Noise Maps

Os problemas de qualidade do ar têm assumido, nas últimas décadas, uma importância acrescida, em virtude da diversidade e da magnitude dos efeitos sobre a saúde humana e o ambiente. Estes problemas manifestam-se em diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais. Da percepção de efeitos de carácter local, em que existe uma grande proximidade espacial entre a fonte emissora de poluentes e a manifestação de efeitos adversos, passou-se à percepção de efeitos de escala regional e mesmo global, nos quais é diminuta a importância da localização das fontes emissoras. Como exemplos destas situações refira-se a poluição associada às partículas emitidas pelo tráfego automóvel, em termos de escala local, e as alterações climáticas ou a deplecção da camada de ozono, à escala global. O desenvolvimento do conhecimento científico tem possibilitado uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos nestes processos e das respectivas interacções, permitindo evidenciar a contribuição do Homem para os problemas referidos, mesmo em fenómenos complexos e de escala global. Paralelamente, o desenvolvimento tecnológico permite detectar e estimar concentrações de poluentes cada vez mais ínfimas e mais correctas, nos diversos meios físicos e biológicos. Este conhecimento, indispensável à tomada de decisão informada, induz também maior responsabilidade e necessidade de actuação, quer ao nível dos responsáveis políticos, quer ao nível das populações, facto que é potenciado pelas novas e mais eficazes formas de comunicação disponíveis.

Today, reduction of rail traffic noise and vibration is a widely used concept for improving the life standard in vicinity of railway lines. Elevated levels of noise and vibration are the main factors of dissatisfaction, especially in urban areas. The paper reviews the effectiveness of noise and vibration mitigation measures applied to the network of European railway systems. These measures could also be applied to Croatian railways network where the issue of noise and vibration has not been addressed so far. Also, the paper presents research results of the application of several mitigation measures performed by the Department for Transportation at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, aimed at increasing the impact definition of their performance in local conditions.

Today, reduction of rail traffic noise and vibration is a widely used concept for improving the life standard in vicinity of railway lines. Elevated levels of noise and vibration are the main factors of dissatisfaction, especially in urban areas. The paper reviews the effectiveness of noise and vibration mitigation measures applied to the network of European railway systems. These measures could also be applied to Croatian railways network where the issue of noise and vibration has not been addressed so far. Also, the paper presents research results of the application of several mitigation measures performed by the Department for Transportation at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, aimed at increasing the impact definition of their performance in local conditions.

Today, reduction of rail traffic noise and vibration is a widely used concept for improving the life standard in vicinity of railway lines. Elevated levels of noise and vibration are the main factors of dissatisfaction, especially in urban areas. The paper reviews the effectiveness of noise and vibration mitigation measures applied to the network of European railway systems. These measures could also be applied to Croatian railways network where the issue of noise and vibration has not been addressed so far. Also, the paper presents research results of the application of several mitigation measures performed by the Department for Transportation at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, aimed at increasing the impact definition of their performance in local conditions.

Background Road traffic noise influencing directly public health in the modern cities is a growing problem in both developing and developed countries. The objective of this study was to model traffic-induced noise in Antalya province, validate the model with noise emission data, and to run the model for the noise preventive scenarios. Methods In this study, modeling of traffic-induced noise was performed using SoundPLAN® software at Gazi Boulevard in the city of Antalya. Calculations were made according to NMPB-Routes 96, which have been accepted by environmental noise legislation of the European Union and Turkey. Fundamental data sets such as geographical, topographical and meteorological data, building information and population, traffic network, traffic volume and vehicle speed, and composition of types of vehicle were utilized for the development of noise prediction model. Eight preventive scenarios to reduce traffic-induced noise levels were simulated using the validated model considering traffic flow measures such as types of vehicles, vehicle speeds, types of road surface, redirecting portion of heavy vehicles to alternative routes and noise barrier usage. Results Results showed that increase in heavy vehicle speeds in smooth road surface conditions caused more increase in exposures than that of light vehicle speed. It was highlighted that it would be appropriate to use porous road surface to reduce exposures on population on high-speed roads. Furthermore, the number of people that are exposed to noise is significantly reduced by precautions such as alternative routes for heavy vehicles and speed restriction. These precautions reduced noise exposures by 25.5-63.8%. The results showed that the usage of noise barrier at the alternative routes in case of porous asphalt road reduced population, dwellings, and area exposed to traffic noise which is greater than 75 dB(A) as 63.8, 40.5, and 60.0%, respectively. Conclusion It could be concluded that the outcomes of the noise prediction models based on the generated scenarios could be used for the purpose of decision support system and could be helpful for decision-makers on the noise legislations.

