Oil Concessions

The first Gulf war 1990-1991 and the second Gulf war 2003 was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the USA on the 2 nd August, 1990 to 28 th February, 1991. It was triggered by Iraq invasion of Kuwait on the 2 nd August, 1990. The Gulf War, also known as the Persian Gulf War or Operation Desert Storm, began as a result of Saddam Hussein's invasion and subsequent occupation of Kuwait, which he claimed to be formerly part of Iraqi territory. Some Arabs State like Saudi Arabia and Egypt called on the USA and other Western powers to intervene. Saddam Hussein plays into their conspiracy by refusing the United Nations Security Council demands to withdraw from Kuwait. By mid-January 1991, Operation Desert Storm began with a massive USA-led air offensive. After 42 days of relentless attacks, USA President George H.W. Bush declared a ceasefire on the 28 th February 1991; by that time, most Iraqi forces in Kuwait had either surrendered or fled. By 2003, the United States and Britain concocted lies accusing Saddam Hussein of developing weapons of mass destruction despite the insistence of the UN inspectors clearing the Iraqi regime of such crime. The pack of lies was justified to invade the Ba'ath regime of Iraq. The fall of Saddam Hussein pave way for other Islamic fundamentalist like the al-Qaida and Islamic state which altered the Iraqi's nation stability. The globalist powers aim was in two dimension one; protection of Israel state; political domination and economic flow of trade in the entire fertile land. Hence, under the guise of fighting terrorism American policy continued to struggle with other Islamic resistance groups not just in Iraq but in Syria as well. This paper aims to discuss the origin and the consequences of the Gulf War and how the so-called police of the world, as represented by the USA, usually exhibit double standards in pursuing its interests in the Middle-East politics and how other opposition powers are working to oppose US policy in the Arab world.

We strongly Condemn military invasion of Alahwaz by Persian-Iranian anti-Arab, antinon-Persian nations forces of British-based Pahlavi regime in April 20, 1925, and harsh extension of occupational and genocidal policies constructed by chauvinistic Pahlavi regime and promoted by the present Persian-Iranian theocratic regime of Iran in the last 100 years of occupation (1925-2025).

Outsiders have heard little about women's participation in the horrific Iraq-Iran War of 1980 to 1988. We thank Professor Farzaneh for his in-depth study and the Iranian women who defended their country. Some published memoirs and/or talked with Mateo about how Iranian women served and suffered during and after the war. Mateo's two aims are to present as completely as possible a picture of women's involvement and to assess the effect of women's participation for their postwar situations. Women's contributions have been overlooked in official presentations and in postwar benefits. Chapter 1, 'Neighborly Scorn' , provides historical background to Saddam Hossein's 22 September 1980 ground and fighter jet attack on Iran. Twelve airports were bombed, including Tehran's Mehrabad International. Most of the Iran-Iraq border became one huge war zone. Chapter 2, 'Iranian Women, 1925-1980' , provides examples of women's efforts, emphasising that originally it was the women of Khorramshahr and Abadan, under siege, who showed their patriotism, later joined by women's efforts throughout Iran. Most of the chapter is devoted to a review of Persian/ Iranian women's earlier struggles to emerge into sociopolitical affairs. Chapter 3, 'Women of Khorramshahr and Abadan' , explains how women and men fought off the 'air, land, and water invasion' from 22 September until 26 October 1980 when the Iraqis captured Khorramshahr. Women worked as reporters, nurses, first responders, tended to bodies of those killed by the bombings, cooked, encouraged, guarded the mosque, made Molotov cocktails, guarded guns and ammunition, and apprehended Fifth Column members. Women were killed and injured. When the city fell, some were raped and/or captured by Iraqis. Women gain more realisation of their own capacities. They often used Shi'ite perspectives to view their situations. We learn the personal These reports are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license as part of Berghahn Open Anthro, a subscribe-to open model for APC-free open access made possible by the journal's subscribers.

OF THE DISSERTATION .........................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................................................................iv DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER 1: EDUCATION AND WORK ON THE GLOBAL PETROLEUM FRONTIER ..............1 AIOC, ARAMCO AND THE GLOBAL PETROLEUM FRONTIER ...........................................................................1 CORPORATE MEMORIALISTS AND THE DISAPPEARANCE OF CONFLICT ..........................................................6 BRITISH PETROLEUM HISTORIES AND THE PROBLEM OF IRANIAN NATIONALISM........................................14 TOWARDS A POST-EXCEPTIONIST HISTORY OF SAUDI NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT......................................18 CHAPTER 2: AIOC AND PERSI...

