Oil Pollution

Ohmsett -The National Oil Spill Response Test Facility, located in Leonardo, New Jersey, is dedicated to providing independent and objective performance testing of full-scale oil spill response equipment; improving technologies through research and development; and for providing realistic training to response personnel. The U.S. Minerals Management Service manages the facility as part of its mandated requirements by the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) '90 to ensure that the best and safest technologies are used in offshore oil and gas operations and emergency response. Ohmsett focuses on technical, classroom, and hands-on training for spill response personnel and prepares responders with the most realistic full-scale training before an actual spill. In partnership with the United States Coast Guard (USCG), Texas A&M University National Spill Control School, and SL Ross Environmental Research Ltd., Ohmsett has developed a comprehensive course program that includes: USCG Class C Response Technician training, Oil Spill Response and Strategies Training (in English and Spanish), and Dispersant Training for the Oil Spill Responder. Each course emphasizes classroom exercises and practical hands-on use of the oil spill equipment and technologies in realistic conditions. Classroom exercises are performed under the direction of certified industrial hygienists and experienced emergency responders. The program also incorporates the National Incident Management Systems (NIMS) Incident Command Systems (ICS) training. Following classroom instruction, students receive hands-on training in the tank where they practice recovering real oil, with full-scale spill equipment used in the field, under conditions that simulate an actual oil spill. During all tank exercises, students train with a variety of oils ranging from light and medium fuel oils, to heavy viscosity refined oils, as well as crudes and emulsified oils. At the completion of the tank exercises, students review their oil recovery efficiencies and critique their videotaped performances. Recovered oil is evaluated in terms of Oil Recovery Efficiency (ORE) and Throughput Efficiency (TE). A high ORE score is good and indicates that the skimmer and the operator have recovered mostly oil, as compared to water. A high TE score is good and indicates that the skimmer and the operator have recovered most of the oil spilled. These factors are used throughout the week to measure the student's increase in proficiency and to determine the overall effectiveness of the training course.

As global demand for essential materials such as copper and manganese surges alongside the expansion of green energy and blue economy ventures, dwindling terrestrial supplies have made the deep seabed an increasingly attractive target for extracting these highly desirable metals. Advances in offshore exploration technology now make deep sea mining (DSM) a potential reality within the next decade, though its implications for underwater cultural heritage (UCH) remain largely unknown. In this chapter, the potential impacts of DSM on potentially polluting wrecks (PPWs)-World War II-era vessels that, laden with toxic cargoes, are beginning to leak harmful substances into the marine environment-will be explored. While the exact effects of mining activities near PPWs cannot be fully predicted until operations commence, speculative hypotheses can be developed by examining DSM's broader environmental impacts and reviewing case studies of similar phenomena affecting UCH and marine industries worldwide. Although DSM may not cause immediately noticeable changes to PPWs near mining sites, it could foster a marine environment increasingly hostile to submerged cultural assets. The resulting toxic mixture from mining activities and PPW leaks accelerated by mining may have far-reaching consequences for coastal communities and marine industries around the globe.

Oil and grease (O&G) concentrations were determined on the West Coast of Sabah to identify pollution hotspots and to understand the extent of the issue. Triplicate seawater samples were collected at twenty-five stations during the northeast (November 2020 to February 2021) and southwest (July 2021 to September 2021) monsoons. QGIS software was used to create a map model, and water quality indexes were used to provide information on the status of the marine ecosystem and marine biota preservation. O&G concentrations were significantly higher (p<0.05) in certain areas of the West Coast of Sabah, ranging from 0.05±0.03 mg/L to 39.34±1.01 mg/L. According to the Malaysian Marine Water Quality Standards, O&G concentrations in the study area were categorized into Class 3, which is directly exposed to the discharge of effluent from anthropogenic activities. Hence, ecosystems in these areas were susceptible to some degree of deterioration. This suggests a potential source of pollution that requires further investigation and remediation efforts. However, the Water Quality Index revealed that the study areas were classified into moderate, acceptable, and medium status, which were still within the acceptable limit for the conservation of marine biota. The findings underscore the need for continued research and proactive measures to minimize O&G pollution and protect ecosystems in the study area. With increased awareness of oil spills, this favorable trend is projected to endure through effective management methods and effective actions to prevent O&G pollution along the West Coast of Sabah. Oil and grease pollution have the potential to endure in the environment for extended periods, ranging from years to even decades, resulting in enduring ecological harm, and hindering the restoration of ecological systems.

Egyptian Journal of Botany Review 43 E NVIRONMENTAL pollution is exacerbated by the rise in petroleum hydrocarbons due to exploration, production, transportation, and industrialization. This requires immediate remediation. Although crude oil removal using conventional techniques is efficient for cleaning up aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, it is costly and requires specialized staff and equipment. Despite their negative environmental consequences, chemical compounds such as dispersants, cleansers, emulsifiers, biosurfactants, and soil oxidizers are highly utilized. Phytoremediation and bioremediation have emerged as cost-effective and environmentally friendly technologies. This paper aims to review the impacts of crude oil pollution and the phytoremediation of polluted ecosystems. We have reviewed various phytoremediation/bioremediation mechanisms and environmental factors. Additionally, we have discussed the degradation of crude petroleum, factors affecting petroleum hydrocarbon bioremediation, and the environmental consequences, such as DNA and epigenetic mutations. We have also compared the economics of phytoremediation and restoration of polluted sites with conventional technology. Plants can remediate the environment through phytodegradation, phytostabilization, phytovolatilization, evapotranspiration, and phytoaccumulation. The microbial activities in the plant rhizosphere enhance the degradation and accumulation of the pollutants and modulate their bioavailability, thereby remediating the polluted areas and stabilizing the soil fertility.

The oil pollution in seawater of East Mediterranean areas of Turkey was measured before and after service of Iraq -Yumurtahk (iskenderun) export pipeline. The higher oil concentration was found as 514.28 Jlg/L and 30.35 Jlg/L at Bota~ before and after pumping respectively. The oil levels was varied before or after pumping. The findings show that oil transport by pipeline is a better export route. This investigation is a example which is supported the Turkish thesis of pipeline transport for Caspian oil thus recuding the risk of dangerous oil pollution of Bosphorus, Sea of Marmara and Dardanelles.

Oil pollution was studied on sea water and sediments of Istanbul Strait following the Nassia tanker accident. The oil amount in the sea water and sediments was determined by UVF spectrophotometry. GC analysis was made on the sea water and on the aliphatic fractions of sediments. Oil amount found gradually decreased in sea water whereas increased in sediments after the accident.

The causes of morphological foraminiferal test deformations (chamber malformations, errors in directional growth) have been extensively studied for a long time. Such deformations are found in areas of pollution, including oil spills, or "black tides" in tidal regions. Nevertheless, questions have arisen on whether or not deformed foraminifera are a bioindicator in such ecological catastrophes. This study compares, for the first time, the impact of the Amoco Cadiz (1978) and Erika (1999) oil spills on foraminifera in two close areas, the Bay of Morlaix and Bay of Bourgneuf, NW France. In these similar environments (mud flats of tidal areas) with similar faunas (characterized by the foraminifera Haynesina germanica), the foraminiferal response to oil pollution was different. During the 13 months following the Amoco Cadiz black tide (1978), foraminiferal deformations increased (from 3 to 21%) while after the Erika black tide (1999) their ratios did not exceed those observed in non-polluted areas (3%). In addition, turbellarians (flatworms) increased their attachment of egg capsules to foraminiferal tests in Amoco Cadiz black tide areas. We review and compare the causes of such differences in the response of foraminifera to oil spills by examining the main characteristics of both black tides (magnitude of the spills, the physical and chemical properties of discharged oils, their concentration in the studied sediments, as well as the characteristics of the spill context). This analysis shows that both studies on deformed foraminifera, far from

Berre Lagoon has been one of the main locations for oil refining in France since the interwar period. Oil expansion during the postwar caused conflicts with the fishermen during the fifties, and with unionists during the seventies. This article suggest that the ambivalence of contemporary bond to this territory can be understood by tracing the history of the stormy relations between the oil refining industries and the organization from the civil society, particularly since 1957, when a national law prohibited fishing to guarantee the oil industry’s use of the pond. This paper examines the way the oil industry relies on the administration and public policies to protect its image, and how environmental regulations gave oil companies the opportunity to let the public administration take over communication on industrial pollution.

