Northern dimension

Cultural and creative tourism development in cross-border regions is of growing interest within the EU as a method through which to regenerate or develop remote and rural areas. With this in mind, this report outlines the findings from eight exemplar cases from across Europe. The exemplar cases, which cover a variety of EU contexts (involved countries in brackets), are as follows:
• Hamangia (Robg–407) Restoration of unique common cultural heritage and promotion of joint tourism product "Hamangia - First Civilisation of Old Europe” (Bulgaria, Romania)
• De Groote Heide (Belgium, Netherlands)
• The Limes: Roman Heritage as Cultural Route (Belgium, Germany, Netherlands)
• Living Castles (Croatia, Slovenia)
• Share Project (Croatia, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom)
• Tourism Cross-Border (Tour-Bo) (Denmark, Germany)
• Bothnian Arc: Marine- and Northern-Based Tourism Development in Bothnian Bay (Finland, Sweden)
• Our Stories (Finland, Sweden)
These cases are illustrative of best practice while also highlighting specific challenges that can be faced during project implementation processes across communities, local economies, and policy environments in cross border areas. Data for the cases was compiled from both secondary and primary data sources, with a special focus on management and governance as well as the legacies of these projects, both among the project partners as well as at the wider cross-border regional level. Within this report, each case is individually presented with a final brief conclusion highlighting commonly identified difficulties and strengths from across all eight projects.

The focus of the PLIP project has been on local development policy supporting innovation processes in peripheral localities. The core phases of the project were a comparison of Nordic innovation policies from the point of view of small towns and rural areas, an analysis of good practices, a transferability analysis and the transfer of good practices, and the drawing of conclusions. Good practices were defined as locally anchored, consisting of something extraordinary, an achievement which was expected to have a potential for telling others something, giving them new ideas which they might use in practice. These good practices in innovation policies were looked for, analysed, compared and finally transferred to other regions. They were grouped according to their functions in: competence building, entrepreneurship and product innovation, and networking and co-ordination. The transferability analysis took place through workshops in the case study areas. The workshops showed that the local and regional actors were willing and able to relate to what was going on in other Nordic countries. We seem to have generated a need to know more, to see good practices in other countries and to make the learning process more efficient. One output from the workshops was a set of specific suggestions for policy initiatives to support the elements of the good practices recognised in the receiving areas. Our recommendation is to set up good practice networks consisting of receiving partners who aspire to learn to do a given good practice combined with networks of those who are already doing so and researchers capable of codifying the good practice, and organizing its transfer.

The focus of the PLIP project has been on local development policy supporting innovation processes in peripheral localities. The core phases of the project were a comparison of Nordic innovation policies from the point of view of small towns and rural areas, an analysis of good practices, a transferability analysis and the transfer of good practices, and the drawing of conclusions. Good practices were defined as locally anchored, consisting of something extraordinary, an achievement which was expected to have a potential for telling others something, giving them new ideas which they might use in practice. These good practices in innovation policies were looked for, analysed, compared and finally transferred to other regions. They were grouped according to their functions in: competence building, entrepreneurship and product innovation, and networking and co-ordination. The transferability analysis took place through workshops in the case study areas. The workshops showed that the local and regional actors were willing and able to relate to what was going on in other Nordic countries. We seem to have generated a need to know more, to see good practices in other countries and to make the learning process more efficient. One output from the workshops was a set of specific suggestions for policy initiatives to support the elements of the good practices recognised in the receiving areas. Our recommendation is to set up good practice networks consisting of receiving partners who aspire to learn to do a given good practice combined with networks of those who are already doing so and researchers capable of codifying the good practice, and organizing its transfer.

This article examines the voting patterns of Nordic countries and the Netherlands in the UNGA, highlighting their longstanding alignment. Notably, Norway and Iceland are not part of the 1 This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior -Brasil (CAPES) -Finance Code 001.

Considering the interpretation of Article 50 TEU provided in the aftermath of Brexit, this article delves into the steps required as a matter of domestic constitutional law before the procedure of withdrawing from the European Union can commence. It examines the question of whether the Member States could trigger the exit process by a simple majority decision through ordinary law or whether it is necessary to go through constitutional reform. This research assumes that countries equipped with European membership clauses can proceed to notify their intention to withdraw only after repealing such clauses through a constitutional amendment. The Italian example is analysed in depth to provide concrete evidence.

Events in the vicinity of the European Union are constantly challenging the EU's foreign policy, but complex internal governance processes have been hampering the EU from responding coherently. This analysis of the Northern Dimension Initiative considers whether the EU is compensating for this dilemma by adopting an innovative network governance strategy to integrate those external actors in the European North who can bring complementary resources to the policy-making processes. The formulation and execution of EU foreign policy may thus be alleviated, and the lack of internal problem-solving capacity does not automatically lead to failure in foreign policy-making.

