Peace Psychology

On January 26 of this year, the New York Times ran a prominent article by its Jerusalem correspondent Jodi Rudoren about a new Israeli documentary then premiering at the Sundance Film Festival in Utah. According to Rudoren’s lengthy report, the film, Censored Voices, was an attention-grabbing expose about the June 1967 Arab-Israeli war, also known as the Six-Day War, as told in conversations with soldiers conducted immediately after the war itself.

Bu çalışmada, 7 Ekim’de İsrail’in Gazze’ye yönelik saldırılarının Türkiye’deki bireyler üzerindeki psikososyal etkileri ve
bu bireylerin dinî başa çıkma stratejileri ele alınmıştır. Araştırmanın ana odağı, savaş ve çatışma görüntülerine medya
aracılığıyla maruz kalmanın yol açabileceği travmatik etkiler ile bu etkilerle başa çıkmada dinî inanç ve uygulamaların
destekleyici rolüdür. Çalışmada nitel araştırma modellerinden yorumlayıcı olgubilim (fenomenoloji) modeli tercih
edilmiştir. Türkiye’nin çeşitli şehirlerinden amaçlı örneklem yoluyla seçilen 37 katılımcıyla yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler
yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın saha verileri, 1 Kasım 2023 ile 15 Aralık 2023 tarihleri arasında yürütülmüştür. Elde edilen veriler
tematik analiz yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Katılımcılara savaşın psikososyal etkilerini algılama biçimlerini ve dinî başa
çıkma yöntemlerini kullanma stillerini açığa çıkarmaya yönelik sorular sorulmuştur. Araştırma bulgularına göre İsrail’in
Gazze saldırısı Türkiye’deki bireylerde öfke, üzüntü, empati güçlüğü, güven kaybı ve çaresizlik gibi çeşitli psikolojik etkiler
yaratmıştır. Bunun yanında manevi değerlere yönelim ve dünya hayatının geçiciliğine dair farkındalık artmıştır. Araştırmada
katılımcıların gündelik yaşamlarında duyarlılık ve sorumluluklarında artış, boykot, vicdan azabı, manevi sorumluluk ve
çalışma azminin yüksekliği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca sosyal medyanın savaşın etkilerini görünür kılmada önemli bir rol
oynadığı gözlemlenmiştir. Katılımcılar, savaşın yarattığı psikolojik baskı ve stresle başa çıkmak için dua etme, dini metinlere
yönelme ve dini inançlarını daha yoğun yaşama gibi çeşitli dinî başa çıkma stratejilerine başvurduklarını ifade etmişlerdir.
Bu araştırmanın, savaşa medya aracılığıyla şahit olmanın psikososyal etkileri ile dinî başa çıkma stratejileri arasındaki
ilişkiyi inceleyen çalışmalarda literatürdeki boşluğu doldurması beklenmektedir.

Bleuer of Counseling Outfitters, LLC. Its purpose is to provide a means of capturing the ideas, information and experiences generated by the annual ACA Conference and selected ACA Division Conferences. Papers on a program or practice that has been validated through research or experience may also be submitted. This digital collection of peer-reviewed articles is authored by counselors, for counselors. VISTAS Online contains the full text of over 500 proprietary counseling articles published from 2004 to present.

Politik psikoloji, bireylerin politik dünya ile etkileşime girme şekillerini ve bu etkileşimlerin düşünce, algı ve davranışları nasıl şekillendirdiğini inceleyen disiplinler arası bir alandır. Bu çalışma, politik psikolojinin teorik temellerini ve temel kavramlarını analiz ederek, özellikle bilişsel süreçler, sosyal kimlik, grup dinamikleri ve liderlik gibi unsurların politik karar alma süreçlerini nasıl etkilediğine odaklanmaktadır.

Araştırma, politik psikolojinin güvenlik politikaları ve istihbarat çalışmaları bağlamında sahip olduğu kritik rolü vurgulamaktadır. Güvenlik stratejilerinin tasarlanması ve uygulanmasında bireylerin ve grupların psikolojik dinamiklerinin dikkate alınması gerektiği belirtilmekte, istihbarat analizlerinde psikolojik faktörlerin, tehdit değerlendirmelerinin doğruluğunu artırmada ve daha etkili önleme stratejileri geliştirmede önemli olduğu ifade edilmektedir.

Bu çalışma ayrıca, politik psikoloji perspektifinden tarihsel ve güncel olayların analizini içermektedir. Küba Krizi, COVID-19 pandemisi ve Türkiye’nin Pençe-Kilit Operasyonu gibi kritik olaylar incelenerek, karar alma süreçlerinde psikolojik etmenlerin ve istihbarat bilgilerinin nasıl bir rol oynadığı ortaya konmuştur.