The explicit and thoughtful consideration of AIPAC (American Israel Public Affairs Committee) is proposed as a main topic of the current study. Moreover, logical and partially critical elucidation of this matter is presented as a crucial task of this paper. In addition, this article presents a detailed description of the political climate formation as well as the creation and establishment of Israel reign in the United States of America. A coherent approach to the AIPAC's agenda review is a pivotal point of this work that aims to provide a basic understanding of lobby as a complex and, to some extent, a compound phenomenon. The consideration of AIPAC is presented in terms of socio-political importance. Thus, AIPAC is depicted as a major factor in the process of regulation of the tensed relation in the Middle East. The efforts of the organization are illustrated through a lens of the immeasurable influence on the American community. The survival of the Jewish community in the Middle East is described through a clarification of the action of AIPAC. The significance of the Committee is underlined to prove that AIPAC prevents the devastation of the democratic land that might be a result of the victory of the authoritarian reality that prevails in the Middle East.

Persia has got an ancient, very rich history and civilisation. This has resulted into widespread relations between Persians and other nations along history. As a result, besides the Persian language which has been used to communicate by different people settled in this territory, befitting a time and era, a variety of foreign languages have become popular. By the means of historical research, this article aims to discuss foreign languages in Persia and their changes in different eras, from the past to the present. Having considered historical documents and existing knowledge, it has been realised that the number of languages that used to be spoken during the Persian history as well as their diversity is very impressive.

"The Persian Empire stretched (from the Indus River (now Pakistan)
down to the Danube River in Europe and up to the Nile River in Africa, the Central Asia, present day Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Azirbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Palestine, Lebanon, Egypt, Libya, Macedonia,
Cyprus, Lydia and up to the borders of Greece."
This evidence-based paper by Prof. Tajar discusses the different eras where the Persian empire and and civilization have been influential worldwide.

"Cyrus the Great conquered Babylonia, Assyria, Media and India; His son Cambodia (any influence on the Cambodian People?) added Egypt later, and for the first and the last time in history, all the governments of the known world were ruled under one color!"
This paper by Prof. Tajar provides a deep insight into the different impacts Persia has had throughout the history.

GREAT BRITAIN iii. British influence in Persia in the 19th century GREAT BRITAIN iii. BRITISH INFLUENCE IN PERSIA IN THE 19TH CENTURY British imperial interests in Persia in the Qajar period were primarily determined by the concern for the security of colonial India and, secondarily, by trade, telegraphic communication, and financial or other concessionary agreements.

A KEY PROPERTY of petroleum or, better said, what Andreas Malm (2016) calls fossil capital, rests in its ability to hide in plain sight. In truth, it is too much to see, too hard to fix our eyes on a single form and say, “This is oil.” These perplexing optics mean that the ways in which oil becomes visible on a large scale indicates quite a bit about its materiality and the social contexts that make it legible. Here we will attend to how fossil capital becomes visible in the form of religious extremism, which has come to serve as an index for copious amounts of oil—just think about what comes to mind with the image of a Saudi sheik, an Iranian mullah, or a Texas preacher. However, drawing the link between extremism and oil too directly or causally simply grants fossil capital another convenient hiding place because, at the same time that zealotry indexes oil, it places it at a remove as a difficult-to-grasp, even exotic, phenomenon. When oil becomes apparent as religious extremism, perennial operations of accumulation and exploitation remain largely invisible. Because—in contrast to religious commitments cast as excessive and irrational—the alienation of residents from the market-valued flows beneath their feet, the highly mechanized overturning of the earth, and the assault on natural and social systems alike appear reasonable.

A study of US foreign policy during the Cold War to cultivate special relationships with the states of  Iran, Israel, and Saudi Arabia in the Middle East to facilitate regional stability, foment its access to oil for a consumer-driven economy, and forge a bulwark against communism and Soviet expansionism. These key states also have the historic distinction in Britain’s own strategic defense in the region. Dualistically, the US had hoped that these relationships would provide a solution to the rising tide of nationalism and anti-American sentiment.Thus, the US reproduced Britain’s own Middle East foreign policy with key Third World states to stem the advance of Soviet’s interest in the region and usurp the abiding influence of a declining empire.

