National Forest Service

Quantifying the forest water budget is fundamental to making science-based forest management decisions. This study aimed at developing an improved water budget for the El Yunque National Forest (ENF) in Puerto Rico, one of the wettest forests in the United States. We modified an existing monthly scale water balance model, Water Supply Stress Index (WaSSI), to reflect location watershed conditions, by incorporating a new empirical evapotranspiration (ET) equation derived from global eddy covariance data for rainforests. Modeling results indicated that the mean water yield was about 1795 mm yr -1 for the ENF region, representing approximately 63% of the annual precipitation. We found a wide range of the estimates for all key hydrological fluxes, particularly ET, among those reported in the literature. The large differences in both the magnitude and seasonality of fluxes are a result of differences in estimation methods and physical watershed boundaries used among these studies. The present modeling study that used the updated data products and modeling techniques provided an improved annual water budget with a smaller uncertainty compared to previous studies. Future studies should focus on quantifying water budgets, especially ET and precipitation, across a topographic gradient at a fine spatiotemporal scale.

Michigan has significant forest resources, and there is much debate about the use and protection of the forests. Managers, analysts, and the public have multiple sources for data regarding Michigan's forests, but these sources vary in how accurately they characterize forests. A close examination of three data sources shows considerable differences in accuracies of public land data sets. Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots were treated as the reference classification system, given their consistent application procedures on the ground. National forest and state forest tactical data sets and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources' remotely sensed data sets were compared with 753 FIA plots. The accuracies of the on-the-ground tactical data sets exceeded 82%, but remotely sensed data were accurate only 65% of the time. The latter may serve as a proxy for private lands that do not have tactical inventory data sets. Aggregating remotely sensed data and combining tactical and remotely sensed data would improve overall accuracy across landscapes with both public and private lands.

An annotated checklist of the Kakamega Forest in Kakamega District is presented. The checklist includes the plants found mainly in Buyangu National Reserve, and the Nature Reserves of Isecheno and Yala. It also includes the adjacent forest fragments of Malava, Kisere and Kaimosi. Nine hundred and eighty six (986) plant taxa (including 36 introduced or cultivated, 12 probably misidentified, 111 photo recorded taxa, and 83 undocumented plant taxa) in 129 families and 527 genera are recorded. This represents about 15.2% of the total number of 6506 Kenyan vascular plant species. For each taxon documented, a short description of its habit and distribution is given. Also 181 synonyms are listed.

Forest fires is one of the more common disorders. The negative impact caused by forest fires is large enough so that prevention since the beginning needs to be done in handling forest fires. One of them using remote sensing technology and geographic information systems.

In 1981, elk were first introduced to the prairie environment of the Cimarron National Grassland in Kansas. The lack of information regarding critical elk habitat in the prairie and the demand for integrated land use necessitated elk habitat studies in the grassland. A logistic regression model was developed to assess the relationship between observed calving sites and a set of biophysical and anthropogenic habitat variables. A GIs was used to solicit spatial information and implement the logistic model to predict the spatial distribution of calving probabilities in the grassland. Seep pits, the manmade water supply facilities along the river corridor, and cottonwood and salt cedar in the riparian areas were found statistically significant in explaining elk calving habitat; in contrast, highways and improved gravel roads appear to affect calving habitat in a negative fashion. The results also suggested possible adaptation of elk to human disturbance. Your 1997 PRS Publications log arrived inside our January issue, and res many new and disounted items. Ordering is easier now by phone,

Background and aims -The Lopé National Park in Gabon, recently added to the UNESCO world heritage list, presents a mosaic of forest and savanna that dynamically changes. Conserving this landscape requires an understanding of the forest dynamics. This study aims at defining a forest typology at Lopé in relation with its dynamics. Methods -Floristic and structural characteristics for 265 tree species belonging to 55 families were measured in 258 sampling plots in the Lopé National Park. Multivariate analysis of these data was used to partition the sampling plots into groups on the basis of their floristic or structural characteristics. Key results -Five structural forest types and six floristic forest types were identified. This typology showed that the forests in the forest-savanna mosaic of Lopé organize themselves along a gradient of forest recovery, from young forests to mature forests. Typical pioneer species are associated with the youngest forest stages. The gradient on the species also corresponds to a geographical gradient on the sampling plots, associated with features like altitude, rocks, or hydrography. Conclusions -Five forest types were defined on the basis of species abundances. The snapshot of forest types characterizes a dynamic process of forest regeneration.

