Olfactory Neuroscience

Newborn rats maintain mother-litter bonds by using olfactory signals. At birth, units in the olfactory glomeruli (OG) are immature and vulnerable to noxious epigenetic factors like undernutrition. Because little is known about the effects of neonatal undernutrition upon the OG morphological organization, different OG parameters were studied in undernourished Wistar rats at 7, 14 and 21 days of age. The issue was addressed by analyzing the olfactory bulb (OB) cross sectional area, the total number and area of OGs in the OB coronal sections, and the distribution of OG area in dorsal and ventral quadrants. Reductions in the OB and OG cross sectional areas were detected at 7 and 14 days posnatally. OG area comparisons by OB quadrants were reduced along the study in quadrants, with larger effects in medial than in lateral OB quadrants. Current OG cytoarchitectonic modifications may affect the newborn capabilities for odour discrimination by disrupting early mother-litter interactions.

The study aimed to check whether animals can retain directed forepaw reaching (DFR) function after stopping cyclosporine which is used to prevent immunorejection in xenotransplant of Olfactory Encheating cells (OECs) in Albino Swiss Strain (AS) rat corticospinal tract lesion. The Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry techniques have been performed on the cryostat sections of corticospinal tract (CST) lesion post-surgery to check the immunorejection and the existence of OEC transplanted tissue before and after injection of cyclosporine. The DFR function have been checked after each stage to see whether animals retain the DFR tasks after stopping cyclosporine . The results show that the daily injection of 100ml diluted cyclosporine avoids immune attack and reduces inflammatory cells infiltrate in delayed CST ipsilateral rat model and also our study proved that stop of cyclosporine injection would not prevent DFR function and the regenerated fibres can still be vi...

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar entre o público feminino os fatores comportamentais relacionados à seleção, guarda e reuso de sacolas promocionais provenientes do varejo de moda, de forma a estabelecer premissas para o comportamento do consumidor de moda. A partir de uma pesquisa exploratória levantaram-se hipóteses as quais foram testadas através de uma pesquisa descritiva composta por 22 questões abertas e fechadas, que sondou o comportamento de 136 mulheres voluntárias. Esse estudo, então, pode verificar a prática e a frequência de reuso das sacolas, bem como as preferências nessa seleção e o impacto de variáveis como resistência, cor, marca, design e tamanho, nas decisões de seleção e descarte das mesmas. Essa investigação confirma o hábito de guarda e reuso das sacolas, a preferência por modelos de papel, visualmente atrativos, com insígnia de marcas reconhecíveis, além de outros caráteres técnicos relevantes descritos no estudo.

Este estudo analisou o impacto do neurodesign e do marketing sensorial na percepção e intenção de compra dos consumidores, com foco na campanha “Cuide-se Bem Boa Noite” de O Boticário. A pesquisa explorou conceitos de marketing, neurociência, neuromarketing e o uso do neurodesign, evidenciando como esses elementos podem influenciar campanhas publicitárias ao capturar a atenção do público e gerar conexões emocionais. A análise de aspectos visuais e verbais da campanha, como embalagens, identidade visual e a linguagem utilizada em redes sociais e vídeos, indicou que as estratégias de neurodesign e marketing sensorial podem reforçar a conexão emocional com o público, contribuindo para a aceitação e a intenção de compra dos produtos

From the Author
Like millions around the world, I suffered a profound and persistent loss of smell and taste following a COVID-19 infection—an invisible disability that lasted for two years and disrupted not only sensory experience but emotional well-being and cognition. My eventual recovery in 2022 marked not an end, but a beginning. It deepened my resolve to confront the scientific and medical neglect of olfactory dysfunction, particularly in the aftermath of viral illness. This personal experience became the motivation behind the design and investigation of NeuroRasool: a structurally novel, non-hallucinogenic compound developed for research into safe, targeted neuroregeneration. NeuroRasool reflects both a scientific vision and a lived urgency—to ensure that others facing sensory and cognitive aftermaths of infection have access to more than just time and uncertainty as their only path to recovery.

Abstract
Classical serotonergic psychedelics promote robust neuroplasticity, but their hallucinogenic properties limit their therapeutic utility. The development of non-hallucinogenic analogs that retain pro-plasticity effects is a key goal in neuropsychopharmacology. This is thought to be achievable through compounds that are biased agonists at the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2AR). Here, we introduce NeuroRasool, a novel, naphthalene-based small molecule that acts as a Gq-biased 5-HT2AR agonist, selectively engaging the Gq pathway to promote neuroplasticity without triggering the psychoactive effects linked to β-arrestin recruitment. This article details the computational design, mechanistic hypothesis, and potential research applications of NeuroRasool as a non-hallucinogenic psychoplastogen. Its potential for intranasal delivery makes it a promising tool for investigating neuroregeneration in models of olfactory dysfunction and for addressing post-viral cognitive deficits, such as memory impairment and "brain fog," in addition to its potential applications in neurodegenerative diseases.

Author Background and Context The design of PsiloRexin was developed during a period of personal health challenges experienced by the author, Seyedrasool Sadrieh. After contracting COVID-19 in 2020, he experienced a prolonged loss of smell and taste that lasted nearly two years. This persistent sensory loss led to an independent inquiry into the biological mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction and the possible role of serotonin receptors in neural recovery. PsiloRexin is presented here as a theoretical compound based on these investigations. It represents a conceptual approach to 5-HT2A receptor modulation and is intended for preclinical and academic consideration only. The compound has not been studied in humans, and no clinical claims are made. This work reflects a personal effort to understand a poorly addressed condition using available scientific knowledge.

The fibrotic lesion formation is the main deterrent at regeneration of neurons in CNS injuries. In this paper we studied fibrotic scar formation in rat corticospinal tract lesion after one year survival time. The glial scar formation and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) fibronection derived scaffolds were investigated and the fore paw reaching task was performed during this period to see whether there is any regeneration of neurons along the lesion or not.

