Phonological disorders

Purpose: Adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) often show reduced speech intelligibility, which affects their social interaction skills. This study aims to establish the main predictors of this reduced intelligibility in order to ultimately optimise management. Method: Spontaneous speech and picture naming tasks were recorded in 36 adults with mild or moderate ID. Twenty-five naïve listeners rated the intelligibility of the spontaneous speech samples. Performance on the picture-naming task was analysed by means of a phonological error analysis based on expert transcriptions. Results: The transcription analyses showed that the phonemic and syllabic inventories of the speakers were complete. However, multiple errors at the phonemic and syllabic level were found. The frequencies of specific types of errors were related to intelligibility and quality ratings. Conclusions: The development of the phonemic and syllabic repertoire appears to be completed in adults with mild-to-moderate...

Background and purpose: Speech sound disorders are the most common speech disorders in children which are associated with other problems and can lead to social problems, attention deficit and academic skills challenges. The aim of this study was to investigate articulation characteristics, phonological awareness and language skills in children with speech sound disorders. Materials and methods: In a descriptive analytical study 24 children with speech sound disorder and 16 normal children were participated. The patients were selected from speech therapy clinics and the controls were chosen from nurseries based on convenience sampling. Speech production, oromotor and language skills were assessed by P-DEAP, TOLD-P3 and Phonological Awareness Test, respectively. Data was analyzed in SPSS ver. 20 using independent-samples t-test. Results: There were significant differences between the two groups in phonological awareness skills (except blending phonemes (P= 0.2)), syntax (P=0.002), semantic (P=0.009), spoken language (P=0.003), listening (P=0.002), organizing (P=0.004), and speaking (P=0.02). Conclusion: Children with speech sound disorders had atypical errors demonstrating weaker performance in language skills such as syntax, semantic, and phonological awareness compared to normal children. According to this study despite evaluating speech production it is necessary to assess language skills and phonological awareness in children with speech sound disorders.

Background and purpose: Speech sound disorders are the most common speech disorders in children which are associated with other problems and can lead to social problems, attention deficit and academic skills challenges. The aim of this study was to investigate articulation characteristics, phonological awareness and language skills in children with speech sound disorders. Materials and methods: In a descriptive analytical study 24 children with speech sound disorder and 16 normal children were participated. The patients were selected from speech therapy clinics and the controls were chosen from nurseries based on convenience sampling. Speech production, oromotor and language skills were assessed by P-DEAP, TOLD-P3 and Phonological Awareness Test, respectively. Data was analyzed in SPSS ver. 20 using independent-samples t-test. Results: There were significant differences between the two groups in phonological awareness skills (except blending phonemes (P= 0.2)), syntax (P=0.002), sem...

This paper presents the concept and the user evaluation study of the first Super-Fon's prototype, which is a mobile health app with a serious game approach for Android Tablets. It was developed with the main goal of working as a complement to the therapeutic intervention in phonological disorders in children between 3 and 8 years old. The app comprises a range of activities, grouped into levels, presenting a therapeutic intervention that follows the Metaphon methodology. The serious game dimension was added to better engage children in its use. The paper presents a user study conducted with two groups of children, without and with the phonological disorders. The first one worked as a control group to better help finding out if the prototype is well designed and provides a positive user experience to be well received by the children, engaging them, despite their condition. The results of the study were very positive and promising.

Objective Reviewing the literature related to the use of polysyllabic words in the assessment of speech sound disorders (SSD) in children have indicated the necessity of using these words for providing additional information such as prognostic information. Despite strong literature in other languages, there is scant research on examining the production of these words in the Persian language among children aged 4-7 years. Therefore, this study aims to design and assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the polysyllabic words test (PWT) for measuring production skills in Iranian preschool children. Materials & Methods In this cross-sectional study, First, 532 polysyllabic words with 3, 4, 5, and 6 syllables were selected from preschool children's books, which was reduced to 66 words after agreement among authors in three rounds. The content validity of the items was examined according to the opinions of five experts in typical speech development and SSD in terms of four criteria: Appropriateness for producing polysyllabic words, appropriateness for children aged 4-7 years, imageability, and cultural fit. After selecting pictures, face validity of items was examined by implementing the test on eight 4-7-year-old children (at least one child from each age group). Finally, 40 items were considered as the final words of PWT. For measuring psychometric properties, 120 children with normal development (60 males, 60 females), and 20 children with SSD (10 males, 10 females) participated. The control children were divided into 6 age groups with a 6-month interval (10 males and 10 females in each age group). Their inclusion criteria were age 4-7 years, not being bilingual, and passing the Persian diagnostic evaluation of articulation and phonology test (DEAP; Zarifian, 2014) and informal language screening test successfully. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic and the closure of most schools, the sampling of control children was done using a convenience method from two cities (Tehran and Karaj). The inclusion criteria for SSD children were: Inability to pass the DEAP test, not being bilingual, and having SSD. Their sampling was also done using a convenience method. For evaluating construct validity, the differences among six age groups, between males and females, and between control and SSD children were examined in terms of total score, percent consonants correct (PCC), percent vowels correct (PVC), and percent phonemes correct (PPC). Test-retest reliability was determined using 20 children at a one-week interval, and interrater reliability was determined by investigation of relations between scores of two independent raters for 20 children using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). The internal consistency was determined by measuring the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, independent t-test, Tuckey's post hoc test, were used for data analysis in SPSS software, version 26. Results In comparing the age groups, the results showed a significant difference in terms of total score, PCC and PPC (P<0.001), but not significant difference was found in PVC (P=0.23). No significant differences were found between males and females in total score, PCC, PPC, or PVC. In comparing control and SSD

Background and Objectives: This cross-sectional study aims to explore the effect of vocal warmup and cool-down exercises (VWCE) on the acoustic characteristics of speech and language pathologists (SLPs). Methods: This pilot study was conducted on 18 SLPs. The participants received VWCE for 6 weeks, 3 times per week, every other day. The acoustic characteristics, including jitter, shimmer, and harmonic to noise rat (HNR) were outcome measures. All outcome variables were measured before the exercise program (T 0), after the end of the 9 th session (T 1), and after the end of the 18 th session (T 2).