El problema del ruido en las ciudades ha sido atendido históricamente por las ciencias acústicas, con lo cual se ha priorizado el estudio de las cualidades objetivas del sonido y del oído. Como parte de ese proceso, en la actualidad las políticas públicas desconocen las dimensiones sociales, culturales e históricas del ruido. Este artículo rastrea el concepto de ruido que está incorporado en los mapas de ruido de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, cartografías que operan como diagnóstico de la situación sonora urbana y a través de las que se toman medidas para combatir esta problemática. A partir de una investigación etnográfica, se plantea una lectura antropológica de estos productos publicados en 1972, 2005 y 2018, con el objetivo de analizar las formas en que la escucha técnica implicada en los abordajes de la acústica ambiental se consolidó como especialidad y fue legitimada para ordenar, regir y transformar la ciudad y a sus habitantes. Se concluye que el ruido, cuando es reducido a su aspecto acústico, opera como herramienta legal para considerar de igual manera a múltiples manifestaciones sonoras, por lo cual es necesario ampliar su definición para incorporar los aspectos sociales y culturales que lo constituyen.

Background Road traffic noise influencing directly public health in the modern cities is a growing problem in both developing and developed countries. The objective of this study was to model traffic-induced noise in Antalya province, validate the model with noise emission data, and to run the model for the noise preventive scenarios. Methods In this study, modeling of traffic-induced noise was performed using SoundPLAN® software at Gazi Boulevard in the city of Antalya. Calculations were made according to NMPB-Routes 96, which have been accepted by environmental noise legislation of the European Union and Turkey. Fundamental data sets such as geographical, topographical and meteorological data, building information and population, traffic network, traffic volume and vehicle speed, and composition of types of vehicle were utilized for the development of noise prediction model. Eight preventive scenarios to reduce traffic-induced noise levels were simulated using the validated model considering traffic flow measures such as types of vehicles, vehicle speeds, types of road surface, redirecting portion of heavy vehicles to alternative routes and noise barrier usage. Results Results showed that increase in heavy vehicle speeds in smooth road surface conditions caused more increase in exposures than that of light vehicle speed. It was highlighted that it would be appropriate to use porous road surface to reduce exposures on population on high-speed roads. Furthermore, the number of people that are exposed to noise is significantly reduced by precautions such as alternative routes for heavy vehicles and speed restriction. These precautions reduced noise exposures by 25.5-63.8%. The results showed that the usage of noise barrier at the alternative routes in case of porous asphalt road reduced population, dwellings, and area exposed to traffic noise which is greater than 75 dB(A) as 63.8, 40.5, and 60.0%, respectively. Conclusion It could be concluded that the outcomes of the noise prediction models based on the generated scenarios could be used for the purpose of decision support system and could be helpful for decision-makers on the noise legislations.

The progressive and sustained growth of automobile ownership that has been evidenced in the city of Cuenca-Ecuador is causing traffic saturation in its Historic Centre. The implied congestion can be evidenced most notably in peak hours, and brings excessive noise levels with it as a consequence. The present article aims to model the noise generated by vehicular flows in the Mariscal Lamar street by using the NMPB-Routes-96 noise prediction model, coupled with a noise-specialized software known by the name of "Datakustik CadnaA" which provides several configurations that were matched with local features. Based on these results, and comparing with information gathered in-situ, the fittest method can be determined. Furthermore, once the best method is defined, a baseline for the equivalent Resonant Pressure Levels (NPS eq , in Spanish) regarding a direct area of influence of the "Tranvía 4 Ríos de Cuenca" light rail transit project, is established. The final outcome of this study is a noise map of the current state of the zone before the implementation of the "Tranvía 4 Ríos de Cuenca" light rail transit project; this map would serve as a benchmark to determine the variation in noise levels once the light rail transit becomes operative.

With determination of the railway track life cycle, time period of expected operation in satisfying the traffic needs for passenger and freight transport is also defined. During this period it is necessary to ensure expert maintenance activities. But what if expected life cycle is reached, but for some reason (usually budget constrains) it is not possible to start a new life cycle? More than 50% of railway network in Republic of Croatia is out of maintenance cycle. It means that average life cycle of track superstructure is overdue and it is no longer possible to ensure safe and reliable traffic within expected performances with regular maintenance activities which were anticipated during definition of the life cycle. In most cases infrastructure manager doesn't have a choice than to continue and adapt current maintenance activities and ensure safe and reliable railway traffic within constrains of approved budget. How to keep maintaining such track and which costs will be generated depends on conditions of track components and track geometry. Paper will address the issues of track maintenance for eastern part of lowland railway track R202 Varaždin-Dalj 130 km in length with superstructure 35 to 54 years old. This part of track is characterized with uniform track geometry and relatively small traffic demand and its superstructure can be divided in four characteristic types: joint track with wooden sleepers, continuously welded track (CWT) with wooden sleepers, CWT with concrete sleepers and direct elastic fastening (type ZEL) and CWT with concrete sleepers and non-elastic fastening (type K). Some proposals of adjusted maintenance of deteriorated track at the end of its life cycle will be presented.