The Tapajós National Forest (FLONA) is a Conservation Unit (UC) located in the Brazilian Amazon state of Pará. The Flona Tapajos, managed by the Instituto Chico Mendez (ICMBio) has extensive public use (recreation and tourism). In order to identify the negative and positive aspects observed during recreation/tourism visits to the FLONA, an in-person visitor use survey was conducted at the FLONA. As part of a larger study, the objective of this manuscript was to identify the positives and negatives of the visitation pointed out by the visitors of the Tapajós National Forest in the period from 2014 to 2016. A total of 14,291 comments were analyzed, of which 9,004 were positive comments and 5,287 were negative comments. Thematic analysis and a qualitative method was used, and the comments were placed into three categories and 22 subcategorys, according to keywords. The results identify the items that may cause either satisfaction or dissatisfaction by the public. The findings help resource managers better understand the Conservation Unit and the data can support better public use programs and visitation management.

The harmonisation of a sub-set of forest health attributes suitable for aggregating, through scales ranging from individual trees to the operational forest management unit and up to the national level, has been achieved in countries such as the USA and Canada. In Australia, however, data collected on forest health is currently obtained on an ad hoc basis with only a small proportion of the national forest estate actually having been assessed. National guidelines are required for the objective assessment of a set of indices relating to forest health before Australia is in a position to report adequately on forest ecosystem health and vitality as recommended by the (Australian) Montreal Process Implementation Group. Obtaining these indices must be an affordable process that fulfills forest health reporting requirements for a range of national, state and regional reporting commitments such as the State of the Forests Reports and for the Regional Forest Agreements review process. In addition, it is envisaged that the indices will contribute to the verification process for the forest health and vitality criterion described in the Australian Forestry Standard for certification of sustainable forest management practices. Tree crown condition is proposed as a key attribute of forest health and it is amenable to rapid standardised assessment. Four measures are proposed which have the potential to provide consistent core data on tree crown condition. Adoption of these indices will depend on the assessments being cost effective and consistent, and the results being meaningful for a range of applications. To facilitate this process an illustrated field manual has been published, providing guidance for standardised assessment methods. Initially the scope of the manual is limited, focusing on the assessment of eucalypt tree crown damage. If it proves successful, the number of indicators relating to forest health monitoring could be increased.

The harmonisation of a sub-set of forest health attributes suitable for aggregating, through scales ranging from individual trees to the operational forest management unit and up to the national level, has been achieved in countries such as the USA and Canada. In Australia, however, data collected on forest health is currently obtained on an ad hoc basis with only a small proportion of the national forest estate actually having been assessed. National guidelines are required for the objective assessment of a set of indices relating to forest health before Australia is in a position to report adequately on forest ecosystem health and vitality as recommended by the (Australian) Montreal Process Implementation Group. Obtaining these indices must be an affordable process that fulfills forest health reporting requirements for a range of national, state and regional reporting commitments such as the State of the Forests Reports and for the Regional Forest Agreements review process. In addition, it is envisaged that the indices will contribute to the verification process for the forest health and vitality criterion described in the Australian Forestry Standard for certification of sustainable forest management practices. Tree crown condition is proposed as a key attribute of forest health and it is amenable to rapid standardised assessment. Four measures are proposed which have the potential to provide consistent core data on tree crown condition. Adoption of these indices will depend on the assessments being cost effective and consistent, and the results being meaningful for a range of applications. To facilitate this process an illustrated field manual has been published, providing guidance for standardised assessment methods. Initially the scope of the manual is limited, focusing on the assessment of eucalypt tree crown damage. If it proves successful, the number of indicators relating to forest health monitoring could be increased.

Nowadays, many scientists, especially in the period of developments all over the world, have stated that the healing effect of modern medical techniques and the existence of many products and activities in certain proportions naturally provide benefits for the protection of health. Within the scope of this successful therapeutic recreation, the healing feature of wide nature therapy (ecotherapy) for human health, the specialty of forest therapy and the organized presentation and the termination of its applicability in Antalya Termessos National Park, which is regionally important in terms of tourism. For this purpose, the scale of ‘Determination of Recreational Potential of Open Air and Forest Areas’, first proposed by Kiemstedt and later developed by Leier and Gülez (1990), was used in the study. As a result of on-site observation and evaluation of Termessos National Park, landscape value was evaluated as 25 points, climate value out of 23 points, accessibility 13 points, presence of recreational facilities and playgrounds within the park 15 points and negative factors 0 points. These scores reveal the result that the recreational potential value of Termessos National Park is 75%. This high score shows that the park is mainly used by local people for recreational activities and is suitable to meet the recreational needs of its visitors. The absence of literature investigating the applicability of Forest Therapy to a specific destination makes it different.

