Operative Dentistry

SUMMARY Purpose To investigate the bond of endodontic post materials, with and without grit blasting, to a resin composite cement and a core material using push-out bond strength tests. Materials and Methods Fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) posts containing carbon (C) or glass (A) fiber and a steel (S) post were cemented into cylinders of polymerized restorative composite without surface treatment (as controls) and after grit blasting for 8, 16, and 32 seconds. Additional steel post samples were sputter-coated with gold before cementation to prevent chemical interaction with the cement. Cylindrical composite cores were bonded to other samples. After sectioning into discs, bond strengths were determined using push-out testing. Profilometry and electron microscopy were used to assess the effect of grit blasting on surface topography. Results Mean (standard deviation) bond strength values (MPa) for untreated posts to resin cement were 8.41 (2.80) for C, 9.61(1.88) for A, and 19.90 (3.6...

The aim of the study is to assess the attitude of the Iraqi population regarding the social media pages of dental clinics. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study relied on questionnaires distributed to participants. The questions included demographic information and assessed the community's attitudes toward dental clinic social media pages, as well as sought to understand participants' preferences for the type and main content of posts. Results: The demographic data revealed a male-to-female ratio of 1:1, with a mean age of 39 years. More than half of the participants reported having sufficient income and had completed their undergraduate programs. Participants strongly agreed on the importance of dental social media and the responsiveness of dental staff to messages. However, there were significant negative attitudes regarding whether social media alone was sufficient to attract new patients or build trust between dentists and customers. No significant differences in attitude levels were observed across the variables. Participants indicated that the quality and cost of treatment were their primary preferences when viewing social media posts, reflecting a focus on value and affordability in their decision-making. Conclusion: The negative attitudes toward dental social media have been highlighted. Dentists need to routinely evaluate and address community feedback and expectations from the clinic. Effective social media strategies are essential to achieve clinic goals.

SUMMARY The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether exposure to coffee during bleaching treatment with 16% carbamide peroxide (CP) affects the degree of whitening and tooth sensitivity. Forty patients with central incisors darker than A2 were selected. Participants who did not drink coffee were assigned to the control group (CG), while participants who drink coffee at least twice a day were assigned to the experimental group (EG). For CG, foods with dyes were restricted. For EG there was no restriction on food and patients were asked to make coffee rinses for 30 seconds, four times daily. For both groups 16% CP was used for a period of three hours daily for three weeks. Shade evaluation was assessed visually by Vita classical shade guide and by the Easyshade spectrophotometer at baseline, during bleaching (first, second, and third weeks), and postbleaching (one week and one month). Patients recorded their sensitivity perceptions by means of the numerical rating scale an...

SUMMARY This study was designed to evaluate in vitro the efficacy of a novel at-home bleaching technique using 10% or 16% carbamide peroxide modified by casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and its influence on the microhardness of bleached enamel. A total of 40 bovine incisors were divided into four groups (n=10) according to the bleaching agent used: 10% carbamide peroxide only; a blend of 10% carbamide peroxide and a CPP-ACP paste; 16% carbamide peroxide only; and a blend of 16% carbamide peroxide and a CPP-ACP paste. During the 14-day bleaching regimen, the samples were stored in artificial saliva. The Vickers microhardness and color of the teeth were assessed at baseline (T0) and immediately after the bleaching regimen (T14) using a microhardness tester and a spectrophotometer, respectively. The degree of color change was determined by the Commission Internationale de l'Eclariage (CIE) L*a*b* system (ΔE, ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb*) and Vita shade guide paramet...

Objec:ve: This study aims to assess the knowledge of oral histology among fi6h-year dental students in Iraq and evaluate its relevance to various clinical dental disciplines, including orthodon>cs, opera>ve den>stry, oral medicine, and oral surgery. Methods: A cross-sec>onal survey was conducted from February to May 2024 among dental students from both public and private ins>tu>ons in Iraq. Par>cipants were recruited through targeted online adver>sements on plaHorms such as Telegram, WhatsApp, and Facebook. Results: The results compare clinical and basic knowledge between younger and older dental students. Younger students scored higher in understanding basic concepts like structural changes in the periodontal ligament, bone remodeling, tooth erup>on enamel structure, cavity design and surgical interven>ons. However, older students excelled in clinical areas such as maxillofacial development, orthodon>c appliances, and developmental anomalies. Conclusion: This study provides insights into the perceived value of oral histology educa>on among dental students and its applica>on in clinical prac>ce. The findings may be encouraging early clinical involvement while reinforcing basic science concepts can lead to a more well-rounded and confident dental workforce.

Both amalgam and composite restorations can quickly and accurately be carved using a systematic technique. By following the outlined steps, anatomically accurate restorations can be easily achieved. Inlay wax is used as a training medium to negate the setting constraints and as a high fidelity simulation.