This work is focused on the characterization of the composition of a CO2 supercritical fluid extract of infected Aquilaria sinensis (Chinese agarwood) collected in the Dongguan area. The constituents of this extract were analyzed by GC-MS and quantified accurately by GC-FID. The main components are the classical agarwood chromones (Flindersia chromone and its methoxylated analogues), along with sesquiterpenic constituents typically found in agarwood essential oils like baimuxinal, as well as less common selinane dialdehydes. A significant number of components of this extract remained non-identified after interpretation of the GC-MS data, and some of them were isolated and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, the structure and stereochemistry of a new sesquiterpenic alcohol, 14b,15b-dimethyl-7aH-eremophila-9,11-dien-8b-ol, was determined unambiguously by the combination of structural analysis (NMR, MS), total synthesis and hemisynthesis.

Nano technology plays a unique and pivotal role in the development of brain specific drug delivery, imaging and diagnosis. Targeted drug delivery is a means of concentrating dugs at a specific site relative to other parts of the body. It spares the rest of the body from toxic effects of the drug and is also a potential means of improving therapeutic index. The delivery of drugs to the CNS is of prime importance for treating specific neurological disorders and various diseases such as Meningitis, Encephalitis, degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson’s and tumors such as Glioblastoma. The major problem in treating such CNS disorders is due to their inability to surpass the natural CNS protective barriers, mainly the Blood Brain Barrier and the Blood cerebrospinal fluid Barrier. Nanoparticle systems in CNS targeted drug therapy provide better penetration of therapeutic and diagnostic agents, and a reduced risk in comparison to conventional treatments. By using nanotechnology...

For approximately 10 h before ovulation, female goldfish release the gonadal steroid 17α,20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐one (17,20β‐P) to the water where it functions as a potent sex pheromone that induces in males a rapid (15‐min) increase in blood gonadotropin (GtH) and a subsequent (4–6 h) increase in milt (sperm and seminal fluid) volume. To determine which olfactory pathways mediate responses to pheromonal 17,20β‐P, this study examined the effects of various olfactory tract (OT) lesions on the 17,20β‐P‐induced GtH and milt responses in male goldfish. Males remained intact (INTACT) or received either a sham operation (SHAM), complete bilateral OT section (OTX), or bilateral lesions to the lateral (LOTX) or medial (MOTX) subdivisions of the paired OTs. At both 2 days and 1 week after surgery, one‐half of each treatment group was exposed to either ethanol (control) or water‐borne 17,20β‐P for 1 h and then blood sampled for GtH determination. Milt was stripped and collected from all fish ...

Paolo Mategazza (1831Mategazza ( -1910)). Quando iniciei o doutoramento tinha um conjunto de expectativas completamente irrealistas. O entusiasmo, aliado à vontade de querer inovar e mudar o mundo, trouxe-me alguns percalços e angústias durante este percurso. Nesse sentido, começo por agradecer a todos os que, pacientemente, suportaram a minha ausência e desvalorizaram os meus acessos dramáticosa minha Família e os meus Amigos. Sem o apoio incondicional deste meu círculo privilegiado e seguro, o caminho teria sido mais duro. Se este projeto de investigação chegou a bom porto, devo-o aos meus orientadores. Agradeço à minha orientadora, Prof.ª Dr.ª Sandra Soares, pelos anos que partilhámos, pelas conversas e confidências e, acima de tudo, pela Amizade. Não tenho palavras que expressem a gratidão que sinto por tudo o que vivemos. Levo comigo todos os momentos de choro, de alegria, de entusiasmo por cada conquista, de desilusão com os lobbies da ciência, de excitação, de partilha de viagens (do meu primeiro Midsummer), e de tudo o que me fez pensar que sofria de perturbação bipolar e POC! Bem sei que a sua resiliência foi testada comigo! Agradeço-lhe, de coração, todas as oportunidades que me proporcionou e toda a experiência e conhecimento que adquiri. De igual modo agradeço ao meu coorientador, Prof. Dr. Mats J. Olsson. Segue uma mensagem direta para ele: Thank you, Professor Mats for all the support, expertise and care during my PhD work. It was a real adventure to work with you. You received me with open arms at KI and at your home. Thanks for your understanding and for letting me grow. It was hard sometimes, but it worth it. I learnt a lot from you. I also have to thank to Amy Gordon, Johan Lundström, Emilia Johansson, Stephanie Juran, and all the lovely people I met at Stockholm and that made my experience a lot more enjoyable. The walks, the dinners, the lunches and the labmeetings were all amazing experiences. Thank you all. Agradeço também ao meu coorientador, Prof. Dr. Carlos Fernandes da Silva, pelo apoio, incentivo e expertise. A minha paixão pela psicologia forense foi alimentada por si, desde cedo, e é por tê-lo como referência que trabalho com o objetivo de contribuir para o crescimento da psicologia experimental forense. Obrigada pelas partilhas e pelo apoio x Agradecimentos em alguns dos momentos mais difíceis deste percurso (não só de doutoramento, mas anterior ao mesmojá são quase 10 anos de vivências!). Agradeço à minha companheira de luta, Jacqueline Ferreira, por tudo aquilo que vivemos. Obrigada por teres aturado o meu mau-humor, por teres sido uma das experimentadoras do nosewitness, por termos trabalhado em mais de 13 estudos lado a lado, pelas palavras amigas nos momentos certos, pelos passeios que fizemos para desanuviar dos dias em que perdíamos o norte… Enfim, por tudo. É uma amizade para a vida. Um especial agradecimento à Marta Rocha, à Elisa Pinto, à Liliana Costa e à Sara Morgado por terem feito parte de alguns estudos do testemunho olfativo. Desejo a todas um futuro risonho e de sucesso! À Marta e à Sara um beijinho especial por termos partilhado tantas vivências e por termos aprendido tanto umas com as outras. Também não posso deixar de agrader à Daniela Valente pela participação ativa em alguns destes estudos, à Luciana Correia e ao João Paulo Silva (meu tio), pelo apoio prestado na fase final das recolhas. Obrigada por me terem ajudado a minimizar o desespero! Não posso deixar de agradecer a todos os dadores e participantes que se voluntariaram para participar neste projeto. Foram mais de 750! A todos, o meu MUITO OBRIGADA! Agradeço também a todos os (meus) alunos que, de forma incansável, me desafiaram e me fizeram crescer, enquanto docente e enquanto investigadora. Um beijinho em cada um de vocês. Sejam bons estudantes e tornem-se em profissionais de excelência! Obrigada aos meus colegas e amigos -