Some scholars have argued that the only way to resolve the Euro crisis would be to further pursue the path of deepening the integration process by institutionalising a European welfare state. In this paper we question whether a Europeanised welfare system would be supported by European citizens. We argue that the legitimacy of a harmonisation of national welfare regimes is established if two conditions are met: Firstly, if a majority of citizens support a Europeanised social policy, and secondly, if potential cleavages which structure attitudes towards European social policy are relatively weak. Using data from a survey conducted in Germany, Poland, and Spain, descriptive findings show that a majority supports the idea of Europeanisation of social policy. Further, multivariate analysis prompts the conclusion that the chances of the emergence of social cleavages are relatively small. This brings us to an optimistic conclusion: We suppose that the potential for political mobilisation ...

Санкт-Петербург, являющийся одним из крупнейших городов России, активно развивает и поддерживает международное сотрудничество на различных уровнях. Город стремится укреплять связи с разными странами, развивать культурные и научные обмены, привлекать иностранные инвестиции, а также создавать новые возможности для развития бизнеса. Эти усилия способствуют разностороннему развитию города и создают благоприятные условия для сотрудничества со всем миром. St. Petersburg, being one of the largest cities in Russia, actively develops and supports international cooperation at various levels. The city strives to strengthen ties with different countries, develop cultural and scientific exchanges, attract foreign investment, and create new opportunities for business development. These efforts contribute to the diversified development of the city and create favorable conditions for cooperation with the whole world.

All EU Member States strive to use EU leverage in order to have their national and/or regional interests implemented in the international arena, but it is particularly important to small Member States, which observe the potential to increase their power internationally. Th e Northern Dimension Initiative (NDI) is a rather illustrative example of how small states can successfully utilise their coalition potential for pursuing a policy that they consider part of their key national interest. Th is paper discusses the process of the formation of the policy with special attention paid to the notable role that Finland, supported by the other Nordic countries, played in its institutionalisation and revitalisation in 2006. It concludes with a discussion of sub-regional cooperation as a means of increasing small state infl uence in an enlarged European Union arguing that Central European countries have a good potential for forming sub-regional cooperation in the future if several requirements are met.

Интернационализация высшего образования в условиях глобализации Представлена точка зрения на интернационализацию как объективный, так и целенаправленный процесс в глобализирующемся мире. Цель статьипроанализировать интернационализацию в условиях глобализации на основе подходов отечественных и зарубежных исследователей. Исследование базируется на основе общенаучных методов, принципе дополнительности подходов отечественных и зарубежных исследователей. Авторы выявили, что в отличие от глобализации, интернационализация придает высшему образованию характер управляемости глобализационными процессами; предполагает построение взаимоотношений между странами, людьми, культурами, институтами и системами, способствует открытости национальных систем высшего образования друг другу, ценностной и институциональной гармонизации, взаимной адаптации, а не смешиванию, унификации и стиранию различий. Авторы пришли к выводу, что интернационализация объективно становится ведущей тенденцией высшего образования во всем мире в условиях глобализации. Для успешной интернационализации необходима выработка собственной национальной стратегии высшего образования.

Summary Fake news is relevant in most countries of the world; nowadays the disinformation and fake news are of great importance as they greatly affect different political and social aspects of public life including healthcare, elections, migration, economy, etc. People are free to express themselves in different forms on the Internet, including publishing any content due to the freedom of expression. In order to understand how to legally frame fake news, it should first be clearly defined. The problem of disinformation and fake news is closely connected to the fact that providing a new law on fake news is likely to not just overlap but even often to conflict with the legislations that guarantee freedom of expression as fundamental freedom in the European Union. After considering existing laws, comparing, and analyzing measures taken to combat fake news, it appears that legislation may lead to over-censoring, violating freedom of expression. For effective fighting with fake news and ...

Fake news is relevant in most countries of the world; nowadays the disinformation and fake news are of great importance as they greatly affect different political and social aspects of public life including healthcare, elections, migration, economy, etc. People are free to express themselves in different forms on the Internet, including publishing any content due to the freedom of expression. In order to understand how to legally frame fake news, it should first be clearly defined. The problem of disinformation and fake news is closely connected to the fact that providing a new law on fake news is likely to not just overlap but even often to conflict with the legislations that guarantee freedom of expression as fundamental freedom in the European Union. After considering existing laws, comparing, and analyzing measures taken to combat fake news, it appears that legislation may lead to over-censoring, violating freedom of expression. For effective fighting with fake news and its negative impact on the EU public, regulation on fake news is not necessary, it brings more legal issues than benefits to combating the dissemination of disinformation. Clearly defining the borderline between fake news and lies in the context of freedom of expression can therefore be more useful, taking a balancing approach. The general public is in many cases lacking media literacy and it can be improved by strengthening the role of media, which should be more consistent and be aimed at educating modern society.