"“Persia” (like the Persepolis) is a Greek name for the ancient Iran. It is derived from “Pars” (or
Parsa; or Parseh), now a province of that country"
This paper by Prof. Tajar is an enumerative reference-based compilation on the various qualities Persia has contributed worldwide.

I argue that plans for distinct British (from Kirkuk to Haifa) and French (Kirkuk to Tripoli) oil pipelines motivated the territorial divisions of the Sykes-Picot Accord and the ultimate placement of nation-state boundaries. The fact that Sir Mark Sykes’ personal map places both the assumed location of Iraqi wells and the land surrounding the Haifa Bay under direct British control and that T.E. Lawrence’s more utopian vision of independent Arab states does the same indicates, in visual terms, the wartime aspirations for the oil pipelines, which reached completion in 1935.  Even Lawrence, England’s foremost proponent of Arab autonomy, knew of preexisting limitations set by oil concessions.  Although the holders of concessions changed as a result of the war, the basic structure maintained – the potential mineral stores and everything else
underground belonged to private corporations.  This involved a preordained disenfranchisement of citizens, as well as a scenario in which colonial governments protected assets not quite their own.  Such disenfranchisement from mineral wealth meant that, from the start, state governments were alienated from the resources of value.  As much as they may have objected to the scenario, the governments adapted to the situation by forming a fierce attachment to national territory defined as it was by arbitrary colonial borders.  In truth, other options were not available if they wanted international support. The virulent attachment to territory diagnosed as native to Middle Eastern nationalisms should thus be understood as a byproduct of oil concessions.  Sovereignty – even after independence – was always restricted by concessions to exclude aquifers, oil, and minerals.

Iran and Russia have had unstable relations for a long time, this paper will show the relationship and how they dealt with each other in different conflicts, from nuclear issue, to Russia and Iran anti-western ideology, the New Alliance in Eurasia, the Caspian Sea Region, Russia and Iran in the Middle East, Russia in Syria, Iran in Syria, and the war on terrorism. It will also provide some policies that could help decision making regarding their relation.

“Persia” (like the Persepolis) is a Greek name for the ancient Iran. It is derived from “Pars” (or
Parsa; or Parseh), now a province of that country. Meanwhile, the name Iran (=Land of the Aryans
”the Nobles”) comes from the Aryan people, (or Caucasians and Khazars) who first moved from the
Central Asia, and the Caspian sea region and settled in this land, some 30,000 years ago.
This paper by Prof.Tajar, discusses the origin of Persia and its worldwide role throughout the history.

This paper from Prof. Tajar is the detailed description of Persian civilization  and its influence in worldwide scale. Here is the introduction:
"Persia" (like the Persepolis) is a Greek name for the ancient Iran. It is derived from “Pars” (or
Parsa; or Parseh), now a province of that country. Meanwhile, the name Iran (=Land of the Aryans
”the Nobles”) comes from the Aryan people, (or Caucasians and Khazars) who first moved from the
Central Asia, and the Caspian sea region and settled in this land, some 30,000 years ago. And here are  some of the most significant contributions of the people of Persia or Iran, to the world civilization:

“Persia” (like the Persepolis) is a Greek name for the ancient Iran. It is derived from “Pars” (or Parsa; or Parseh), now a province of that country. Meanwhile, the name Iran (=Land of the Aryans ”the Nobles”) comes from the Aryan people, (or Caucasians and Khazars) who first moved from the Central Asia, and the Caspian sea region and settled in this land, some 30,000 years ago. And here are some of the most significant contributions of the people of Persia or Iran, to the world civilization:

The first great human civilization - - The Persian Civilization (of Jiroft and Eilam” High Land”); It was ahead of Egypt by 500 years, of India, by 1,000 years, of China, by 2,000 years, of Greece by 3,000 years, and of Rome, by 4,000 years! According to Professor Arthur A. Pope, the  famous Orientalist (A.H. Saidian, “Iran: Land and the People,” Tehran 2001 P. 358)
Professor Pope also believes that the world owes its greatest industrial developments, in the early stages, to the Persian Civilization! (Ibid).