They acknowledge having informed all sources of funding received for carrying out the research; 6. Authorize the publication of the work, which includes the catalog records, ISBN (Internacional Standard Serial Number), D.O.I. (Digital Object Identifier) and other indexes, visual design and cover creation, interior layout, as well as the release and dissemination according to Atena Editora's criteria. We find ourselves amidst a global scenario of climate change, global warming, and the resurgence of arthropod-borne diseases, including arboviruses. Among these, Sylvatic Yellow Fever (SYF) has exhibited an increase in the number of cases, including epidemic outbreaks, particularly in various regions of Brazil, affecting not only humans but also native primates. Thus, in addition to implications for human health, SYF emerges as another obstacle for animals of our biodiversity deserving protection. Within this reality, a comprehensive study of SYF vectors, particularly the mosquitoes of the genus Haemagogus (Diptera: Culicidae), is essential. This is crucial for both enhancing existing knowledge and updating it, considering that global changes may be influencing the ecobiology of these insect populations. Such is the paradigm of the present work, whose chapters represent new studies with a modern and current approach to several aspects of the ecology, biology, and morphology of the Haemagogus species of greatest epidemiological importance in Brazil. Notably, this book includes a compilation of numerous studies published over the years in reputable and impactful scientific journals. This ensures that the presented texts have been refined and polished through various peer reviews conducted previously. Thus, we present a collection with content grounded in high technical and scientific rigor, which is not only useful for a better understanding of Haemagogus species and, consequently, of part of the Brazilian biodiversity but also contributes to a deeper understanding of these species as arbovirus vectors. By its scope, this book fills gaps in the knowledge of several aspects of the studied species. For all these reasons, the information presented may have future implications for preventive and/or interruptive actions against SYF transmission, both for humans and native primates in our forested areas. It is essential to highlight the authors' dedication to continuous improvement, as evidenced by their successive publications, resulting in a magnificent body of work for updated and in-depth knowledge of various aspects of the studied Haemagogus species. In conclusion, I affirm my belief that this collection is indispensable for consultation and study by all those whose field of activity or research includes SYF or Haemagogus species from now on.

Deforestation is a common phenomenon in Bangladesh, leaving the country under a great threat of losing its natural habitat. The increasing rate of natural habitat loss has raised questions regarding the country's forest resource management practices. These practices were originally adopted to protect the forest ecosystem and secure the livelihood of the people dependent on forest resources. Despite the support from development partners like United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the country is still struggling to protect its forest resources from human encroachment. One of the major problems is the lack of inconclusiveness in current approaches. Most initiatives are not evidence-based and are project-based for only a certain period of time. This has failed to ensure sustainable outcomes. This study looks at Bangladesh's Himchari National Park forest management system to generate evidence regarding deforestation from 1991-2018 and highlight existing gaps. To identify and analyze the gaps, the study uses a socialecological system (SES) lens. Results reveal deforestation across different time periods, articulates the overall governance structure regarding forest resource management and provides an overview of the major gaps within the system. The study also offers a set of recommendations for improving the existing management system and policy implications.

