonment of Singapore.

et les communications de l'Annuaire d'Archéologie Suisse sont soumis à un processus d'évaluation par les pairs. -Gli articoli e le comunicazioni dell'Annuario d'Archeologia Svizzera sono sottoposti a un processo di peer review. Redaktion: E. Thiermann, S. Voegtle Redaktionstermine -Délais de rédaction -Termini redazionali: Artikel -Articles -Articoli: 20.9. Mitteilungen -Communications -Comunicazioni: 01.11. Fundbericht -Chronique archéologique -Cronaca archeologica: 20.12. Richtlinien für Autor*innen -Directives rédactionnelles pour les auteur.e.s -direttive redazionali per gli autori: www.archaeologie-schweiz.ch. Das Jahrbuch ist ab Jahrgang 2023 ausserdem im Diamond Open Access auf zenodo.org zugänglich. Vergangene Ausgaben sind auf der Plattform e-periodica archiviert. -A partir de l'année 2023, l'annuaire sera accessible en Diamond Open Access sur zenodo.org. Les numéros précédents sont archivés sur la plateforme e-periodica. -L'Annuario sarà disponibile in Diamond Open Access su zenodo.org a partire dall'anno 2023. I numeri precedenti sono archiviati sulla piattaforma e-periodica.

The ambition of this monograph is to analyse a limited number of topics regarding house types and thus social and economic change from the extensive material that came out of the archaeological excavation that took place at Forsandmoen (“Forsand plain”), Forsand municipality, Rogaland, Norway during the decade 1980–1990, as well as the years 1992, 1995 and 2007. The excavation was organised as an interdisciplinary research project within archaeology, botany (palynological analysis from bogs and soils, macrofossil analy￾sis) and phosphate analysis, conducted by staff from the Museum of Archaeology in Stavanger (as it was called until 2009, now part of the University of Stavanger). A large phosphate survey project had demarcaded a 20 ha settlement area, among which 9 ha were excavated using mechanical topsoil stripping to expose the habitation traces at the top of the glaciofluvial outwash plain of Forsandmoen. A total of 248 houses could be
identified by archaeological excavations, distributed among 17 house types. In addition, 26 partly excavated houses could not be classified into a type. The extensive house material comprises three types of longhouses, of which there are as many as 30–40 in number, as well as four other longhouse types, of which there are only 2–7 in number. There were nine other house types, comprising partly small dwelling houses and partly
storage houses, of which there were 3–10 in number. Lastly, there are 63 of the smallest storage house, consisting of only four postholes in a square shape. A collection of 264 radiocarbon dates demonstrated that the settlement was established in the last part of the 15th century BC and faded out during the 7th–8th century AD, encompassing the Nordic Bronze Age and Early Iron Age.

As a number of houses comprising four of the house types were excavated with the same methods in the same area by the same staff, it is a major goal of this monograph to analyse thoroughly the different fea￾tures of the houses (postholes, wall remains, entrances, ditches, hearths, house-structure, find-distribution) and how they were combined and changed into the different house types through time. House material
from different Norwegian areas as well as Sweden, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands is included in comparative analyses to reveal connections within the Nordic area. Special attention has been given to the interpretation of the location of activity areas in the dwelling and byre sections in the houses, as well as the life expectancy of the two main longhouse types. Based on these analyses, I have presented a synthesis in
13 phases of the development of the settlement from Bronze Age Period II to the Merovingian Period. This analysis shows that, from a restricted settlement consisting of one or two small farms in the Early Bronze Age, it increases slightly throughout the Late Bronze Age to 2–3 solitary farms to a significantly larger set￾tlement consisting of 3–4 larger farms in the Pre-Roman Iron Age. From the beginning of the early Roman Iron Age, the settlement seems to increase to 8–9 even larger farms, and through the late Roman Iron Age, the settlement increases to 12–13 such farms, of which 6–7 farms are located so close together that they would seem to be a nucleated or village settlement. In the beginning of the Migration Period, there were 16–17 farms, each consisting of a dwelling/byre longhouse and a workshop, agglomerated in an area of 300 x 200 m where the farms are arranged in four E–W oriented rows. In addition, two farms were situated 140 m NE of the main settlement. At the transition to the Merovingian Period, radiocarbon dates show that all but two of the farms were suddenly abandoned. At the end of that period, the Forsandmoen settlement was completely abandoned. The abandonment could have been caused by a combination of circumstances such
as overexploitation in agriculture, colder climate, the Plague of Justinian or the collapse of the redistributive chiefdom system due to the breakdown of the Roman Empire. The abrupt abandonment also coincides with a huge volcanic eruption or cosmic event that clouded the sun around the whole globe in AD 536–537. It is argued that the climatic effect on the agriculture at this latitude could induce such a serious famine that the
settlement, in combination with the other possible causes, was virtually laid waste during the ensuing cold decade AD 537–546.