The aim of this study was to determine the cutting ability of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond burs coupled to an ultrasonic dental unit handpiece for minimally invasive cavity preparation. One standard cavity was prepared on the mesial and distal surfaces of 40 extracted human third molars either with cylindrical or with spherical CVD burs. The cutting ability was compared regarding type of substrate (enamel and dentin) and direction of handpiece motion. The morphological characteristics, width and depth of the cavities were analyzed and measured using scanning electron micrographs. Statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05) revealed that the width and depth of the cavities were significantly greater when they were prepared on dentin. Wider cavities were prepared when the cylindrical CVD bur was used, and deeper cavities resulted from preparation with the spherical CVD bur. The direction of handpiece motion did not influence the size of the cavities, an...

Introduction

Using materials like metals and fiber-reinforced composites, intra-radicular posts are frequently utilised to reconstruct teeth that have suffered severe loss of coronal structure. Metal posts are less favoured due to esthetic limitations and mechanical incompatibility with dentin. Prefabricated fibre posts often poorly adapt to irregular canal shapes, leading to cement voids and compromised retention. Customising fibre posts to canal anatomy improves fit, reduces cement thickness, and enhances long-term prognosis.

Methodology and Result
In this case study, a 53-year-old man with a severely decaying, previously endodontically treated upper right second premolar (tooth 15) exhibiting loss of crown structure and a periapical lesion is described as having been successfully managed. Clinical and radiographic evaluation confirmed no pain, swelling, or sinus tract. The tooth was isolated, and retreatment was initiated with canal cleaning, disinfection, and calcium hydroxide dressing, followed by obturation with AH Plus and gutta percha. A post space was prepared, and a prefabricated fibre post was customized using composite resin to replicate canal anatomy. A composite core was constructed after the relined post was light-cured and sealed with dual-cure resin cement. After a week, a zirconia crown was cemented. A three-month follow-up revealed outstanding post adjustment and full periapical recovery.

Discussion
Customizing prefabricated fibre posts to match root canal anatomy enhances retention, stress distribution, and preserves radicular dentin. This technique offers a minimally invasive, esthetic, and mechanically superior alternative to conventional posts. Long-term studies are needed to validate its clinical efficacy further.


Keywords :  Anatomical post, composite, fibrepost, zirconia

Clinical Relevance Desensitizing treatments, except for self-etching adhesives, might have an adverse effect on the bond strength of a resin composite to dentin mediated by a self-etching primer. Therefore, it might be important for clinicians to evaluate previous desensitizing treatments.

Many investigators have reported attempts to develop reliable laboratory and clinic evaluation systems. However, few studies, regardless of level of success, have used an analytic procedure to identify those components of the evaluation system that, if refined further, could improve reliability. The purpose of this study was to compare intra-and inter-examiner variability in two evaluation methods: glance and grade (global), and checklist and criteria (analytical). Three faculty staff members with more than ten years of clinical and teaching experience evaluated operative procedures performed on plastic teeth representing the primary teeth by thirty dental students in pediatric dentistry preclinical laboratory sessions. The preparations were graded blindly by each of the three evaluators (A, B, and C) three times without magnification. The values were statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon signed rank test and Friedman test setting value of significance at 5 percent. The study revealed that, among the three examiners, the intra-examiner variability was nonsignificant in most situations. On the other hand, there was statistically significant variability between evaluators (i.e., inter-examiner) for almost all preparations. Neither cutting off the scores nor using either evaluation method (glance and grade or criteria and checklist) caused an improvement in variability. The problem of inter-examiner reliability and variability still existed.

Objective: The goal is to assess the intra-and inter-examiner reliability of Bolton analysis using two commonly used software packages, OrthoCad and NemoCast, based on digital model measurements. Method: Fifty patients' pretreatment models of different malocclusions were selected and 3dimensional virtual orthodontic models created using iTero element 2 scanners. Three examiners measured tooth widths at their greatest mesio-distal dimension, determining anterior and total Bolton discrepancies utilizing the respective software. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS IBM24.0, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC) package programs to investigate accuracy, repeatability and reliability of OrthoCAD software compared to Nemocast software for conducting Bolton analysis. Results: For both software the Inter-examiner and intra-examiner total as well as anterior Bolton ratios' correlation coefficient values were high and reproducible and no statistically significant differences were detected, which meant that the reproducibility/reliability was almost perfect. However, Nemocast and OrthoCad created total and/or anterior ratios were found to be statistically different. Conclusion: Orthocad and Nemocast are well established software and both can generate reproducible results which can be used easily by trained clinicians. Further upgrading of these computerized software is needed to overcome problems encountered in identifying landmarks. Further improvement of these and other similar software is likely to make them more user friendly.