Development of the olfactory pathway requires interaction between cells and signals of different origin. Olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) in the olfactory placodes (OP) extend axons towards the forebrain (FB); with innervation taking place at a later time following degradation of the basement membrane. Cells from the OP migrate along ORN axons and differentiate into various elements, including ensheathing and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)+ cells. The importance of the olfactory connection and migration is highlighted by the severe endocrine phenotype in Kallmann's patients who lack this migratory pathway. Little is known about the genetic control of intrinsic ORN properties. Inactivation of the distalless-related Dlx5 prevents connections between ORNs and FB. Using a grafting approach we show that misguidance and lack of connectivity is due to intrinsic defects in ORN neurites and migratory cells (MgC), and not to environmental factors. These data point to a cellautonomous function of Dlx5 in providing ORN axons with their connectivity properties. Dlx5 also marks a population of early MgC that partly overlaps with the GnRH+ population. In the absence of Dlx5 MgCs of the Dlx5+ lineage migrate, associated with PSA-NCAM+ axons, but fail to reach the FB as a consequence of the lack of axonal connection and not an inability to migrate. These data suggests that Dlx5 is not required to initiate migration and differentiation of MgCs.

Permintaan sayuran yang aman dan higienis semakin diminati oleh masyarakat modern. Meningkatnya standar hidup masyarakat dan kesadaran masyarakat terhadap makanan sehat menyebabkan pergeseran pola konsumsi yang berubah. Munculnya kesadaran masyarakat terhadap bahayanya kandungan residu kimiawi dari pestisida membuat masyarakat lebih selektif dalam memilih sayuran. Sayuran hidroponik dapat menjadi alternatif kebutuhan pangan bagi masyarakat modern yang menginginkan produk bebas pestisida yang kaya akan nutrisi dan aman untuk dikonsumsi. Perilaku konsumen sangat berpengaruh terhadap keputusan pembelian sayuran hidroponik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan persepsi kesadaran kesehatan, harga premium, kualitas produk, dan keamanan pangan dengan keputusan pembelian sayuran hidroponik di Kebunsayur Surabaya serta menganalisis persepsi konsumen yang memiliki hubungan paling erat dengan keputusan pembelian sayuran hidroponik di Kebunsayur Surabaya. Penelitian ini dilakuka...

A crescente competitividade do varejo, acentuada pela pandemia de Covid-19, impõe desafios significativos para pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs) que operam apenas fisicamente. Muitas vezes, essas empresas
carecem do conhecimento necessário para implementar estratégias de Branding Sensorial e Design de Experiência, que são comuns entre grandes marcas. O Design de Experiência visa criar interações
emocionais memoráveis com os consumidores, enquanto o Branding Sensorial utiliza os sentidos humanos para construir uma identidade de marca impactante. Por meio de estudos de caso analítico-descritivos
orientados através de uma combinação de métodos e ferramentas qualitativas, o estudo explora como grandes empresas do varejo brasileiro – Havaianas, Granado, Farm e Dengo – conduzem a sensorialidade
em suas lojas físicas. A pesquisa sugere que, mesmo com recursos limitados, PMEs podem adotar abordagens sensoriais eficazes para fortalecer sua identidade e engajamento com os clientes.

The use of nanotechnology in drug delivery and targeting has proven to be extremely valuable. The Nose-to-brain route of drug administration acts as a more encouraging alternative to the traditional routes of medications acting on the Central Nervous System (CNS). This approach overcomes the disadvantages of Blood Brain Barrier (BBB), hepatic first-pass metabolism, and systemic circulation. Thus, it is highly suitable for neurodegenerative diseases, brain tumors, and neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and brain cancer. Anatomy and physiology of the nasal cavity, mechanisms of drug transport to the brain, and different nano-formulations that may enhance the delivery and efficacy of CNS targeted drugs are reviewed here. Nanotechnology has brought new drug delivery systems like nanoparticles, niosomes, liposomes, dendrimers, in-situ gels, nanoemulsions, and nanostructured lipid carriers capable of successfully delivering drugs across the olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways. It also discusses challenges pertinent to drug delivery across the BBB and the therapeutic application of nose-to-brain delivery, the article also highlighted the nanoformulation development and the ongoing clinical trials along with the marketed formulations related to nose-to-brain delivery.

A mis orientadores: al Caco, por estar siempre a la mano, y por transmitir y compartir, en pocas palabras pero certeras, algo de ciencia, biología, evolución, filosofía, literatura, buen cine y boliche, todo mezclado en la misma oración; a Andrés, por aceptar el desafío que implicó dar el salto evolutivo de lepidópteros a vertebrados, y por oficiar de voz de la experiencia. Agradezco la disposición y buena onda del grupo del Laboratorio de Ecología Química, por hacerme un lugar, asistirme durante el fraccionamiento del agua de macho, prestarme recipientes de vidrio cuyos nombres no recuerdo, y hacer que una extracción en fase sólida fuera algo divertido. Gracias a Gabriel Francescoli y Gustavo Somoza por la bibliografía alcanzada, y ¡gracias al Seba Serra!, por sus conocimientos sobre "Austrolebias y sus mañas de acuario" alcanzados. Agradezco muy especialmente a Bettina Tassino, por apoyarme desde el arranque, no sólo de esta pasantía, de la cual fue pieza clave para su nacimiento, sino desde la eclosión de mi educación terciaria. Por tirarme siempre para adelante, por prestarme el Wyatt en primer año de facultad, por ser tutora de la vida y gurú "a la luz de la evolución", y por ser gran compañera de trabajo ¡Gracias Betiana! En otro plano, a La Loba, a Nico Pérez, a Neptunia, a la rana de la cisterna del baño de Neptunia, al Cerro Campanero y a Jurassic Park. A mis profesoras de biología Silvia, Esther y Cristina. A mi vieja, por dejarlo todo en la cancha y transmitirme su pasión por los "bichos". A mi hermana Vale, por su capacidad de atraer naturaleza a su plato en la cena. A mi viejo, por su modo particular de estar siempre ahí, y por iniciarme en la buena música que me acompañó día a día durante la elaboración del manuscrito. A mis amigos, a Rodrigo Asuaga, y a La Zafra. Humildemente, dedico este trabajo a mis amigos del Proyecto Franciscana y Cetáceos Uruguay: María