Background and Aim: Speech errors in children with Down Syndrome (DS) are inconsistent, such that in articulating the same lexical item, the children produce it in different ways. The Core Vocabulary Treatment (CVT) has been designed to increase the consistency of articulation in children with inconsistent disorder. The current study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of CVT on the speech intelligibility of 7-11-year-old educable Farsi-speaking DS children. Materials and Methods: The study was performed in the form of a pre-posttest design. Four DS children participated in the study. For each case, 12 to 14 treatment sessions were performed. Treatment was accomplished by 70 goal words. The instruments used were Inconsistent subtest of Persian Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology (P-DEAP) and the test of single word intelligibility. There were 7 assessment points in the study: two weeks, one week, and immediately before intervention as well as immediately, one...

Objective Reviewing the literature related to the use of polysyllabic words in the assessment of speech sound disorders (SSD) in children have indicated the necessity of using these words for providing additional information such as prognostic information. Despite strong literature in other languages, there is scant research on examining the production of these words in the Persian language among children aged 4-7 years. Therefore, this study aims to design and assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the polysyllabic words test (PWT) for measuring production skills in Iranian preschool children. Materials & Methods In this cross-sectional study, First, 532 polysyllabic words with 3, 4, 5, and 6 syllables were selected from preschool children's books, which was reduced to 66 words after agreement among authors in three rounds. The content validity of the items was examined according to the opinions of five experts in typical speech development and SSD in terms of four criteria: Appropriateness for producing polysyllabic words, appropriateness for children aged 4-7 years, imageability, and cultural fit. After selecting pictures, face validity of items was examined by implementing the test on eight 4-7-year-old children (at least one child from each age group). Finally, 40 items were considered as the final words of PWT. For measuring psychometric properties, 120 children with normal development (60 males, 60 females), and 20 children with SSD (10 males, 10 females) participated. The control children were divided into 6 age groups with a 6-month interval (10 males and 10 females in each age group). Their inclusion criteria were age 4-7 years, not being bilingual, and passing the Persian diagnostic evaluation of articulation and phonology test (DEAP; Zarifian, 2014) and informal language screening test successfully. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic and the closure of most schools, the sampling of control children was done using a convenience method from two cities (Tehran and Karaj). The inclusion criteria for SSD children were: Inability to pass the DEAP test, not being bilingual, and having SSD. Their sampling was also done using a convenience method. For evaluating construct validity, the differences among six age groups, between males and females, and between control and SSD children were examined in terms of total score, percent consonants correct (PCC), percent vowels correct (PVC), and percent phonemes correct (PPC). Test-retest reliability was determined using 20 children at a one-week interval, and interrater reliability was determined by investigation of relations between scores of two independent raters for 20 children using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). The internal consistency was determined by measuring the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, independent t-test, Tuckey's post hoc test, were used for data analysis in SPSS software, version 26. Results In comparing the age groups, the results showed a significant difference in terms of total score, PCC and PPC (P<0.001), but not significant difference was found in PVC (P=0.23). No significant differences were found between males and females in total score, PCC, PPC, or PVC. In comparing control and SSD

Background and Aim: Speech and language pathologists (SLP) often refer to phonological data as part of their assessment protocols in evaluating the communication skills of children. The aim of this study was to develop the Persian version of the phonological test in evaluating and diagnosing communication skills in Persian speaking children and to evaluate its validity and reliability. Methods: The Persian phonological test (PPT) was conducted on 387 monolingual Persian speaking boys and girls (3-6 years of age) who were selected from 12 nurseries in the northwest region of Tehran. Content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were assessed by speechtherapists and linguists. Correlation between speech and language pathologists experts' opinions and Persian phonological test results in children with and without phonological disorders was evaluated to investigate the Persian phonological test validity. In addition, the Persian phonological test test-retest reliability was investigated. Results: Both content validity ratio and content validity index were found to be acceptable (CVR≥94.71 and CVI=97.35). The PPT validity was confirmed by finding a good correlation between speech and language pathologists experts' opinions and Persian phonological test results (r Kappa =0.73 and r Spearman =0.76). The percent of agreement between transcription and analyzing error patterns in test-retest (ranging from 86.27%-100%) and score-rescore (ranging from 94.28%-100%) showed that Persian phonological test had a very high reliability. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the Persian phonological test seems to be a suitable tool in evaluating phonological skills of Persian speaking children in clinical settings and research projects.