Аннотация. Арктика как территория стратегического присутствия находится в поле пристального внимания множества игроков мировой геополитической и экономической арены. Развитие туризма там в последние 15 лет обусловлено не только влиянием деловых, промышленных, социальных и культурных факторов, но и растущим желанием потребителей получить нестандартный опыт поездок в северные туристские регионы. Оно также требует двустороннего сотрудничества на межведомственном и межправительственном уровнях, совместных программ развития туризма в рамках международных организаций. В условиях ограничения международных и внутренних поездок в последние два года мировой туристский рынок вошёл в кризисное состояние, что отразилось на динамике поездок на арктическом направлении. Автор инвентаризует действующие двусторонние и межправительственные соглашения о сотрудничестве в сфере туризма между Россией и странами Северной Европы, программу и план председательства России в Арктическом совете 2021-2023 гг. Совместное развитие туризма-благодатное поле для налаживания и укрепления дипломатических и межведомственных контактов со странами региона.

This article examines the voting patterns of Nordic countries and the Netherlands in the UNGA, highlighting their longstanding alignment. Notably, Norway and Iceland are not part of the European Union, which has been enhancing its foreign policy coherence since 1993. The
central focus is to investigate if this integration has led to a divergence between EU member states and non-members. By calculating the voting cohesion rate among these countries in the UNGA from 1993 to 2021, the article found no significant variation in the cohesion rate, suggesting that European integration has not ended their historic alignment.

This report describes the economical and institutional aspects and processes of the policy on Northern Dimension. By studying these issues the papers presented in workshop enlightened many problems which are faced up to in the policy implication of Northern Dimension. The current meaning of the term is related to promoting the economic stability of the Northern Europe. The economic problems stem from structural barriers effecting the development of economic sectors and markets in the Northwest Russia, the Baltic and Poland. Because of such problems the integration of these countries with the rest of Europe is difficult. It is crucial question increasing investments in infrastructure (transportation, energy, telecommunication, etc.) for promoting economic growth in the future.

Licenced under CC licence: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Indexed in HeinOnline Law Journal Library Indexed in Directory of Open Access Journals vii FOREWORD In front of you is the fourth volume of RLR collection of papers, this time with a record number of authors from eleven countries in Europe and all over the world. We are doing our best that our efforts become traditional. This is one more chance to read about legal topics from the region and beyond. This year we have a new partner, the Faculty of Law of the University of Ljubljana in Slovenia. As in the previous years, we tried to encompass most of neighbouring countries from the region. Additionally, we have extended our reach this year to include South Africa, Bangladesh, and Mexico. This expansion was in response to the eagerness of our non-European colleagues to be involved in our venture. Since the previous conference, RLR collection of papers has been indexed in DOAJ, a widely recognized platform among scientific researchers in our region. Inclusion in DOAJ demonstrates our commitment to the best practices in open access publishing. In the coming years, we hope to include the collection of papers in several other research databases. For the second year, we are partnering with HeinOnline Law Journal Library. As every year, I would like to express my gratitude to the whole organizing crew for making yet another issue of the collection of papers possible, at the highest standards of editing and publishing. Besides the authors, my gratitude goes to our reviewers, all thirty-five of them, who did exceptional work during the summer months, which is always particularly challenging time of the year to perform tasks of this kind. Starting from the next year's edition, we will try to focus thematically on several important topics in the current law and practice. Despite many challenges in further development, I hope you will remain loyal contributors and readers in the years to come, all having in mind the joint aim of further improving the quality and visibility of our work.

As climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time, the legal and economic issues of global environmental security deserve high praise. In the area of industrial competitiveness, where the negative effects of global climate change include floods and droughts, forest fires, and rising sea levels, climate change is highly problematic. Climate impacts affect public and private agricultural infrastructure (including the coastal zone), resulting in lost productivity and increased costs for agriculture. The article applies climate change on a global scale in the form of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to determine how the mixtures and emissions of any one entity affect other areas (e.g., individual, community, company or country emissions). Exploring the theoretical and practical premises of climate change as a complex phenomenon, the novelty of this article is that it examines the current framework of the environmental-legal concept, not just the political implications of the legal framework. The research aim of the article lies in two dimensions: the European Union's current climate change policy framework (the climate and energy package, a set of climate change strategies and related policies targeting EU candidate countries); recent environmental operations in Ukraine as an EU candidate country under extraordinary conditions. This article examines recent changes in climate legislation and climate policy in EU member and candidate countries, as well as other highly developed countries, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and China. Focusing on the impact of the EU Climate and Energy Package (2020 and 2030), this article examines the main implications of EU climate legislation regulating the EU Emissions Trading Scheme and promoting the role of renewable energy in global energy consumption and energy efficiency in general. As a result of this study, this analysis offers multifaceted conclusions based on the interaction of a number of current administrative acts on climate change and environmental policy on a global scale.