La neuralgia del trigémino (NT) es una enfermedad caracterizada por paroxismos de dolor, afectando las ramas sensoriales del nervio trigémino cuya etiología es variada, la más aceptada y frecuente es el de la arteria cerebelosa superior (ACS). NT se caracteriza por dolor altamente intenso en la región orofacial, unilateral, con sensación de descargas eléctricas, intermitente y espontánea, súbita, recurrentes, contorsiones y expresiones faciales durante los episodios con gran intensidad, irradiándose en una o más ramas del quinto par craneal; siendo necesario un tratamiento inmediato. Objetivo: Describir la terapia infiltrativa esteroidea en paciente con neuralgia del trigémino. Metodología: Presentamos un caso clínico con diagnóstico de neuralgia del trigémino, procedimiento quirúrgico e infiltrativo del tratamiento; junto con revisión de la literatura. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina de 30 años de edad, procedente de Caracas, natural de Valencia, quien acude a la consulta con antecedentes de neuralgia del trigémino de 3 años, tratada con tegretol de 200 mg, persistiendo dolor neurálgico del trigémino, ramas V2 y V3. Se valora dolor activo, signos y puntos activos de gatillos detonadas de dicha neuralgia, se procede a realizar infiltración en ramas terminales V2 y V3, con una primera filtración de 0,5ml de lidocaína al 2% y 2ml de betametasona; se vuelve a infiltrar una segunda dosis a los 21 días.

SUMMARY Background: This case report describes the complete full-mouth treatment of hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) by chairside computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM). Case summary: After several years of interrupted dental care, a 17-year-old female patient presented with pain and also esthetic and functional discomfort. With loss of enamel and dyschromia affecting all teeth, the diagnosis was hypocalcified AI. Affected tissues were eliminated, gingivectomy with laser was performed, an indented jig was used to record the centric relationship during optical impressions, and 28 full ceramic crowns were created by chairside CAD/CAM in four sessions. The patient reported rapid pain relief and an overall improvement of well-being. Conclusion: AI sequelae can be treated promptly and conservatively with chairside CAD/CAM, obtaining esthetic and functional results.

Clinical Relevance Desensitizing treatments, except for self-etching adhesives, might have an adverse effect on the bond strength of a resin composite to dentin mediated by a self-etching primer. Therefore, it might be important for clinicians to evaluate previous desensitizing treatments.

Los anestésicos locales son fármacos esenciales en medicina veterinaria para bloquear de manera reversible la conducción de impulsos nerviosos sin alterar el estado de conciencia del paciente. Este trabajo resume sus principales características, incluyendo el mecanismo de acción basado en la inhibición de los canales de sodio dependientes de voltaje, así como los aspectos electrofisiológicos que determinan la pérdida temporal de la sensibilidad. Se revisan sus propiedades físico-químicas, farmacocinética y clasificación en ésteres y amidas, considerando cómo estos factores influyen en la potencia, duración y seguridad del efecto anestésico. Además, se abordan los factores que condicionan su eficacia, los posibles efectos sistémicos y la toxicidad asociada, así como las interacciones farmacológicas relevantes con otros medicamentos. Esta revisión sintetiza la información clave para optimizar el uso clínico de los anestésicos locales en medicina veterinaria, asegurando procedimientos seguros y un manejo adecuado del dolor.

Localized failures in resin composite restorations can be treated in three different ways: refurbishing, repairing, or replacing. Objective: This study aimed to examine levels of knowledge among dentists and dental students in Saudi Arabia regarding repair versus replacement of composite restorations. Methodology: Across-sectional convenience sampled study was completed with dentists and dental students from different regions of Saudi Arabia, and a modified, validated questionnaire was distributed electronically through social media. Linear regression, ANOVA, t-test, and chi-square were used for data analyses, andap-value of 0.05 was set for statistical significance. Results: A total of 201 participants responded and had a total mean (m) knowledge score of 13.11,with a standard deviation (SD) of 4.34. T-test and ANOVA revealed that participants with previous experience of replacing composite restorationshad significantly higher scores (m = 13.53, SD = 4.09, p = 0.005) than those who did not (m = 10.44, SD = 5.01). Per ANOVA, there was a significant difference in total knowledge scores by region (p = 0.003), withwestern region participants (m = 14.12, SD = 3.58) scoring significantly better (p = 0.042) than southern region participants (m = 11.20, SD = 4.45) and alsosignificantly (p = 0.030) better than northern region participants (m = 10.00, SD = 4.34). Our results indicate that Saudi Arabian dental professionals have moderate levels of knowledge about repair versus replacement for failing composite restorations. To increase theselevels,more practical sessions, lectures, mandatory readings, and educational videos should be provided.