تمت دراسة 74 نموذجاً من منطقة القاطع الصناعي في ناحية القيارة جنوبي الموصل/شمالي العراق. شملت 26 نموذجاً من التربة، و27 نموذجاً من اصناف مختلفة من النباتات والاشجار، مع 14 نموذجاً من المياه شملت: 4 نماذج من نهر دجلة و9 نماذج من المياه الجوفية ونموذجاً واحداً من العين الكبريتية، فضلاً عن 5 نماذج من القير الطبيعي ونموذجين من النفط.
أُجريت التحاليل الكيميائية والفيزيائية والمعدنية لهذه النماذج باستخدام جهاز ICP-MS
وGC-MS وXRD لغرض اجراء التقييم الجيوكيميائي البيئي للترب والنبات والمياه السطحية والجوفية. تبين أن معدل الاكاسيد الرئيسة في التربة (Al2O3 وCaO وFe2O3 وK2O وMgO وNa2O وP2O5 وSO3 وTiO2 وSiO2 وL.O.I.) قد بلغت (3.76% و17.55% و7.83% و0.37% و3.51% و0.14% و0.13% و5.28% و0.09% و37.80% و19.80%) على التوالي. اما معدلات تراكيز العناصر الاثرية (As وCd وCo وCr وCu وHg وMn وMo وNi وPb وSb وSe وV وZn) فبلغت (6.40 و0.21 و18.69 و101.47 و28.91 و0.03 و542.6 و0.98 و159.1 و9.94 و0.21 و0.20 و58.0 و60.7 ppm) على التوالي. وتم مقارنة تراكيز العناصر الثانوية بالقيم العالمية للقشرة الأرضية والترب العالمية واظهر البعض منها ارتفاعاً نتيجة المصادر الطبيعية (تكوين الفتحة وانجانة) والارتباطات المعدنية المختلفة فضلاً عن المصادر البشرية، فيما انخفض الجزء الاخر.
    تدرج محتوى المادة العضوية فيها من منخفض في بعض المناطق الى عالٍ جداً في مناطق أخرى بسبب قربها من مواقع العمليات النفطية، اما التوصيلية الكهربائية للتربة فتميزت بملوحتها القليلة الى المتوسطة. وبينت قيم الدالة الحامضية ان التربة هي قاعدية قلوية بسبب المعادن الكاربوناتية والجبسية فضلاً عن تأثير معدن الالبايت، مما أسهم في تقليل حركة العناصر الثقيلة في التربة.
    بلغ مجموع نسب المحتوى المعدني في التربة لكل من المعادن الكاربوناتية والمتبخرات 49.75% والمعادن الفتاتية 39.26% والمعادن الطينية 10.94%. وقد اظهرت هذه المعادن توزيعاً جغرافياً منتظماً يتبع تركيبية وطبوغرافية المنطقة وأنظمة التصريف السطحية والمكاشف الصخرية. إذ يزداد المحتوى المعدني الكاربوناتي والمتبخرات وسط طية القيارة ويقل باتجاه جناحي الطية والسهل الفيضي في حين تزداد المعادن الفتاتية والطينية.
    إن نسب محتوى الترب من المواد الهيدروكاربونية النفطية (aliphatic وCyclic وAromatic) كانت 96.66% و1.99% و1.43% على التوالي، اذ كانت الهيدروكاربونات الاليفاتية اعلى في الجزء الشمالي الغربي وقرب وادي العين البيضاء نتيجة الانسكابات النفطية فيما كانت نسب الاروماتية والحلقية اعلى قرب العيون القيرية ومواقع العمليات النفطية. بينما بلغت نسب محتوى المواد الهيدروكاربونية من المكونات الاليفاتية والاروماتية والحلقية في المياه 68.44% و11.57% و19.99% على التوالي. وكانت المكونات الاليفاتية والصمغيات والدهون في المياه اقل من التربة والاروماتية والحلقية والمجاميع القطبية والذائبة أكبر. إن عمليات معالجة النفط من الغاز في محطات عزل الغاز قللت من المحتوى الاليفاتي والاروماتي في النفط ويتم اطلاقه الى الجو ثم الى التربة ولذلك زاد من محتواها من المركبات الحلقية. إن نسبة الفناديوم والنيكل كانت عالية ومتقاربة في النماذج النفطية ونموذج القير (T.AB2) الناتج عن الانسكابات النفطية، في حين كانت متقاربة في النماذج القيرية (T.SW5, T.TP, T.SW3) مما يدل على أن مصدرها واحد.
    إن المركبات الاليفاتية المستخلصة من المواد الهيدروكاربونية كانت عالية في الجزء الشمالي الغربي من منطقة الدراسة في حين كانت المركبات الاروماتية والحلقية تزداد قرب العين الكبريتية ومكبات المناطق الصناعية كمحطة عزل الغاز عن النفط ومحطة توليد الكهرباء الغازية. وقد بلغ معدل الحوامض الكاربوكسيلية الناتجة عن تحطم المواد الهيدروكاربونية في التربة نسبة عالية تصل الى 96.25% بسبب درجة الحرارة العالية نسبياً وقلوية التربة والمحتوى الطيني والفعاليات الحياتية واستخدام السماد العضوي وأنها تزداد باتجاه الجنوب الشرقي.
    اظهرت نتاىج تحليل النباتات والأشجار أن معدل المكونات الغذائية الاساسية (Ca وK وMg وNa وP وS) كانت (3.22% و2.14% و0.553% و0.195% و0.235% و0.78%) على التوالي. وأن تراكيز العناصر الثقيلة في النباتات والاشجار (As وCd وCo وCr وCu وHg وMn وMo وNi وPb وSb وSe وV وZn) كانت (1.28 و0.094 و3.65 و2.75 و45.21 و11.74و0.064 و198.16 و1.57 و63.83 و2.57 و0.06 و0.106 و10.36 و48.56 ppm) على التوالي.
    كان محتوى للعناصر الغذائية الرئيسة الاتية (Ca وMg وS وK) في النباتات والاشجار اعلى من الحد الطبيعي، فيما انخفض Na. اما العناصر الثقيلة (As وCo وCr وHg وMn وMo وNi وPb وSb وSe وV) كانت على العموم اعلى من الحدود الطبيعية، فيما انخفضت العناصر الثقيلة
(Zn وCu وCd) عن الحدود الطبيعية.
    اظهرت نتائج تحليل مياه نهر دجلة في أن معدل الخصائص الفيزيائية والفيزوكيميائية من الكمية الكلية للاملاح الذائبة والتوصيلية الكهربائية ودرجة الحرارة والعكورة فضلا عن الدالة الحامضية القيم
(281.75 mg/l و443.25 µS/cm و23.9 Co و4.0 NTU و8.28) على التوالي. أما المكونات الكيميائية الرئيسة من العناصر والاكاسيد (Ca وMgوNaو K وHCO3 وSO4و Clو NO3) بلغت معدلاتها (58.3 و16.6 و16.1 و2.2 و137.5 و69.7 و16.4 و0.6 mg/l) على التوالي، ومعدل تركيز العناصر الثقيلة (As وCd وCo وCr وCu وMn وMo وNi وPb وSb وSe وV وZn وF) بلغ (1.54 و0.01 و0.003 و0.53 و0.48 و0.36 و3.12 و2.78 و0.12 و0.7 و0.36 و2.52 و4.05 و0.14 ppb) على التوالي.
      أظهرت نتائج تحليل المياه الجوفية والعين الكبريتية أن معدل الدالة الحامضية وكمية الاملاح الذائبة الكلية والتوصيلية الكهربائية والعكورة ودرجة الحرارة كان (8.2 و6491 mg/l و7515 µS/cm و1.1 NTU و23.4 Co) على التوالي. اما المكونات الكيميائية من العناصر الرئيسة والاكاسيد (Ca وMg وNa وK وHCO3 وSO4 وCl وNO3) فكان معدلها (588.9 و269.1 و1056.3 و7.1 و189.1 و2843.0 و1281.3 و14.4 mg/l) على التوالي. ومعدل تركيز العناصر الثقيلة والاثرية (As وCd وCo وCr وCu وHg وMn وMo وNi وPb وSb وSe وV وZn وBr وF) كان (0.71 و0.002 و0.008 و7.27 و0.62 و0.008 و86.8 و10.47 و3.88 و0.13 و0.27 و3.35 و3.47 و3.68 و1.26 و0.97 ppb) على التوالي.
      قسمت المياه حسب تصنيف بايبر (Piper)الى اربعة أصناف: مياه نهر دجلة تكون ضمن الصنف (B)، ونموذجا المياه الجوفية (GR5, GR7) ضمن الصنف(C)، والنمادج (GR1, GR2, GR3, GR4, GR6) تمثل الصنف (E)، والنموذجان (GR9,SW5) الصنف (G). بين تصنيف ستيف لمياه منطقة الدراسة وجود خمسة اصناف هي نماذج مياه نهر دجلة التي تميزت بكونها قلوية معتدلة تسود فيها الكربونات والكبريتات، ونماذج المياه الجوفية (GR5, GR6, GR7, GR8) هي قلوية معتدلة تسود فيها الكبريتات، والنموذج GR9 قلوياً مع زيادة نسبة الصوديوم والكبريتات، ونموذج مياه العين الكبريتية SW5 قلوياً مع زيادة نسبة الصوديوم والكلور والكبريتات.
      صنفت المياه الى ثلاث مجاميع حسب العوامل الموثرة فيها: هي مياه نهر دجلة تأثرت الصخور الكاربوناتية المنكشفة على السطح فضلا عن نوعية التربة السائدة والتي تلقي بنواتج التجوية لها في مياه النهر ولاسيما أن ميل الطبقات الذي يكون باتجاه النهر، أما المجموعة الثانية فهي المياه الجوفية والعين الكبريتية شمال طية القيارة نوعية مياهها سببه سمك عمود المتبخرات وقربه من السطح، والمجموعة الثالثة مياه الأبار في جنوب طية القيارة تميزت بقلة تاثرها بصخور المتبخرات.
 