thus limited to the number of categories of sources and propagation paths rather than the number of sources and propagation paths themselves. By this, the underdetermined problem becomes determined. A gradually fitting system adapted from the signal processing field, the LMS algorithm, was used to determine these correction terms. By a case study, this method was applied to the district Katendrecht in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The results of the case study showed that convergence was obtained and the equivalent sound pressure levels between calculations and measurements in the independent validation points were improved more than 75% of the observation intervals. The prediction of percentile levels, L 10 and L 90 , were also improved by introducing the concept of dynamic sound updating. In summary, this doctoral thesis presents some innovations in noise mapping techniques helping on one hand to calculate strategic noise maps efficiently and accurately, and on the other hand to take the dynamic aspects of the sound environment into consideration. The background model, improving predictions of noise levels in shielded areas, can be combined smoothly with the traditional noise mapping approach and could thus be added to e.g. the new CNOSSOS methodology. Dynamic sound mapping provides interpolation strategies between noise monitoring stations and could form an essential part of a state-of-the-art "website of sound observatories" that could be part of the smart city in the future. [46] Timothy Van Renterghem and Dick Botteldooren. Focused Study on the Quiet Side Effect in Dwellings Highly Exposed to Road Traffic Noise. Inter

A very complex problem of the main roundabout projects development concerning the solutions given in the location permit and preliminary design, as well as new knowledge about communal infrastructure is given. Based on the new geodetic survey, subsequent requirements of the audit, investors, and obtained special conditions, it was necessary to adapt the technical solutions of the preliminary design. Particularly demanding work was defining the protection of the construction pit. The solution foreseen by the preliminary design and location permit for the works to be carried out under the traffic could not have survived, because of the technological reasons for the construction of the underpass and the very complex situation with the installations at that location. These facts required a complete suspension of traffic at the site and finding solutions to the temporary traffic regulation around the site. This was an unplanned and very demanding moment, given that the daily traffic at t...

In Portugal like in the majority of European countries, a significant part of the population is exposed to excessive traffic noise levels which are downgrading their quality of life. Considering the relevance of this topic associated with a constant growth in road traffic volume and congestion, it was recognized the importance of the economical valuation of these severe noise levels. This paper aims to present some results of the ongoing investigation concerning this issue and to contribute to the body of knowledge and methodology in this field. There are several innovative aspects on this research. There have been very few studies simultaneously concerned with monetary valuation of noise externalities, real estate income and infrastructure costs. In this analysis was evaluated the significance of investment in noise mitigation measures (increase in the infrastructure cost due to the constructions of noise alleviation measures-on the source and on noise path) regarding the reduction of noise externalities (associated to social, real estate and health related costs) and the minimization of real estate income loss (allied to the inability for construction of available building properties based on excessive noise and the consequent reduction on its patrimonial value). This investigation was conducted over two municipalities representative of the majority of Portuguese cities in accordance with their spatial characteristics as well as territorial development, finances, population, building and road density. It is an important input for the selection, implementation and financing of future Noise Action Plans and Municipal Noise Reduction Plans.

The industrial revolution in the field of gas and oil treatment that has known the Oran region-Algeria-has participated in the production and propagation of noise pollution and loud noises on the environment and around the places residential, for this, a multitude of noises are now part of our daily life. This contribution concerns the propagation of noise pollution in the industrial environment and the effects caused by atmospheric pollution which has a great influence on the phenomenon of planetary climate change and on meteorological parameters, the latter having a great influence on the propagation of noise. Our study is part of the objective of evaluating the noise levels emitted by gas installations in the industrial zone of ArzewOran, and of seeing the effects of the variation of meteorological parameters on the propagation of noise. To do this, we have adopted a precise in-situ methodology. Subsequently, for the processing of the measurement results, we opted for the COD-TYM...

Aircraft noise levels are subject of aircraft certification, the aircraft with incorrect levels of noise are illegal to be produced and operated. Permanent or/and temporary noise monitoring to be undertaken usually in local community on assumption that aircraft noise will exceed what is considered 'acceptable' or legally permissible level of noise, and in this connection it is necessary to refer to the legislative control on aircraft noise. The number and location of the terminals in noise monitoring system is important depending upon the specific role they are to play inside this system.

Mestrado em Engenharia do AmbienteNos últimos anos, em Portugal tem-se verificado uma situação de incumprimento do enquadramento legal vigente, no que concerne ao ruído ambiente. Isso resulta na indeterminação acerca do panorama de exposição da população portuguesa a ruído ambiente. No entanto, usando dados da população exposta, com base nos mapas de ruído de 38 municípios de Portugal Continental, foi possível criar modelos para estimar a população exposta ao ruído para os restantes municípios que não possuíam dados da exposição da população. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que 73,8 % dos municípios possuem menos de 5 % da sua população exposta a níveis de ruído superiores a 65 dB(A), para o indicador Lden e 95,4 % dos municípios possuem entre 5 % e 10 % da sua população exposta a mais de 55 dB(A) para o indicador Ln. Os municípios com maiores percentagens de população exposta, situam-se, tendencialmente, na faixa litoral do país, entre os distritos de Setúbal e Viana do Castelo. A ...