SUMMARY Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of toothbrushing with a dentifrice on gloss, roughness profile, surface roughness, and wear of conventional and bulk-fill resin-based composites. Methods and Materials: Gloss and surface roughness of resin-based composites (RBCs; Admira Fusion X-tra, Aura Bulk Fill, Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable, Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior Restorative, Filtek Supreme Ultra, Herculite Ultra, Mosaic Enamel, SDR flow+, Sonic Fill 2, Tetric EvoFlow Bulk Fill and Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill) were analyzed before and after brushing; the roughness profile and wear were also determined after toothbrushing. Representative three-dimensional images of the surface loss and images comparing the unbrushed and brushed surfaces were also compared. Analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests were applied (α=0.05) to the gloss, surface roughness, roughness profile, and surface loss data. Pearson's correlation test was used to determine the correlation between gloss ...

Ceramic root-canal posts offer potential advantages over other types with respect to aesthetics and biocompatibility. Any post must be sufficiently rigid and retentive to withstand functional forces. Ceraposts (1.2 mm coronal diameter, ceramic, tapering, smooth posts) and Paraposts (1.25 mm, stainless-steel, parallel, serrated posts) were tested for rigidity by means of a three-point bending test. To test retention in roots, ceramic posts were cemented using one of three protocols: (1) glass-ionomer cement, (2) silane coupling agent and resin cement, or (3) sandblasted post surface, silane coupling agent, and resin cement. Stainless-steel posts were cemented with resin. The tensile force required to dislodge the posts, following four weeks of storage in water, was recorded. Data were compared using Student's ttest and Mann-Whitney U analysis. Ceraposts were significantly more rigid than Paraposts (p<0.001). Paraposts cemented with resin were significantly more strongly retained than Ceraposts following any cementation protocol (p<0.001). Retention of the ceramic posts was significantly greater with a silane coupling agent and resin cement than with glass-ionomer cement (p<0.001). Sandblasting the ceramic posts produced variable results and needs further investigation before it could be recommended.

This study compared the bond strengths of fiberreinforced composite (FRC) posts luted into oversized dowel spaces with FRC posts luted into precisely fitting dowel spaces using five different resin cements or build-up composites. The hypotheses examined were that bond strength does not present vast variations according to the width of the gap between the root canal and post and that bond strength increases for FRC posts luted with build-up composites compared with FRC posts luted with resin cements. Dowel space preparations (ER post-restoring system, 12 mm in length) were performed on 100 human anterior teeth up to ISO 90 and ISO 110 of 50 roots each. FRC posts, all ISO size 90, were inserted into the precisely fitting as well as into the oversized dowel spaces (n=10) using five composite materials (Calibra, Multicore Flow, Rely X Unicem; resin cements and Build-It, Rebilda DC; build-up composites). The manufacturers' instructions of the composite materials were strictly followed except for Rebilda DC, which was used with Adhese for dentin bonding. Following water storage (37°C, 24 hours) and thermocycling (5000 cycles, 5°C-55°C, 30 seconds) tensile strength testing was performed and fracture modes were assessed using SEM. Data were analyzed statistically (one-way and two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni/Dunn correction, α α<0.05). The retentive bond strengths of FRC posts in oversized dowel spaces decreased significantly for all lut-

Smile aesthetics play a fundamental role in facial harmony and in the patient's emotional selfperception. In dentistry, discrepancies in the tooth-gingiva ratio represent both clinical and aesthetic challenges. One of the most frequent causes of a gummy smile is Altered Passive Eruption (APE), a condition characterized by the incisal positioning of the gingival margin in relation to the Cementoenamel Junction (CEJ), resulting in the appearance of short clinical crowns due to excessive gingival display. Several factors may contribute to this condition, including thick gingival biotype, developmental anomalies of the alveolar bone, genetic predisposition and certain systemic disorders. The treatment of choice is clinical crown lengthening, a surgical procedure that repositions the gingival margin apically through soft tissue resection and, in many cases, controlled osseous remodeling, while always respecting the biological width. Although this technique has proven effective, one of its main limitations is gingival rebound-coronal migration of the soft tissue during the postoperative period-which can compromise the aesthetic outcome. This phenomenon is more frequent in patients with thick periodontal biotypes. To improve the stability of the gingival contour during healing, adjunctive strategies have been proposed, such as the use of temporary gingival stabilizers made from flowable resin or block-out materials. Clinical case: A 28-year-old healthy female patient (ASA I) with no relevant medical history. After a thorough periodontal evaluation and the exclusion of active periodontal disease, she was deemed suitable for an aesthetic crown lengthening procedure. The application of a temporary gingival barrier using block-out resin as an adjunct to anterior crown lengthening yielded clinically stable results. At the 12-month follow-up, the gingival margin maintained its position without evidence of rebound or relapse, preserving a favorable aesthetic outcome. Conclusion: The combination of aesthetic crown lengthening with the application of a temporary resin stabilizer proved to be an effective technique for maintaining gingival margin stability during the first postoperative year. However, long-term follow-up is recommended to assess soft tissue stability over time and to confirm the predictability of this therapeutic strategy.