Im Rahmen der Arbeit: „Anwendung verschiedener Prospektionsmethoden zur
Fundplatzeingrenzung am Beispiel des Fundplatzes 33, Nennhausen, Landkreis
Havelland, Brandenburg“ wird der Fragestellung nachgegangen, ob es mit
zerstörungsfreien Prospektionsmethoden, wie der Geomagnetik und einer
bodenchemischen Analyse, möglich ist, einen Fundplatz in seiner Ausdehnung
eingrenzen zu können. Des Weiteren soll eine Möglichkeit aufgezeigt werden,
kleinere Fundplätze mit einfachen Mitteln und verglichen mit einer Grabung mit
geringerem zeitlichem Aufwand zu charakterisieren und eine Aussage über den
Erhaltungszustand der Befunde treffen zu können. Die wissenschaftliche
Relevanz der folgenden Ausarbeitung liegt in dem fundplatzschonenden Weg
der Datenerhebung.

Abstracts are made available for research purposes. To view the full report, please contact the staff of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology (www.gbl.indiana.edu)At the request of the Indiana Department of Transportation, the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana University (GBL) conducted a Phase Ia archaeological reconnaissance survey for a bridge replacement on SR 356 over Town Creek, .55 km west of SR 203 in Scott County. The project area is approximately 260 meters long on both the north and south sides of SR 356. The right-of-way (from center of the existing road) extends between 3 meters at the west and east ends of the project and 17 meters in the center of the project corridor. The entire project corridor was shovel probe surveyed. The project area totals approximately 1.4 acres. The purposes of survey were 1) to identify and document all cultural resources in the project area, 2) to evaluate the eligibility of any sites found for inclusion on the Natio...

Abstracts are made available for research purposes. To view the full report, please contact the staff of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology (www.gbl.indiana.edu)At the request of the Beech Coal Company, the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana University (GBL) conducted a Phase Ia archaeological reconnaissance survey for the IBR #9 area of the Sycamore Mine, located approximately 3.7 miles south of the town of Bicknell, Knox County, Indiana. The southeast end of the project area had been disturbed previously by mining activities and/or was of a greater than 30 percent slope. Approximately 0.6 acres were subject to overview. Testing was not conducted on the ridge slope or in the disturbed area. In total, approximately 14.7 acres of the 15.3 acre parcel were surveyed. The purposes of survey were 1) to identify and document all of the cultural resources in the project area, 2) to evaluate any sites found with regard to their eligibility for inclusion on the Natio...

Abstracts are made available for research purposes. To view the full report, please contact the staff of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology (www.gbl.indiana.edu)At the request of the Crane Golf Association (CGA), the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Office of Cultural Resource Management, Indiana University (GBL-OCRM) conducted a Phase Ia archaeological reconnaissance survey of the proposed location of improvements on the golf course at NSA Crane, Martin County, Indiana. The Crane Golf Association proposes to join two small ponds. The area of proposed effect (APE) staked by the CGA delineates the area that will be disturbed due to this improvement. The APE is approximately 4.0 acres in size. The purposes of the survey were 1) to identify and document all of the cultural resources in the project area, 2) to evaluate any sites found with regard to their eligibility for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and the Indiana Register of Historic ...

Abstracts are made available for research purposes. To view the full report, please contact the staff of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology (www.gbl.indiana.edu)This manuscript reports on the fieldwork, analysis and interpretation of archaeological deposits at site 12-J-160, located within the Muscatatuck National Wildlife Refuge, Jackson County, Indiana. Evaluation of site 12-J-160 in July of 2004 was undertaken by archaeologists affiliated with the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Office of Cultural Resource Management, Indiana University under contract with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service who requested investigations of the site to determine its potential eligibility for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. Systematic recovery and recording of artifacts and organic remains from the site deposits sampled, and the measurement of the volume of excavated deposits, permit comparisons of densities of materials. These data were used to determine the...