    بَيَّنَ التحليل العاملي وخرائط التوزيع المكاني أن تركيبية المنطقة تؤثر في تلوث المياه الجوفية بالمركبات النفطية والعناصر الثقيلة، وأن العوامل من درجة الانحدار العام فضلا عن اتجاه الرياح السائدة في منطقة الدراسة الى جانب المكون المعدني وانسكاب المواد الهايدروكاربونية من الانابيب الناقلة والمتهالكة كانت توثر على توزيع العناصر الثقيلة والملوثات الأخرى.
    يظهر معامل التراكم الأرضي (Igeo) أن التربة شديدة التلوث بعنصر السيلينيوم، فيما تكون متوسطة التلوث بالزرنيخ ومتوسطة الى قليلة التلوث بالعناصر (Cd,Cr,Ni) وعديمة التلوث العناصر
(Co, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo,Pb, Sb, V, Zn). أما عامل الاغناء Enrichment factor فقد بين إغناءً عالياً بالعناصر (Se,As,Ni)، متوسطاً بالعناصر (Sb,Cd,Cr,Zn,Pb,Co,Mo,Mn,Cu) وقليلاً بالعنصرين (V,Hg)، فيما بينت العناصر الترتيب التالي بالاغناء في نمادج التربة (Se>As>Ni>Sb>Cd>Cr>Zn>Pb>Co>Mo>Mn>Cu>V>Hg).
        أظهر معامل التلوث Contamination factor تلوثاً منخفظاً بالعناصر (Zn,Pb,Co,Mo,Mn,Cu,V,Hg) ومتوسطاً بالعناصر(Ni,Sb,Cd,Cr)، معتبراً بالعناصر (As,Se). وبين معامل تحميل التلوث (PLI) إن نماذج التربة (QF5-S, QF7-S, QF8-S, GS3-S, AB2-S, AB3-S, AB4-S, AB5-S, AB6-S, QR1-S, QR2-S) غير ملوثة، والنماذج (QF1-S, QF2-S, QF3-S, QF4-S, QF6-S, QF9-S, GS1-S, GS2-S, GS4-S, GS5-S, GS6-S, AB1-S, GS-S, TP-S, DS-S,) ملوثة.
    بَيَّنَ مؤشر الخطر (HI) نتيجة التلوث بالعناصر الثقيلة في التربة بين عدم وجود خطر غير مسرطن على البالغين والاطفال. بينما كان الخطرالمسرطن عالي الاحتمالية بالتعرض من خلال الابتلاع للعناصر (As,Co,Cr,Ni) ومنخفضاً بالعناصر (Cd,Pb)، ومن خلال الاستنشاق كانت العناصر (As,Co,Cr,Ni) ذات خطر مسرطن عالي الاحتمالية، ومحتملاً لعنصر (Cd)، ومنخفض الاحتمال للرصاص (Pb) كما ان الخطر المسرطن من خلال التعرض الجلدي للعناصر (As,Cr,Ni) كان محتملاً، ومنخفظاً بعنصر الكادميوم (Cd).
      أظهر معامل التراكم الحيوي (BAC) أن العناصر الثقيلة (As,Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb, Sb,Se, V,Zn) لايحصل لها تراكم في النبات الأشجار المنتخبة، بينما يحصل اغناء للزئبق في جميع انواع النبات والاشجار، اما الموليبيديوم فيحصل له اغناء في جميع النبات باستثناء اليوكالبتوس. اما معامل تراكم العناصر الثقيلة MAI)) في النبات بيَّنَ أن نبات الشعير يحصل له اغناء بجميع العناصر الثقيلة، فيما يحصل اغناء لعنصر المنغنيزMn)) في اشجاراليوكالبتوس فقط.
    إن مياه نهر دجلة صالحة للاستخدام البشري حسب معامل نوعية المياه (WQI)، ومياه البئر
GR9 فقيرة (Poor)، والآبار (GR6,GR7) فقيرة جداً (very poor)، أما مياه الآبار الاخرى والعين الكبريتية غير ملائمة.
    تُعدُّ مياه نهر دجلة جيدة لأغراض الري حسب قيم (TDS,EC) في حين كانت المياه الجوفية غير ملائمة للري, وبحسب نسبة الصوديوم Na% مياه نهر دجلة ومياه البئر GR7 ممتازة للري، ومياه الآبار(GR1,GR2,GR5,GR6,GR8)  جيدة، والآبار (GR3,GR4)مسموح بها، ومياه البئر GR9 والعين الكبريتية SW5 تستخدم بحذر شديد للري. تبين من خلال حساب قيمة نسبة امتزاز الصوديوم (SAR) أن جميع أنواع المياه ممتازة للري باستثناء (GR3,GR4) كانت جيدة. بين حساب نسبة كاربونات الصوديوم المتبقية (RSC) أن جميع مياه المنطقة ممتازة للري، أما حساب معامل النفاذية (PI) فقد بيَّنَ أن جميع مياه منطقة الدراسة جيدة للري باستثناء مياه البئرين (GR5,GR7) كانا غير ملائمين.
    يظهر معامل تلوث المياه أن النموذجين من مياه البئرين (SW5,GR4) كانا ملوثين بدرجة كبيرة جداً بالبروم Br))، والبئرين (GR1, GR3) اظهرا تلوثاً عالياً، ومياه الآبار (GR2, GR3,GR7, GR4, GR6) اظهرت تلوثاً متوسطاً بالبروم والبورون والفلور (F,Br,B). ومياه النماذج (SW1, SW2, SW3, SW4, GR5,GR6, GR8, GR9) غير ملوثة حسب معامل تحميل التلوث، بينما النماذج (GR1,GR2, GR3,GR4 GR7,SW5) ملوثة. وأظهر عامل تلوث المياه بالعناصر الثقيلة (HPI) مياه منطقة الدراسة غير ملوثة بالعناصر الثقيلة بسبب قلويتها التي أدت الى مغادرة العناصر الى الطور الصلب.
    ان مياه منطقة الدراسة لاتظهر خطراً صحياً غير مسرطن بالعناصر الثقيلة على البالغين والاطفال. وان الخطر المسرطن بالتعرض من خلال الفم على البالغين يكون محتملاً للعناصر (As,Cr, Ni, BrO3) وغي...