Aim: The Aim of this study is to compare the effect of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA on bonding strength of different adhesives to pulp chamber. Methodology: Sixty freshly extracted human molars were collected for the study. Dental calculus was removed, and the teeth were rinsed under running water for 15 seconds, then stored in thymol-saturated saline. The pulp chamber was exposed and the root sectioned 2 mm below the cementoenamel junction. The pulp tissue was carefully removed and the teeth rinsed with distilled water. The teeth were divided into two groups: NaOCl treatment (3% NaOCl for 20 min) and EDTA treatment (17% EDTA for 20 min), with both groups receiving distilled water rinses. Each group was subdivided into three adhesive subgroups (5 th Generation (Bondplus), 6 th Generation (3M),& 7 th Generation (Manibond), and the bonding agents were applied to the pulp chamber dentin. Resin composite was incrementally placed and light-cured. The teeth were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours. Afterward, the bonded specimens were sectioned, and three 1 ± 0.05 mm² beams were randomly selected for microtensile bond strength (µTBS) testing. The bond strength was measured in MPa using a tensile testing apparatus, and failure modes were analyzed via light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after goldpalladium coating. Results: Results showed that bond strength increased significantly with advancing bonding agent generations, with the 7th generation exhibiting the highest bond strength in both NaOCl and EDTA groups. EDTA treatment significantly enhanced bond strength compared to NaOCl for all generations (p < 0.001). Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences in bond strength across groups (F = 1146.482, p < 0.001 for NaOCl and F = 852.424, p < 0.001 for EDTA). Conclusion: In conclusion, EDTA treatment significantly improves bond strength compared to NaOCl, particularly with newer adhesive generations. The 7th generation adhesives showed the highest adhesion, underscoring the importance of optimizing adhesive and pretreatment protocols for durable restorations. Further studies are needed to explore the long-term effects, including microleakage.

Before the advent of computed tomography, occipital condyle injuries were solely a postmortem diagnosis. Nowadays, CT is well established in the diagnostic workflow of trauma management, allowing accurate planning and proper treatment. Anderson and Montesano as well Tuli developed radiologic classifications, each based on a small number of cases, in regards to the stability of the lesion and also provided treatment recommendations. In this case study we present a 24-year-old man suffering massive trauma to the head and thorax from a agricultural vehicle accident, leading to a displaced avulsion fracture of the right occipital condyle with high atlanto-occipital instability (Anderson Montesano type III). However, the patient did not develop any neurological deficit. Within the scope of the damage control polytrauma algorithm, the atlanto-occipital instability was initially stabilized in a HALO fixator. For devinitive treatment, we decided on an internal occipito-cervical fixation with a permanent fusion of the injured C0/C1-segment without reduction of the

Background: Dental bleaching in traditional concentrations generates greater sensitivity. In this respect, new systems of lower concentration of hydrogen peroxide for tooth bleaching appeared, with color stability unknown over time. The aim of this study was to compare the change and stability of color with low-concentration (6%) hydrogen peroxide gel in an in-office bleaching setting relative to conventional 37.5% gel, including their effects on psychosocial and esthetic self-perception, after one year.Methods: Patients (n=25) were assessed at 12 months post bleaching treatment (whitening with 6% chemo-activated alkaline formula gel versus 37.5% traditional concentration gel). Color changes were measured objectively using total variation in color (ΔE), and subjectively using Vita Classical and Vita Bleached scale (ΔSGU) by calibrated evaluators (Kappa=0.85). The Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) and Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) aesthetic questio...

This study aimed to evaluate color longevity after 2 years of whitening gel (6% hydrogen peroxide (HP), blue LED/infrared laser activation system) in comparison to a control 35% concentration in a split-mouth study and investigate the long-term effect on quality of life (QOL).Thirty-one patients were treated. Whitening using 6% or 35% HP gel was performed on half of the upper jaw in each patient. The color was measured at baseline and 1 week, 1 month, 1 and 2 years after treatment using the Easyshade Vita spectrophotometer and the Vita Bleached and Vita Classical Shade Guides organized by value. During 2 years of follow-up, color was evaluated before and after dental prophylaxis. Oral Health of Impact Profile (OHIP 14) and Psychosocial Impact Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) surveys measured QOL. Nineteen patients were evaluated at the 2-year follow-up. Significant differences in ΔE were measured between the two groups at all time points (p &lt; 0.05). No significant differen...