Abstracts are made available for research purposes. To view the full report, please contact the staff of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology (www.gbl.indiana.edu)At the request of the Town of Westfield, the Office of Cultural Resource Management at the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana University (GBL-OCRM) conducted a Phase Ia archaeological reconnaissance survey of the proposed Union Street Trail in Westfield, Hamilton County, Indiana. The Town of Westfield proposes to construct a walking/biking trail south of town. The project area consists of a single corridor approximately 1,400 meters (4,593 feet) long and 3 meters (9.8 feet) wide located on the west side of Union Street. The project area is located in Washington Township. The project area is 1.03 acres in size. Approximately 0.90 acres were tested using a shovel probe survey. The remaining 0.13 acres were subjected to an overview and were documented as disturbed due to the presence of a buried fiber-o...

Abstracts are made available for research purposes. To view the full report, please contact the staff of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology (www.gbl.indiana.edu)At the request of the Indiana Department of Transportation, the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Office of Cultural Resource Management, Indiana University (GBL-OCRM) conducted an archaeological records review and survey of Intersection Improvements on S.R. 62 in Clark County, Indiana. A total of approximately 5.1 acres were surveyed. Approximately 1.0 acres were subject to an overview. The records check was completed on June 4, 2002 by GBL archaeologist Johnie Sanders. The records review indicated that three previously documented archaeological sites were located within a 1-1/2-mile radius of the project area in the Fourteen Mile Creek and Yankee Creek drainages. A small number of diagnostic artifacts indicate that these sites are of Archaic or unknown affiliation. According to GBL site files, no previous...

Abstracts are made available for research purposes. To view the full report, please contact the staff of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology (www.gbl.indiana.edu)From June 2-4, 2003, the Glenn A. Black Laboratory Office of Cultural Resource Management (GBL-OCRM), Indiana University, conducted a Phase Ia archaeological survey of the proposed improvements to the intersection of Millersburg and Green River Roads in Vanderburgh County, Indiana, under contract with the Vanderburgh County Engineering Department. The property surveyed is located northeast of Evansville, Indiana. A right-of-way allowance of 13-22 m was applied to either side of the centerlines of the two roads. A total of approximately 2.0 acres were surveyed, and approximately 0.6 acres were subject to overview (Figure 2). The purposes of survey were to: (1) identify and document all cultural resources in the project area; (2) evaluate any sites found with regard to their eligibility for inclusion on the National ...

Abstracts are made available for research purposes. To view the full report, please contact the staff of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology (www.gbl.indiana.edu)On 20 October 2003, the GBL-OCRM conducted an archaeological reconnaissance overview of the proposed added travel lanes on SR 64 in Princeton, Indiana (Project ST-018-2( ), Des. No. 8915400) under contract with the Indiana Department of Transportation. Existing Right-of-Way (ROW) ranges from 15.2 m (49.9 ft) to 25.6 m (83.9 ft) in width. Total additional required ROW is estimated to be a width of 26 m (85 ft). The proposed new ROW has experienced extensive subsurface disturbance as a direct result of the Princeton community downtown/urban development and expansion through the years. Commercial and residential construction are the two largest contributors to the subsurface disturbance. Additional factors include the construction of SR 64, side street construction, sidewalks, parking lots, and underground utilities (...

At the request of R. W. Armstrong & •Associates, Inc. (RWA), the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana University (GBL) conducted a Phase Ia archaeological reconnaissance survey of land to be impacted by the proposed replacement of Lawrence• County Bridge Number 85. Approximately 0. 7 acres were surveyed. The purposes of the survey were 1) to identify and document all of the cultural resources in the project area, 2) to evaluate any sites with regard to their eligibility for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and the Indiana Register of Historic Sites and Structures (IRHSS), and 3) to make recommendations for the protection of significant and potentially significant sites. Fieldwork was conducted September 17, 1999 by GBL archaeologists Mary E. Pirkl and Devin W. Fishel. No cultural materials were discovered during survey. Cultural resource clearance is therefore recommended for the project area, provided that all earth-moving activity is limited to the currently delineated boundaries.