Sonuç olarak politik psikolojinin, modern politik ve güvenlik sorunlarının anlaşılmasında ve çözülmesinde önemli katkılar sunabileceği, ancak disiplinin Batı merkezcilik, yöntem bilimsel sınırlılıklar ve ideolojik önyargılar gibi eleştirilere maruz kaldığı da tartışılmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, daha kapsayıcı ve metodolojik olarak sağlam araştırmalar yapılmasının gerekliliği vurgulanmaktadır.

Ashoka Fellows-social entrepreneurs-often operate in a context of conflict as they challenge critical social problems that are seemingly hopeless and unsolvable. This article presents the strategies they employ, such as building new positive attractors (i.e., social capital) outside the field of influence of the conflict attractors; as a next step, they build a feedback loop between the success of their initiatives and reinforcement of social capital. Through subsequent positive experiences, they introduce constructive change outside of the field of conflict in a manner that modifies the societal balance based on higher levels of trust and tendencies to cooperate. Through this strategy, they make conflict less relevant and less salient. Several case studies are presented as illustrations of this approach, and general principles are identified.

À Professora Carla Machado, alguém que marcou e continuará a marcar de forma profunda todo o meu percurso académico. Foi o seu exemplo que me levou a optar pela área da Justiça, foi o seu incentivo que me levou a Boston e à descoberta da Psicologia da Paz. É a ela que é dirigida a minha primeira referência nas aulas de Psicologia da Justiça, numa tentativa de oferecer aos alunos um bocadinho do tanto que a Professora Carla significou, significa e continuará a significar para mim. À Professora Raquel Matos, que me veio socorrer a meio de um naufrágio e sem a qual eu não teria conseguido, de todo, chegar a bom porto. Porque foi um privilégio ser orientada pela pessoa que considero 'a minha referência', o exemplo a seguir. Se um dia conseguir ser metade de tudo aquilo que vejo na Professora Raquel, dar-me-ei por realizada! Obrigada pela paciência infinita e pela excelência na orientação. Ao Professor Rui Abrunhosa, pelas aprendizagens e exemplo ao longo de todo o meu percurso académico. O Professor Rui é uma espécie de 'porto seguro' para mim e para outros tantos colegas da área da Justiça, alguém com quem sabemos que podemos sempre contar. Obrigada pela disponibilidade e pelo alento nos momentos mais difíceis deste percurso. Aos Pilares da Terra: à minha mãe, por ser a verdadeira 'mother chicken', ao ponto de já ter lido esta tese mais vezes do que eu! Obrigada pelos filipinos e cerelac, indispensáveis à realização deste trabalho! Ao meu pai e ao Gui (aka king of mamba), porque juntamente com a 'mother chicken' alicerçam e dão sentido à minha vida. Ao Rui, porque chegou à minha vida na fase final deste percurso e teve disponibilidade para me aturar e sacrificar tempo precioso da relação em prol da tese. Eid Ma Clack Shaw! À minha família, em especial às minhas avós e à Timas. iv Ao GIPGAP, em especial à Professora Kathleen Malley-Morrison, pela forma calorosa com que me acolheu em Boston e na sua equipa de investigação, por me ter proporcionado tantas aprendizagens, e por me ter dado a conhecer a Psicologia da Paz. É para mim um orgulho fazer parte do GIPGAP, que esta tese possa contribuir para novo fervilhar de ideias entre todos nós. Aos GALECIANOS, em especial à Diana e à Carla. À Diana porque vai ser sempre 'a minha melhor amiga', ainda que um dia mude não de continente mas de planeta. Obrigada pelas 'energias positivas'! À 'gaija' Carla porque ainda ontem esteve a explicar-me como se faz a paginação, e é 'isto' a Carla, a nossa 'mãe', sempre presente, sempre disponível, que encontra sempre a coisa certa a dizer ou a fazer! Aos colegas da FEP, em especial ao Professor António Fonseca, por ter acreditado em mim ao ponto de me ter 'oferecido' uma disciplina de Psicologia da Paz! À Catarina Ribeiro, pela amizade e pelo exemplo como pessoa e profissional. À Mariana Negrão, porque vencemos o 'monstro' juntas. Às GIPPAS, em especial à Isabel Tavares, a minha amiga e colega dos direitos humanos, pela partilha de ideias que em tanto inspiraram este trabalho. À Telma Almeida, à Mónica Soares e à Ana Gonçalves, por me terem ajudado a partir pedra na temática da violência de Estado e por acreditarem na Psicologia da Paz! À Flecha, à Bora e à Lecas. À Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, pelo apoio financeiro que me foi concedido através da Bolsa de Doutoramento (SFRH/BD20902/2006), no âmbito do Programa Operacional Ciência e Inovação (POCI) 2010 apoiado pelo Fundo Social Europeu (FSE). v RESUMO O presente trabalho compreende uma incursão teórica e empírica pelo fenómeno da violência de Estado. Os autores dedicados ao estudo desta temática têm alertado para o papel do Estado enquanto perpetrador de atrocidades, ao violar normas jurídicas e sociais e ao não respeitar os direitos humanos (e.g., Rothe & Ross, 2008). A intolerância dos cidadãos face a tais condutas poderá inibi-las ou pelo menos dificultá-las, especialmente em sociedades democráticas. No sentido contrário, a sua perpetração pode ser facilitada pela sociedade civil se esta for, em alguma medida, 'conivente', ignorando, negando ou legitimando as atrocidades cometidas pelo Estado. Por conseguinte, a sua prevenção tem de passar pela análise dos discursos de senso comum, com vista à compreensão dos processos cognitivos que as legitimam. Os estudos empíricos que apresentamos neste texto constituem um contributo nesse sentido, ao darem conta dos discursos de cidadãos comuns face à violência de Estado. Através da análise das respostas de 600 cidadãos portugueses à Personal and Institutional Rights to Aggression and Peace Survey, foi possível identificar diferentes níveis de tolerância face à violência de Estado, assim como os argumentos subjacentes aos mesmos. A partir desta amostra selecionaram-se trinta e seis participantes, constituindo-se três grupos contrastantes em função dos níveis de tolerância face à violência de Estado. Foram realizadas entrevistas a estes participantes sobre cenários hipotéticos de violência de Estado, construídos com base em dimensões que no primeiro estudo se assumiram como influenciadoras dos seus níveis de tolerância. Os resultados do segundo estudo possibilitaram uma compreensão mais aprofundada dos posicionamentos dos participantes, ao permitirem mapear significados, representações e processos cognitivos associados à legitimação da violência de Estado. Da análise efetuada, emergiram duas linhas predominantes de raciocínio e argumentação em torno do fenómeno. A primeira diz respeito à defesa de uma intervenção estatal baseada num princípio de igualdade; já a segunda refere-se aos apologistas de uma intervenção diferenciada em função das 'qualidades' dos indivíduos. Estes vi últimos revelaram maior tolerância à violência de Estado, corroborando os estudos que se referem à legitimação das desigualdades sociais como estando na base de certas formas de violência (