O estudo teve como objetivo analisar o composto de marketing desenvolvido pelo Varejista de vestuário "A" com a finalidade de gerar experiências. Para tal, foi realizado um estudo de caso qualitativo exploratório. Foram utilizadas como fontes de evidências entrevista em profundidade, observação participante, observação direta e documentação. A partir da análise e triangulação dos dados coletados, constatou-se as que o Varejista "A" estrutura suas estratégias do composto de marketing empregando os princípios do marketing experiencial. Assim consegue trazer os clientes para as lojas físicas, pois proporciona vivências que exploram os cinco sentidos, mesmo dado o crescimento do varejo digital. O marketing experiencial agrega valor à empresa, fortalece o relacionamento entre empresa e cliente e cria a possibilidade de experiências memoráveis em um cenário onde somente os bens ou serviços não são suficientes para satisfazer o cliente cada vez mais exigente e repleto de opções de consumo. Palavras-chave: Experiência. Marketing Experiencial. Composto de marketing. Cinco Sentidos. Varejo.

The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of experiential marketing and emotional branding towards consumer loyalty at Miniso Mall Olympic Garden Malang. The data used in this reseacrh is a primary data, collected from over 100 respondents whom are consumers at Miniso. The sampling technique used in this research is purposive sampling, This study uses a quantitative approach obtained by distributing questionnaires. The data was processed by multiple regression analysis. The result of this research, it is proved that experiential marketing and emotional branding have significant influence on consumer loyalty partially. It is proved that experiential marketing and emotional branding have significant influence on consumer loyalty simultaneously. The value of Adjusted R Square is 0,575 it means that all independent variables can be explained 57,5% toward dependent variable. While the remaining of 42,5% was explained by other factors which were not examined in this research.

RESUMEN. Poco se sabe acerca del efecto de la contaminación del aire de las grandes ciudades sobre la función olfativa. Usando una metodología psicofísica, se comparó el desempeño olfativo de residentes de la ciudad de México, una región con altos niveles de contaminación del aire, con el desempeño de un grupo control del estado de Tlaxcala, una región geográficamente comparable, pero con más bajos niveles de contaminación. Se comparó la habilidad de treinta adultos jóvenes de cada locación para detectar y describir el olor de leche, de dimetil disulfuro (un producto de la descomposición de la leche), y de dimetil disulfuro agregado a la leche. Los sujetos de la ciudad de México detectaron y describieron los estímulos odorantes a concentraciones significativamente más altas que los sujetos control de Tlaxcala, y detectaron y juzgaron negativamente la leche contaminada con dimetil disulfuro a concentraciones significativamente más altas del contaminante que los sujetos de Tlaxcala. Concluimos que el daño en el sistema olfativo causado por la contaminación del aire tiene relevancia en situaciones cotidianas, como la de evaluar la calidad de los alimentos antes de la ingestión. Palabras clave: Función olfativa, evaluación de alimento, humanos, contaminación del aire. ABSTRACT. Little is known about the effect of big city air pollution on olfactory function. Using everyday food-related odorants we compared the olfactory performance of residents of Mexico City, a region with high air pollution, with the performance of a control population from the Mexican state of Tlaxcala, a geographically comparable but less polluted region. Using psychophysical methodology, we compared the ability of thirty young adults from each location to detect and describe the odor of milk, of dimethyl disulfide as a common contaminant of milk, and to detect the presence of this contaminant when added to milk. The subjects from Mexico City detected and described the odorants at significantly higher concentrations than the control subjects from Tlaxcala, and they detected and negatively judged milk containing dimethyl disulfide at significantly higher concentrations of the contaminant than the Tlaxcala subjects. We conclude that the observed impairment of olfactory function caused by air pollution is relevant in everyday situations such as evaluating the quality of food before ingestion.

For human olfactory functional MRI studies, the primary olfactory cortex (POC) suffers severe magnetic susceptibility artifacts, which adversely influences the detectability and reproducibility of the olfactory fMRI data and its clinical applications. The goal of this work is to assess the impacts of the image artifacts on the detectability and reproducibility of the olfactory activation in the POC. The severity of artifacts in the POC were classified into three levels using a Subjective Artifact score (SA_score). The mean temporal signal-to-noise ratio (tSNR) of the fMRI data acquired by a given MRI sequence and olfactory activation (β value) in POC were evaluated and compared to the concurrent activations in the primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17, BA17) by an odor-visual association paradigm using ninety-nine normal human subjects. Our study revealed that the mean tSNR in POC was above the threshold for reliable detection of the functional activation signal, and, consequently, the mean olfactory activations in the POC were not significantly different from those in BA17. The reproducibility of the activation in the POC was assessed by a random half-split stimulation of a test-retest experiment. The overlap of the activation maps for all the trials (n = 1000) in the POC were not statistically different from that observed in BA17. These results show that the detectability and reproducibility of olfactory activation in the presence of susceptibility artifacts in the POC was at similar level of that in the visual cortex.