Waste engine oil pollution is an endemic problem in African countries as waste oil is often discharged into the environment without adequate treatment because waste oil recycling facilities are not readily available. In this study, laboratory-based microcosms (natural attenuation, biostimulation, bioaugmentation and combined treatment of biostimulation-bioaugmentation) were set up with soils (from old hydrocarbon biopiles) spiked with waste engine oil and monitored for 3 months. Total petroleum hydrocarbon analysis showed that biostimulation and biostimulation-bioaugmentation accelerated hydrocarbon degradation with over 84% reduction (<10,000 mgkg -1 ) by week 8. It took another 2 weeks for other microcosms to get below this classification of low-level contaminated waste and landfill disposal level. The highest degradation rate of 92% was obtained in biostimulated-bioaugmented microcosms (week 10). However, by week 12, there were no significant differences in hydrocarbon levels in naturally attenuated and treated microcosms. 16S rRNA and ITS-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiling showed diverse bacterial and fungal communities with some dominant members belonging to hydrocarbon-degrading Proteobacteria, Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. This research has therefore shown that hydrocarbon-polluted soils possess substantial microbial hydrocarbon-degrading capacity which was successfully harnessed for degrading engine oil. In developing countries without recycling facilities but readily available hydrocarbon-contaminated soils, using such soils for ex situ monitored natural attenuation could be an effective, low-cost and environmentfriendly option for treating waste engine oil.

In this work, the problems of references used for oil pollution measurement by UVF method were discussed. The main problem of this method is that the origin of the reference for pollutant oil is unknown. The proposed solution for this problem was based on sea water sample which was taken from contaminated area, extracted by DCM, the organic phase was distilled, its calibration curve was plotted with this residue oil and measurement was made on its equation. The oil pollution results for the sea water of K 0 station by using this equation for 2013 was 15.21 mg/L and for 2014 15.25 mg/L. for the same samples determination of oil pollution by using crude oil references varies between 0.11 and 1.15 various crude oils and using chrysene reference 0.11-0.19 mg/L. These results show that pollution level varied depending on references used. The proposed method more realistically determines the oil pollution level. The proposed technique is the first for oil pollution measurement by UVF.

The injustice and chaos in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria resulting from the manner in which the oil industry is being run and regulated have since captured the attention of the world. Importantly, the 2011 UNEP Report on the Environmental Assessment of Ogoniland (a Niger Delta community) which revealed shocking levels of ecological degradation has helped to keep the issue on the front burners of international discussion. In this light, this article explores the nature of injustice in the oil producing areas of Nigeria; it assesses the regulatory mechanisms that have been set up to prevent and reverse the injustice in the region; and based on the inadequacies of the present system, it makes recommendations as to how the mechanisms might be better strengthened, and governance executed, all in a manner that is more responsive to the plight of the affected people.

Coral reefs in Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman waters of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have historically been dominated by Acropora corals. By early 2021, however, extensive Acropora cover remained at only two UAE locations: the fringing reefs of Sir Bu Nair Island (SBN) (Arabian Gulf) and Khor Fakkan (KF) (Gulf of Oman). A summer 2021 marine heatwave impacted these last Acropora refugia and caused the first mass bleaching event on the UAE's Gulf of Oman coast. Benthic surveys were conducted before, during and eight months after this event. Bleaching severity was high, with 41% of hard corals bleached in KF and 93% in SBN. Total live coral cover declined from 68% to 25% at KF and from 36% to 9% in SBN during bleaching. Acropora cover declined from 23% to 2% in KF and from 19% to 0.02% in SBN during bleaching. There was limited recovery eight months after bleaching. Community composition shifted away from Acropora toward heat-tolerant taxa, particularly Porites and Dipsastraea, with increased homogenization of coral assemblages. These last Acropora refugia could have served as valuable sources of larvae to support coral recovery elsewhere in UAE waters, highlighting the importance of conservation and restoration efforts.

The discovery of oil in commercial quantity in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria in 1956 has attracted various Oil Companies that are primarily involved in upstream activities such as exploration, drilling and extraction of crude oil and natural gas. As these Companies continually involve in this lucrative business, hazards in the form of oil spillages have become ineluctable. This article is focused on the duties of Oil Companies as it relates to oil spillage, the rights of those affected by such oil spillage and the position of the law in Nigeria.

The Gulf War and its effect on the Arabian Ecosystem (Part 1).

Reference: Khalaf-von Jaffa, Norman Ali Bassam (1991). The Gulf War and its effect on the Arabian Ecosystem (Part 1). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178-6288. Ninth Year, Number 23, Muharram 1412 AH, July 1991, pp. 1-12. Publisher: Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf-von Jaffa, Vulkanstraße 51, D-5300 Bonn 2 - Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany.

It was hypothesized that different plant species vary in response to the oil and gas pollution in terms of composition and distribution pattern as well. Some of the plants have more tolerance to heavy metals accumulation in polluted ecosystem than others. Quantitative ecological techniques using quadrat methods were applied in a stratified random design around the Nashpa Oil and Gas Plant District Karak to check specific plant indicators that can grow, survive and show more tolerance against Oil and Gas pollution. In four directions from Gas Plant 10 stations were established at a distance of one Km from each other. Different size of quadrats i.e. 1×1 m 2, 5×5 m 2 and 10×10 m 2 for herbs, shrubs and trees were used respectively. The phyto-sociological attributes of each species (density, relative density, frequency, relative frequency, cover, relative cover and Importance Values Index) were measured at each station. Furthermore, Calotropis procera was investigated for Pb, Cr and Cu heavy metals accumulation uisng atomic absorption spectrophotometer. All the collected data matrices were analyzed via Cluster analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) using PC-ORD version 5 and CANOCO software. A total of 113 plant species were recorded belonging to 44 families from the Nashpa Oil and Gas Plant. Dominant and rare plants of heavy, moderate and less-polluted regions were identified and assessed. Result showed that Calotropis procera has more tolerant against pollution. It was concluded that the Oil & Gas Plant has significant effect on surrounding habitat plants for heavy metal accumulation. Higher concentration of K, pH and organic matter has significant effects (p≤0.002) on plant species diversity and its distribution pattern. Result of Pb and Cu accumulation in C. procera showed heavy metals accumulation increased from less polluted sites towards moderate and more polluted regions gradually. It is recommended that further study needed to examine other dominant species as well.