This study investigates the factors that influenced the allocation of motorways across municipalities in mainland Portugal over the period from 1981 to 2011. Our analysis, based on Poisson Pseudo-maximum Likelihood models, suggests that population size and market potential in 1981 are important determinants of motorway density in 2011. Likewise, physical and geographical variables also help explain the spatial distribution of motorway investment, as terrain ruggedness, distance to the coast, and distance to the border with Spain are negatively associated with motorway density. In addition, we consider the influence of the proximity to historical and pre-existing transport networks on the allocation of motorways; we find that municipalities that are closer to the 1800's itineraries, the main roads of the 1945's National Road Plan, and 1981's train stations appear to have higher motorway densities in 2011, but this effect is concentrated in the vast and sparsely populated area of the country that excludes what we term the highdensity Portuguese "blue banana". Interestingly, it is also only in this low-density region that partisan alignment between the municipal and the national levels of government appears to affect the allocation of transport investment, which suggests that motorways are more of a political asset in more remote or less urbanised areas.

Environmental noise is a major pollutant in contemporary cities and calls for the active monitoring of noise levels to spot the locations where it most affects the people's health and well-being. However, due to the complex relationship between environmental noise and its perception by the citizens, it is not sufficient to quantitatively measure environmental noise. We need to collect and aggregate contextualized-both quantitative and qualitative-data about the urban environmental noise so as to be able to study the objective and subjective relationships between sound and living beings. This complex knowledge is a prerequisite for making efficient territorial public policies for soundscapes that are inclined towards living beings welfare. In this paper, we investigate how Mobile Phone Sensing (MPS)-aka crowdsensing-enables the gathering of such knowledge, provided the implementation of sensing protocols that are customized according to the context of use and the intended exploitation of the data. Through three case studies that we carried out in France and Finland, we show that MPS is not solely a tool that contributes to sensitizing citizens and decision-makers about noise pollution; it also contributes to increasing our knowledge about the impact of the environmental noise on people's health and well-being in relation to its physical and subjective perception.

This article is intended to the specification of the representative time measurement interval in which the annual<br> equivalent level of the aircraft passing-bys may be assessed with a stated accuracy. As a result the definition of<br> representative time duration presented. The adequacy or representativeness of measurements results is based on<br> proposed accuracy criterion. For long-term Leq evaluation procedure under consideration the 'noisiest' events are taking<br> into account. Such events include SEL's which are greater than energy mean SEL for all aircraft noise events. Based on<br> the standard ISO 20906:2009, for energy mean SEL to be statistically representative more than 20 sufficiently noisiest<br> events of aircraft operation must be chosen. The criterion implies that the difference between following equivalent levels:<br> first cover the noisiest events only and second – all events from representative sample, is ...

Strategic Noise Maps in Europe are supported mainly by Directive 2002/49/EC and by Good Practice Guide for the preparation of Strategic Noise Maps. These documents address mainly four types of noise sources: Roads, Railways, Airports and Industries and was therefore not included the Recreational Activities. This article seeks to justify the need for inclusion of Recreational Activities in the Strategic Noise Maps, present some examples, the main difficulties associated with, and the methods that can be used for characterization and modelling of this special type of noise source.

This paper presents some results of the ongoing investigation concerning the economical evaluation of road traffic noise. As the majority of the European countries, Portugal has part of its 10 million citizens exposed to excessive noise levels, according to the WHO suggested values. Considering the relevance of this subject and the constant increase in road traffic volume, it was recognized the importance of an economical valuation of this excessive noise levels, referred to three cost categories: infrastructure (increase in the infrastructure cost due to the constructions of noise mitigation measures), noise externalities (connected to social, real estate and health noise related costs) and real estate income loss (allied to the inability for construction in available land for construction based on excessive noise and the consequent reduction of the patrimonial value). This paper illustrates some of the investigation results for specific municipalities regarded as representative of the municipalities' majority according to its territorial, economical and urban planning characteristics.

In Portugal like in the majority of European countries, a significant part of the population is exposed to excessive traffic noise levels which are downgrading their quality of life. Considering the relevance of this topic associated with a constant growth in road traffic volume and congestion, it was recognized the importance of the economical valuation of these severe noise levels. This paper aims to present some results of the ongoing investigation concerning this issue and to contribute to the body of knowledge and methodology in this field. There are several innovative aspects on this research. There have been very few studies simultaneously concerned with monetary valuation of noise externalities, real estate income and infrastructure costs. In this analysis was evaluated the significance of investment in noise mitigation measures (increase in the infrastructure cost due to the constructions of noise alleviation measures-on the source and on noise path) regarding the reduction of noise externalities (associated to social, real estate and health related costs) and the minimization of real estate income loss (allied to the inability for construction of available building properties based on excessive noise and the consequent reduction on its patrimonial value). This investigation was conducted over two municipalities representative of the majority of Portuguese cities in accordance with their spatial characteristics as well as territorial development, finances, population, building and road density. It is an important input for the selection, implementation and financing of future Noise Action Plans and Municipal Noise Reduction Plans.