Tomasz HERBICH* Metody geofizyczne w archeologicznych badaniach starożytnych miast w Egipcie Streszczenie: Podczas ostatnich dwóch dekad nastąpił gwałtowny postęp w poznawaniu zespołów miejskich starożytnego Egiptu. Stało się to możliwe dzięki zastosowaniu metody magnetycznej, pozwalającej rekonstruować plany miast na obszarach o powierzchni dziesiątek hektarów-niemożliwych do przebadania przy użyciu konwencjonalnych metod wykopaliskowych. Metoda jest szczególnie efektywna w przypadku badań zabudowy w delcie Nilu, a także w dolinie Nilu i na jej na obrzeżach, czyli tam, gdzie podstawowym materiałem budowlanym była suszona w słońcu cegła, wytwarzana z mułu nilowego-surowca o dużej zawartości tlenków żelaza, a zatem łatwego do rejestracji przy użyciu metody magnetycznej. W korzystnych warunkach prospekcja magnetyczna daje na tyle dokładny obraz niewidocznej na powierzchni zabudowy, iż na podstawie cech typowych dla danych okresów rozwoju architektury egipskiej można wstępnie określać datę powstania budynków. Pomiary pozwalają także na rejestrowanie miejsc pochówków, struktur o charakterze produkcyjnym (np. piece do produkcji ceramiki). Obszary prowadzone na dużych przestrzeniach pozwalają na rekonstrukcję zmian w krajobrazie (np. poprzez odtworzenie sieci nieistniejących kanałów czy odnóg rzecznych). W pomiarach używane są dwa typy magnetometrów: gradientometry turboptrzepływowe mierzące wektor pionowy natężenia pola magnetycznego oraz magnetometry pompowane optycznie, mierzące całkowite natężenia pola. Gęstość próbkowania wynosi zwykle od 8 do 20 pomiarów na metr kwadratowy. Poza metodą magnetyczną, w badaniach znajduje także zastosowanie metoda elektrooporowa, głównie w wersji profilowań. Jest ona przydatna w badaniach zabudowy z epoki rzymskiej, gdy podstawowym materiałem budowlanym była cegła palona. Gęstość próbkowania wynosi 1 lub 2 pomiary na metr kwadratowy. W artykule przedstawione są wyniki badań autora na stanowiskach z epok począwszy od Średniego Państwa (1 poł. II tysiąclecia przed Chr.) do schyłku pierwszego tysiąclecia po Chr. Słowa kluczowe: geofizyka archeologiczna, metoda magnetyczna, metoda elektrooporowa, archeologia Egiptu, badania miast antycznych Geophysical methods in the archaeological study of ancient Egyptian cities

Quelques repères géographiques La Deûle occupe un bassin modeste d'environ 590 km² avant sa confluence avec la Marque et son entrée dans la plaine de la Lys (fig. 1). Elle prend sa source à Carency (Pas-de-Calais) dans l'Artois où elle possède l'hydronyme Souchez et s'écoule vers le nord dans une petite vallée encaissée. Elle perd son encaissement après la traversée du glacis du pays de Gohelle et rejoint une large vallée au versant peu marqué. La vallée s'étend alors vers le nord, entre les légers reliefs du pays de Weppes à l'ouest (sable et argile, Landénien et yprésien) et de la Pévèle (sable et argile) puis du Mélantois (craie banche, Coniacien et Santonien basal), à l'est, la vallée de la Deûle conflue avec la Lys à Deulémont (Nord) qui ellemême rejoint l'Escaut à Gand en Belgique. Elle constitue un axe nord-sud entre le Bassin parisien au sud et le Bassin belgo-néerlandais au nord. Le gisement d'Houplin-Ancoisne le Marais de Santes se situe sur la rive droite d'un large méandre, à une trentaine de kilomètres de la source (zone drainée de l'ordre de 450 km 2), en amont d'un rétrécissement de la vallée au droit de l'axe