O presente trabalho analisa a fragmentação dos habitats ecológicos através da agricultura na Reserva Especial do Niassa (REN). O estudo foi realizado com o auxílio de programas de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG), como o QGis, através do plugin Landscape Ecology Statistics (LecoS), que permitiu a estimação de métricas da paisagem selecionadas criteriosamente para a aplicação. A análise dos padrões espaciais foi realizada por imagens, em formato raster (.TIF) através do MODIS Land Cover Type Product (MCD12Q1), que disponibiliza um conjunto de dados científicos que mapeiam a cobertura terrestre global em uma resolução espacial de 500 metros num intervalo de tempo anual. Para o cálculo das métricas da paisagem, foram selecionadas as métricas de paisagem. O mapeamento foi realizado por interpretação visual e classificação manual de composições de imagens adquiridas dos anos entre 2001 e 2022 correspondente ao período. A vegetação que domina o distrito é a savana com 87.99 %, as áreas de pastagem com (8.57 %) e as florestas decíduas com (1.46 %). A floresta sempre verde, floresta mista e a savana apresentam um crescimento com cerca de 192.89 %, 240.78 % e 20.88 % respectivamente entre 2001 e 2022, favorecendo o crescimento da dinâmica das espécies que ocorrem nesta formação vegetal. As restantes classes foram convertidas a sua área de cobertura e quatro classes considerando o matagal fechado e aberto, mosaicos de áreas agrícolas/vegetação natural e solos expostos. A agricultura itinerante praticada no distrito de Mecula, não será a causa principal da fragmentação de habitats no distrito sendo também possível que ela se deva a causas naturais. Flutuações climáticas, heterogeneidade de solos, topografia, processos de sedimentação e hidrodinâmica em rios e no mar, processos hidrogeológicos que produzem áreas temporariamente ou permanentemente alagadas, onde ocorrem tipos particulares de vegetação, fogos descontrolados, entre outras causas podem também ser responsáveis por esta fragmentação.
Palavras-chaves: Fragmentação, métricas da paisagem, habitats, conservação da biodiversidade, uso e cobertura de terra.

Little is known about the ecological relationships of bats of Southcentral Alaska. We used AnaBat II bat detectors, mist-netting, and radio-telemetry to collect preliminary data on the distribution and status of bats on the Chugach National Forest (CNF), their activity patterns, and their roosting and foraging habitats. Myotis spp. were detected at 20 of 25 acoustic sampling sites. Bat activity tended to be higher at water sites than at road or trail sites, and higher in hardwood stands than in conifer stands, although these differences were not statistically significant. Based on data recorded at a maternity roost, the total activity period for bats during July was approximately 5 h per night; no bat activity was observed prior to sunset or after sunrise at any of the sites. Hourly activity was not related to temperature, but activity ended earlier on cooler nights. An adult male Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus) was tracked to a day-roost in a large Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) snag with sloughing bark. Most female Little Brown Myotis captured at a maternity roost were either lactating or post-lactating. These preliminary findings suggest that bats are common on the CNF, but more research is needed to determine their habitat associations and their responses to disturbances including forest management practices, fire, insect outbreaks, climate change, and disease.

How is conflict over resources managed in the context of ecological, economic, and political crisis? Trust is noted by scholars as fundamental for collaborative forest management (CFM), a shared governance tool that brings together different stakeholders. This paper extends the literature on trust by foregrounding the use of science to lead decision making processes in the face of crisis. Through a case study of a CFM partnership in the American west, the analysis examines a once feuding group of political adversaries who decided to work together and “let the science lead.” The study examines how the partnership navigated economic crisis and historic wildfires against the backdrop of longstanding regional conflict termed the timber wars. The science-led governance model described includes science-led decision making, ongoing research on forest treatments, and communication of scientific findings to partners. The partnership’s approach, undergirded by relational and procedural trust, highlights the socio-political and relational dimensions of science-informed, sustainable resource management. The findings of this study have implications beyond CFM as they point to the importance of relational trust building in civic science. Generating buy-in and collaboration, especially among those with little to no formal science background, is especially pertinent given the polarization of science more broadly.

Abstract.-The talk upon which this article is based was intended to stimulate exploration and marketing of juniper and pinon products. Ulti-mately, the objectives are to better utilize fiber harvested for ecosystem management purposes, and improve local community and tribal econo-mies. The evolving case history of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) commercialization efforts, from an unofficial coordinator's perspective, is offered as an example of what could be done in the Southwestern United States.

Th e Forest Ranger to became a government guerrilla against the organization he loved. Th is profi le highlights several enduring themes: the inherent tensions between democracy and bureaucracy, the many masters of career bureaucrats, how organizational culture can both empower and constrain employees, and what it means to act responsibly, ethically, and with integrity as a public servant. In addition, this case demonstrates how the Forest Service has evolved since Kaufman's classic study. First, Kaufman depicted forest rangers as "valuing the organization more than they value [d] getting their own way," yet this profi le underscores that public servants do not check their worldviews, mores, or ethics at the door. Second, Kaufman described the Forest Service's eff orts to routinize the decisions of its employees in an eff ort to prevent allegiances to, or cooptation by, local populations. Yet in this Administrative Profi le, Ferguson's hidden strategic tactics co-opted local stakeholders to enlist their support for a cause he deeply felt was right and just.