In this paper we highlight the importance of culture, cultural heritage and creative industries (CCI) in current European policies in relation to a number of societal challenges, and how the CCI are called to innovatively respond to such challenges. We distinguish four main societal challenges to which the CCI can strategically respond and significantly unlock the potential for innovation and smart growth in the EU. These societal challenges are addressed by four main pillars of the CCI, namely: (1) Europeans’ creativity, cultural diversity and values; (2) European identity and cohesion; (3) European employment, economic resilience and smart growth; and (4) Europe’s external relations. We address each societal challenge from the CCI perspective, indicating how the CCI can provide innovative responses to such challenges and enable strategic crossovers through networking and collaboration, but also referring to some criticalities. We further discuss how this CCI capacity needs public ...

Previous studies show that micro and small enterprises in creative and cultural industries (CCIs) tend to be influenced by physical co-location – the agglomeration. A high level of agglomeration is, however, in many senses the opposite to digitalisation: there is a contrast between operating an enterprise based on face-to-face contacts and physical attendance and operating one based on digital contacts and a digitally managed value chain. Existing studies indicate two gaps in the research of the digitisation of CCI experiencing crucial changes in digitisation and especially during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic2 . First, there is a lack of knowledge regarding how the two macro-trends of agglomeration and digitalisation in CCIs are related to each other, for example leaving it open whether agglomeration offers support in digitalising enterprises. Second, there is a lack of knowledge regarding how digitalisation and especially digitalisation in the context of the recent COVID-19 pandem...

One of the most significant events in the Russian system of higher education was the withdrawal from the Bologna Process, which raises the question of its way forward. The purpose of the article: To comprehend the dilemma "Soviet traditions-Bologna innovations" that has become relevant in connection with the exclusion of Russia from the Bologna Process. This dilemma is considered through the prism of the interrelated dichotomies identified by the authors (and constituting the scientific novelty of the article): Between the "deductive" (from the general to the particular, from theory to practice) logic of learning inherent in the German (Humboldtian) model (which became the basis of the Russian pre-revolutionary and Soviet education systems) and "inductive" (from the particular to the general, from practice to theory) logic of learning adopted in the Anglo-Saxon model of higher education (which became the basis of the Bologna process); between mono- and multi-level systems of higher education; between tradition and innovation; between the perception of education as a socially significant weal and as a service. In the course of the analysis, we come to the understanding that there is no such a model of education that could claim the status of a universal one. This understanding allows the authors to develop some recommendations: To provide universities with the opportunity to use the model that best suits them: the Soviet (or its fundamental principle – Humboldtian) model – for science-oriented universities, the Bologna model – for practice-oriented universities, or to let them adopt a hybrid model that combines the advantages of both models; to distribute responsibility for the quality of training between students, universities and employers; to institutionalize lifelong education (in the context of which higher education appears to be an important, but not the final stage of education). / Одним из наиболее значительных событий в российской системе высшего
образования стал выход из Болонского процесса, что вызывает вопрос о ее дальнейшем пути развития. Цель статьи: осмыслить ставшую актуальной в связи с исключением России из Болонского процесса дилемму «советские традиции – болонские инновации». Данная дилемма рассматривается через призму выявленных авторами (что составляет научную новизну статьи) взаимосвязанных дихотомий: между «дедуктивной логикой» обучения (от общего к частному, от теории к практике), присущей германской (гумбольдтовской) модели (ставшей основой российской дореволюционной и советской систем образования) и «индуктивной логикой» обучения (от частного к общему, от практики к теории), принятой в англосаксонской модели высшего образования (ставшей основой Болонского процесса); между моно- и полиуровневыми системами высшего образования; между традиционностью и инновационностью; между восприятием
образования как социально значимого блага и как услуги. В ходе анализа вызревает понимание, что не существует такой модели образования, которая могла бы претендовать на статус универсальной. Это понимание позволяет авторам выработать некоторые рекомендации: предоставить возможность вузам использовать потенциал той модели, которая в наибольшей степени им соответствует: советской (или ее первоосновы – гумбольдтовской) модели – вузам, ориентированным на науку, болонской модели – практико-ориентированным вузам, или же позволить им принять гибридную модель, сочетающую достоинства обеих моделей; распределить ответственность за качество подготовки кадров между студентом, вузом и работодателем; институционализировать непрерывное образование (в контексте которого высшее образование предстает хоть и важным, но не окончательным этапом образования).

This report describes the economical and institutional aspects and processes of the policy on Northern Dimension. By studying these issues the papers presented in workshop enlightened many problems which are faced up to in the policy implication of Northern Dimension. The current meaning of the term is related to promoting the economic stability of the Northern Europe. The economic problems stem from structural barriers effecting the development of economic sectors and markets in the Northwest Russia, the Baltic and Poland. Because of such problems the integration of these countries with the rest of Europe is difficult. It is crucial question increasing investments in infrastructure (transportation, energy, telecommunication, etc.) for promoting economic growth in the future.