No presente artigo é feito o enquadramento histórico e concetual da Psicologia da Paz (Peace Psychology). Esta área tem como objetivo a aplicação dos conhecimentos e métodos da Psicologia à prevenção dos conflitos e à promoção dos direitos humanos e da paz. O enfoque da Psicologia nestas temáticas emergiu em pleno contexto de Guerra Fria, quando as preocupações com a hipótese de uma guerra nuclear ser desencadeada levaram alguns psicólogos a contribuir para os esforços de prevenção da guerra e de promoção da paz. Desde então, a Psicologia tem oferecido importantes contributos ao nível da investigação e da intervenção neste domínio, sobretudo no contexto norte-americano. Embora também em grande parte dos países europeus esta área se encontre em franca expansão, em Portugal permanece ainda relativamente desconhecida. Este artigo procura colmatar algum desse desconhecimento.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17575/rpsicol.v27i1.241

Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in West Jerusalem, this thesis explores the lives of Israeli men trying to make meaningful lives in a country both struggling for the status as a Western democracy and at the same time using its own past to justify its very existence. Just as the country is inherently dependent on a past without Palestinians, its people imagine their past and tell stories about their past in order to create this imagined community. These stories are a main focal point in this thesis, both how they are created, how they are used and why they are such big parts of people's lives. Family, war and representations of community are also themes that inform, structure and give meaning to these narratives. As everything seems contested, everything must also be defended, and the family is no exception. Discourses of progress, how democratic countries are imagined, and the changing ideology of the Israeli state are big parts of everyday representations of the Jewish Israeli community. What are the options for creating a meaningful life under these conditions and how does the attempt to achieve a stable state shape its citizens? The core of much of this is how misrecognition works on a community and how this fuel a particularly fervent sort of nationalism.

Drawing on interviews with Hindu and Muslim respondents on the symbols involved in Hindu-revivalism in India, the paper exemplifies how the politics of Hindutva impacts on the thinking of common man. Hindutva ideology is based on historical events that are given particular interpretations in the interest of power politics. It is shown how the popular representations of history are being reframed and interrelated to convey justification and to endow them with the emotional force for mass-action to serve as tools in populist ideologues' claims. The findings are analysed ...

Se reconoce la relevancia del estudio de variables como creencias, actitudes y comportamientos frente a la guerra, dado que aportan a la comprensión sobre la génesis y persistencia de la guerra. Este documento está dirigido a los coinvestigadores y estudiantes auxiliares de investigación que colaboran con el proyecto ADAPTACIÓN Y VALIDACIÓN DE LA ESCALA DE CREENCIAS SOBRE GUERRA JUSTA Y SU RELACIÓN CON VARIABLES PERSONALES ASOCIADAS A LAS CREENCIAS SOBRE LA GUERRA. Ofrece información sobre el proyecto, ubica en el Marco teórico que sustenta la investigación y se describen detalladamente los Objetivos, procedimientos y actividades que desarrollarán los auxiliares de investigación. Las orientaciones se complementan con abundante información complementaria que esperamos sea útil no solo para su labor como auxiliar, si no también para su ejercicio académico y futura actividad profesional.