Enhancement of forest growth through silvicultural treatments is one of the various strategies to increase carbon (C) sequestration in forests. This study was carried out to examine the effects of silvicultural treatments on Bhudkaya Buffer zone community forest (BBZCF) in Bardia National park. The inventory for estimating above and below ground biomass of forest was carried out using stratified random sampling technique. Group discussion was carried out with the members of BBZCF to know the management practices adopted there. The biophysical data were analyzed using statistical analysis. Soil samples were collected from three different depths 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm in order to determine the soil carbon. Total carbon stock was computed by adding carbon stocks of five different forest pools viz; tree, soil, litter, herb and grass, estimated using standard methods for each plot. BBZCF adopted general silvicultural treatments like thinning, pruning, selective cutting and Original Research Article cleaning in 56.98 ha. The aboveground carbon stock in non-treatment blocks for trees, saplings, litter, herb and grass, and root was calculated at 127.38 t ha -1 , 0.16 t ha -1 , 0.04 t ha -1 , 2.65 t ha -1 , and 25.48 t ha -1 , respectively and in the treatments block it was estimated as 112.65 t ha -1 , 0.1 t ha - 1 , 0.42 t ha -1 , 1.31 t ha -1 and 22.52 t ha -1 , respectively. Soil organic carbon of silvicultural treatments block was estimated 45.99 t ha -1 and non-silvicultural treatments block was estimated 36.05 t ha -1 .

This study aimed to develop the best-fit model of work engagement of the non-commissioned officers in Region IX, Philippines. Specifically, this investigates the level of organizational politics, the integrity of head of office, the treatment towards police personnel, and the work engagement of the non-commissioned officers in the Philippine National Police. This used a quantitative research design and structural equation model utilizing 400 non-commissioned officers. Findings revealed that organizational politics in the Philippine National Police Region IX is moderate, while the integrity of the head of office, the treatment of police personnel, and work engagement were high. Results also revealed significant relationships between organizational politics and work engagement, the integrity of the head of office and work engagement, and treatment towards police personnel and work engagement. Moreover, organizational politics and treatment towards police personnel directly contribute to the work engagement of the non-commissioned officers. Lastly, the best-fit model of work engagement of the non-commissioned officers was best anchored in organizational politics, in terms of the existence of a dominant group of individuals and political behaviors in terms of impression management and treatment towards police personnel in terms of worker's rights

This paper focuses on the role of traffic police, an implementing element that has the task of carrying out police duties especially on regulating security, safety, smoothness and order in traffic infrastructure. The previous writings focused more on law enforcement carried out by the Traffic Police, both in preventive and preemptive activities institutionally (Direct enforcement by the police at the scene). However, there is no writing that focuses on describing development strategies that are more cultural in nature, especially in instilling the values of traffic order. This writing uses a qualitative approach based on interpretive methods. Writing with a qualitative approach essentially emphasizes understanding a symptom from the perspective of the actor himself or the emic view. This writing focuses on the efforts of traffic police in shaping a traffic culture for the people of DKI Jakarta. The author uses the Literature review methodology. The paper shows that Community education is not a stand-alone phenomenon, but its implementation is related to other symptoms or devices. These tools are closely related to the role and function of the Police in dealing with traffic problems as regulated in the 1992 LLAJ Law. The interpretation of the cultural approach proposed in this book is an educational process which then functions to integrate the various roles and functions of policing.

We established bird monitoring programs in two regions of Minnesota: the Chippewa National Forest and the Superior National Forest. The experimental design defined forest cover types as strata in which samples of forest stands were randomly selected. Subsamples (3 point counts) were placed in each stand to maximize field effort and to assess within-stand and between-stand variation for a variety of bird parameters. Data gathered in 1991 were used to evaluate several assumptions that were made in the experimental design and showed that variance of most bird parameters among strata were similar. This data indicated that a proportional stratified sample by forest cover type was reasonable. We also found that two subsamples per stand would be optimum when a variety of strata types and bird variables were considered. Analyses based on 120 stands in the Chippewa National Forest and 150 stands in the Superior National Forest indicated that a two-tailed t-test could detect a 25 percent change in bird numbers for common species. For most other species, we could detect less than a 50 percent annual change. Monitoring programs within regions should be habitat specific so that changes in bird numbers can be related to: (1) habitat changes that have occurred in the region; (2) natural fluctuations in bird numbers; or (3) other factors.