While sustainability is a much-researched issue, little has been written about the role of cultural and creative industries (CCIs) in implementing sustainable development, specifically in small cities. The authors pose the following questions: What is the interrelation between CCI practices and the four pillars of sustainability (economic, environmental, cultural, and social) in small cities? What are the practices that CCIs use, and which they perceive as contributions to sustainable development? The authors use a single case study strategy, methods including a theoretical study, a quantitative pilot survey, a focus group discussion, semi-structured interviews, and content analysis. Overall, the article indicates that there is a varied and diverse repertoire of small- and large-scale practices carried out by CCIs in small cities in Latvia, and thus contributes to the existing scholarly literature by “teasing out” those practices. The study indicates that each of the practices may c...

The most traditional approach of medievalists to articulate classification of pre-modern European societies is to consider whether particular pre-modern society is feudal or not. However I argue that this approach is quite complicated because of ambiguity and polysemy of the term. There are at least several Marxist and non-Marxist alternatives instead. Transcending the horizon of debates about feudalism proposes more creative possibilities and enlarges analytical capacities. Although discussion about the notorious Asiatic mode of production seems obsolete nevertheless there are other more promising and up-to-date concepts like the tributary mode of production, patrimonialism versus feudalism dichotomy or the so-called type/model of early Central European state (the system of Ius Ducale). The application of the concept of the African mode of production in the case of typology of some European pre-modern peripheral societies despite of its astonishing etymology also is plausible. Anot...

The interviewees were very appreciative of and positive about the network funding, its shape and content, the application and reporting procedures, the funding's administration and the service they received when contacting NCP. Network communication and relations Communication modes during network projects Non-digital communication was valued slightly more than digital communication. Taking into consideration that network members were geographically dispersed, the greater importance of the face-to-face mode demonstrates that physical meetings are essential in making a network work. Face-to-face modes and digital modes of communication may serve different functions for the actors in a network. Factors in developing trust Face-to-face interaction was rated as the most important factor, followed by regular communication with others in the network and sharing a common philosophy of art and culture. The fourth most important was being part of the same arts and cultural field. The fifth most important factor was producing art together; and having known each other previously and sharing a Nordic or Baltic culture/language or identity come in sixth place. The seventh and final most important factor was sharing a common political ideology.

The most traditional approach of medievalists to articulate classification of pre-modern European societies is to consider whether particular pre-modern society is feudal or not. However I argue that this approach is quite complicated because of ambiguity and polysemy of the term. There are at least several Marxist and non-Marxist alternatives instead. Transcending the horizon of debates about feudalism proposes more creative possibilities and enlarges analytical capacities. Although discussion about the notorious Asiatic mode of production seems obsolete nevertheless there are other more promising and up-to-date concepts like the tributary mode of production, patrimonialism versus feudalism dichotomy or the so-called type/model of early Central European state (the system of Ius Ducale). The application of the concept of the African mode of production in the case of typology of some European pre-modern peripheral societies despite of its astonishing etymology also is plausible. Anot...

The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies devotes the first half of this issue to novel social analyses and paradigms tailored on societies on the interference of pre-modernity and modernity. A well-known researcher of the phenomenon, especially as it is reflected in an East-Central European setting, Nerijus Babinskas maintains that feudalism, in contrast to the classical Marxist-Leninist interpretation that had become a canon during the Communist regime, “was not an inevitable stage of pre-modern development of all European societies”. By breaking apart of this ideological conception, Babinskas investigates the pros and cons of four Marxist alternative notions such as Asiatic mode of production, African mode of production, early Central European model or tributary mode of production, and a non-Marxist approach based on Max Weber’s patrimonialism. The author contends that a blending of these interpretations is the way out of the conceptual ossification which over the past d...

The European Union (EU) has been a central actor in the protection of the UK environment for over four decades. Much environmental law and policy is established at the EU rather than the UK level. As the UK prepares to leave the EU, we need to consider the ways in which we shall develop domestic environmental standards and policies. Equally importantly, we need to replace the dense and extensive governance and legal framework that ensures the accountability of government for its environmental commitments. This paper explores the gaps that will arise on Brexit, and outines some possible responses. necessary element of accountability. 4 The party being required to account, for current purposes, is the government, central and local, and the agencies and bodies that deliver and advise on government policy. A number of parties may seek to hold government to account, including parliaments, environmental NGOs, businesses, citizens, and any of a range of institutions that might be established specifically for the purposes of accountability. The heavy demands that accountability makes of the various parties doing the holding to account should not be overlooked. Providing support for those accountability relationships is an important role for law, and for the governance frameworks it creates. Leaving the European Union An enormous proportion of governmental, parliamentary and civil society time and energy is currently devoted to the task of taking the UK out of the European Union. The primary constitutional mechanism for this withdrawal is the European Union (Withdrawal) Bill. The Withdrawal Bill provides for the repeal of the European Communities Act 1972, the Act of Parliament that establishes the central place of EU law in the UK's domestic system. But EU law is so deeply embedded in UK law 5 that the loss of EU law overnight by repeal of that Act would leave a gaping hole. So the Bill creates a new category of 'retained EU law', which allows for the body of existing EU law to survive in UK law on exit dayfor amendment or repeal if desired thereafter. Retained law includes secondary legislation that was passed under the European Communities Act 1972, EU rules contained in EU Regulations, which are not transposed into domestic law, but have effect in domestic law, and Court of Justice