In 2006, following the European Directive 2002/49/CE, the Portuguese government adjusted its legal framework regarding noise, issuing the decree-law n.º 146/2006, introducing a new noise indicator (L den) and period (evening). These two main changes implied the revision of the Portuguese Noise Code and, in January 2007, was approved the third Portuguese Noise Code (decree-law n.º 9/2007). These two pieces of legislation defined urban forms of occupancy, such as: Mixed Zone, Sensible Zone, Sensible Receivers, Dense Urban Areas and Quiet Areas within or outside city limits for which noise limits were settled regarding two periods of a day: den (daytime-evening-night) and night. In addition, enforced the importance of territorial planning instruments to prevent noise annoyance (noise maps and noise conflict maps) and the need to reduce noise levels wherever they exceeded the established limits (action plans and municipal noise reduction plans). This paper analyses the development of Portuguese Guidelines for these two noise reduction plans, namely, legal framework, completion deadlines, minimum conflict limits, cost-benefit analysis and the associated administrative and technical procedures. Two case studies, indicative of the Portuguese median cities, are also commented.

This paper presents some final results of the economical evaluation of road traffic noise in Portuguese cities regarding, in particular, the costs and benefits of introducing noise mitigation measures for people living in urban areas. Considering the initial externalities in two ...

This paper analyses the Portuguese planning system (land use management and road network) development along with population's environmental awareness evolution, especially regarding traffic noise. Until 2000, the ineffectiveness of noise legislation and demographic movements towards the coastline, in conjunction with European funding, created adequate conditions to the enlargement of the Portuguese road network. In 2000 and 2007, were approved the second and third Noise Codes, enforcing municipalities and infrastructure's Authorities to take appropriate measures to reduce noise levels wherever they exceed legal limits; create noise zoning maps, noise maps and noise conflict maps; and standardize noise evaluation parameters and periods.

The industry, which has become more mechanized with industrialization, has brought industrial noise. Hearing loss is one of the most common occupational diseases in businesses and the most adopted method of preventing noise exposure is the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), which is undoubtedly the method of controlling the noise at the recipient. However, it is much more beneficial for personnel who do not want to use PPE for different reasons and work efficiency to produce solutions with the principle of eliminating noise at source and between receiver and source. With the preparation of noise maps, the source and distribution of noise can be determined more clearly and more effective solutions can be produced. In this study, noise measurements were prepared by taking ambient measurements in a closed production workshop of a press factory producing carcass mechanism for automotive sub-industry and furniture products in an organized industrial zone. Noise measurements were made in the workshop with reference to TS ISO 1996-2, TS 2607 ISO 1999 and TS EN ISO 9612 standards. A-frequency-weighted equivalent noise level (LAeq) and C-frequency-weighted instantaneous noise pressure peak values (LCPeak) were created by using a Computer Aided Design (CAD) program on the workshop layout plan and noise maps were created using a packet program. Regarding the noise maps, regions of higher sound levels were determined due to color distributions. As a result of the measurements made at 48 points in the workshop, LAeq values ranged between 83.2-94.35 dBA. The highest LCPeak values were measured as 127.61 dBC. In addition, task based personal exposure values were measured with dosimeters installed on working operators. It was found that the task-based personal exposure values corresponded to the values in the prepared noise maps.

The presented research aims to reduce the uncertainty in the selection of noise wall panel materials, and thus to improve the traffic noise management process in the Republic of Croatia. An evaluation of concrete, metal, wood, and transparent panels is performed to improve the panel material selection procedure in the planning and design of traffic noise walls. Properties of panels made of these four basic materials are studied under the assumption that the acoustic requirements relating to the wall structure have been fully met. Thus, the research focuses on six non-acoustic properties of panels (criteria that must be considered by civil engineers): mechanical resistance and stability, service life, construction, maintenance, and replacement costs, service life costs, and recyclability. These properties are analysed using the publicly available data from secondary sources. The data are systematized and subjected to a multicriteria analysis, which has revealed that concrete panels h...

In recent years, concern over airport noise and its impact on surrounding communities has been spurred by the continual growth in air traffic together with urban development in close proximity to many airports around the world. This paper aims at studying the cases of Tallinn Airport and Tartu Airport, both in Estonia, with a focus on evaluating the airport noise and its impact on the neighbouring residential districts. Tallinn Airport is located within the city limits (only 4 kilometres from the city centre), and therefore the inhabited areas are also exposed to aviation noise. The main water catchment area for the city – Lake Ülemiste – and the nearest residential district are situated about 0.5 km from the airport. In 2003 stationary noise monitoring equipment was installed at Tallinn Airport to measure the noise level caused by starting and landing aircraft so that the necessary measures and sanctions can be taken. At Tartu Airport, the noise was recurrently measured in 2008, by...