Objective In the absence of an age normed developmental battery for Persian, the major objectives of this research are to develop a reliable and valid clinical linguistic battery to collect normative data from 3 to 7-year-old healthy Persian speaking children. The battery can also be used to measure severity of language impairments in 3 to 7-year-old Persian speaking children as compared with their aged matched peers.
Materials & Methods Development of this battery is considered as a descriptive tool in which reliability and validity of the normative data were developed in 3 stages. The first version with 9 different sub-tests, 180 items and two descriptive pictures was developed after cultural and linguistic adaptations for the Persian language for different linguistic levels of phonology, morphology, syntax and pragmatics. The first draft was performed using 200 3 to 8-year-old healthy children in Tehran to measure the sensitivity of different tasks of the test for different age groups. This draft was not sensitive for 8-year-old children. The CVR of the first draft of the battery was checked by 3 Persian speaking clinical linguistic experts and 3 expert speech therapists and also was introduced to 20 SLP experts in a clinical linguistic workshop. In the second stage, based on the results and suggestions, necessary corrections were made in the test structure and items. Also, plural morpheme task of the previous version which was not sensitive enough, was removed and a new semantic task (word definition) as a sensitive semantic task used in other developmental language batteries was added to the battery. The results showed that the diagnostic sensitivity of the test for the 8-year-old age group is not satisfactory. The final version of the battery consisted of 9 subtests with 105 items and two descriptive pictures were used to collect normative data from 200 children. To evaluate reliability and validity of the final version, the opinions of 8 speech therapists and linguists were used.and to evaluate the construct validity, the correlation matrix and confirmatory factor analysis and for its validity Cronbach’s alpha were used. The final version of the battery was sent to expert speech therapists in 5 selected target group provinces (Tehran, Mazandaran, Fars, Esfahan and Khorasan) to collect normative data from 1200 3 to 7-year-old typically developement children in available kindergartens and schools. Finally, the collected data for task items and connected speech measures were processed and analyzed using SPSS software, version 20.
Results The content validity was 0.78 and test reliability was 0.76. In addition to confirm the construct validity and diagnostic validity of the test, the correlation between the sub-tests and the overall test scores were also significant at the level of 0.01 (with a correlation of 0.20 to 0.83). The norm for each age group was six months and one year and was calculated as a standard score and reported in the tables.
Conclusion Finally, the results of the normative data of this battery are proved to be clinically normative as an indication of the level of linguistic development for each age group and also determine the severity of their language impairment. The battery can also be used to measure the efficacy of rehabilitation in 3 to 7-year old Persian speaking children.

Disleksija je, prema određenju Međunarodne udruge za disleksiju (International Dyslexia Association), specifična teškoća učenja neurobiološkog podrijetla, koju karakteriziraju teškoće točnog i(li) tečnog prepoznavanja riječi, teškoće pisanja i loše vještine dekodiranja. Prema hipotezi ortografske dubine (Katz i Frost, 1992), usvajanje čitanja i pisanja u nekim je ortografijama lakše i brže (Seymour i sur., 2003) pa se nameće pitanje utječe li to i na obilježja disleksije u različitim jezicima. Cilj je ovog rada dati pregled dijela istraživanja disleksije s obzirom na vrstu pisma i ortografsku transparentnost u alfabetskim jezicima. Također, s navedenim se istraživanjima uspoređuju neka istraživanja disleksije u hrvatskom jeziku, te se daje pregled obilježja disleksije u kineskom jeziku koji koristi logografsko pismo. Svrha je uspoređivanja disleksije u različitim jezicima bolje razumijevanje disleksije i njezinih univerzalnih obilježja, a posljedično bolje i preciznije prepoznavanje...

This paper presents the concept and the user evaluation study of the first Super-Fon's prototype, which is a mobile health app with a serious game approach for Android Tablets. It was developed with the main goal of working as a complement to the therapeutic intervention in phonological disorders in children between 3 and 8 years old. The app comprises a range of activities, grouped into levels, presenting a therapeutic intervention that follows the Metaphon methodology. The serious game dimension was added to better engage children in its use. The paper presents a user study conducted with two groups of children, without and with the phonological disorders. The first one worked as a control group to better help finding out if the prototype is well designed and provides a positive user experience to be well received by the children, engaging them, despite their condition. The results of the study were very positive and promising.

U radu je prikazan pregled pristupa defi niranju i razmatranju razvoja fonoloških vještina u cilju determiniranja i razumijevanja prirode razvojnog fonološkog poremećaja. Istaknuto je da se u ranijim radovima razvojni fonološki poremećaj spoznavao uglavnom s lingvističkog stajališta, dok je u novijoj literaturi pažnja usmjerena prema cjelokupnom jezičnom ponašanju i funkcioniranju. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se na osnovu prikaza razvoja lingvističkih i psiholingvističkih teorija dade bliži konceptualni okvir fonoloških vještina i fonološkog poremećaja. Izdvojeni su ključni elementi za defi niranje fonološke vještine i otkrivanje fonološkog poremećaja. Zaključeno je da poznavanje općih i specifi čnih karakteristika fonološkog podsustava predstavlja ključne čimbenike prepoznavanja i defi niranja fonološkog poremećaja u određenom jeziku. Istovremeno je istaknuto da prisutnost razvojnog fonološkog poremećaja predstavlja veliki rizik za pojavu teškoća u čitanju.

Background and Aim: Some children with speech sound disorder (SSD) have difficulty with phonological awareness skills; therefore, the purpose of this study was to survey the correlation between phonological processes and phonological awareness. Methods: Twenty-one children with speech sound disorder, aged between 5 and 6, participated in this crosssectional study. They were recruited from speech therapy clinics at the Tehran University of Medical Sciences. They were selected using the convenience sampling method. Language, speech sound, and phonological awareness skills were investigated by the test of language development-third edition (TOLD-3), the Persian diagnostic evaluation articulation and phonology test, and the phonological awareness test. Both Pearson's and Spearman's correlations were used to analyze the data. Results: There was a significant correlation between the atypical phonological processes and alliteration awareness (p=0.005), rhyme awareness (p=0.009), blending phonemes (p=0.006), identification of words with the same initial phoneme (p=0.007), and identification of words with the same final phoneme (p=0.007). Analyzing the correlation on the basis of the phoneme and syllable structure separately showed there was a significant correlation between the atypical phoneme structure and alliteration awareness (p=0.001), rhyme awareness (p=0.008), blending phonemes (p=0.029), identification of words with the same initial phoneme (p=0.007), and identification of words with the same final phoneme (p=0.003). Conclusion: Results revealed a relationship between phonological processes and phonological awareness in children with speech sound disorder. Poor phonological awareness was associated with atypical phonological processes especially at the phoneme level.