This trial evaluates the impact of psychosocial and esthetic self-perceptions of patients undergoing nonvital tooth bleaching using the walking bleach technique. We also assessed the clinical effectiveness of bleaching tooth discoloration. Fifty volunteers with nonvital tooth discoloration were enrolled. Teeth were randomized into two groups: 35% hydrogen peroxide (n=25) and 37% carbamide peroxide (n=25). Intracoronal bleaching was performed over four sessions using the walking bleach technique. Tooth color was evaluated at each session to measure total color variation. The shade guide was arranged from highest (B1) to lowest (C4) values to assess the color and calculate the color change in the number of shade guide units. Subjective and objective assessments were compared with the tooth counterpart. Esthetic self-perception and psychosocial factors were assessed before and after treatment. Color change was 15.48&lt;5.17 for hydrogen peroxide and 14.02&lt;4.85 for carbamide peroxide...

The objective of this study was to clinically evaluate repaired posterior amalgam and composite restorations over a 12 year period, investigate the influence of repair in the survival of restorations, and compare their behavior with respect to controls. Thirty-four patients, 18 to 80 years of age with 167 restorations, 67 composite resin (RC), and 100 amalgam (AM) restorations, participated. Restorations with localized, marginal, anatomical deficiencies and/or secondary caries, and &quot;clinically judged&quot; suitable for repair or replacement according to US Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria, were randomly assigned to four groups: repair (n=35, 20 AM, 15 RC), replacement (n=43, 21 AM, 22 RC), positive control (n=71, 49 AM, 22 RC), or negative control (n=18, 10 AM, 8 RC). The quality of the restorations was blind scored according to the modified USPHS criteria. Two examiners scored them at initial status (κ=0.74) and after one to five, 10, and 12 years (κ=0.88). Wilcoxon and ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the esthetic perception of patients at 6 months after bleaching of non-vital teeth with 35% of hydrogen peroxide and 37% of carbamide peroxide using a walking bleach technique. We also assessed psychosocial impacts as well as the clinical effectiveness and stability of the color change. The teeth bleaching treatment was randomly assigned to two groups according to the bleaching agent used: G1 HP = 35% of hydrogen peroxide (n = 25) and G2 CP = 37% of carbamide peroxide (n = 25). The non-vital bleaching was performed in four sessions using the walking bleach technique. The color was objectively (ΔE) and subjectively (ΔSGU) evaluated. The esthetic perception and psychosocial factors were evaluated before treatment as well as one and 6 months post-treatment using Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) esthetics and Psychosocial Impact of Dental Esthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ). The color change (ΔE) at 6 months (G1 = 14.53 ± 5.07 and G2 = 14.09 ± 6.61) fo...

SUMMARY Objective: The aim was to evaluate the color longevity after nine months of in-office bleaching with gel (6% hydrogen peroxide), to compare this to a control concentration of 35% in a split-mouth study model, and to assess the dental confidence and psychosocial impact on patients. Methods and Materials: Twenty-seven patients were assessed at the nine-month recall. The bleaching procedure with 6% or 35% hydrogen peroxide gel was performed randomly in the upper hemi-arch of each patient. The color was measured at baseline and at one week, one month, and nine months after the procedure, using the Vita Easyshade spectrophotometer, the Vita classical shade guide organized by value, and Vita Bleach Guide 3DMaster. Moreover, two surveys, OHIP-Esthetics and PIDAQ, were used to assess the esthetic self-perception and psychosocial impact of the bleaching procedure. During the nine-month recall, the color was assessed before and after dental prophylaxis. Results: Twenty-seven patients ...

ublic demand for aesthetic dentistry, including dental bleaching, has increased in recent years. 1 Results from several clinical studies have reported the effectiveness of at-home bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP). Despite the effectiveness of dental bleaching, tooth sensitivity (TS) is a common adverse effect, 7 which occurs in 37%-90% of patients, even with use of lowconcentrate, at-home bleaching gels. In the literature, investigators have reported other detrimental effects

To prepare a consensus document of the cariology contents and competences included in the curriculum for the dentistry degree at Argentine dental faculties/schools. Materials and Method: Planning the process in stages: Stage 1-Diagnosis of the situation (Google Form) and invitation to participate extended to the 20 academic units (AU) that offer dentistry degrees. Stage 2-Assessment process of Content (C) and Competences (I) agreements in the five domains: D1 Basic Sciences, D2 Risk and diagnosis of dental caries, D3 Decision-making for non-invasive treatments, D4 Decision-making for invasive treatment, and D5 Evidence-based cariology at community level. Stage 3-Consensus. Stages 2 and 3 were held in Workshop format in virtual mode (W). Results: Stage 1-Of the total 20 Google forms sent to the AU, 13 responses were received: 7 from National Universities and 6 from Private Universities. All participants agreed to be part of the consensus. Stage 2-W: 20 representatives from 10 AU participated. It began with a contextualizing conference, after which the representatives were divided into 5 groups to assess the agreements of each D. Stage 3-The Cariology Curriculum document was organized into 5 Domains, and 23 C and 31 I of clinical application were defined for teaching cariology. The contents and competences for each domain were agreed upon. The final document was sent to all W participants for their approval and dissemination in each AU involved. Conclusion: Cariology contents were defined for dentistry students at Universities in the Argentine Republic.