El trabajo analiza mediante una revisión integradora los modelos teóricos utilizados para analizar el cyberbullying entre adolescentes, los elementos que visibilizan y los tipos de conocimientos que producen. El corpus estuvo conformado por 47 artículos relevados en las bases de bibliografía
BVS, PubMed, Scopus y SciELO. En los resultados presentamos la Teoría de la Desconexión Moral, la Teoría General de la Frustración, la Teoría de las Actividades Rutinarias, la Teoría del Comportamiento Planificado, la Teoría del Efecto del Espectador, el Modelo General de la Agresión, el Modelo de Barlett-Gentile, la Teoría Mimética y Teorías de la Identidad social. Los modelos desde una perspectiva positivista subrayan una concepción objetivista, reduccionista y causalista del cyberbullying. Discutimos estos aspectos desde la antropología de las moralidades, el interaccionismo simbólico y la violencia como origen y refuerzo de fronteras morales y sociales. Los hallazgos permiten discutir explicaciones y propuestas de prevención, a la vez que ofrecen un repertorio teórico sobre el cyberbullying útil para eludir un confinamiento explicativo y la consecuente reificación de las teorías utilizadas.

Transforming the course of protracted and bloody conflicts requires changing the behaviors and minds of society members who take part in these conflicts. While studies examining the psychology of such societies point to the barriers that conflict-supporting narratives create for changing
minds and behavior, a novel psychological intervention offers a new direction to facilitate openness for attitude change based on the Information Process Model (IPM). Previous studies indicated the effectiveness of this intervention in creating an unfreezing of conflict attitudes and increasing support for peace negotiation in different conflict areas. However, since the psychological process underlying its effectiveness remains underexplored, the aim of the current research is to examine the experiences of participants exposed to IPM-based messages and the role of cognitive and emotional ambivalence in facilitating the unfreezing of conflict-supporting narrative and contemplating alternative beliefs. The first study (n = 234) examines how IPM (vs. control) videos increase engagement with and ambivalence towards conflict-supporting narratives using quantitative and qualitative analysis of written Decisional Balance responses. The second study (n = 24) delves into the expressions of cognitive and emotional ambivalence following exposure to different segments of an IPM video using semi-structured interviews, and further assesses their potential influence on facilitating contemplation with newly provided information.

Um die diversen Ausdrucksformen von und die damit einhergehende vielfältige wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung mit Gewalt zu verstehen, unterscheidet dieser Beitrag zwischen fünf zentralen Diskussions- und Analysedimensionen: Neben einer Abhandlung der Formen und Spezifika direkter, physischer Gewalt werden die Konzepte der strukturellen, kulturellen und symbolischen Gewalt diskutiert. Entgegen dieser Unterscheidung zwischen beobachtbaren Gewalthandlungen und gewaltvollen Makro-Strukturen zielen weitere Ansätze darauf ab, Gewaltphänomene gerade durch das Zusammenbringen von Mikro- und Makro-Ebenen zu verstehen. Dabei lassen sich instrumentalistische Ansätze, welche Gewalt durch rationale Logiken erklären, von situationistischen Ansätzen, welche die Entstehung von Gewaltdynamiken aus der emotionalen Einordnung sozialer Situationen heraus betrachten, unterscheiden. Ansätze, die Gewalt hingegen aus der Dynamik eskalierender Kommunikationsprozesse heraus erklären, stellen schließlich die fünfte Analysedimension dar. Eskalierende Kommunikationsdynamiken können systemtheoretisch unterschiedlichen Organisationslogiken inhärent sein oder aus der Sequenzialität verschiedener Ereignisse entstehen. Über diese unterschiedlichen Auffassungen und Ansätze hinaus wird der Forschungsgegenstand vor dem Hintergrund gesellschaftskritischer Auseinandersetzungen mit Gewaltphänomenen eingeordnet: So werden neben der Einbettung von Gewalt in normative Vorstellungen von Zivilisation und Moderne auch Verfahren der Bearbeitung von Gewaltkonflikten sowie Konzeptionen der Gewaltfreiheit aufgegriffen.

The present symposium was conducted at a seminar on autism and communication held on July 12, 2008, at Hosei University in Tokyo. First, a comprehensive program for teaching communication skills to autistic
children at Keio University was presented. Second, a family-support program provided by the University of Tsukuba to teach an autistic child using PECS at home was introduced. Third, a family and school support program based on functional communication training provided by a private clinic (tASUC Ltd.) was described. Finally, the discussant, Bondy, commented on each presentation on the basis of his expertise in providing communication training for teachers and parents working with children with autism.