Background and Aim: The ability of conversational repair is a subset of pragmatic language. When the listener does not understand the speaker&#39;s intention, and the speaker cannot find a way of repairing the conversation to make his/her massage clear, communication will fail. This study aims to examine and compare the conversational repair skill in two groups of three and five year old children, to determine different conversational repair strategies and compare these skills among these groups. Methods: One hundred and twenty Persian speaking children of three and five years of Ahwaz, Iran, were selected. The study tools were two series of pictures. During the retelling of the pictures the examiner created a situation to elicit a conversational repair strategy. Percentages of the usage of different kinds of conversational repair in each group were calculated and compared using student&#39;s t-test. Results: The usage of repetition and inappropriate response is decreased in the gro...

Stress deafness is the difficulty in the perception of stress in the speakers of a language which does not deal with its contrastive function (Peperkamp et al., 2010). According to stress deafness typology proposed by Dupoux & Peperkamp (2002), diverse patterns of stress deafness can be related to different phases in which infants make decisions regarding the role stress plays in their ambient language. Within the first two years of life and based on the limited amount of linguistic information, infants are required to evaluate the role of stress to set the stress parameter of their native language (Peperkamp & Dupoux, 2002). If infants discover the regular stress pattern of their ambient language, this will lead to the negative value of this parameter. In contrast, in case of no regular stress pattern, the positive value will be selected, and stress will be regarded as an essential part of the phonological representation of words in the lexicon.
Comparing stress deafness in Persian speakers with that of the speakers of Dutch, Japanese, French and Indonesian, Rahmani et al. (2015) have shown that Persian participants performed as poorly as French participants. It seems that in languages such as Persian and French the phonological representation of words is provided with their accent location within the first stages of language acquisition which serves to detect word boundaries. But at later stages, this type of information would not survive in the grammar of the adult speakers, and they are not able to perceive stress.
The purpose of the present paper was to replicate the perceptual study conducted by Rahmani et al. (2015) on stress deafness for the Tehrani variety of Persian, which shows the characteristics of a syllable-timed language and compare the results with those obtained from the hearers of the Kermani variety which is known as a stress-timed language.

Background and Aim Dysphagia is a common problem in people with Down Syndrome. In laboratory studies, electromyography can be used to evaluate mastication. This study aims to compare Electromyography (EMG) of the masseter and temporalis muscles during mastication in children with and without Down syndrome aged 2-12 years. Methods & Materials This is a descriptive-analytical and case-control study that was conducted on 15 children with Down Syndrome and 15 healthy children matched for age and gender. Ethical Considerations The protocol of this study was approved by the ethics committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1396.76). The personal information of participants was kept confidential, and written informed consent was obtained from the parents. Results In comparing the mean amplitude of EMG signals, there was a significant difference between the two groups in all muscles during mastication, except for the right temporalis muscle. In the mean frequency of EMG signals during mastication, there was a significant difference between the two groups in all muscles except for the left temporalis muscle. In comparing the median frequency of EMG signals, the difference was not significant in most muscles. Conclusion Mean amplitude and mean frequency of EMG signals for most muscles during mastication are different between children with and without Down syndrome, but the difference in median frequency is not significant for any muscles.

This paper presents the concept and the user evaluation study of the first Super-Fon's prototype, which is a mobile health app with a serious game approach for Android Tablets. It was developed with the main goal of working as a complement to the therapeutic intervention in phonological disorders in children between 3 and 8 years old. The app comprises a range of activities, grouped into levels, presenting a therapeutic intervention that follows the Metaphon methodology. The serious game dimension was added to better engage children in its use. The paper presents a user study conducted with two groups of children, without and with the phonological disorders. The first one worked as a control group to better help finding out if the prototype is well designed and provides a positive user experience to be well received by the children, engaging them, despite their condition. The results of the study were very positive and promising.

Background and Aims The intelligibility context scale (ICS) is the first screening tool for the intelligibility of speech. The ICS assesses parents’ perceptions of their child’s speech clarity in real situations when talking with different people and has been adapted into more than 60 languages. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the ICS-Persian in preschool Persian-speaking children.
Methods This is a validation and instrumentation research study. The parents of 118 children aged 4 to 6 years with and without speech sound disorders (SSD) from 10 kindergartens in Isfahan were recruited to the study through a clustered randomized sampling method. A speech therapist evaluated all children to confirm their overall health. Their parents completed the ICS-Persian, and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) was completed for each child to determine the convergent validity of the ICS. In the test-retest study, 54 parents re-filled the ICS-Persian after 3 weeks. Statistical methods included Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, Pearson correlation, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and paired t-test.
Results Internal consistency and test-retest values were good and calculated as 0.89 and 0.82, respectively. The mean scores of children with and without SSD were statistically significant..

Author Address 1. MA, Department of Sports sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; 2. Associate Professor, Department of Sports sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; 3. Assistant Professor, Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Medical University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; 4. MSc, Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Medical University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. *Corresponding Author E-mail: mnezakat2003@yahoo.com

In dem vorliegenden Artikel werden die Sprechdaten eines deutschen Kindes mit einer expressiven spezifischen Sprachentwicklungsstörung (SSES) in Hinsicht auf zwei Themengebiete analysiert. Das erste Themengebiet beinhaltet die Analyse der vom Kind produzierten Silbenstrukturen, das zweite fokussiert die Entwicklung der Prosodie. Bei letzterer steht die Realisierung des Schwa im Vordergrund. Für beide Gebiete wird die Frage aufgeworfen, ob sie eine Erklärung für die Sprachstörung des Kindes liefern können. Die Entwicklung des phonetischen und phonemischen Inventars wird in diesem Artikel nicht berücksichtigt, weil die Analyse auf die Silbenstruktur und das Schwa beschränkt wird. Schlüsselwörter: Prosodische Entwicklung, Silbenstruktur, Sonorität, Markiertheit, SchwaRealisierung, Sprachentwicklungsstörung

Conclusion: The study showed high and very high reliability for control error measures during target tracking tasks in sagittal transverse torque plane in asymptomatic subjects. Therefore this performance may be used as a test in trunk controllability assessment.