GAI Consultants, Inc. conducted additional Phase I archaeological survey for seven loci (Study Areas 81 through 87) for the proposed Low Pressure East (LPE) Pipeline Upgrade Project (formerly referred to as the H-129 Pipeline Project), located in Allegheny and Washington Counties, Pennsylvania on behalf of Equitrans, L.P. between September 24 and October 1, 2012. The archaeological survey for Study Areas 81 through 87, detailed in this Addendum 2 Report, was conducted in partial fulfillment of permitting requirements for Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. These seven study areas, totaling 1.10 ha (2.74 ac), fall within one Allegheny County municipality (Forward Township) and four Washington County municipalities (Carroll Township, Fallowfield Township, West Pike Run Township, and Centerville Borough).
Background research did not identify any previously recorded cultural resources within or close to the seven new Study Areas (Study Areas 81 through 87) covered in this Addendum 2 Report. No aboveground facilities are proposed for the Project area, and as such, the Project will have no viewshed impacts on architectural or historical resources.
Phase I field investigations detailed in this Addendum 2 Report cover seven locations (extra work spaces, pipeline segments, and access roads) not covered by the original Phase I H-129 pipeline archaeological survey or the LPE Pipeline Upgrade Addendum 1 archaeological survey reports. GAI conducted a systematic reconnaissance inspection of the seven new study areas. Soil auger probes were placed in Study Area 84 to confirm the presence of disturbed soil stratigraphy. Due to the presence of steep slopes and/or previous ground disturbances, Study Areas 81 through 87 were concluded to maintain low to no potential for archaeological materials and were excluded from shovel test pit excavations.
One additional location (formerly Study Area 80) was surveyed but eliminated from consideration as an extra workspace after a prehistoric archaeological site was identified during subsurface testing. Equitrans, L.P. decided to exclude this location from the current project designs, so the site will be outside of the Area of Potential Effect.
Based on negative results, GAI recommends that the proposed Project proceed according to current design and without further cultural resources investigations. If design plans change to incorporate additional areas not addressed in the current study, additional cultural resources investigations may be required, in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission guidelines.

Studies on the effect of biochar, manure and manure ash on soil nutrient kinetics are rare. Therefore, an incubation study was conducted to investigate nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulphur (S) kinetics in soils amended with biochar (B), B + cattle manure (BCM), B + goat and sheep manure (BGSM), B + poultry manure (BPM), farm yard manure (FYM), CM ash (CMA), GSMA, PMA, and wood ash (WA). Manure and manure ash were applied at 120 kg N ha −1 ; B was applied at 5 tha −1 .Total mineral nitrogen (TMN), available P and S were determined at 2 weeks interval. Results revealed that soils treated with WA and PMA had the highest liming (pH 9.88) and salinity (820 μS m −1), respectively. The overall cumulative release of TMN, P and S in soil treated with PMA was 1, 7 and 16% higher than BPM amended soils, respectively. The least percentage of TMN, P and S mineralized was in soil treated with BCM (13.5%), BPM (12.3%) and WA (9.3%), respectively. The first order and power functions were able to capture the kinetic release of N, P and S in the soil and amendments. TMN had significant correlation with nitrate-N (r = 0.925, p ≤ 0.001) ammonium-N (r = 0.737, p ≤ 0.01), sulphate (r = 0.823, p ≤ 0.01) and phosphate (r = 0.702, p ≤ 0.01). The study concluded that the application of manure ash or manure with biochar encourages the timely release of TMN, P and S as well as improving the salinity and pH of the soil.

Report from the final excavation of an early middle Mesolithic settlement site  near Stockholm, Sweden. The site was located at c. 73 meters above the present sea-level, but was at the presumed time of occupation, c. 7700 BC, right at the shore-line. At this time, the Söder-törn peninsula south of Stockholm was an outer archipelago in the Baltic sea, more than 100 kilometers east of the mainland coast. The results from the excavation are being discussed in a context of other meso-lithic settlements from Scandinavia.