自閉症児やその親の支援のあり方を検討するにあたり、地域の自閉症親の会会員の母親を対象にアンケート調査を実施し、36例(男児25人、女児9人)の回答を得た。調査時の自閉症児の平均年齢は12歳1ケ月で、母親が障害に気づいた時、身近な人へ相談した時、専門家に相談した時、児童相談所に相談に行った時、診断を受けた時の平均年齢は、それぞれ1歳11ケ月、 1歳9ケ月、2歳8ケ月、3歳10ケ月、3歳10ケ月であった。親の頼りになる相談相手として同じ親仲間の存在が大きく「親の会」などの自助グループの重要性が示唆された。診断にあたる専門家の資質としては、受容性や共感性を保ちながらも明確に告知すること、行動問題や育児に対する具体的な助言を行える専門性が大切であることが示唆された。将来にわたる支援のための社会資源の整備や専門家の養成など社会的要請があることもわかった。

Utilizing sports and other recreational activities to foster peaceful relations and coexistence is an idea that has gained popularity in recent years, particularly in Israel. The aim of the current research is to fill a gap in the research literature on the subject of coexistence programming. The Mifalot organization conducts a program called "Get to Know Your Neighbor" in which Palestinian, Jordanian, and Israeli youth play soccer together. The program, based mainly on the participants' love for football, is a series of activities and lessons designed to prepare children to meet and interact with youth from neighboring communities. The study examines the effects of participation in this program on the attitudes of the Palestinians, Jordanians, and Israelis toward each other.

The aim of this study is to design the peace education unit, which support the students to achieve the two goals: (1) to reconstruct their own notions of peace, and (2) to acquire interdisciplinary concepts and apply them to find and describe the (non-)peaceful situations in our usual life. Therefore, we developed and implemented a concept based inquiry unit (18 class hours) at Hiroshima Global Academy (HiGA) middle school by contextualize the previous unit plan into the integrated learning program on “Global Justice.” As a result, we could choose the six concepts explaining a nonviolent but threatening the peaceful governance, human relation, and agency, demonstrate the social examples to apply them, and set a controversy defining the criteria of peace. The first outcome of this study is that we show the curricular-instructional gatekeeping adjusting to the school context of HiGA. The second is to find the relations between the students' learning of peace concepts and the recon...

The aim of this study is to develop the module for peace education which helps learners to reconstruct their own perspectives on peace. Previous studies introducing lesson plans on peace education have limitation in that these lesson plans focus heavily on wars or issues unfamiliar to students. In addition, they were not intended to give opportunities to metacognize the reconstruction of perspectives on peace. The lesson module we developed consists of three section: introduction section, main section, closing section. The main section consists of six units, and we chose six concepts or theories with which learners reconstruct their perspectives on peace：(1)game theory, (2)Galtung’s theory of peace, (3)conflict resolution, (4)authoritarian personality, (5)labeling theory, and, (6)social identity. This lesson module includes not only various concepts or theories about peace but also the process through which learners reconstruct their own perspectives on peace and reflection on the p...

India, renowned for its status as the world's largest democracy, is a richly diverse nation characterized by a multitude of ethnicities, languages, religions, and cultures. This diversity, while a source of national pride, also reveals profound fissures where historical grievances, socioeconomic disparities, and political aspirations intersect, fostering significant communal and ethnopolitical conflicts. The Hindu-Muslim conflict serves as a prominent example of such tensions, deeply rooted and shaping the socio-political fabric of the nation for centuries. This research paper investigates the origins and complexities of the Hindu-Muslim conflict by addressing three fundamental questions: What are the underlying causes of this persistent violence? Who bears responsibility for perpetuating these conflicts? And what practical and effective measures can be implemented to address and prevent their recurrence? To answer these questions, the paper employs a robust theoretical framework that synthesizes perspectives from sociology, political science, and conflict studies, with a primary focus on the instrumentalist approach to ethnopolitical conflicts. This approach highlights how political actors exploit ethnic identities and historical grievances for strategic gains. The study is underpinned by a detailed analysis of major case studies of communal violence, offering insights into the interplay between ethnic identity formation, historical legacies, and socioeconomic inequalities. The paper further examines the role of contemporary political elites in exacerbating tensions through strategic manipulation of communal identities and the politicization of cultural symbols. By exploring the dynamics of these factors, the research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the conflict's origins and persistence. It also proposes actionable strategies for conflict resolution, including policy recommendations and communitybased interventions, to foster long-term communal harmony and stability. Ultimately, this study contributes to the broader discourse on managing ethnopolitical conflicts by offering nuanced insights and practical solutions for mitigating violence and promoting peace in a diverse and complex societal context.