Background and Aim: In children&#39;s speech disorders, assessing the percentage index of speech intelligibility is important. Expression of single words and sentences in some ways, such as the effect of voices on eachother, is different, that may affect speech intelligibility. In the present study, attempts were made to answer the question whether the percentages of speech intelligibility are different in these two tests. Materials and Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 120 healthy children (60 girls and 60 boys) were chosen among all kindergartens in Ghaemshahr city, Iran. Children&#39;s speech samples were collected by means of calling pictures and repeating sentences. The voices were tape-recorded and children&#39;s speech intelligibility was studied in four age groups within six months. Comparison of the intelligibility of the two speech samples was carried out using Wilcoxon Tests and the correlation between children&#39;s scores in the expression of words and sent...

Purpose: Phonation or the generation of audible sound energy is caused by muscular and aerodynamic activities that affect the vocal cords. The main objective of this study was to determine aerodynamic parameters in three categories of normal, spasmodic dysphonia and muscle tension dysphonia. Methods: Study population consisted of 30 individuals (ten subjects with spasmodic dysphonia, ten subjects with muscle tension dysphonia and ten normal subjects). Vital capacity of each individual was recorded by a spirometer and maximum phonation time was calculated with the help of stop watch. The data were analyzed with Spss 19 statistical software. Results: The maximum phonation time in muscle tension dysphonia was lower than two other groups and in spasmodic dysphonia group was lower than normal, the mean difference between groups was significant (p&lt;0.001). Vital capacity in the group of muscle tension dysphonia was lower than other groups and in spasmodic dysphonia was equal to the norm...

Repetition data were collected from aphasic patients with differing symptoms: All of the test items were monosyllabic and controlled for their phonological markedness calculated by the sonority ranks of demisyllables. Two types of results were significant: only a small number of errors occurred overall and only errors in three member demisyllables exhibited reduced markedness. We explain this last result by a combination of the mechanism of associating segments to the timing tier of syllables and due to buffer problems by the default operation of a random generator.

In dem vorliegenden Artikel werden die Sprechdaten eines deutschen Kindes mit einer expressiven spezifischen Sprachentwicklungsstörung (SSES) in Hinsicht auf zwei Themengebiete analysiert. Das erste Themengebiet beinhaltet die Analyse der vom Kind produzierten Silbenstrukturen, das zweite fokussiert die Entwicklung der Prosodie. Bei letzterer steht die Realisierung des Schwa im Vordergrund. Für beide Gebiete wird die Frage aufgeworfen, ob sie eine Erklärung für die Sprachstörung des Kindes liefern können. Die Entwicklung des phonetischen und phonemischen Inventars wird in diesem Artikel nicht berücksichtigt, weil die Analyse auf die Silbenstruktur und das Schwa beschränkt wird.

Objective: Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis (UVFP) and vocal fold Polyps lead to some vocal fold asymmetry and consequently, changing the acoustic characteristics. In this study, we aimed reporting these acoustic changes due to the mentioned disorders. Method & Materials: This study was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical. Subjects were 5 patients with UVFP, 5 with polyps and 5 normal persons who were selected in an easy access mode. Normal subjects in the control group were selected among available people with considerations of their gender and age. For each subject, samples of sustaining vowel of /a/ and /i/ were obtained and then analyzed by the Praat software. The results were analyzed statistically by SPSS version 17 via using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: In vowel /a/: Harmony to Noise Ratio (HNR) in UVFP (p=0.006) and in polyp subjects (p=0.047) was significantly different with normal group. Noise to Harmony Ratio (NHR) and jitter in UVFP had signif...

Copyright © 2016, MEJDS. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Objective: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with impairment in communication skills, stereotypes and significant impairment in social interactions. Stereotypes have been seen associated with different degrees of behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder. The aim of this study was the effective combination of sensory integration training and behavior modification to the improvement of stereotyped behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder. Methods: The research procedure was single-subject design (A-B-A with baseline, treatment and follow up steps). The sample group was included four subjects that were selected by purpose...

Background and Aim: In children&#39;s speech disorders, assessing the percentage index of speech intelligibility is important. Expression of single words and sentences in some ways, such as the effect of voices on eachother, is different, that may affect speech intelligibility. In the present study, attempts were made to answer the question whether the percentages of speech intelligibility are different in these two tests. Materials and Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 120 healthy children (60 girls and 60 boys) were chosen among all kindergartens in Ghaemshahr city, Iran. Children&#39;s speech samples were collected by means of calling pictures and repeating sentences. The voices were tape-recorded and children&#39;s speech intelligibility was studied in four age groups within six months. Comparison of the intelligibility of the two speech samples was carried out using Wilcoxon Tests and the correlation between children’s scores in the expression of words and sentence...

Background and Aim: Auditory discrimination is one component of central auditory processing skills or auditory perception, that has an important role in acquisition and production of speech sounds. Auditory discrimination test is a tool for screening or diagnosis of auditory discrimination. The aim of this study is to investigate of auditory discrimination development process in 4-6 years old children in Semnan city. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional survey was done on 200 normal 4-6 years old children in semnan city. Auditory discrimination skill was evaluated by Wepman auditory discrimination test (WADT) .The level of significancy in this study was 0.05. Results: Auditory discrimination skills based on percentage of 5 and 95 for 4 years old children were 20 and 36, 21.85 and 38 for 5 years old, 23.30 and 39.35 for 6 years old children. There was significant differences between 4 years old children with 5 and 6 years old children In auditory discrimination skill (P=0.003), but there was no significant difference between 5 and 6 years old children(P=0.21). In addition, auditory discrimination test scores between boys and girls were not significant (P=0.34). Conclusion: Results of this study showed that children ability in discrimination of sounds was increased with age.