Noise pollution is a major environmental problem in urban spaces worldwide. The first step toward noise abatement is determining and evaluating noise levels in order to best prioritize and implement protective measures. The city of Osijek, as is obligated by law and the European Directive, has done this by creating a noise map. In this paper, we present measures for noise abatement, showing some of the measures implemented in Osijek based on their noise map, and review possible methods for abating noise in the most vulnerable areas.Zagađenje bukom danas je jedan od glavnih, u svijetu prisutnih problema zagađenja okoliša i urbanog prostora. Prvi korak ka smanjenju razina buke je utvrđivanje i ocjena razina buke kako bi se mogli definirati prioriteti za provedbu mjera zaštite. Grad Osijek, budući da je dužan prema Zakonu o zaštiti od buke i Direktivi Europskog parlamenta, izradio je kartu buke koja prikazuje razine buke i njihovu prostornu distribuciju. Ovaj rad prikazuje mjere za zaš...

The General Directorate of Roads of the Spanish Ministry of Public Works is finishing the process of Strategic Noise Mapping of Spanish Major Roads (EGRA). The whole National road network noise mapped for the first END has a length of 6.400 km round. The present paper contains-Some conclusions from the process of Noise Mapping;-A general view of the process of making decisions about Action Plans;-Definition of the first steps to decide the scope of Action Plans: design of a pilot study to establish the elements needed technical studies, coordination with other administration bodies and public involvement.

The Environmental Acoustics Portuguese legislation established the day-evening-night (L den) and night (Ln) noise indicators, determined during the year, as the noise descriptors to be used for verification of compliance with limit values. When making noise measurements several sampling str ategies can be used, as well as strategies that combined both the stratification of the measurement points and the use of noise models calculation. This article presents a summary of the main strateg ies that can be used, as well as two case studies.

Human action has been causing changes in the environment, with urban pollution being one of the negative consequences for this ecosystem. With the technological development, new computational perspectives emerge for environmental monitoring. This paper presents key points of environmental phenomenology that can benefit from the evolution promoted by computing applied to environmental pollution studies, as well as make a review of research and technologies that have been applied in this context. Resumo. A ação do homem tem provocado mudanças no meio ambiente, sendo a poluição urbana uma das consequências negativas aplicadas nesse ecossistema. Com o desenvolvimento tecnológico, novas perspectivas computacionais afloram para o monitoramento ambiental. Este artigo apresenta pontos chaves da fenomenologia ambiental que podem se beneficiar da evolução promovida pela computação aplicada nos estudos da poluição, assim como realiza um levantamento de pesquisas e tecnologias utilizadas nesse ...

The project HUSH. (Harmonization of Urban noise reduction Strategies for Homogeneous action plans) has been founded by EU and is now being developed by the City of Florence, together with Vie En.Ro.Se. Ingegneria, University Florence, National and Regional Environmental Agencies, with the International Support of Eurocities Network. In many countries a pre-existent National legislation about noise mapping and noise action planning has been used and cannot be simply replaced by the END Directive. In Italy there are now three legislation disposals concerning environmental noise action planning. All the former EU granted projects (like Harmonoise, Imagine, Silence and others), have not considered this aspect of coexistence of plans and all the problems generated by it. Moving from this, the project is oriented towards the harmonization of the different Plans provided by the different legislations and aims to provide a general methodology. Taking in account the significant experiences o...

Urban morphology, i.e. shape and position of buildings in relation to streets, affects the distribution of noise and air pollution and can thus, through urban planning and design, be used to improve urban areas. This is of interest in an ongoing project where both air quality and noise are in focus. The present paper concerns the prediction of noise levels at positions of non-direct noise exposure such as noise levels at inner yard facades and values of noise contour maps at inner yards. With increasing densification, housing is built closer to the roads and the directly exposed facades receive higher noise exposure levels. The balancing effect of access to a quiet side is often counted on, supported by regulation, whereas the noise levels predicted using commercially available software are often incorrectly low at those points. A suggested methodology is described for how to combine the previously developed Qside model with a commercial noise mapping software to improve the predict...

The growing awareness by the broader public of the consequences to health and wellbeing due to road noise has led to a growing number of legal requirements being produced to deal with this matter, both in the design of new or assessment of existing infrastructure. In this article the purpose is to make an up-to-date review of existing studies being carried out to deliver models for predicting noise produced from tyre-road contact, taking account of different methodological approaches which, particularly in Europe thanks to EU sponsored projects, intend to deliver practical solutions regarding different structural solutions and the use of new materials. The main goal of this work is to provide some insight about which approach is better suited to be used in a practical noise prediction model for Portuguese roads, to take into account its specific environmental characteristics and physical features of construction materials.