İlk olarak savaşlar, soykırımlar, işkenceler ile ilişkilendirilerek kavramsallaştırılan insandışılaştırmanın artık incelikli bir şekilde günlük yaşamlarımızda da uygulanması bu çalışmanın yapılması için gerekli zemini oluşturmuştur. Bu araştırmada, insanlık tarihi kadar eski ancak sosyal psikoloji bilimi tarafından detaylı olarak görece çok yakın zamanlarda ele alınmaya başlanan insandışılaştırma (insanlıktan çıkarma) kavramı üzerine derinlemesine bir yazın taraması yapılmıştır. Onu insan yapan özelliklerinden arındırıp insana hayvani veya makine benzeri özellikler atfedilmesi şeklinde tanımlanabilecek olan insandışılaştırma ile ilgili en önemli sorun, insandışılaştırmanın şiddeti meşrulaştırmasıdır. Şiddet ile kast edilen yalnızca fiziksel şiddet değildir. Günümüzde kadınların, sağlık çalışanlarının, mültecilerin, göçmenlerin, yoksulların, heteronormatif kalıpların dışında cinsel yönelime sahip bireylerin maruz kaldığı şiddet vakalarının ardındaki meşrulaştırıcı gücün insandışılaştırma olduğu düşünülerek bu çalışma kurgulanmıştır. Ancak her insandışılaştırıcı eylem beraberinde şiddeti getirmediğinden, insandışılaştırmanın mağdurları belirtilen sosyal gruplarla sınırlı değildir. Yaşlılar, ev kadınları, engelliler, iş kadınları, feministler ve mavi yakalılar da insandışılaştırmaya maruz kalan diğer sosyal gruplar arasındadır. Araştırmada, öncelikle insandışılaştırmanın nasıl tanımlandığı ve teorize edildiği, ardından insanın nesneleştirilmesiyle ilişkisi, son olarak da mağdurlarının, faillerinin ve tanıklarının özellikleri anlatılmaktadır.

Coexistence between Palestinians and Israelis The art of coexistence refers to the ability of different individuals or groups to live together peacefully and harmoniously, despite their differences in beliefs, cultures, or lifestyles. It involves practicing empathy, understanding, and respect for others, as well as seeking common ground and mutual benefit. This concept emphasizes the importance of tolerance, acceptance, and cooperation in creating a society where diversity is celebrated and conflicts are resolved through dialogue and mutual understanding. The coexistence between Palestinians and Israelis has been a challenging and complex issue due to the long-standing conflict between the two groups. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is deeply rooted in historical, political, and religious factors, making peaceful coexistence difficult to achieve. However, there have been instances of cooperation and dialogue between individuals and groups from both sides who are committed to finding common ground and working towards peaceful solutions. Efforts to promote coexistence between Palestinians and Israelis often involve initiatives that focus on fostering understanding, empathy, and mutual respect. These initiatives may include educational programs, cultural exchanges, grassroots movements, and peacebuilding activities that aim to bridge the divide between the two communities.

This study focused on the group process and interpersonal process which influence an individual\u27s attitude in group discussion. We examined the influence of the group decision and specific others who influence the individuals\u27 attitude in group decision and the similarity/dissimilarity in opinions between individuals and specific others. Sixty-seven students who were randomly divided into 13 groups discussed about four themes within each group, and they answered questionnaires before and after the group discussion. The results of path analysis indicated that the influence of group decision was consistently greater than that of the specific others, however, the latter had a little effect in some cases. In addition, the specific others were regarded as having opinions that were dissimilar to those of the individuals. The results based on the attitude score also showed that the specific others did not always have similar opinions

Victims' testimonies have emerged as an interesting tool for generating changes in societies that are seeking to emerge from a violent conflict. However, victims are not a homogeneous group and their stances regarding the perpetrators can different according to whether they accept or reject intergroup forgiveness processes, as was the case of J. Améry, a writer and essayist who survived the Holocaust. In this article, we inquire into the impact of victims' testimonies on attitudes towards intergroup forgiveness in Spain (N = 274). An experimental study with three conditions was designed using victims' testimonies that were favourable (Condition 1) and unfavourable (Condition 2) to intergroup forgiveness, along with a condition with statistical data on violence (Condition 0). The results show a differential impact on attitudes based on the victim's testimony, in addition to emotional activation that is not inherently related to attitudes in favour of forgiveness but instead to the victim's attitude towards that process.

Since 1947, the Muslim community of South
Asia has been struggling over how their identity
should be expressed. In Bangladesh, India and
Pakistan it is impossible to look at religion or politics
in isolation. The two are intrinsically linked and both
play huge roles in influencing their societies. The is-
sue of Muslim identity is complex. Since 1947 Mus-
lims have been portrayed in an array of conflicting
images; they have been seen as both the victims and
the perpetrators of violence, as the pampered elite and
the persecuted poor. Obviously the Muslim identity in
South Asia has religious origins in Islam, but it has
crossed from religious and social domains into the po-
litical sector through both colonial “divide and rule”
tactics and the 1947 partition, which used religion as a
demarcator. The event of partition threw Muslim iden-
tity into question as issues such as national loyalty and
cultural unity arose. Politicians were quick to shape
the image of Muslims to fit their agendas, and even
now the idea of Muslim self-identification in South
Asia remains hazy. According to Ali Riaz, “The quest
for identity got entangled with power politics and po-
litical mobilisation and finally led down a blind alley”.