Earth Explorer. При создании растровых композитов использованы все каналы, дешифрирование проведено с помощью метода контролируемой классификации с использованием ERDAS Imagine 10.2. Выделены три класса объектов: сельскохозяйственные земли, пустоши и застроенная территория. Результаты. Проведённый анализ показал, что площадь застройки и пустошей увеличились на 30 и 58% соответственно, а сельскохозяйственные земли сократились на 88%. Теоретическая и практическая значимость. Обобщён материал по исследованной теме. Изменение землепользования (land use/land cover) связано не только с изменением окружающей среды, но и социума, и представляет существенный теоретический и практический интерес. В первую очередь это относится к развивающимся странам, таким, как Пакистан. В качестве объекта исследования выбран г. Манди Бахауддин, отличающийся стремительным ростом населения. Результаты работы показали изменения в характере землепользования и переход от сельского хозяйства к городской застройке. Показано ведущее значение урбанизации в смене характера землепользования. Ключевые слова: земля, землепользование, изменение земельного покрова, природная среда, урбанизация

Earth Explorer. При создании растровых композитов использованы все каналы, дешифрирование проведено с помощью метода контролируемой классификации с использованием ERDAS Imagine 10.2. Выделены три класса объектов: сельскохозяйственные земли, пустоши и застроенная территория. Результаты. Проведённый анализ показал, что площадь застройки и пустошей увеличились на 30 и 58% соответственно, а сельскохозяйственные земли сократились на 88%. Теоретическая и практическая значимость. Обобщён материал по исследованной теме. Изменение землепользования (land use/land cover) связано не только с изменением окружающей среды, но и социума, и представляет существенный теоретический и практический интерес. В первую очередь это относится к развивающимся странам, таким, как Пакистан. В качестве объекта исследования выбран г. Манди Бахауддин, отличающийся стремительным ростом населения. Результаты работы показали изменения в характере землепользования и переход от сельского хозяйства к городской застройке. Показано ведущее значение урбанизации в смене характера землепользования. Ключевые слова: земля, землепользование, изменение земельного покрова, природная среда, урбанизация

Events in the vicinity of the European Union are constantly challeng-ing the EU’s foreign policy, but complex internal governance processes have been hampering the EU from responding coherently. This analy-sis of the Northern Dimension Initiative considers whether the EU is compensating for this dilemma by adopting an innovative network gov-ernance strategy to integrate those external actors in the European North who can bring complementary resources to the policy-making processes. The formulation and execution of EU foreign policy may thus be alleviated, and the lack of internal problem-solving capacity does not automatically lead to failure in foreign policy-making.

Events in the vicinity of the European Union are constantly challenging the EU’s foreign policy, but complex internal governance processes have been hampering the EU from responding coherently. This analysis of the Northern Dimension Initiative considers whether the EU is compensating for this dilemma by adopting an innovative network governance strategy to integrate those external actors in the European North who can bring complementary resources to the policy-making processes. The formulation and execution of EU foreign policy may thus be alleviated, and the lack of internal problem-solving capacity does not automatically lead to failure in foreign policy-making.

Events in the vicinity of the European Union are constantly challenging the EU's foreign policy, but complex internal governance processes have been hampering the EU from responding coherently. This analysis of the Northern Dimension Initiative considers whether the EU is compensating for this dilemma by adopting an innovative network governance strategy to integrate those external actors in the European North who can bring complementary resources to the policy-making processes. The formulation and execution of EU foreign policy may thus be alleviated, and the lack of internal problem-solving capacity does not automatically lead to failure in foreign policy-making.

Events in the vicinity of the European Union are constantly challenging the EU's foreign policy, but complex internal governance processes have been hampering the EU from responding coherently. This analysis of the Northern Dimension Initiative considers whether the EU is compensating for this dilemma by adopting an innovative network governance strategy to integrate those external actors in the European North who can bring complementary resources to the policy-making processes. The formulation and execution of EU foreign policy may thus be alleviated, and the lack of internal problem-solving capacity does not automatically lead to failure in foreign policy-making.