Objective: We assessed whether a nasal spray containing zinc gluconate (ZG) compromises the integrity of olfactory epithelium and olfactory function. Methods: Axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase from olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb was studied in 2-to 21-day survival mice given intranasal injections of 2, 8, or 50 L of ZG (approximately 4, 15, and 94 times the equivalent recommended human dose). Other similarly treated mice were tested using precision olfactometry to detect and discriminate odors. Results: Anatomic changes were graded as a function of dose and survival time. Two microliter injections had no discernable effect. while the 50 L volume produced substantial deafferentation of input to the olfactory bulb in short-survival cases. Nearly complete restitution of input occurred within 3 weeks. At each volume and survival time, zinc sulfate (ZS) had a greater effect. Behaviorally, 2 L and 8 L ZG-treated mice and those given multiple injections of 2 L ZG performed as well as controls, whereas those given 50 L were hyposmic but not anosmic. ZS-treated mice performed more poorly, and those injected with 50 L were anosmic for the first 8 to 10 test days. Conclusions: A massive dose of a ZG nasal spray did cause a transient disruption of the olfactory epithelium and compromised olfaction. More moderate volumes, even those far in excess of a recommended dose, were largely without effect on odor detection and discrimination tasks. These outcomes fail to support the claims from recent clinical case reports that use of a ZG-containing nasal spray can produce anosmia.

Permintaan sayuran yang aman dan higienis semakin diminati oleh masyarakat modern. Meningkatnya standar hidup masyarakat dan kesadaran masyarakat terhadap makanan sehat menyebabkan pergeseran pola konsumsi yang berubah. Munculnya kesadaran masyarakat terhadap bahayanya kandungan residu kimiawi dari pestisida membuat masyarakat lebih selektif dalam memilih sayuran. Sayuran hidroponik dapat menjadi alternatif kebutuhan pangan bagi masyarakat modern yang menginginkan produk bebas pestisida yang kaya akan nutrisi dan aman untuk dikonsumsi. Perilaku konsumen sangat berpengaruh terhadap keputusan pembelian sayuran hidroponik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan persepsi kesadaran kesehatan, harga premium, kualitas produk, dan keamanan pangan dengan keputusan pembelian sayuran hidroponik di Kebunsayur Surabaya serta menganalisis persepsi konsumen yang memiliki hubungan paling erat dengan keputusan pembelian sayuran hidroponik di Kebunsayur Surabaya. Penelitian ini dilakuka...

Permintaan sayuran yang aman dan higienis semakin diminati oleh masyarakat modern. Meningkatnya standar hidup masyarakat dan kesadaran masyarakat terhadap makanan sehat menyebabkan pergeseran pola konsumsi yang berubah. Munculnya kesadaran masyarakat terhadap bahayanya kandungan residu kimiawi dari pestisida membuat masyarakat lebih selektif dalam memilih sayuran. Sayuran hidroponik dapat menjadi alternatif kebutuhan pangan bagi masyarakat modern yang menginginkan produk bebas pestisida yang kaya akan nutrisi dan aman untuk dikonsumsi. Perilaku konsumen sangat berpengaruh terhadap keputusan pembelian sayuran hidroponik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan persepsi kesadaran kesehatan, harga premium, kualitas produk, dan keamanan pangan dengan keputusan pembelian sayuran hidroponik di Kebunsayur Surabaya serta menganalisis persepsi konsumen yang memiliki hubungan paling erat dengan keputusan pembelian sayuran hidroponik di Kebunsayur Surabaya. Penelitian ini dilakuka...

Modern perfumery relies heavily on cedrol-derived base notes, such as Ambrocenide® (Symrise), Ambermax® (Givaudan), Ambrostar™ (Symrise), Amber Xtreme™ (IFF), Cedramber® (IFF), Norlimbanol® (Firmenich) / Timberol® (Symrise), to achieve long-lasting fragrances with deep woody-amber undertones. However, these chemicals are known to cause a trigeminal reaction, which borders on pain in some consumers. Additionally, their pervasiveness raises concerns regarding limitations on creative olfactive profiles. This report provides a comparative overview of such molecules, proves their trigeminal effect, and attempting to identify their role in fragrance composition, suggests gentler alternatives. Advocating for a more versatile approach to fragrance tenacity and performance that does not hold back olfactory creativity, this article is the first step to exploring replacements for woody ambers for a subtler olfactory impact on the fragrance.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh harga, lokasi dan fasilitas terhadap keputusan berkunjung pada objek wisata hutan mangrove desa Kurau Barat, Kabupaten Bangka Tengah. Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian deskriptif. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jumlah sampel 100 responden, dimana pengunjung yang sudah pernah mengunjungi objek wisata hutan mangrove sebagai subjek yang diteliti. Teknik pengambilan sampel ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode nonprobability sampling.Pada penelitian ini variabel bebasnya terdiri dari Harga, Lokasi dan Fasilitas sedangkan variabel terikatnya adalah keputusan berkunjung. Pengujian instrumen menggunakan uji validitas dan uji reabilitas, metode analisis data dengan menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda dengan uji t, uji F dan uji koefisien determinasi (R2).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel harga, lokasi dan fasilitas berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap keputu...

Lexical–gustatory synaesthesia is a rare phenomenon in which the individual experiences flavour sensations when they read, hear, or imagine words. In this study, we provide insight into the neural basis of this form of synaesthesia using functional neuroimaging. Words known to evoke pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant synaesthetic tastes and synaesthetically tasteless words were presented to two lexical–gustatory synaesthetes, during fMRI scanning. Ten non‐synaesthetic participants were also scanned on the same list of words. The synaesthetic brain displayed a different pattern of activity to words when compared to the non‐synaesthetes, with insula activation related to viewing words that elicited tastes that have an associated emotional valence (i.e., pleasant or unpleasant tastes). The subjective intensity of the synaesthesia was correlated with activity in the medial parietal lobes (precuneus/retrosplenial cortex), which are implicated in polymodal imagery and self‐directed thought...