The purpose of this brief general-interest essay is to outline some of the key points related to the reliability and validity of research on the Maharishi Effect. Reliability asks: do measures of the Maharishi Effect accurately represent the phenomenon under investigation and have the research design, test instrument, and tools and techniques used to generate these results been consistently applied and can therefore be considered dependable and repeatable? Validity asks: Are the results of this research a correct and authentic representation of the Maharishi Effect and do they in fact measure the phenomenon under investigation and not something else?

On almost every major continent violence is not far away from any sacred space. India, with its religious plurality, is a prime example where violence and sacred space are intimate lovers; the Ram Janmabhumi Temple/Babri Masjid in Ayodhyā, Uttar Pradesh (from here forward referred to as the RJT/BM) is one location that lies at the heart of these lovers’ quarrels. The popular, Western idea of India is that everything is a spectacle, everything is made into Bollywood. Western media floods its consumers’ minds with emblazoned and dramatic scenes of exotic settings and amazing dance choreographies. To Indians, also, the land is quite epic, and almost literally so. The culture is saturated with the telling, retelling, and performing of the Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa: two great epics about cosmic wars between good and evil and gods and demons, righteousness vs. virtueless-ness, and triumph over the human condition. So too the violence surrounding the RJT/BM is also epic; it is indeed a performance. The demolition of the RJT/BM on December 6, 1992, was undoubtably an act of performance violence. The rich history of the temple-mosque’s location, how its inhabitants, both Hindu and Muslim, produced a sacred landscape play into the greater symbolism of its contestation, and its elements of drama (cast, plot, audience, etc.) climaxed in extreme violence and rioting resulting in a new Indian worldview albeit one of a looming threat of Hindu fundamentalism.

This study assumed that Sufism would have a positive influence that can lead to increase in satisfaction level. In Sufism, the disciple (murid) follows spiritual path under the guidance and supervision of a Sufi-master. This research investigated the relationships of religiosity with life satisfaction, hope and optimism. The study was designed to compare two groups of the disciples (murid) and non-disciples. It was hypothesized that disciples will score higher on life satisfaction and religiosity. The disciples & non-disciples (both enrolled as university students) selected through purposive sampling from the five public sector universities in Peshawar, Pakistan. The Index of Religiosity (IOR; Aziz & Rehman, 1996), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Diener et al., 1985), Adult Hope Scale (AHS; Snyder, et al., 1991), Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R; Scheier, et al., 1994) and Personal Information Sheet was administered to collect the data. The findings of the study revealed a s...

Recently, it was reported that superior soccer decision-makers possess better implicit pattern perception (Murakawa et al., 2020). However, it is unclear how such excellent implicit pattern perception is achieved. Therefore, in this study, we examined the possibility that soccer players with excellent implicit pattern perception emotionally process scenes with an unmarked player around the goal. Twenty-eight skilled soccer players performed a task based on the backward-masking paradigm used by Murakawa et al. (2020) to assess the accuracy of implicit pattern perception for soccer 3-on-3 scenes around the goal. Eleven of the 28 participants performed the task newly and for 17 individuals, the data of Murakawa et al. (2020) were reused. In addition, using a subliminal priming task, we evaluated participants impressions (pleasant/unpleasant) about a target stimulus (Arabic) that was presented following implicitly perceived images of a 3-versus-3 scene (goal/free condition, goal/no-free condition, no-goal/free condition, no-goal/no-free condition) around the goal. Under the goal/free condition, offensive players with high accuracy of implicit pattern perception were biased toward pleasant, and defensive players were biased toward unpleasant. On the other hand, no such bias was observed under the no-goal/no-free condition. Thus, this suggests that players with better implicit pattern perception perform emotional perceptual processing of environmental information based on the emotional value arising from his/her knowledge base. It is significant that our study is the first to provide evidence for the relationship between emotional processing and implicit pattern perception, involved in superior decision-making in soccer.

This study assumed that Sufism would have a positive influence that can lead to increase in satisfaction level. In Sufism, the disciple (murid) follows spiritual path under the guidance and supervision of a Sufi-master. This research investigated the relationships of religiosity with life satisfaction, hope and optimism. The study was designed to compare two groups of the disciples (murid) and non-disciples. It was hypothesized that disciples will score higher on life satisfaction and religiosity. The disciples & non-disciples (both enrolled as university students) selected through purposive sampling from the five public sector universities in

It is widely recognized that the number of international wars has declined continuously since the mid-1960s, whilst internal conflicts and civil wars became more numerous than those fought between nation states. Internal divisions of societies and separatism within a single political unit have also become a more frequent form of conflict. The nature of armed conflicts is also changing claiming the lives of more civilians compared to military personnel in relation to the past (Hobsbawm 2002). As Kelman (2004, 2008) convincingly argued, this changing nature of wars ignited the recent research interest in the notion of reconciliation. In such a context the primary challenge is for former enemies