Aim: To compare and evaluate the adequacy of diode laser 810 nm, and 8% arginine with calcium carbonate (8% ACC) paste form (Pro-Argin™) for the management of dentinal hypersensitivity (DH). Materials and methods: Sixty-six patients contributing a total of 264 teeth severe hypersensitivity were randomly divided into three groups: group I: (n = 22) treated with 8% ACC paste form, group II: (n = 22) treated with diode laser 810 nm in contact mode, and group III: (n = 22) 8% ACC paste combination with diode laser 810 nm in contact mode. Tactile stimuli response was measured with visual analog scale (VAS) and air blast stimulation was measured by Schiff cold air sensitivity scale (SCASS) baseline, 15 minutes postapplication, 15 and 30 days post-therapy. Results: Significant reduction was noted in all groups in relation to VAS and SCASS scores (p-value < 0.001) on 15th day and 30th day. However, intergroup comparison revealed that the use of 8% ACC in combination with diode laser 810 nm in contact showed statistically significant decrease in sensitivity (p < 0.001) when compared to 8% ACC form and diode laser alone. The adjunctive utilization of diode laser 810 nm with 8% ACC shows a promising treatment alternative in alleviating DH. Clinical significance: Diode laser showed an immediate effect in combination with 8% ACC in the treatment of DH and the application or advising the same in people with DH will help in relieving their symptoms and will lead to better quality of life on a daily basis.

Dermatoglyphic patterns were recorded using standard ink method. The result showed in SCC, there was an increase in frequency of arch and ulnar loop patterns on fingertips, decrease in frequency of simple whorl patterns on fingertips, decrease in frequency of palmar accessory triradii on right and left hands. Significant findings in OSF included an increase in frequency of arch and ulnar loop pattern, decrease in frequency of simple whorl patterns on fingertips, decrease in ATD angle on right hand decrease in frequency of palmar accessory triradii on right hand. The results revealed that the field of dermatoglyphics holds promising results for determining the genetic susceptibility of individuals to develop SCC and OSF.

Implant dentistry treatment target to avoid any kind of edentulous state including tooth loss due to trauma. In the literature there are numerous case reports and few clinical studies documenting treatment options of post-trauma patients by dental implants. Principally there are some limitations of dental implant application related to the age and available bone volume of patients. Implant candidate should complete bone growth as the metallic implants do not follow bony development phases. Most often traumatic dental injuries occur in childhood and implant treatment should postponed. In this aspect the major problem associated with dental implant placement is the lack of adequate bone volumes at the future time of surgery as such cases receives traumatic dental injury in the early years and disuse atrophy occurs during waiting period. Future trends and strategies in dental traumatology in general and with special attention to dental implant applications are based on the education of population in terms of emergency treatments and urgent transport of patients to the clinics.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was mixed with thrombin and excess calcium resulting in activated platelets trapped within the fibrin network; within the matrix, platelets secrete bioactive substances that diffuse into the surroundings tissues. PRP is prepared from the patient's own blood, a variety of manufacturing techniques in vastly different cell counts, and growth factor concentrations. The clinical use of PRP is treatment of soft tissue diseases and injuries, treatment of burns, hard-toheal wounds, tissue engineering, and implantology in dentistry. An essential criterion for PRP is for it to be autologous, for the donor of the blood, and the recipient of the PRP to the same person. Most of the literatures suggest that PRP does not appreciably impact bone healing or induce bone formation. PRP might augment recruitment of osteoblast progenitors to injection sites or in sites expected to experience delayed healing. In this capacity, PRP might be utilized to initiate repair of an otherwise poorly healing bony lesion. PRP stimulates bone repair in fractures. Early through late healing process is compromised with fractures, including reduced cell proliferation, delayed chondrogenesis, and decreased biomechanical properties. In this chapter, the importance of the PRP in oral and maxillofacial surgery in trauma patients is studied