Maritime Laws and Conventions Research Essay Research Question: What are some of the major international conventions that govern ports, harbours and marine resources? What are some of the local Jamaican laws that govern said resources, citing local incidents to support them? Report Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the Requirements of the Course.

Cynosbati fructus is the false fruit of Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae), also called in Romanian rosehip. Rosehips contain as active ingredients 500-1000% vitamin C, 600-10.000 mg% carotenoids, pectins, dextrins, vitamins B2, E, PP, flavones (rutozyd, hyperozyd), carbohydrates, organic acids (citric, malic), tannins, volatile oil (linalol, geraniol, citronelol, nerol), vanillin, triterpenic saponosids, beta-sitosterol, fat substances (lecitin, glycerides of fat acids in seeds), minerals (potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron). In terms of precipitations and tempreature the specialized literature situates the rosehip in the category of xerophyte species with low humidity requirements and that do not bear the soils with stagnant water. Water requirement is mainly in the spring months before flowering and early August. High atmosphric humidity has a negative influence on the vitamin C content. The measurements made on atmospheric humiduty, including precipitations, air temperature, geographica...

The oil producing communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria have faced various degrees of environmental issues. The careless nature of oil exploration and exploitation have brought hardship to the people in the area including health problems, poisoning of drinking waters, depletion of fish populations, destruction of the natural flora and fauna on which the people depends. The residents of these communities often exhibit displeasure over the activities of the oil producing companies in the area resulting in agitations and conflict. The civil society is expected to play a major role in mediating between the agitating communities and oil producing firms. Guided by the assumptions of Donald Black's Social Control Theory and Kenneth W. Thomas & Raph H. Kilmann's model of conflict management, this study adopted descriptive survey research design method. Primary data were collected through the use of questionnaire, focused group discussion and indepth interviews. Sample size was 399 determined using Taro Yamane's sample size formula. Data collected were descriptively analyzed using simple percentages, charts and discourse analysis. It was found that, residents of the oil producing communities in Ibeno Local Government Area are negatively affected by the oil exploration and exploitation activities from the ExxonMobil leading to agitations and confrontations. Also, civil societies have done little or nothing in resolving the lingering conflicts between the ExxonMobil and the host communities. It is therefore, recommended among others that the civil society organizations must rise to the challenge of mediating between the ExxonMobil and the host communities in order to minimize conflict and thereby enhancing development in the area.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: Persian Gulf marine pollution has been a longstanding regional and global challenge. Given the region's economic and environmental sensitivity, any emergency poses a significant threat to its ecosystem. Oil spills, in particular, have caused irreparable damage to marine environments and coastlines. In response to marine emergencies and oil spills, international maritime law has established specific frameworks for environmental protection and crisis management. Regional organizations have also played a significant role in protecting the Persian Gulf environment. One key regional institution in combating oil and other harmful substances in the Persian Gulf is the Regional Cooperation Council for Combating Marine Pollution (MEMAC). As part of international and regional cooperation, the MEMAC plays a crucial role in facilitating coordination among member states. Through the establishment of rapid response and information systems, the MEMAC has increased the region's preparedness for environmental crises. However, challenges remain. These include the continued occurrence of oil spills and the failure to fully implement international commitments. The lack of adequate financial and technological resources further hinders the region's ability to manage environmental crises. The overall objective of this research is to protect the Persian Gulf environment in emergency pollution situations. Through international cooperation and sustained efforts, it is possible to prevent such incidents and mitigate their harmful effects. This article examines the role of the regional MEMAC institution in addressing marine emergencies in the Persian Gulf using a library-based approach and a review of regional conventions. The article further explores the role of the MEMAC and provides recommendations for protecting the Persian Gulf environment during emergencies. Methodology: This research is conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach. By examining the role of the RCCP institution in emergencies, this study is based on library research and references to documents and records. Based on the library research method, after source analysis and data collection, notes will be taken using the relevant fiches and forms, and finally presented.

An Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) aims to use Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) measurements for discriminating between two oil slick types observed on the sea surface: naturally-occurring oil seeps versus human-related oil spills-the use of satellite sensors for this task is poorly documented in scientific literature. A long-term RADARSAT dataset (2008RADARSAT dataset ( -2012) ) is exploited to investigate oil slicks in Campeche Bay (Gulf of Mexico). Simple Classification Algorithms to distinguish the oil slick type are designed based on standard multivariate data analysis techniques. Various attributes of geometry, shape, and dimension that describe the oil slick Size Information are combined with SAR-derived backscatter coefficients-sigma-(σ o ), beta-(β o ), and gamma-(γ o ) naught. The combination of several of these characteristics is capable of distinguishing the oil slick type with ~70% of overall accuracy, however, the sole and simple use of two specific oil slick's Size Information (i.e., area and perimeter) is equally capable of distinguishing seeps from spills. The data mining exercise of our EDA promotes a novel idea bridging petroleum pollution and remote sensing research, thus paving the way to further investigate the satellite synoptic view to express geophysical differences between seeped and spilled oil observed on the sea surface for systematic use.

Oil spills are a regular occurrence in the oil industry in Nigeria, a process that results in the release of excess hydrocarbons into the environment, negatively impacting plant and animal species. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted on refined oil impacted and fire ravaged mangrove ecosystem to determine the effect of oil spillage on the edible periwinkle Tympanotus fuscatus. The results showed that recolonisation occurred one year after the pollution. Tympanotonus fuscatus was observed in higher numbers than other organisms that attempted recolonisation. Bioassays carried out to investigate the response of T. fuscatus to the refined oil product showed a 96hr Lc50 value of 104.68ml/L.

Deniz kirlenmesine sebep olan faktörlerin sayısı oldukça fazladır. Deniz kenarlarında ve denize yakın yerlerde bulunan şehirlerin atıkları, sanayi tesislerinin atıkları, insanlar tarafından denize bırakılan çöpler ve diğer atıklar bunlar arasındadır. Deniz kirlenmesine sebep olan bir diğer önemli faktör ise gemilerdir. Gemilerin denizde işletilmesi sırasında ortaya çıkan atıklar ile gemide kullanılan petrol ve türevlerinin denize karışması veya gemilerden başkaca zararlı maddelerin denize bırakılması ciddi boyutlarda deniz kirlenmesine sebep olabilmektedir. Kirlenmeden kaynaklanan sorumluluğa uygulanacak hükümler ise deniz kirliliğine sebep olan kirletici maddeye ve geminin türüne göre değişiklik göstermektedir. Hukukumuzda petrol ve türevleri dışındaki kirletici maddelerin sebep olduğu kirlenmeden kaynaklanan sorumluluk temel olarak 5312 sayılı "Deniz Çevresinin Petrol ve Diğer Zararlı Maddelerle Kirlenmesinde Acil Durumlarda Müdahale ve Zararların Tazmini Esaslarına Dair Kanun" da düzenlenmiştir. Öte yandan petrol ve türevlerinden kaynaklanan kirlenmeye ilişkin olarak iki uluslararası sözleşmeye taraf durumdayız. Bu sözleşmeler Petrol Kirliliğinden Doğan Zararın Hukukî Sorumluluğu İle İlgili Milletlerarası Sözleşme ve Gemi Yakıtlarından Kaynaklanan Petrol Kirliliği Zararının Hukuki Sorumluluğu Hakkında Milletlerarası Sözleşme'dir. Ayrıca 2872 Sayılı Çevre Kanunu da sayılan mevzuatın uygulama alanına girmeyen hâllerde deniz kirlenmesinden kaynaklanan sorumluluk hakkında uygulanır. Denizin gemi kaynaklı kirlenmesinden doğan hukuki sorumluluğa ilişkin düzenlemelerin caydırı etkisi sayesinde deniz kirlenmesi belli ölçüde engellenebilmektedir.