Background and Aim: Auditory discrimination is one component of central auditory processing skills or auditory perception, that has an important role in acquisition and production of speech sounds. Auditory discrimination test is a tool for screening or diagnosis of auditory discrimination. The aim of this study is to investigate of auditory discrimination development process in 4-6 years old children in Semnan city. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional survey was done on 200 normal 4-6 years old children in semnan city. Auditory discrimination skill was evaluated by Wepman auditory discrimination test (WADT) .The level of significancy in this study was 0.05. Results: Auditory discrimination skills based on percentage of 5 and 95 for 4 years old children were 20 and 36, 21.85 and 38 for 5 years old, 23.30 and 39.35 for 6 years old children. There was significant differences between 4 years old children with 5 and 6 years old children In auditory discrimination skill (P=0.003), but there was no significant difference between 5 and 6 years old children(P=0.21). In addition, auditory discrimination test scores between boys and girls were not significant (P=0.34). Conclusion: Results of this study showed that children ability in discrimination of sounds was increased with age.

Background and Aim: Oral feeding difficulties are common in children with cerebral palsy. Early oral motor interventions may improve oral feeding skills in these children. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of intervention duration of oral motor stimulation on feeding skills in spastic cerebral palsy. Materials and Methods: Twelve children with spastic cerebral palsy 2-7 years aged were participated into two groups A and B. Children in the group A received oral-motor stimulation for 12 session(3 days per week) and group B received stimulation program for 24 session(3 days per week).Feeding skills was assessed using Oral Motor Assessment Scale (OMAS). Data were analyzed using Friedman and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: The results of the study revealed a significant improvement in feeding skills for both groups. The B group had significantly advanced in mouth closure, lip closure on utensil and sucking straw than children in group A (P<0.05). The difference between two group in control of food during deglutition, mastication and control of liquid during deglutition was not significant (P>0.05).There was difference in the total score of feeding skills was not significant between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Oral-motor intervention might be improved feeding performance in children with cerebral palsy but continuation (increased duration) of intervention improved specific components of feeding behaviors.

Background and aim: The communicative functioning of children who stutter can be assessed in a variety of ways. Standardized tests are an important tool to assess communication skills particularly in stuttering children .The purpose of the present study was to translate the Test of childhood Stuttering (TOCS) into persian and investigation of validity and reliability of the test. Materials and methods: In this research, 40 stutterers and 40 non-stutterer were evaluated. After the translation of the Test according to Protocol IQOLA and its equalization to Persian Language, Content validity and Face validity of it were determined by the opinions of experts. Then, for concurrent validity determination 80 stutterer and non-stutterer children were examined by TOCS and SSI3 .In order to test reliability, test-retest and Cronbach , s alpha were used. Results: Entirely relevant items had simple translation. The translation items had content and face validity correlation between the marks of TOCS and SSI3 (p=0.000, r= %92). TOCS has high Test-retest (p=0.000, ICC= %97) and internal reliability (p=0.000,α=%90). Conclusion: Persian equalized TOCS (Test of childhood stuttering) have high validity and reliability. it might be useful to differentiate stuttering children among normal ones.

Conclusion: The study showed high and very high reliability for control error measures during target tracking tasks in sagittal transverse torque plane in asymptomatic subjects. Therefore this performance may be used as a test in trunk controllability assessment.

Objective Non-progressive cerebral palsy (CP) is due to abnormal development of brain and or brain damages before, during, or after birth. The reason of cerebral palsy is brain damage or its abnormal development. Most of these problems happen when the child is in mother's womb, but the chance is high that it happens in the first 2 years of life, when the brain develops. One of the commonest and most important debilitating signs of cerebral palsy is damage to higher functions, in such a way that the control of moves in grasping and leaving get damaged and in the end, the strength of hand for planning of movement decreases. Several studies have examined the effect of resistance training on muscle strength of patients with CP, while none of them has examined the effect of progressive resistance and balance training in children with CP. This study aimed to investigate the effects of progressive resistance and balance training on upper trunk muscle strength of children with CP. Materials & Methods Three boys with cerebral palsy (two patients who were 7 years old and one who was 6) participated in this research. In this study, single subject research method with A-B-A plan was used. Progressive resistance and balance training were administered for 3 days per week for 8 weeks. Wrist and elbow flexor muscles strength was measured by PowerTrack Õ dynamometer (manufactured by JTECK with 4.4 N threshold). Results According to visual analysis of data diagrams and based on descriptive statistical indexes and visual analyses, the results showed that resistance and balance training in intervention situation compared to baseline increased the strength of elbow flexor (percentages of non-overlapping data for the first and second participants were 75% and for the third participant, 100%). The strength of upper trunk muscles after intervention hve improved compared to baseline; however, one month after intervention, the trend was pretty stabilized. Conclusion The results of this study showed that 8 weeks of progressive resistance and balance training (in combination) has increased muscle strength in children with cerebral palsy. The present research showed that resistance and balanced trainings have significant effects on muscle strength of children with CP. It seems that these practices have been effective, especially for the wrist flexor and elbow flexor muscles. It can be said that the increase in the muscles of children with CP was due to practice principle along with increase in neuronal compatibility. One of the important points in the effectiveness of resistance training is the intensity of training. The results showed that resistance and balanced trainings increase the muscle strength of children with CP. This power could be partly due to increase in muscle volume and partly due to anabolic hormones.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the shooting accuracy and leg muscles fatigue of male shooters using air pistol after 8 weeks of resistance training. Methods The study population consisted of all elite male shooters from Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Province of Iran. Of these, 20 subjects were selected as study samples and underwent shooting with two different postural forms (prolonged and intermittent standing) before and after resistance training. The resistance training protocol included 5 different movements performed slowly in the morning. Movements started in 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-min rest interval in the first session and ended with 5 sets of 14 repetitions with 1-min interval in the last session. It lasted for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. For data analysis, repeated mesures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Perason correlation test were used and performed in SPSS V. 20 software. Results After eight weeks of resistance training, the posttest shooting accuracy and muscle fatigue were significantly different compared to the pre-test scores in different postural forms (P=0.05). There was a high correlation between changes in muscle fatigue and shooting accuracy in both prolonged and intermittent standing positions (P=0.05). Conclusion Eight weeks of resistance training had positive effect on muscle fatigue and shooting accuracy of shooters in two forms of standing positions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the shooting accuracy and leg muscles fatigue of male shooters using air pistol after 8 weeks of resistance training. Methods The study population consisted of all elite male shooters from Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Province of Iran. Of these, 20 subjects were selected as study samples and underwent shooting with two different postural forms (prolonged and intermittent standing) before and after resistance training. The resistance training protocol included 5 different movements performed slowly in the morning. Movements started in 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-min rest interval in the first session and ended with 5 sets of 14 repetitions with 1-min interval in the last session. It lasted for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. For data analysis, repeated mesures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Perason correlation test were used and performed in SPSS V. 20 software. Results After eight weeks of resistance training, the posttest shooting accuracy and muscle fatigue were significantly different compared to the pre-test scores in different postural forms (P=0.05). There was a high correlation between changes in muscle fatigue and shooting accuracy in both prolonged and intermittent standing positions (P=0.05). Conclusion Eight weeks of resistance training had positive effect on muscle fatigue and shooting accuracy of shooters in two forms of standing positions.