Surveys show that inhabitants of dwellings exposed to high noise levels benefit from having access to a quiet side. However, current practice in noise prediction often underestimates the noise levels at a shielded façade. Multiple reflections between façades in street canyons and inner yards are commonly neglected and façades are approximated as perfectly flat surfaces yielding only specular reflection. In addition, sources at distances much larger than normally taken into account in noise maps might still contribute significantly. Since one of the main reasons for this is computational burden, an efficient engineering model for the diffraction of the sound over the roof tops is proposed, which considers multiple reflections, variation in building height, canyon width, façade roughness and different roof shapes. The model is fitted on an extensive set of full-wave numerical calculations of canyon-to-canyon sound propagation with configurations matching the distribution of streets and building geometries in a typical historically grown European city. This model allows calculating the background noise in the shielded areas of a city, which could then efficiently be used to improve existing noise mapping calculations. The model was validated by comparison to long-term measurements at 9 building façades whereof 3 were at inner yards in the city of Ghent, Belgium. At shielded façades, a strong improvement in prediction accuracy is obtained.

Sound scattering due to atmospheric turbulence limits the noise reduction in shielded areas. An engineering model is presented, aimed to predict the scattered level for general noise mapping purposes including sound propagation between urban canyons. Energy based single scattering for homogeneous and isotropic turbulence following the Kolmogorov model is assumed as a starting point and a saturation based on the von Kármán model is used as a first-order multiple scattering approximation. For a single shielding obstacle the scattering model is used to calculate a large dataset as function of the effective height of the shielding obstacle and its distances to source and receiver. A parameterisation of the dataset is used when calculating the influence of single or double canyons, including standardised air attenuation rates as well as façade absorption and Fresnel weighting of the multiple façade reflections. Assuming a single point source, an averaging over three receiver positions and that each ground reflection causes energy doubling, the final engineering model is formulated as a scattered level for a shielding building without canyon plus a correction term for the effect of a single or a double canyon, assuming a flat rooftop of the shielding building. Input parameters are, in addition to geometry and sound frequency, the strengths of velocity and temperature turbulence.

No Programa estão assinalados a negrito os autores das Comunicações Orais inscritos como participantes) Sessões de Posters Qualidade do Ambiente Urbano Construído 28 de Setembro-09:00 às 13:00 e 14:30 às 18:30 Transportes e Mobilidade Sustentável 29 de Setembro-09:00 às 13:00

Sound scattering due to atmospheric turbulence limits the noise reduction in shielded areas. An engineering model is presented, aimed to predict the scattered level for general noise mapping purposes including sound propagation between urban canyons. Energy based single scattering for homogeneous and isotropic turbulence following the Kolmogorov model is assumed as a starting point and a saturation based on the von Kármán model is used as a first-order multiple scattering approximation. For a single shielding obstacle the scattering model is used to calculate a large dataset as function of the effective height of the shielding obstacle and its distances to source and receiver. A parameterisation of the dataset is used when calculating the influence of single or double canyons, including standardised air attenuation rates as well as façade absorption and Fresnel weighting of the multiple façade reflections. Assuming a single point source, an averaging over three receiver positions and that each ground reflection causes energy doubling, the final engineering model is formulated as a scattered level for a shielding building without canyon plus a correction term for the effect of a single or a double canyon, assuming a flat rooftop of the shielding building. Input parameters are, in addition to geometry and sound frequency, the strengths of velocity and temperature turbulence.

Surveys show that inhabitants of dwellings exposed to high noise levels benefit from having access to a quiet side. However, current practice in noise prediction often underestimates the noise levels at a shielded façade. Multiple reflections between façades in street canyons and inner yards are commonly neglected and façades are approximated as perfectly flat surfaces yielding only specular reflection. In addition, sources at distances much larger than normally taken into account in noise maps might still contribute significantly. Since one of the main reasons for this is computational burden, an efficient engineering model for the diffraction of the sound over the roof tops is proposed, which considers multiple reflections, variation in building height, canyon width, façade roughness and different roof shapes. The model is fitted on an extensive set of full-wave numerical calculations of canyon-to-canyon sound propagation with configurations matching the distribution of streets and building geometries in a typical historically grown European city. This model allows calculating the background noise in the shielded areas of a city, which could then efficiently be used to improve existing noise mapping calculations. The model was validated by comparison to long-term measurements at 9 building façades whereof 3 were at inner yards in the city of Ghent, Belgium. At shielded façades, a strong improvement in prediction accuracy is obtained.