In this investigation, three dimensional simulations of wind-induced flow patterns has been done using hydrostatic version of Mike 3 model in the Caspian Sea. Hydrodynamic equations on the regular grids of square cells solved using the mass conservation and the Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes equations. Basin dimensions include 63×117 square grid with 10 km in the horizontal plane and 41 layers with 25 meters thickness in the vertical direction. In the Mike3 models, factors such as bed friction, eddy viscosity, flood and dry, major rivers inflow, and water outflow through the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay, wind stress and atmospheric pressure at the sea level, precipitation, evaporation and the Coriolis force has been included. To apply the effect of wind stress and air pressure changes as a variable in time and space and the initial conditions of water level fluctuations to the Mike3 models, reanalyzed data of NOAA site are used. The results of simulated Mike3 model were compared with Princet...

Restoration, as defined here, refers to actions that directly improve ecological services or other ecological properties, onsite or offsite (the term "mitigation" is sometimes used), in contrast to remediation, which focuses on chemical removal. Ecological restoration encompasses restoration, rehabilitation, replacement or acquisition of the equivalent, as defined by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (NOAA 1997).

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Taylor & Francis Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this book is correct, neither the author nor Taylor & Francis can accept any responsibility for any errors or omissions or for any consequences arising therefrom. Typeset in 10/12 Plantin by Mendip Communications, Frome The Honourable Mr Justice David Steel Primary legislation in the merchant shipping field continues to effect significant change to the consolidating statute. The primary recent example is the Merchant Shipping and Maritime Security Act, 1997. This, together with a wealth of new subordinate legislation and case law, has necessitated this second edition of Nevil Phillips' valuable work, in respect ofwhich he is now ably assisted by Nicholas Craig. There have been other changes as well. My navigation through the statute may continue to be perilous but, by definition, not inadequate. With no-one to tug my gown, this book will help ensure such is not a fiction. David Steel v 22l. 222. 222A. Exemption from taxes, duties, etc. Exemption from harbour dues Disclosure of information to general lighthouse authorities xviii Supplemental 223. Interpretation etc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Taylor & Francis Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this book is correct, neither the author nor Taylor & Francis can accept any responsibility for any errors or omissions or for any consequences arising therefrom. Typeset in 10/12 Plantin by Mendip Communications, Frome The Honourable Mr Justice David Steel Primary legislation in the merchant shipping field continues to effect significant change to the consolidating statute. The primary recent example is the Merchant Shipping and Maritime Security Act, 1997. This, together with a wealth of new subordinate legislation and case law, has necessitated this second edition of Nevil Phillips' valuable work, in respect ofwhich he is now ably assisted by Nicholas Craig. There have been other changes as well. My navigation through the statute may continue to be perilous but, by definition, not inadequate. With no-one to tug my gown, this book will help ensure such is not a fiction. David Steel v 22l. 222. 222A. Exemption from taxes, duties, etc. Exemption from harbour dues Disclosure of information to general lighthouse authorities xviii Supplemental 223. Interpretation etc.

The recovery of an environment polluted by petroleum and allied hydrocarbons through bioremediation is being embraced globally as the best technology of removing hydrocarbon pollutants from environment. Infrared spectral changes and gravimetric analysis from the preliminary biodegradability study carried out on Agbabu Natural Bitumen showed the vulnerability of the bitumen to some bacteria: Pseudomonas putrefaciens, Pseudomonas nigrificans, Bacillus licheniformis, Pseudomonas fragi and Achromobacter aerogenes. This study investigates the ability of P. putrefaciens, P. nigrificans, B. licheniformis, P. fragi and A. aerogenes to degrade the aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fractions of Agbabu natural bitumen. Samples of the bitumen were separately inoculated with each of the bacteria for 14 days and the hydrocarbon profiles before and after inoculation were quantified using gas chromatography technique. The total aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds (C 11 -C 29 ) in the bitumen degraded by P. putrefaciens and P. nigrificans was slightly higher than that in the undegraded bitumen, while the concentration of compounds (C 11 -C 29 ) found in samples of the bitumen degraded by B. licheniformis, P. fragi and A. aerogenes was less than what was contained in the undegraded bitumen. Also the even-odd carbon-ratios of the degraded bitumen were higher than unity while these were less than unity in the undegraded bitumen. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) profile in the bitumen degraded samples also differed from that of undegraded bitumen. A substantial reduction in the concentration of some PAHs was found in the bitumen samples following their degradation by the bacteria strains, typically from 55.98 to 30.79%, thus suggesting the possibility of using the bacteria strains for bioremediation process.

Spills of petroleum oil always create severe negative effects on the environment, such as smothering and poisoning flora and fauna. Minimizing the risk of oil spills and their negative impacts is a priority under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and especially SDG 14, concerning the conservation and sustainable use of the oceans, seas and marine resources. It is also a self-explanatory fact that in order to deal effectively with oil spill incidents, close and effective international cooperation -especially between neighbouring countries that usually "share the burden" of oil pollution-is a vital necessity. On this basis, the South Baltic Oil Spill Response (SBOIL) project aims to strengthen the existing oil spill response capacities in the South Baltic region, introducing a cross-border spill response tool based on the new "green technology" of biodegradable oil binders (BioBinders). Within the framework of that project, a Table Training Activity was conducted by the World Maritime University (WMU), along with the help of Oil Spill Response Ltd. (OSRL). The specific event was based on a realistic oil spill scenario taking place in the region under discussion and the main aim was to test the preparedness and implementation of the BioBinders as a response option to support the existing oil spill response capacities. The overall impression of the participants was that the specific exercise served well the intended purpose and that the use of BioBinders is a rather promising concept. On the other hand, there was a consensus that the use of these biodegradable wood-based oil binders on the field is for the time being associated with challenges difficult to overcome, with the quantity and time needed to deploy the required amount of binders to successfully absorb a large volume of oil standing out.

Occurrences of oil spills are responsible for very significant environmental degradation; they are more likely to happen in areas with dense shipping traffic, or in close vicinity of transport pipelines and/or other infrastructures used for production and processing purposes. Without international cooperation, individual countries often lack sufficient resources and assets to successfully respond to large-scale oil spill incidents. This can be related to the vast quantities of oil involved in those incidents or the lack of necessary special equipment for dealing with the tasks at hand by the country under the need to respond. For successful resolution of oil spill incidents, close and effective international cooperation -especially between neighboring countries that usually “share the burden” of oil pollution- is a vital necessity. On this basis, the South Baltic Oil (SBOIL) project aims to strengthen the existing oil spill response capacities in the South Baltic region, introducing...