Experiential marketing memberi pelanggan kesempatan untuk merasakan dan berinteraksi dengan merek produk, dan jasa dengan cara sensorik yang menyediakan lyanan untuk mendaptkan informasi pengalaman pribadi membantu orang untuk berhubungan dengan dengan merek dan membuat akal manusia menerima informasi untuk memutuskan membeli merek tersebut. Experiential marketing secara terminologis berarti pengalaman konsumen secara actual dengan merek, produk, jasa yang mengarhkan penjualan dan mengembangkan kesan dan kesadaran akan merek yang disampaikan orang tentang tampilan produk barang atau jasa dan memberi mereka kesempatan untuk mengalami dan memanfatkan untuk diri mereka sendiri. Ketika mereka telah mengalaminya, itu adalah alat yang paling kuat untuk memenangkan kesetiaan terhadap merek.

Atualmente é cada vez mais frequente as pessoas mudarem o seu comportamento de compra. Os consumidores procuram ao máximo embalagens que de alguma maneira despertem variadas reações e emoções, fortes, fracas, positivas ou negativas. As emoções têm um papel fundamental no nosso dia-a-dia. Ajudam-nos a tomar decisões, inclusive sobre quais os produtos que consumimos. Dessa forma, surge o design emocional, cujo conceito visa compreender as interações entre as embalagens dos produtos e as nossas emoções. O presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender a importância do design emocional no comportamento de compra do consumidor e o impacto do design das embalagens na tomada de decisão de compra, surgindo assim a questão de investigação que conduz todo o estudo: “Em que medida o design emocional, quando aplicado em embalagens, pode exercer influência no comportamento de compra do consumidor?” Face a esta problemática, delineou-se uma metodologia mista de investigação,...

Congenital ataxia and mental retardation are mainly caused by variations in the genes that affect brain development. Recent reports have shown that mutations in the CA8 gene are associated with mental retardation and ataxia in humans and ataxia in mice. The gene product, carbonic anhydrase-related protein VIII (CARP VIII), is predominantly present in cerebellar Purkinje cells, where it interacts with the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1, a calcium channel. In this study, we investigated the effects of the loss of function of CARP VIII during embryonic development in zebrafish using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides against the CA8 gene. Knockdown of CA8 in zebrafish larvae resulted in a curved body axis, pericardial edema and abnormal movement patterns. Histologic examination revealed gross morphologic defects in the cerebellar region and in the muscle. Electron microscopy studies showed increased neuronal cell death in developing larvae injected with CA8 antisense morpholinos. These data suggest a pivotal role for CARP VIII during embryonic development. Furthermore, suppression of CA8 expression leads to defects in motor and coordination functions, mimicking the ataxic human phenotype. This work reveals an evolutionarily conserved function of CARP VIII in brain development and introduces a novel zebrafish model in which to investigate the mechanisms of CARP VIII-related ataxia and mental retardation in humans.

O Manual de Embalagem é o resultado de significativa iniciativa de estado, para o enriquecimento do conhecimento em Design, com a gestão do IDI-MAM no Rio de Janeiro, na década de 70.  Quando, na ocasião, foram convidados e/ou inscritos profissionais atuantes em escritórios e/ou empresas-indústrias para participarem de um curso. Um desses elementos que se somava a divulgação do "Manual" e uma Exposição no MAM-Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro

Introduction: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a stringent barrier for delivery of neurotherapeutics in vivo. An attempt to overcome this barrier is represented by the direct transport of drugs from the nose to the brain along the olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways. These nerve pathways initiate in the nasal cavity at olfactory neuroepithelium and terminate in the brain. An enormous range of neurotherapeutics, both macromolecules and low molecular weight drugs, can be delivered to the central nervous system (CNS) via this route. Areas covered: Present review highlights the literature on the anatomyphysiology of the nasal cavity, pathways and mechanisms of neurotherapeutic transport across nasal epithelium and their biofate and various strategies to enhance direct nose to brain drug delivery. The authors also emphasize a variety of drug molecules and carrier systems delivered via this route for treating CNS disorders. Patents related to direct nose to brain drug delivery systems have also been listed. Expert opinion: Direct nose to brain drug delivery system is a practical, safe, non-invasive and convenient form of formulation strategy and could be viewed as an excellent alternative approach to conventional dosage forms. Existence of a direct transport route from the nasal cavity to the brain, bypassing the BBB, would offer an exciting mode of delivering neurotherapeutic agents.

A possible mechanism that provides increased selectivity of olfactory bulb projection neurons, as compared to that of the primary olfactory receptor neurons, has been proposed. The mechanism operates at low concentrations of the odor molecules, when the lateral inhibition mechanism becomes inefficient. The mechanism proposed is based on a threshold-type reaction to the stimuli received by a projection neuron from a few receptor neurons, the stochastic nature of these stimuli, and the existence of electrical leakage in the projection neurons. The mechanism operates at the level of the single individual projection neuron and does not require the involvement of other bulbar neurons.