Noise mapping is a complex process requiring a large amount of data from different sources, which are not always available. In the process, there are many factors involving simplifications, approaches and deviations that contribute to the final uncertainty of the result. An error in the final result of the noise map causes an incorrect amount of exposed population, as well as the design and implementation of inadequate or wrong noise action plans. The uncertainty analysis in the creation of noise maps is therefore a key tool to design noise action plans. However, up to now, there are only guides giving an approximate range of possible contribution to the uncertainty depending on the quality of input data. The present paper analyses the contributions to the total uncertainty of a noise map, proposing a methodology to quantify it. After analyzing the sources that contribute to the overall system uncertainty, a method to quantify the expanded uncertainty properly is proposed, through an analytical calculation and experimental determination. Thus, a specific value of the uncertainty of a map can be calculated avoiding approximations and range values.

Noise pollution is a major environmental problem in urban spaces worldwide. The first step toward noise abatement is determining and evaluating noise levels in order to best prioritize and implement protective measures. The city of Osijek, as is obligated by law and the European Directive, has done this by creating a noise map. In this paper, we present measures for noise abatement, showing some of the measures implemented in Osijek based on their noise map, and review possible methods for abating noise in the most vulnerable areas.

In Portugal like in the majority of European countries, a significant part of the population is exposed to excessive traffic noise levels which are downgrading their quality of life. Considering the relevance of this topic associated with a constant growth in road traffic volume and congestion, it was recognized the importance of the economical valuation of these severe noise levels. This paper aims to present some results of the ongoing investigation concerning this issue and to contribute to the body of knowledge and methodology in this field. There are several innovative aspects on this research. There have been very few studies simultaneously concerned with monetary valuation of noise externalities, real estate income and infra-structure costs. In this analysis was evaluated the significance of investment in noise mitigation measures (increase in the infra-structure cost due to the constructions of noise alleviation measures -on the source and on noise path) regarding the reduction of noise externalities (associated to social, real estate and health related costs) and the minimization of real estate income loss (allied to the inability for construction of available building properties based on excessive noise and the consequent reduction on its patrimonial value). This investigation was conducted over two municipalities representative of the majority of Portuguese cities in accordance with their spatial characteristics as well as territorial development, finances, population, building and road density. It is an important input for the selection, implementation and financing of future Noise Action Plans and Municipal Noise Reduction Plans.

Experience on noise mapping and action plans of agglomerations and transport infrastructures in recent years in Portugal is presented and discussed with a focus on the requirements of the Euro-pean Noise Directive. Issues concerning data management, calculation procedures, validation of results, and the estimation of exposure of people to noise are addressed. Methodologies adopted in the preparation of noise action plans are portrayed, detailing the drawing of acoustic sensitivity maps, acoustic zoning, conflict identification, together with noise management issues. Noise abatement measures are highlighted with specific examples presented and discussed. Strategies related to the preservation as well as to the development of quiet areas in urban areas are also addressed.

In Portugal like in the majority of European countries, a significant part of the population is exposed to excessive traffic noise levels which are downgrading their quality of life. Considering the relevance of this topic associated with a constant growth in road traffic volume and congestion, it was recognized the importance of the economical valuation of these severe noise levels. This paper aims to present some results of the ongoing investigation concerning this issue and to contribute to the body of knowledge and methodology in this field. There are several innovative aspects on this research. There have been very few studies simultaneously concerned with monetary valuation of noise externalities, real estate income and infra-structure costs. In this analysis was evaluated the significance of investment in noise mitigation measures (increase in the infra-structure cost due to the constructions of noise alleviation measures -on the source and on noise path) regarding the reduction of noise externalities (associated to social, real estate and health related costs) and the minimization of real estate income loss (allied to the inability for construction of available building properties based on excessive noise and the consequent reduction on its patrimonial value). This investigation was conducted over two municipalities representative of the majority of Portuguese cities in accordance with their spatial characteristics as well as territorial development, finances, population, building and road density. It is an important input for the selection, implementation and financing of future Noise Action Plans and Municipal Noise Reduction Plans.

The project HUSH. (Harmonization of Urban noise reduction Strategies for Homogeneous action plans) has been founded by EU and is now being developed by the City of Florence, together with Vie En.Ro.Se. Ingegneria, University Florence, National and Regional Environmental Agencies, with the International Support of Eurocities Network. In many countries a pre-existent National legislation about noise mapping and noise action planning has been used and cannot be simply replaced by the END Directive. In Italy there are now three legislation disposals concerning environmental noise action planning. All the former EU granted projects (like Harmonoise, Imagine, Silence and others), have not considered this aspect of coexistence of plans and all the problems generated by it. Moving from this, the project is oriented towards the harmonization of the different Plans provided by the different legislations and aims to provide a general methodology. Taking in account the significant experiences o...

Presentación del Mapa Estratégico de Ruidos de Granada 2016, segundo MER de la ciudad, elaborado por el Área de Medio Ambiente del Ayuntamiento de Granada con la colaboración de la Universidad de Granada, Departamento de Física Aplicada en la Facultad de Ciencias. Datos, resultados y análisis de niveles ambientales y población expuesta según establece la normativa acústica vigente en España y en Europa.