Brazil, as a signatory state of the International Civil Aviation Organization, provides
aeronautical search and rescue services in its responsibility’s area of 22 million square
kilometers. In 2017, the Brazilian Air Force began operating the SC-105, an aircraft dedicated
to the search and rescue mission provided with electronic search systems, including Synthetic
Aperture Radar (SAR). In order to fully exploit this capability it is necessary that the images
obtained are thoroughly analyzed, as quickly as the search and rescue mission requires. This
work analyzes two reference SAR image databases, MSTAR and OpenSARShip, to propose
methodology for the creation of an SC-105 SAR images database to enable the training of
computational intelligence techniques for target detection applied to the search and rescue
mission. The proposed structure includes the storage of the images obtained and the separation
of images from specific targets for training of computational intelligence techniques. A flight
profile suggestion for the SC-105 for SAR imaging of known targets is also presented. Finally,
detection and classification tests are performed through convolutional neural networks trained
with images from the proposed database validating their use.

Motivated by work involving the automatic detection of targets in synthetic aperture radar
(SAR) images, this study proposes a methodology for creating a database containing non-
regular tracks located in an Amazon jungle environment. Existing coordinates in two
denouncement reports were used to locate the clues and define the study area. The SAR data of
the regions of interest were obtained through the Copernicus Program, comprising images
acquired by the interferometric Wide mode of the Sentinel-1 satellite in VV polarization.
Images in this mode are 10x10 m per pixel. Using the SNAP Software, the data received
radiometric calibration, multilooking and terrain correction. After locating the clues, image
clippings were exported in JPEG format containing the targets. Aiming at a larger number of
generated samples, the same process was performed for areas containing stretches of dirt roads
with similar dimensions to the runways and that would allow the landing of a small aircraft. In
order to evaluate the use of Artificial Intelligence in the automatic classification of targets of
interest, a database structured using this methodology was subjected to some supervised
learning experiments with convolutional neural networks. The InceptionV3, Painters and VGG-
19 networks were evaluated together with the Neural Network, AdaBoost, Random Forest and
SVM classifiers. The proposed task was to classify the images as being or not an airstrip in a
jungle environment. Among the evaluated classifiers, a better result was presented by AdaBoost
in fulfilling this task. The results generated by this study point to the possibility of using
Artificial Intelligence for the automatic detection of irregular landing strips located in an
Amazon jungle environment.

Management and disposing of used lubricating oil (ULO) poses deleterious effects to air, land and water pollution. These contaminants not only causes environmental problems, they also have bioaccumulation effects on living organisms, reduces the inhabitants lifespan as a result of the diseases spread, poisoning and fouling of catalyst as well as corrode processing equipment. The contaminants removal in used lubricating oil is a major step to avoid pollution as discussed thoroughly by many researchers in literature. In addition, to curbing pollution, another advantage is converting waste to wealth. This review paper presents insight into various methods for removal of contaminants in used lubricating oil. The advantages and drawbacks of each method were earmarked for further study.

Consistent fossil fuel exploration and production leads to environment deterioration. Oil spills make agricultural soil infertile and also pollute groundwater which becomes harmful to humans and other organisms. In this study, we explored ecofriendly method for biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons from crude oil contaminated agricultural soil using hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial consortium (HUBC). Soil microcosms were designed to study degradation efficiency of HUBC for petroleum hydrocarbons present in crude oil. Residual petroleum hydrocarbons were measured using gas chromatography. Bioaugmentation studies (with HUBC) showed 83.50±2.05% degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons contaminants at 60 days in crude oil contaminated agricultural soil microcosm. The hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial count in bioaugmented soil microcosm was noted to be 0.60±0.02×10 8 CFU/g at 60 days i.e. at the end of experiment, which was noted to be 4.90±0.07×10 7 CFU/g at the start of experiment. Ability of the consortium (used in the presented study) to survive in artificially contaminated agricultural soil microcosm and to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons effectively in soil microcosm conditions shows its potential to be used for bioremediation of agricultural soil and its restoration.

Incidents of marine pollution occurred once more in Indonesian waters. It took place in Balikpapan Bay on March 31, 2018 due to the fact that PT Pertamina, Co. subsea pipeline was cut off then the crude oil contamined the sea. The problem is all about who is responsible and liable in restoring those destructions?, It also the problem how to enforce the law on this case. Based on the collected data, there come up casualties, environmental pollution and the fishermen's losses. This research methode uses juridicalnormative together with the statute and conceptual approach. The purpose is to recognize how the law enforcement in environmental pollution does and who the responsible person is. The result of the research stated that the main focus of the effort has been done to overcome the emergency post-oil spill occurred in various ways, in line with Presidential Regulation No. 109/2006, including the polluter pays principle and strict liability. This is in accordance with the 1992 Civil Liability Convention and Convention on Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage 1971. Meanwhile, consistent with Law No. 32/2009, the polluters are also compulsarily required to restore the environment from damages to the marine ecosystem. Therefore, the government may apply for additional compensatory restoration.

The GIS technology is used in this study to analyze the water quality and determine the extent of pollution in Kuwait Bay using the collected data in 2014 during winter and summer months. The analysis included five water quality parameters namely ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, TOC and chlorophyll concentration. The IDW interpolation method proved to be helpful for better mapping of water quality. Seasonal variations in concentrations of all water quality parameters were observed in this study. Temperature plays an important role in such variations since the temperature of Kuwait bay reached an average value of 31.85ºC in July, while it reached an average of 14.22ºC in January. For both seasons, the bays' water is highly polluted according to KEPA standards, while summer months being more critical than winter months. The dissolved oxygen concentration in summer reached 4.0 mg/l while in winter is 6.8 mg/l. The used technique proved to be very illustrative in determining spatial distribution and mapping of water quality parameters.

In recent years, the Caspian Sea has become one of the most important strategic areas of the world. However, in spite of its economic potential, the huge exploitation of its reserves along with an increase of the presence of different industrial plants in the sea have caused many problems for its ecology and the environment. The Convention of Tehran to protect the Caspian Sea, as a symbol of regional cooperation, has been adopted by the coastal countries in order to limit the increasing trend of destruction of the sea. Littoral states of the Caspian Sea have ratified this Convention, emphasizing the importance of regional cooperation in saving the Caspian Sea and the necessity of cooperation with related international organizations. This Convention can provide a legal framework to restrict pollution to the Caspian Sea. The fact is that the trend of destruction is faster than the level of environmental cooperation. In this article, by considering the environmental threats for the Cas...

In recent years, the Caspian Sea has become one of the most important strategic areas of the world. However, in spite of its economic potential, the huge exploitation of its reserves along with an increase of the presence of different industrial plants in the sea have caused many problems for its ecology and the environment. The Convention of Tehran to protect the Caspian Sea, as a symbol of regional cooperation, has been adopted by the coastal countries in order to limit the increasing trend of destruction of the sea. Littoral states of the Caspian Sea have ratified this Convention, emphasizing the importance of regional cooperation in saving the Caspian Sea and the necessity of cooperation with related international organizations. This Convention can provide a legal framework to restrict pollution to the Caspian Sea. The fact is that the trend of destruction is faster than the level of environmental cooperation. In this article, by considering the environmental threats for the Cas...

SAR spaceborne capability to detect marine oil spills through the damping of wind generated short gravitycapillary waves has been extensively demonstrated during the past years. In contrast, it has not yet been found any suitable method which exploits VIS/NIR imagery supporting SAR observations. To this end, we propose the use of MODIS and MERIS images acquired in sunglint conditions to reveal smoothed regions such as those affected by oil pollution. The underlying physical mechanism is based on the modification of the surface slopes distribution composing the roughened sea due the action of mineral oils. The methodology is demonstrated for a case study in the Mediterranean Sea where spills were detected by ASAR imaging.