All EU Member States strive to use EU leverage in order to have their national and/or regional interests implemented in the international arena, but it is particularly important to small Member States, which observe the potential to increase their power internationally. Th e Northern Dimension Initiative (NDI) is a rather illustrative example of how small states can successfully utilise their coalition potential for pursuing a policy that they consider part of their key national interest. Th is paper discusses the process of the formation of the policy with special attention paid to the notable role that Finland, supported by the other Nordic countries, played in its institutionalisation and revitalisation in 2006. It concludes with a discussion of sub-regional cooperation as a means of increasing small state infl uence in an enlarged European Union arguing that Central European countries have a good potential for forming sub-regional cooperation in the future if several requirement...

The interviewees were very appreciative of and positive about the network funding, its shape and content, the application and reporting procedures, the funding's administration and the service they received when contacting NCP. Network communication and relations Communication modes during network projects Non-digital communication was valued slightly more than digital communication. Taking into consideration that network members were geographically dispersed, the greater importance of the face-to-face mode demonstrates that physical meetings are essential in making a network work. Face-to-face modes and digital modes of communication may serve different functions for the actors in a network. Factors in developing trust Face-to-face interaction was rated as the most important factor, followed by regular communication with others in the network and sharing a common philosophy of art and culture. The fourth most important was being part of the same arts and cultural field. The fifth most important factor was producing art together; and having known each other previously and sharing a Nordic or Baltic culture/language or identity come in sixth place. The seventh and final most important factor was sharing a common political ideology.

Recent research shows increasing efforts to unfold the potential of Cultural and Creative Industries (CCIs) for regions in order to pursue new sources of innovation, competitive edge and to manifest sustainable and inclusive growth paths driven by creativity. Due to its strong commitments to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations, on the global level, the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) has become a role model in sustainable development. Yet, individual BSR countries face challenges in the implementation of those goals. In this light, by building on the intermediate results (2017–2020) of two EU Interreg projects—Creative Ports and CTCC—this research reveals CCIs’ potential for sustainable development avenues. The investigation is based on case study methodology underpinned by empirical data gathered from participating Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) and topical experts met during the projects’ implementation and study visits. The present multi-project appl...

The analytical study 'Collaboration and Innovation' provides the basis for defining the potential for CCI cross-sectoral innovation in the Northern Dimension countries. It focuses on initiatives from the region and related international opportunities.
(Study DOWNLOAD PDF)

Involving over 100 contributors, the study analyses the data of 121 case studies from 11 countries.
(Annexes DOWNLOAD PDF)

Key findings include:

Cross-innovations revitalise economic and social life in the Northern Dimension countries
7 important innovation trends that policy makers should pay attention to
How to collaborate effectively to innovate - challenges & solutions in 3 domains
How to create a successful cross-innovation process
The profile of key stakeholders
The 3 most evident impacts from collaborative innovation

The pandemic has placed cross-sectoral initiatives and cooperation even more in the spotlight and raised interest in the challenges and success factors defined by innovation pioneers. e power of successful cross-over cooperation between cultural and creative industry (CCI) professionals in innovating services and products in and beyond arts, cultural and creative industries can be reviewed positively in light of recent policy support at EU and local level. It is in line with the clear trend of accelerated transformations redefining the CCI field that will intensify in the next decade. Policy makers and the creative communities are aware that the world is undergoing a dramatic change and can foster cross-sector cooperation to develop new approaches and products for themselves and broader society.

Оценка целей, задач и перспектив проекта «Северное измерение» с использованием методов пространственного анализа дискурса, под которым понимаются различные общественно принятые способы интерпретации и репрезентации действительности, направленные на формирование специфического геополитического видения мира. Процедура и методы. Информационной основой для дискурс-анализа стала база данных «Интегрум». На первом этапе для контент-анализа были отобраны два федеральных издания - «Независимая газета» и «Российская газета». На втором и третьем этапах использовались количественные методы, позволившие получить информацию об особенностях развития дискурса во времени и пространстве. Результаты. Авторами показано, что несмотря на декларируемую деполитизированность, проект сохраняет высокую степень зависимости от уровня и характера отношений между Россией и ЕС. По мере их охлаждения менялось понимание целей проекта, а также формы его пространственной репрезентации. На первом этапе проект воспринимается как «альтернативный канал связи» с ЕС, а приграничные регионы и ряд сопредельных стран в качестве «проводников для России» на пути в Европу. На втором этапе программа рассматривается в качестве одного из проектов трансграничного сотрудничества, а соседние страны (за исключением Финляндии) воспринимаются скорее как препятствие для диалога с ЕС. Показано, что кризис проекта имеет дискурсивную природу, при этом сама программа в среднесрочной перспективе может стать одной из опор для восстановления политических отношений России с Евросоюзом. Теоретическая и практическая значимость. Материалы исследования могут быть использованы в системе высшего образования для подготовки студентов-географов и специалистов в области международных отношений.