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the shooting accuracy and leg muscles fatigue of
male shooters using air pistol after 8 weeks of resistance training.
Methods The study population consisted of all elite male shooters from Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad
Province of Iran. Of these, 20 subjects were selected as study samples and underwent shooting with two
different postural forms (prolonged and intermittent standing) before and after resistance training. The
resistance training protocol included 5 different movements performed slowly in the morning. Movements
started in 3 sets of 10 repetitions with 1-min rest interval in the first session and ended with 5 sets
of 14 repetitions with 1-min interval in the last session. It lasted for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. For data
analysis, repeated mesures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Perason correlation test were used and
performed in SPSS V. 20 software.
Results After eight weeks of resistance training, the posttest shooting accuracy and muscle fatigue were
significantly different compared to the pre-test scores in different postural forms (P=0.05). There was a
high correlation between changes in muscle fatigue and shooting accuracy in both prolonged and intermittent
standing positions (P=0.05).
Conclusion Eight weeks of resistance training had positive effect on muscle fatigue and shooting accuracy
of shooters in two forms of standing positions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate of three observational exercise methods, including immediate, interspersed and combination exercise on performance of ju-no kata karate form. For this purpose, 45 adolescents 9-12 years old based on inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study voluntary Participated and based on self- Efficacy sport questionnaire event in three groups were matched. Immediate imitation group (15) after each viewing model start the physical effort and imitate the model. Interspersed imitation group (15) carry out the first of ten attempts to coincide with the viewing model, then 2 to 5 working next run without viewing model and the 6th effort run same as the first effort, then 7 to 9 working next run without viewing model and finally 10th effort coincide with the viewing model. Combination exercise group (15) implemented five first attempt to coincide with the viewing model, then effort 6 to 9 without viewing model and finally 10th effort coincide with the viewing model. All groups, for four weeks, 12 session (three sessions per week) to the above mention methods combine their physical and observational training. At the end, acquisition test, and retention test within 48 hours without practice and transfer test conducted with stressful situations in performance of duty Accomplished. The result of multivariate analysis of variance showed that all three observational practice methods have helped to improve the performance and the retention and transfer tests also remained stable progress. Comparing groups also lead to immediate imitative exercise group compared to the other two groups, Of course, imitation combination exercise group to compare with imitation interspersed exercise group was Premier, In addition cover the difference in the retention and transfer tests were also sustained

There is no doubt that augmented feedback has an important role in improving
learning. However, it is the content of the feedback which is challenging. The aim
of the present study was to examine the effect of feedback on successful versus
unsuccessful trials on simple and complex tracking tasks. For this purpose, 48
undergraduate right-handed male and female students of Hakim Sabzevari Teacher
Training University (mean age = 23+1.8 yr) were selected from those students who
had taken general physical education course and were randomly divided into four
groups (N=12) of feedback on successful and unsuccessful trials in simple and
complex tasks. The tracking task was designed in two levels (simple and complex)
in a computer software format to be performed by the participants with maximum
speed and the lowest number of errors. During the acquisition phase, participants
performed 7 blocks of 6 trials in 8 days and they received feedback on two trials.
The method of research was quasi–experimental and ANOVA for multiple factors,
analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test (P˂0.05)
were used for data analysis. The results showed that in the acquisition test, the
main effects of trial days and task complexity (in movement time) were significant.
These factors did not significantly influence movement error and their interaction.
In immediate retention test, the effects of the type of task and feedback (in
movement time) were significant while these factors did not significantly influence
movement error and their interaction. In delayed retention test, the effect of the
type of task was significant in movement time and movement error. The types of
feedback and task were significant in transfer test (in movement time) and these
factors and their interactions were not significant in movement error. The results
suggested that the types of feedback and task can be regarded as effective
independent factors in learning. The types of feedback and task were more effective
for movement time.