In a paper written for the Cultural and Anthropological Field Study course, I wrote a paper regarding the current situation in Iraq and how the Iraqi culture has played a role in the insecurity within the country.  With this I identified how corruption, natural resource management, and internal ethno sectarian conflict has played a role in the violence within the Middle East, particularly Iraq.  What were not discussed in the aforementioned paper titled Iraq: Overcoming Cultural Obstacles to Defeat Da’ish (ISIS) were the leadership failures of both the Iraqi government and Western powers (both past and present).  Within this analysis particular emphasis will be placed on determining the impact of the Western power, especially those of France and Great Britain in relation to the Sykes Picot agreement.

A comparison between the Russian expeditions of Afghanistan and Syria in 1979 and 2015. The essay describes the Russian allies and enemies in each case, and explains why the situation in Syria is much easier than the one the Soviets were facing in 1979 in Afghanistan.

A complaint raised recently by energy industry insiders in Egypt concerns the way bidding rounds take place for new concessions; namely that the bidders are required to buy the preliminary data packages needed for oil and gas exploration upon bidding for a concession. According to officials in EGPC, the government allows foreign firms to review data for 10% of its value with the option to purchase the remaining 90% if they deem the quality of the data sufficient. The practice is meant to give firms the opportunity to review data before making the huge investment of the purchase.

In this lyrical book—a love letter to Iran, part history, part memoir,  author and journalist, Kamin Mohammadi’s lucid, sparkling prose warms every page with passion and purpose to make this an unforgettable time to  her country. Mohammadi, born in 1970, grew up in London  when a longing for roots made her journey back . She reflects upon —what happened to Iran, how did lose its fragrance and  colour to become this chador-obsessed society,  cruelly crushing its women and with them every feminine impulse.

The mountains of North-eastern Iran have a story to tell. Standing since antiquity, and crowning Khorasan -the land where the Sun rises -these kuhistan 1 have been the refuge of the oppressed, the exile of the displaced and the frontier of the clash of great empires. It is to these mountains and their people that the province of Khorasan owes its diversity and wealth of cultural heritage. There areamong many -two historical events to consider which have been instrumental in defining the character of this land. The Arab conquest in the late 7 th Century resulted in many Zoroastrians fleeing to the mountains, and subsequently to India. Almost one thousand years later, the forced resettlement of entire populations -mainly Kurds -to this same region in what can only be described as equal parts punitive measure and brilliant military strategy on the part of Shah Abbas I.

Review

"A well-organized primer....offering some refreshing takes on past events....An excellent volume for Iraq-bound civilians and soldiers seeking to bone up, and for the general reader trying to get a mental toehold in the region."--Publishers Weekly"This is a provocative, readable and realistic examination of a country that never worked. Anderson and Stansfield provide an insightful history focused on the core dilemma of Iraq--no one wanted to be an Iraqi, preferring ethnic, sectarian, or tribal identities--and focus on exactly the right prescription for the future: voluntary union or partition. Far from transforming the Middle East, a democratic Iraq could well splinter into its Arab and Kurdish components. The Future of Iraq explains why this is far from the worst outcome. This book should reshape the debate about what to do in Iraq."--Peter W. Galbraith, Former Ambassador"This is the book that President Bush and Prime Minister Blair--and everyone else vitally interested in the future of Iraq--should read. Anderson and Stansfield’s cogent account of Iraq's bloody history, its failure to create national identity or unity, and the erosion of its governmental institutions under Saddam, supports their skepticism that a democratic, unified Iraq will somehow emerge from the ashes. Given animosities among Kurds and Arabs, Shi’a and Sunnis, and a Hobbesian world of revived tribalism, the authors offer the sobering suggestion that a unified Iraq may be untenable and that the country might better be partitioned. This provocative perspective will surely generate a much needed debate."--Robert Springborg, MBI al Jaber Professor of Middle East Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London"Moving at a cracking pace, with some trenchant indictments of scheming imperialists and a chilling analysis of Saddam's Baathist order, this account lays bare the faultlines that now threaten Iraq with disintegration. No one who played a role in the evolution of this fractured polity escapes unscathed, except possibly the beleagured Kurds and disaffected Shia. Anderson and Stansfield offer an important perspective on how we reached this point, and a thoughtful set of possible alternatives of the country's future."--Dr. Rosemary Hollis, Head of Middle East Programme, Royal Institute of International Affairs (London)