Introduction/aim: Willingness to forgive has been studied in different situations, however, there are no published studies in Colombia with indigenous populations and taking into account their worldview. The present research was aimed at examining the willingness to forgive of people from various ethnic minorities in Colombia such as the Embera, Nasa, Pijao and Kaamash-Hu communities and focusing in particular on the Wayuu community. Method: An experimental design was used and a cluster analysis was performed. The sample was composed of 159 indigenous adults (30% male) between the ages of 18 and 76, who were shown a series of scenarios describing a common situation in which an orchard was damaged by domestic animals belonging to a neighbour. Three factors were manipulated in the scenario: the severity of the damage, the level of carelessness of the animals' owner, and the animals' owner's explanations and apologetic behaviour. Results: Cluster analysis yielded five qualitatively different positions: Never forgive under any circumstances (6% of the sample, primarily participants from the Embera community), Depends on apology and neglect (15%), Depends on apology, consequences, and neglect (30%, primarily participants from the Kaamash-Hu community), and Almost always forgive (36%, primarily people from the Wayuu community). Conclusion: Thus, there is a convergence between the results of this study and the anthropological observations of the participating ethnic communities. Forgiveness is closely linked to the cosmovision of each indigenous group.

Introduction/aim: Willingness to forgive has been studied in different situations, however, there are no published studies in Colombia with indigenous populations and taking into account their worldview. The present research was aimed at examining the willingness to forgive of people from various ethnic minorities in Colombia such as the Embera, Nasa, Pijao and Kaamash-Hu communities and focusing in particular on the Wayuu community. Method: An experimental design was used and a cluster analysis was performed. The sample was composed of 159 indigenous adults (30% male) between the ages of 18 and 76, who were shown a series of scenarios describing a common situation in which an orchard was damaged by domestic animals belonging to a neighbour. Three factors were manipulated in the scenario: the severity of the damage, the level of carelessness of the animals' owner, and the animals' owner's explanations and apologetic behaviour. Results: Cluster analysis yielded five qualitatively different positions: Never forgive under any circumstances (6% of the sample, primarily participants from the Embera community), Depends on apology and neglect (15%), Depends on apology, consequences, and neglect (30%, primarily participants from the Kaamash-Hu community), and Almost always forgive (36%, primarily people from the Wayuu community). Conclusion: Thus, there is a convergence between the results of this study and the anthropological observations of the participating ethnic communities. Forgiveness is closely linked to the cosmovision of each indigenous group.

Islamophobia is a phenomenon that refers to negative attitudes, silence, and anxiety toward Muslims and their way of life. This research investigates how Islamophobia impacts national security and the manifestations of this phenomenon in local and international communities. Islamophobia, fuelled by fear, ignorance, and media propaganda, leads to the ostracism and alienation of Muslims; Hence being isolated from an integral part of society which cannot contribute to the welfare of the nation.The implications of Islamophobia for national security go beyond a direct threat to public safety. This has far-reaching consequences for various aspects of society, including economic, educational, and immigration policies. Islamophobia threatens to undermine fundamental freedoms, such as freedom of religion and speech, and the right to a fair trial. It also threatens to damage international relations, particularly with Muslim-majority countries, and damage America's reputation on the world ...

Restorative justice is based on principles which constitute an opportunity with great transformative potential for victims and aggressors alike; although it is not clear yet how to tap that potential. Two formative evaluation of intervention are presented here for individuals held in detention because they have committed offences. Seven adolescents participated in study 1 and five adults took part in study 2, all of whom were men. The intervention in study I consisted of 10 session of 1 hour, which included an anger management module adapted from the EQUIP program and a reparation for damage module. The intervention of study 2 involved six sessions which were exclusively targeted for the reparation of damage. The interventions incorporated role plays that simulate a possible meeting of the participants, their aggression victims and letters to the victims that would not be sent. The study found a high level of participants' satisfaction and involvement; they demonstrated empathy for their victims and willingness for repairing the damage as well as an increase in their anger management report. These studies show that, in detention centers, it is possible to take advantage of the transformative potential of restorative principles even without conducting meetings with the victims.

Background: Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of interpersonal forgiveness after a specific offense for improving the health and well-being of individuals. Despite its importance, there is an evident lack of forgiveness evaluation instruments adapted to the Spanish context. The Enright Forgiveness Inventory (EFI-30) is the questionnaire that implements one of the most established and recognized theoretical models in the area of forgiveness. The aim of the present study is to adapt the EFI-30 for the Spanish population and evaluate its psychometric properties. Method: A sample of 426 undergraduate and graduate students (98 men, 328 women) aged from 18 to 30 years (M = 21.24; SD = 2.91), completed the EFI-30 after its adaptation to the Spanish context, as well as the Transgression Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM-18), the Remedial Strategies Scale (RSS) and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: The Confirmatory Factor Analysis sho...