Olfactory adaptation, characterized by attenuation of response to repeated odor stimulations or continuous odor exposure, is an intrinsic feature of olfactory processing. Adaptation can be induced by either "synaptic depression" due to depletion of neurotransmitters, or "enhanced inhibition" onto principle neurons by local inhibitory interneurons in olfactory structures. It is not clear which mechanism plays a major role in olfactory adaptation. More importantly, molecular sources of enhanced inhibition have not been identified. In this study, olfactory responses to either repeated 40-s stimulations with interstimulus intervals (ISI) of 140-s or 30-min, or a single prolonged 200-s stimulus were measured by fMRI in different naïve rats. Olfactory adaptations in the olfactory bulb (OB), anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), and piriform cortex (PC) were observed only with repeated 40-s odor stimulations, and no olfactory adaptations were detected during the prolonged 200-s stimulation. Interestingly, in responses to repeated 40-s odor stimulations in the PC, the first odor stimulation induced positive activations, and odor stimulations under adapted condition induced negative activations. The negative activations suggest that "sparse coding" and "global inhibition" are the characteristics of olfactory processing in PC, and the global inhibition manifests only under an adapted condition, not a naïve condition. Further, we found that these adaptations were NMDA receptor dependent; an NMDA receptor antagonist (MK801) blocked the adaptations. Based on the mechanism that glutamate NMDA receptor plays a role in the inhibition onto principle neurons by interneurons, our data suggest that the olfactory adaptations are caused by enhanced inhibition from interneurons. Combined with the necessity of the interruption of odor stimulation to observe the adaptations, the molecular source for the enhanced inhibition is most likely an increased glutamate release from presynaptic terminals due to glutamate over-replenishment during the interruption of odor stimulation. Furthermore, with blockage of the adaptations, the data reveal that orbital, medial & prefrontal, and cingulate cortices (OmPFC) are involved in the olfactory processing.

Abstrak Ditengah persaingan antar Perguruan Tinggi dalam merebut kepercayaan masyarakat, maka sudah selayaknya para pengelola Perguruan Tinggi terus berupaya mengkaji berbagai strategi yang kemudian dapat dijadikan dasar dalam pengambilan keputusan. Salah satu alternatif strategi yang dapat dikembangkan adalah Experiential Marketing yang mencoba memberikan perhatian yang lebih besar pada sisi emosional individu sebagai pendorong mereka dalam berperilaku. Kerangka analisis experiential marketing/pengalaman pemasaran terdiri dari dua aspek. Pertama adalah strategy experiential modules (SEMs) yang merupakan pondasi pengalaman pemasaran dan terdiri dari pengalaman melalui sensori panca indera (sense), pengalaman efektif (feel), pengalaman kognitif kreatif (think), pengalaman fisik dan keseluruhan gaya hidup (act), serta pengalaman yang timbul dari hubungan dengan kelompok referensi tertentu atau kultur tertentu (relate). Implementasi experiential marketing harus dilakukan secara terinte...

The Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) loss, an odorous molecule of small dimensions, through NalophanTM bags has been studied.The diffusion coefficient of H2S through the NalophanTM film was evaluated using the Fick’s law, and it turnedout to be equal to 7.55E-12 (m2/s) at a temperature of 23°C and a relative humidity of 60%. This D coefficient entails a reduction of 17% of H2S into 30 hours of storage time. Moreover, the role of humidity on diffusion speed was evaluated by storing the NalophanTM bags at relative humidity condition of 20% and temperature of 23°C. In this condition, the loss percentage of H2S (%) after 30 h turns out to be equal to about 23%. The results show that the diffusion phenomena are affected by the relative humidity storage condition: by decreasing the relative humidity of storage condition it is observed a weak increase of H2S (%) loss.Also the sampling at high temperature (i.e 75°C or 130°C) was evaluated by heating the filled NalophanTM bags for 5 minute respective...

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) exhibit atypical sensory characteristics, impaired social skills, deficits in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive behaviors. The relationship between sensory characteristics and brain morphological changes in ASD remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the association between brain morphological changes and sensory characteristics in individuals with ASD using brain image analysis and a sensory profile test. Forty-three adults with ASD and 84 adults with typical development underwent brain image analysis using FreeSurfer. The brain cortex was divided into 64 regions, and the cortical thickness and volume of the limbic system were calculated. The sensory characteristics of the participants were evaluated using the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP). Correlation analysis was performed for cortical thickness, limbic area volume, and AASP scores. In the ASD group, there was a significant positive correlation between visual sensory sensitivity scores and the right lingual cortical thickness (r = 0.500). There were also significant negative correlations between visual sensation avoiding scores and the right lateral orbitofrontal cortical thickness (r = −0.513), taste/smell sensation avoiding scores and the right hippocampal volume (r = −0.510), and taste/smell sensation avoiding scores and the left hippocampal volume (r = −0.540). The study identified associations among the lingual cortical thickness, lateral orbitofrontal cortical thickness, and hippocampal volume and sensory characteristics. These findings suggest that brain morphological changes may trigger sensory symptoms in adults with ASD.

De dentro do perfume: particularidades etnográficas sobre o desenvolvimento de sensibilidade entre conhecedores de perfumaria de luxo From inside the perfume: ethnographic particularities about the development of sensitivity among luxury perfumery experts

This study sought to identify the use of Romero Britto art as a marketing strategy in marketing products. He sought to understand the motivations that led the companies investigated to use art as a marketing strategy. The type of research is characterized as qualitative and descriptive as the collection of primary data. It was applied an interview with professionals and owners of the three companies selected for this investigation. The main survey data revealed that the art of Romero Britto is directed to a specific audience, belonging to socioeconomic classes A and B, and that the printed illustrations on various products transmit sensory perceptions to customers. Despite the key findings, it appears that the association of art objects of consumption, can be a form of differentiation used by companies to compete and survive over time. The vibrant colors and cheerful forms of applied works provided a positive and attractive aspect to the products and the companies that marketed the same, inducing consumption.

Brain targeting has always been challenging due to the presence of various physiological barriers resulting in low bioavailability via the oral and parenteral route. Altering the integrity of these barriers so as to permit the drugs to enter into the brain could severely damage the Central Nervous System by also allowing the entrance of toxic substances, bacteria and viruses into the brain. This problem can be tackled by delivering drugs via the intranasal route which bypasses the blood brain barrier and reaches different parts of the brain primarily via the olfactory and trigeminal neural pathways. This route offers several advantages over the oral and parenteral route and has shown potential for targeting drugs to the brain for treating various central nervous system disorders such as Psychosis, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. In spite of several advantages, the intranasal route faces many challenges. Hence, a complete understanding of every aspect related to nose to brain delivery is of utmost importance. This article reviews the mechanism of nose to brain drug transport, challenges and approaches for nose to brain drug delivery, a few specialized olfactory delivery devices and some applications of this novel route of brain targeting.