The following work aims at analyzing the theme of regional environmental cooperation within the Northern Dimension, a joint policy created by the European Union together with Norway, Iceland and the Rus- sian Federation which sees the Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership as a collaborative dimension between governments, private com- panies, public stakeholders and local communities in the implementation of projects aimed at environmental protection. In the logic of international law, the dynamics of the NDEP are particularly interesting to study as rep- resenting a model of virtuous cooperation in the environmental protection field and in the prevention of international disputes related to cross-border pollution in the Nordic region. The precautionary approach that is actively enforced through the implementation of the of international environmental law obligations, makes the Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership considered a unique example of its kind, thanks to its ability in contributing to sustainable development in the region.

Образовательный туризм как  форма и инструмент политики культурных обменов в контексте проекта ЕС  "Северное измерение"
Магистратура «Историческая политология»

Научный руководитель д.и.н., проф. Шабаев Ю.П.
Институт Гуманитарных Наук, Кафедра истории, социологии и политологии

A large part of the articles published in the current issue of Revista Română de Studii Baltice şi Nordice / The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies have been initially presented at the Fourth International Conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania: Empire-Building and Region-Building in the Baltic, North and Black Sea areas held at Ovidius University Of Constanța in May 2013. The conference approached the North in the wider perspective of regional cooperation intra- and extra-Nordic muros. The North is regarded as a springboard of regional cooperation which has a strong though faltering historical and cultural background and an obvious European dimension. The downfall of the Communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the process of European integration (whether some of the Nordic countries belong to the EU or not, they are all part and parcel of the process and deeply affected by it) have encouraged the development of regional cooperation in Northern Europe. Belonging to the Northern dimension of the EU meant not only maintaining a regional identity with deep roots in history and culture and making the others acknowledge it, but also strengthening the influence of Nordic countries within and outside the EU and fostering other regional cooperation initiatives in the Baltic Sea area and outside it. Patterned on the Nordic regional cooperation, the Baltic States of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia strengthened their regional cooperation and envisaged deepening their ties to surrounding areas, especially with the Nordic countries. Alongside the Nordic countries, they also gradually turned into a model for the Danubian and Black Sea countries. In this respect, the conference addressed themes such as: the empire building, region-building, national/nationalist, cultural construction discourses present in these regions; the historic development of these regional initiatives and/or organizations and the relations between them; political, cultural and diplomatic relations between Baltic and/or Nordic states, on the one hand, and the Black Sea countries, on the other hand; the relations between the EU integration and different Baltic, North and Black Sea regional structures; education and leadership in the context of regionalization in the Baltic Sea and Black Sea areas; linguistic unity and diversity in Scandinavia and the Baltic states; Nordic and Baltic identity through cultural diversity; water protection in the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea Region and the role of agriculture; inter- and intra-regional comparisons. Stefan Ewert and Kari Alenius address in their contributions the topic of region-building. The former scholar explains why in the Baltic Sea are no spill-over effects in the area of agricultural cooperation as they are to be found in other areas such as education. The latter studies the creation of the image of Balkans in Finnish schoolbooks from late 19th century to early 21st century. Darius Žiemelis discusses the social economic history of Lithuania from the 16th-19th centuries from the perspective of non-Marxist (Karl Bücher, Max Weber) and neo-Marxists (Witold Kula, Immanuel Wallerstein) scholars. Aelita Ambrulevičiūtė looks at peasant habits while researching the modernization of Vilnius, Kaunas and Grodno provinces society in the period of 1861—1914. Costel Coroban rightly acknowledges the state of Viking studies in Romania and devotes his analysis to Romanian language terminology with regard to “Viking historical characters, rituals, artefacts.” Mihaela Mehedințí looks at Nordic and Russian diplomats as interconnectors between their countries and the Romanian area during the Modern Age (17th – 19th centuries) and discovers a net of bonds linking them to the Romanian rulers. Finally, Giedrius Kviklys sketches out the EU-Russia relations from the perspective of EU – Northern Dimension and Black Sea Synergy. One of the plenary sessions organized during the conference brought together diplomats from the Nordic and Baltic areas who were looking to Baltic Sea region-building process from the perspective of their countries. The address of Her Excellency Ms. Ulla Väistö, the Ambassador of Finland, is included in this issue as well as the address of Dr. Vladimir Jarmolenko, at the time the Ambassador of Lithuania in Romania. We hope that the diversity of themes and insightfulness of analyses will capture the interest of public, decision-makers and academic community alike.

All EU Member States strive to use EU leverage in order to have their national and/or regional interests implemented in the international arena, but it is particularly important to small Member States, which observe the potential to increase their power internationally. Th e Northern Dimension Initiative (NDI) is a rather illustrative example of how small states can successfully utilise their coalition potential for pursuing a policy that they consider part of their key national interest. Th is paper discusses the process of the formation of the policy with special attention paid to the notable role that Finland, supported by the other Nordic countries, played in its institutionalisation and revitalisa-tion in 2006. It concludes with a discussion of sub-regional cooperation as a means of increasing small state infl uence in an enlarged European Union arguing that Central European countries have a good potential for forming sub-regional cooperation in the future if several requirements are met.