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the microleakage values of a nano-resin modified glass ionomer, nano-composite alone and in contact with nano-resin modified glass ionomer base (sandwich technique) versus conventional-resin modified glass ionomer and conventional-composite in primary molars. Methods: Seventy five extracted primary molars were selected, and class V cavities were prepared on the buccal/lingual surfaces. Teeth were randomly distributed to 5 groups according to the type of restorative materials (n=15). Group 1: nano-resin modified glass ionomer (nano-RMGI) Group 2: nano-composite. Group 3: nano-resin modified glass ionomer (nano-RMGI) as a base followed by bonded nano-composite as a sandwich technique. Group 4: conventional-resinmodified glass ionomers (conv-RMGI). Group 5: conventional-composite. After thermocycling assessment of gap surface area was done. The teeth were immersed in basic fuchin dye then sectioned and evaluated under a stereomicroscope. Microleakage was assessed using linear dye penetration in (m) and on a scale from zero to three. Results: There was statistically significant difference between the five groups gap surface area and gap surface fraction. Nano-RMGI /nano composite sandwich technique group exhibited the lowest value followed by nano composite group while conv-RMGI showed the highest value. Regarding linear dye penetration and microleakage scores, no significant differences were found between the tested materials. The degree of leakage in the gingival margins was significantly higher than that of occlusal margins for nano-RMGI, nano-RMGI / nano-composite and conv -RMGI groups. Conclusion: Complete marginal sealing could still not be reached with any of the tested restorative materials. Nano-RMGI / nano-composite sandwich technique showing the least microleakage followed by nano-composite when compared to the other four materials tested.

When a deciduous tooth is lost early than its normal exfoliation time, the teeth next to the edentulous area tend to migrate into the space, leading to the loss of space needed for the normal alignment of the permanent erupting teeth in the arch, leading to overcrowding and other kinds of malocclusion.The most typical application of a space maintainer appliance is to preserve the area formed by the early loss of a primary molar while waiting for its successor permanent teeth to erupt.This paper will describe a case study using an interim fixed functional space maintainer appliance.

Various studies in literature worldwide report high prevalence of Early Childhood caries (ECC). Conventional restorative methods for ECC are not always affordable or possible, as it requires patient cooperation for desirable outcome. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) was first promoted in Japan in late 1960's. It is painless and simple to use for young children or patients with special needs. When SDF is applied on carious lesions, the fluoride enhances remineralization and the silver ions act as an antibacterial agent and inhibit the growth of cariogenic biofilm. SDF also preserves the dentin collagen from further degradation. SDF at 38% has been used mostly in various countries.

The use of vasoconstrictors combined with local anaesthetics (LAs) in dentistry for patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still controversial in the scientific literature. It raises concerns regarding the possibility of transient episodes, triggering negative cardiovascular outcomes. Trials eligible for our systematic review will enrol patients with CVD who have undergone dental treatments carried out with the use of LAs by comparing two arms: LAs with vasoconstrictors and LAs without vasoconstrictors. The research will be conducted in the electronic databases, namely Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, Healthstar (via Ovid), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Web of Science, from their inception to December 2017, without any restrictions in terms of language and status of publication. A team of reviewers will independently assess titles, abstracts and complete text to determine eligibility. For eligible studie...

Clinical Relevance The use of layering techniques is still advisable with many bulk-fill resins and should be the default unless a particular resin is known to not need it. SUMMARY Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate how layering techniques affect polymerization shrinkage stresses of high-and low-viscosity bulk-fill resins. Method: Six high-viscosity and six low-viscosity bulk-fill resins were evaluated. Aluminum blocks with a mesial-occlusal-distal (MOD) cavity were machined and randomly divided into groups for different filling techniques (bulk-fill vs horizontal layering vs oblique layering) and further subdivided according to type of resin (high- vs low-viscosity). The cuspal deflection resulting from the polymerization of bulk-fill resin bonded to a MOD cavity within an aluminum block was measured with a digimatic micrometer. Scanning electron microscopy analyses of tested resins were also conducted. Results: In the high-viscosity bulk-fill resins, cuspal de...

The Sumeeta Sandhu Operative Dentistry eBook is a comprehensive, student-friendly guide tailored for dental students and professionals preparing for exams like NEET MDS, INI-CET, and other competitive dental tests. Covering essential topics with clarity, diagrams, and easy-to-remember summaries, this study material simplifies complex concepts of operative dentistry. Whether you're revising cavity preparation, restorative techniques, or dental materials, Sumeeta Sandhu's trusted approach ensures high-yield learning with clinical relevance. Ideal for BDS students and MDS aspirants, this ebook bridges textbook knowledge and practical application.

SUMMARY Objective This in vitro study evaluated the shear bond strength of composite resin to deep dentin using a total etch adhesive after treatment with two collagen cross-linking agents at varying time intervals. Materials and Methods Thirty freshly extracted human maxillary central incisors were sectioned longitudinally into equal mesial and distal halves (n=60). The proximal deep dentin was exposed, maintaining a remaining dentin thickness (RDT) of approximately 1 mm. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups based on the surface treatment of dentin prior to bonding as follows: group I (n=12, control): no prior dentin surface treatment; group II (n=24): dentin surface pretreated with 10% sodium ascorbate; and group III (n=24): dentin surface pretreated with 6.5% proanthocyanidin. Groups II and III were further subdivided into two subgroups of 12 specimens each, based on the pretreatment time of five minutes (subgroup A) and 10 minutes (subgroup B). Shear bond streng...