This research focuses on the mapping of spatial and temporal effects of flare on vegetation cover. The data (11 Landsat 5 TM, 49 Landsat 7 ETM+, 27 Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS, and 15Landsat 9 OLI-TIRS) dated from 10/10/1984 to 17/12/2023 with < 3 % cloud cover was used to study 11 flaring sites in the Niger Delta. Data processing and analysis were carried out using MATLAB codes. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)for Landsat 5 and 7 bands (1-4) and Landsat 8 and 9 bands (2-5) was determined from the atmospherically corrected multispectral bands.The results show that the temporal in NDVI is specific to each site, and that the effect of the flares on the vegetation cover does not majorly depend on the size of facility. Eleme I (-2.71 × 10-5-2.32 × 10-5) and II (-1.740 × 10-4-2.074 × 10-5) presented significant results for a small portion of the area. Umurolu (-1.679 × 10-5-5.868 × 10-5) and Bonny (-3.089 × 10-5-2.423 × 10-5) show significant results for a wider area which could be because of the number of flare stacks within them 4 and 5 respectively. All small and medium facilities show statistically significant results which could be attributed to the rate and volume of gas burning from them. Therefore, it can be concluded that Landsat data can be used to map the spatial and temporal impacts of flare on vegetation cover in the Niger Delta.

Contamination of soil and groundwater with mineral oil-based products is among the most common sources of pollution in Nigeria. This study evaluated the distribution of some heavy metals and hydrocarbon content in soil contaminated with waste-lubricating oil (spent oil), and the effectiveness of some abundantly available organic wastes from animal source as remediation alternative to the expensive chemical and physical methods. The main-plot treatments include control (C), cow dung (CD), poultry manure (PM) and pig waste (PW) applied at 10 Mg/ha each; while the sub-plot treatments were control (0%), 0.5%, 2.5% and 5% spent oil (SP) applied at 10, 50 and 100 Mg/ha, respectively arranged in a split-plot in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. These treatments were applied once each year for two consecutive years. Soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected at 3, 6 and 12 months each year and analyzed for Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn, while the residual total hydrocarbon content (THC) was determined at the end of the 2 years study. Results show significant (p < 0.05) accumulation of these metals with spent oil pollution following the sequence 5%SP > 2.5%SP > 0.5%SP, indicating higher metal pollution with increase in oil pollution. General distribution of Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn, relative to sampling periods, followed 3 months > 6 months > 12 months in the 1st year indicating reduction in metal levels with time. The trend for 2nd year indicated higher accumulation of Cr and Ni in 12 months, while Pb and Zn decreased with time of sampling. The results further showed higher accumulation of Cr followed by Zn, relative to other metals, with oil pollution. However, addition of organic wastes to the oil polluted soils significantly (p < 0.05) led to reduction in the levels of the metals and THC following the order PM > PW > CD.

Batam’s waters are a very busy sea lane and important for regional and international trade. High maritime activity, including the traffic of cargo ships, tankers, cruise ships, and passenger vessels, is an integral part of the economic and transportation life of the region. However, as a consequence of heavy maritime activity, the risk of ship accidents increases and is often a serious concern for those involved in the shipping industry and governments. Ship accidents can cause oil spills, dangerous chemicals, and other waste that can pollute waters, and beaches, and affect marine animal and plant life. This research uses normative research methods with qualitative analysis. This research aims to determine the application of the eco liability principle in marine pollution due to ship accidents in Batam waters. One of the concepts proposed to address the environmental impact of ship accidents is eco-liability, which is environmental responsibility.A method that focuses on comprehendi...

An efficient international system for the prevention of oil marine pollution is dependent upon the provision of effective deterrence mechanisms. Effective and adequately severe sanctions should be part of this system. Growing concerns regarding accidents causing extensive oil marine pollution have led to criticism regarding the lack of a deterrence effect for the international civil liability regime. French criminal courts in the Erika case have interpreted the international civil and criminal liability regimes in a radical, though inspiring, way. This article analyzes the approach of the French courts with regard to criminal liability for oil marine pollution, channelling of civil liability and claims for environmental damage per se. It concludes by identifying the impact of these judgments on the future of the international liability regimes for oil pollution damage, especially considering their role as mechanisms for the prevention of oil marine pollution.

Clayey soils are the most common material used for water sealing and undertake an important role in controlling landfill-related pollution. Organic liquids can adversely affect the effectiveness of clay liners by drastically increasing their hydraulic conductivity. The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the permeability in two types of clay with different plasticity, exposed to the flow of kerosene and diesel as non-polar immiscible liquids and ethanol as a miscible liquid with an intermediate dielectric constant. The effects of plasticity and water content for a given compactive effort are also investigated. Two different clayey soils with different plasticity were provided and their physical properties determined. Next, modified constant-head permeability tests were conducted on the samples. Results show that the lower dielectric constant of the organic fluids, leads to an increase in hydraulic conductivity. Research has shown that organic fluids shrink the diffuse double layer due to their lower dielectric constant and reduce its thickness. Shrinkage of the double layer leads to higher permeability and lower plasticity in the soil. As a result, the void space for the passage of the fluid increases. With the decrease the dielectric constant from 80.1 to 1.8, permeability is increased up to 1800 times. On the other hand, results show that for a clay with a higher liquid limit and plastic limit, permeability for all the liquids investigated in the research is lower.

Spill sites, the proximity of workshops and flow stations to various ecosystems, coupled with the improper handling and disposal of waste oil, has led to the inadvertent release of petroleum hydrocarbons into the surrounding soil. This contamination poses a significant environmental challenge as it has the potential to disrupt soil fertility dynamics, including nutrient availability, microbial activity, and overall ecosystem health. The aim of this work is to ascertain the effect of petroleum level (waste oil) on soil fertility using Ajeokpori Ogale Eleme as a case study. Two sites, Location A (LC-A) and Location B (LC-B) were assessed by collecting soil samples from different points at depths of 0.15m and 0.30m respectively and analyzed for Ammonium, Nitrate, Sulphate, and Soil Carbonate. However, experimental results shows varying values of each parameter as compared to the control sample taken 100m away from spill site. Highest TPH values for site LC-A (6232 mg/kg) and LC-B (6648 mg/kg) clearly overshoots the EGASPIN standards. Nitrate and Ammonium levels were significantly lower at all contaminated points compared to the control, indicating a consistent disruption of nitrogen cycling. Consequently, LC-A displayed elevated iron levels, indicative of potential anaerobic conditions caused by pollution, while LC-B exhibited varying manganese levels and site-specific fluctuations in potassium and calcium. This implies that the soil health has been tampered with as a result of the oil spill and remediation must be done to restore the soil to its origin state.

Batam’s waters are a very busy sea lane and important for regional and international trade. High maritime activity, including the traffic of cargo ships, tankers, cruise ships, and passenger vessels, is an integral part of the economic and transportation life of the region. However, as a consequence of heavy maritime activity, the risk of ship accidents increases and is often a serious concern for those involved in the shipping industry and governments. Ship accidents can cause oil spills, dangerous chemicals, and other waste that can pollute waters, and beaches, and affect marine animal and plant life. This research uses normative research methods with qualitative analysis. This research aims to determine the application of the eco liability principle in marine pollution due to ship accidents in Batam waters. One of the concepts proposed to address the environmental impact of ship accidents is eco-liability, which is environmental responsibility.A method that focuses on comprehendi...

Much remains to be done to fully understand the impacts of the Gulf War and assess environmental recovery. The potential for future research is vast. Priority should be given to the complete and thorough dissemination of studies. The first aspect of influence is the nature and timing of the research under consideration. Other factors that may influence weathering characteristics include the presence of dispersants, salinity, wind, energy regime in the water, and oil species. Oil weathering processes can be divided into two main groups: physical methods and chemical processes. Recent analysis has indicated that shipping levels in the region did not significantly decline during the Gulf War.