Introduction: Changes in speech production are expected with aging. These changes are affected by changes in anatomy and physiology of speech production system, sensory feedbacks, motor control, and central processing of speech in older adults. Since normal aging involves a slowing of neural processes, it may be expected that speech and articulation rate are changed. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the changes in speech and articulation rate with aging. Materials and Methods: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched using the keywords "aging" and "elderly" in combination with "speech rate" and "articulation rate" for finding articles published between the years 1959 and 2016. Results: According to exclusion and inclusion criteria, 15 articles were selected. According to Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) Resources, these articles were located on third level. Results of four articles were contradictory with else. More of the studies showed that speech and articulation rate decreased with aging. Conclusion: This is expected that by reasoning anatomical changes and decreases in cognitive capacity in aging, speech and articulation rate decreases. Citation: Samani M, Abnavi F, Ghasisin L. The Effects of Age on Articulation and Speech Rate: A Systematic Review. J Res Rehabil Sci 2016; 12(2): 116-24.

Background and Aim: About 1.5 percent of exceptional children suffer from impaired hearing and this factor affects the teaching and learning process. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of frequency of knowledge of results (KR) on the learning of children with hearing impairment. Methods: Twenty-four individuals with hearing impairment with the mean age of 10.56 with SD 2.53 years (range: 7-14 years) were divided into three homogenous groups according to their records after pre-test. They practiced for eight sessions according to mentioned ways (feedback of 0%, 50% and 100%). The acquisition, learning and translation tests were run. MANOVA with repeated measures and ANOVA were used to analyze the data from the acquisition, retention and transition tests. Results: All groups progressed during training and at various stages (acquisition, retention and transition). However, the results of the comparison between means of the three training groups showed significant differences in the acquisition process (p=0.008), learning (p=0.001) and transition (p=0.035). This means that feedback training groups (100%) had better performance in acquisition process, and also in retention and transition (50%). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, too much feedback interferes with learning of tasks in individuals with hearing impairment and feedback (50%) had better learning. This finding shows that rules regarding feedback also affect the people with hearing impairment.

1 ‫ﻧﮋاد‬ ‫ﺻﺪاﻗﺖ‬ ‫اﺣﺴﺎن‬ ، 2 ، ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻮي‬ ‫ﺟﻮاد‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺪ‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬ 3 ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺒﯿﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻌﯿﺪ‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬ ، 4 ‫ﭘﺮﻧﯿﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬ ، ‫ﭘﻮر‬ 5 ‫زاده‬ ‫ﻫﺎدي‬ ‫ﻫﻤﮑﺎران‬ ‫و‬ 55 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺒﺨﺸﯽ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮑﺪه‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺒﺨﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﺠﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺰﺷ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫دوره‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺮان‬ ‫ﮑﯽ‬ 7 ‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬ 3 ‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﺰ‬ 92

پژوهش حاضر تفاوت توليد و درک گفتار بين دانش آموزان عادي و کم‌توان ذهني شهرستان سيمرغ شهر کياکلا را بررسي مي کند. هدف از پژوهش حاضر این است که ميخواهيم بدانيم توليد و درک گفتار دانش آموزان عادي دختر و پسر و توليد و درک گفتار دانش آموزان کم‌توان ذهني دختر و پسر تفاوت وجود دارد يا خير. تحقيق بر روي 20 نفر از دانش آموان عادي و 20 نفر از دانش آموزان کم‌توان ذهني که روش نمونه گيري آنها به صورت تصادفي و غيرتصادفي بود، انجام گرفت. اطلاعات جمع آوري شده بر اساس آزمون زبان پريشي دکتر رضا نيلي‌پور از تصاوير کتابهاي آمادگي و پايه اول ابتدايي گرفته شد. براي تحليل داده ها از روش آزمون t گروههاي مستقل استفاده شد. نتايج نشان داد که بين توليد و درک گفتار دانش آموزان عادي و کم‌توان ذهني تفاوتي معني‌داري وجود دارد. توليد و درک گفتار دانش ‌آموزان دختر و پسر عادي و کم‌توان ذهني تفاوت معني‌داري وجود دارد.

واژه هاي كليدي: توليد گفتار، درک گفتار، دانش آموزان عادي، دانش‌آموزان کم‌توان ذهني

‫دوره‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺮان‬ ‫ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺒﺨﺸﯽ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮑﺪه‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺒﺨﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬ 8 ‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬ 2 ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن‬ 1393 ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺶ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﯾﺸﯽ‬ ‫دﻫﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻼﻣﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰان‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﺎط‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫دو‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼل‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻼ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﮑﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺰي‬ ‫ﻧﯿﻤﮑﺮه‬ ‫ﭼﭗ‬ ‫ﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺷﺎد‬ 1 ، ‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﺎدﮔﺎري‬ ‫ﻓﺮﯾﺒﺎ‬ 2 ، ‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﺒ‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻈ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺎن‬ 3 ، ‫دﮐﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻌﻮد‬ ‫ﺻﺎﻟﺤﯽ‬ 4 ‫و‬ ‫دﻫﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﯾﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺶ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﺎط‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰان‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻼﻣﯽ‬ ... ‫دوره‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺮان‬ ‫ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺒﺨﺸﯽ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮑﺪه‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺒﺨﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬ 8 ‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬ 2 ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن‬ 1393 ‫و‬ ‫دﻫﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﯾﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺶ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﺎط‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺰان‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻼﻣﯽ‬ ... ‫دوره‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺮان‬ ‫ﭘﺰﺷﮑﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺒﺨﺸﯽ‬ ‫داﻧﺸﮑﺪه‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﺒﺨﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬ 8 ‫ﺷﻤﺎره‬ 2 ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن‬ 1393