The Varniai depression situated in theSamogitian Highland was formed during the Baltija Stadial of the Last Glaciation. The highest terraces of the mentioned depression have got their shape at the very beginning of the Late Glacial. Several lower terraces might have been formed in the Allerd. The low Preboreal/Boreal level of the lake were changed by the Atlantic transgression, however, without exceeding +155 m NN. At about 3250-3300 14 C years BP, when water level dropped down to +150 m NN, bogging of the large areas started. Inves tigated lacustrine cores have reached as far back as Preboreal. At about 8900-8700 l4 C years BP deciduous trees migrated in the territory and broad-leaved trees prospered at about 7000-6000 14 C years BP. Spruce, widespread in the region at about 5200 Įvadas Žemaičių aukštumos centrinėje dalyje plytinčiose vaizdingose Biržulio ežero apylinkėse aptikta ypač daug akmens ir geležies amžiaus paminklų (1 pav.). Išsiski riantis gamtine aplinka bei gyventojų ūkinės veiklos istorija regionas yra labai svarbus nustatant svarbiau sius ūkio ir gamtinės aplinkos raidos etapus šiaurės vakarų Lietuvoje. Biržulio ežeras yra centrinėje Žemaičių aukštumos dalyje, Varnių depresijoje, kuri formavosi paskutinio-Nemuno-apledėjimo veikiama 1. Egzistuojantis nuo pat ankstyviausių vėlyvojo ledynmečio etapų, Biržu lio ežeras yra puiki vieta tirti gamtinės aplinkos rai dai per pastaruosius 13-14 tūkstančius metų 2. Auga lijos kaita ežero apylinkėse, vandens lygio pokyčiai И С years BP, two thousand years later became the prevailing component of local forests. The earliest insignificant traces of the human interference and formation of the forest glades are pronounced in the vicinities of Mesolithic sites dated back to 7600-7900 И С years BP. As early as the Late Neolithic, agri culture became an important part of the local economy. In creasing intensity of the agriculture activities is confirmed by the rising representation of the farming indicators and thin ning of the forest cover throughout the Late Bronze Age. Pe riod of the intensive husbandry and land cultivation coincides with the historical times when formation of the new landscape in the environs of the Biržulis Lake started.

XX amžiuje ekologijos mokslui susiskaidžius į smulkesnes mokslo sakas, tarp kurių yra ir paleoekologija, pastaroji dažnai nepelnytai nustumiama į antrą planą (arba visai ignoruojama). Tuo tarpu nuolatinis, nuoseklus ir tikslus paleoaplinkos tyrimų rezultatų fiksavimas, koreliuotos interpretacijos regioniniu mastu, gali būti naudingos sprendžiant dabarties ekologines problemas, padėti atskirti natūralią gamtine kaitą nuo technogeninio poveikio sukeltos aplinkos kaitos. Naudojant kompleksinius tyrimus jau kelis desimtmecius yra bandoma suvokti ekosistemų evoliucijos dėsningumus. Siekiant nustatyti pagrindinius natūralius paleoaplinkos kaitos parametrus pietrycių Lietuvoje vėlyvajame ledynmetyje, atlikti kompleksiniai detalūs tyrimai Ūlos upės atodangoje, kurioje po eolinio smėlio sluoksniu slūgso gitijos ir molingos gitijos sluoksniai. Tyrimų rezultatai bei naujos 14 C (AMS) datos leidžia teigti, jog nuosėdos formavosi vėlyvojo ledynmecio metu, jo silciausio intervalo, biolingo–alerod...

The Florida phosphate deposits in Four Corners and Hardee County mines are composed mainly of phosphate minerals and quartz in addition to subordinate proportions of feldspars, dolomite, calcite, gypsum, kaolinite, attapulgite and montmorillonite. These phosphorites contain three structurally different types of mudclasts: massive mudclasts, mudclasts with concentric structure and mudclasts consisting of agglomerates of apatite microparticles. The latter are represented by particles resembling phosphatized fossil bacteria associated with microbial filaments, and hollow apatite particles having surfacial coatings and connected to microbial filaments. The Florida phosphate particles are reworked and vary in mineral composition, color and shape. They are composed of a mixture of well-crystalline species including carbonate fluorapatite (francolite), carbonate apatite and fluorapatite. The color variation of the phosphate particles is related to difference in mineral composition, extent of diagenetic effects and reworking. The light-colored mudclasts are characterized by the presence of carbonate apatite and aluminum hydroxide phosphate minerals, whereas the dark mudclasts are rich in iron aluminum hydroxide phosphate minerals. The Florida phosphorites are suggested to be formed partially by authigenetic precipitation, replacement of the sea floor carbonate and diatomite, and microbial processes. With respect to elemental geochemistry, the analyzed particles contain small percentages of sulfur and iron which are related to the occurrence of pyrite. Traces of silica and alumina are recorded which may be attributed to the diagenetic. Some of the tested particles are relatively rich in phosphorous, fluorine, calcium, and magnesium, while poor in silicon, potassium and sulfur. Whereas, the bioclasts (especially teeth) are relatively rich in calcium, phosphorous and fluorine while poor in silicon, aluminum, magnesium and potassium. Hence, the microchemical analyses revealed that differential diagenesis affected mudclasts more than bioclasts. There is a complete compositional gradation between clay and phosphate particles which reflects their interaction. This involved kaolinitization of the phosphate particles, phosphatization of the clay mineral particles and production of silica.