A portable system has been developed for quantifying odors in atmospheric air. Panelists compare the intensity of ambient odors with the intensity of discrete levels of 1-butanol provided by the olfactometer. Range of delivered 1-butanol concentrations is 0 to 80 ppm in air at a flow rate of 15 L/min. Laboratory tests have been performed to ascertain precision, panelist response, variability between two olfactometers, and effect of delivery method (ascending, descending and random odor presentation). Nineteen panelists made determinations of comparative odor intensities from two identically constructed olfactometers, where one unit provided a set concentration of 1-butanol and the second provided variable concentrations to the panelists. At a given set concentration the panelist would be exposed to a sufficient number of intensities from the variable-output system such that a decision could be made on the match of intensities. Totally, 855 data points of matched intensities were acquired in the study. For the entire data set the mean value of the ratio of measured concentration to set concentration was 0.984. The geometric standard deviation of the concentration ratios was 1.44.

La percepción de olores siempre ha estado relacionada con el comportamiento del ser humano, sin embargo, como estrategia empresarial es nueva; en su aplicación y medición. El objetivo principal es conocer el impacto del merchandising olfativo como estrategia sensorial. Se llevó a cabo una investigación de tipo exploratoria cuantitativa con análisis de datos descriptivos, consolidados a través de encuestas mediante muestreo aleatorio simple. Dentro de los principales resultados se evidencia que los aromas preferidos son las notas relajantes, para consumidores mayores de 36 años, seguidas de las notas cítricas, para consumidores menores de 35 años; en el caso de las ocupaciones, los empleados y empresarios prefieren aromas relajantes. Finalmente, los resultados mostraron aceptación y optimismo por parte de las personas hacia las marcas que desarrollan estrategias de merchandising olfativo.

The olfactory bulb, a crucial structure in the olfactory system, plays a pivotal role in odour processing, memory formation, and emotional responses. Manipulating the olfactory bulb has emerged as a powerful tool in neuroscience research, offering insights into neural plasticity, sensory perception, and clinical applications. This paper reviews current literature on olfactory bulb manipulation, discussing underlying mechanisms, experimental techniques, behavioural outcomes, and translational implications. We explore the diverse approaches to olfactory bulb manipulation, including surgical, pharmacological, optogenetic, and chemogenetic methods, and examine their impact on olfactory processing, behaviour, and neurological disorders. Additionally, we discuss the challenges, limitations, and future directions in olfactory bulb manipulation research, highlighting opportunities for interdisciplinary collaborations, technological advancements, and therapeutic innovations. By elucidating the complexities of olfactory bulb manipulation, this paper aims to advance our understanding of the olfactory system and its role in health and disease. research 7. Conclusion Summary of key findings and insights from olfactory bulb manipulation research Importance of continued exploration in neuroscience, clinical practice, and therapeutic development

Highlights d Deletion of an enhancer reduces expression of class I odorant receptors in mice d Class I receptor depletion selectively reduces acid responses in the olfactory bulb d Loss of class I receptors and glomeruli reduces behavioral aversion to acids d Class I odorant receptors are critical for the perception of carboxylic acids

Increasing the quantity of brain insulin has been demonstrated to play an important role in various neurological and pathological conditions. Controlling brain insulin levels might thus be important for cognitive functions and food intake. The goal of this study was to test the feasibility of increasing brain insulin levels by intranasal administration of insulin in microemulsion. Application of daily intranasal fluorescently labeled insulin (FITC-insulin) by water-in-oil microemulsion for 5 consecutive days to rats resulted in a significantly higher brain labeling compared with the aqueous solution as measured using quantitative image analysis of brain sections, that is, a twofold higher average value than the average fluorescence level obtained after the same regimen of intranasal applications by an aqueous solution. Interestingly, the fluorescence level in the brain after nasal applications of an aqueous solution was comparable with the intravenous administration of insulin, which may imply that the transport through the olfactory route after nasal application may compensate the poor systemic absorption of insulin solution by this route. The substantially high brain uptake of insulin, which has been shown following intranasal administration via microemulsion, is of great potential to targeting insulin to the brain in patients with neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease.

Experiential marketing memberi pelanggan kesempatan untuk merasakan dan berinteraksi dengan merek produk, dan jasa dengan cara sensorik yang menyediakan lyanan untuk mendaptkan informasi pengalaman pribadi membantu orang untuk berhubungan dengan dengan merek dan membuat akal manusia menerima informasi untuk memutuskan membeli merek tersebut. Experiential marketing secara terminologis berarti pengalaman konsumen secara actual dengan merek, produk, jasa yang mengarhkan penjualan dan mengembangkan kesan dan kesadaran akan merek yang disampaikan orang tentang tampilan produk barang atau jasa dan memberi mereka kesempatan untuk mengalami dan memanfatkan untuk diri mereka sendiri. Ketika mereka telah mengalaminya, itu adalah alat yang paling kuat untuk memenangkan kesetiaan terhadap merek.

Fantosmi olarak bilinen koku varsanıları az anlaşılmış bir fenomendir. Geniş bir ayırıcı tanı yelpazesiyle ilişkili bulunmuştur. Buna rağmen çoğu olgu idiyopatiktir. 70 yaşında metastatik küçük hücreli karsinomunun öncül belirtisi olarak koku varsanısı olan bir erkek hasta, nedensel ilişkiyi açıklayabilmek için sunulmaktadır. Fantosminin kaynağı ve klinik önemi ile ilgili çok az bilgi bulunmaktadır. Kimi zaman olgumuzda olduğu gibi altta yatan metastatik küçük hücreli beyin tümörünün öncül belirtisi olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle organik sebepleri dışlayabilmek için detaylı anamnezin yanı sıra; fizik muayene, nörolojik muayene, rutin laboratuvar ve görüntüleme testlerinin yapılması önerilmektedir.