In 1859, Elizabeth Minerva Sumner Byers (1834-1920) was one of the first white woman to arrive in Denver—the eighth or ninth woman in fact. Stepping off of the buckboard she had ridden from Kearney, Nebraska, along with her husband, William Newton Byers, and their two young children, Frank and Mary Eve (Byers Robinson)—she found a community with only dirt roads, no sanitation or plumbing, and numerous unemployed miners with families, many people homeless, sick and starving. This pioneer country was quite a contrast for a “splendid type of the cultured, refined woman” of an old and prominent colonial family with roots in Ohio and Iowa. Her grandfather, Governor Robert Lucas, was both a territorial and an elected governor of Ohio, and twice governor of Iowa.

In 1893, Elizabeth M. Byers established a home for boys who were orphaned or whose families could not fully support them. It was first called the Working Boys Home and School at South Fifteenth Street and West Eleventh Avenue in Denver (now 11th Ave. & Acoma St., although some sources mention a home at 11th and Bannock. Whether they were two separate homes, or two different interpretations of historic Denver street names in not clear). The house Mrs. Byers purchased was remodeled to house twenty boys ranging in age from 8 to 16 years. According to an article published in The Denver Republican newspaper in 1896, this was one of three known homes in the US and Canada supported “nearly in toto by a woman.” When Elizabeth Byers built a new home located at 64 West Alameda Street, the name was changed to E.M. Byers Home for Boys, established and incorporated in September 1903. As an extension of the boys’ home in Denver, a summer camp program was conceived and likely implemented by Elizabeth Byers, William Crawford, and the E.M. Byers Home for Boys board of directors, as early as 1896.

A camp called the E.M. Byers Home for Boys Summer Camp had operated for some time under a Special Use Permit (SUP) on US Forest Service
(USFS) land in the Pike National Forest at South Platte Canyon, Park County, ceasing operation by the late 1960s. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that from 1914 on, the camp was located in Park County, between
the towns of Shawnee and Grant, and that it was likely established there by 1910, if not earlier.

Reservoirs serve multiple purposes, including recreation, flood control, and hydroelectricity production. In the United States, these reservoirs are typically managed by federal or state agencies. This thesis assesses the effectiveness of federal versus state management in enhancing the recreational use of these reservoirs. The study utilized panel data from 85 reservoirs across the United States, spanning from 2014 to 2021 and including 680 observations. The analysis focused on comparing visitation rates under different management regimes. The central finding of this study is that the type of management agency, whether federal or state, does not significantly affect visitation rates. However, factors related to water, such as adequate rainfall and water levels in the reservoirs, significantly influence visitor attraction. This indicates that while management type may not be a determining factor in recreational use, environmental and hydrological conditions are important considerations for visitor attraction.

The Kaibab Plateau of northern Arizona, once (and occasionally still informally) called the Buckskin Mountains, is part of the traditional homeland of the Paiute peoples, who know it as (in translation here) the Mountain Lying Down. The broadly arched plateau lies more or less at 8,000 feet in elevation, with its apex over 9,200 feet. The Kaibab’s structural geology is the stuff of textbooks, beyond the scope of this bibliography. But its ecology is a differently enthralling story. Unlike the canyons and plateaus that surround it, the Kaibab is heavily forested and set with open parklands that divulge karstic limestone areas that are the source of numerous springs in Marble and Grand Canyons. This is home to the indigenous Kaibab squirrel and to herds of common mule deer, whose own ecological story has been the keen interest of environmental biologists for decades, after their environment was astonishingly altered by humans out to “protect” them. A protracted effort was made with the consent—the insistence even—of federal forest agencies to eradicate the top-of-the-food-chain animals, specifically wolves and mountain lions, that preyed on the deer, disastrously resulting in a significant irruption of deer. The “lesson of the Kaibab” has been a mainstay of environmental education for a century, thus it is worthwhile to present here a separate chronological bibliography of the Kaibab deer literature. With it, the lesson’s historical track can be traced more easily through its publications, year by year, and from which an idea can also be grasped as to the lesson’s international breadth of interest. Also of more recent interest is the relatively new presence and management concerns relating to the Kaibab bison herd (hybrid “cattelo” actually). This comprehensive bibliography offers a complete record of published studies and stories that are relative to Grand Canyon National Park’s north rim and to the Kaibab National Forest’s North Kaibab Ranger District. No such ecologically focused research bibliography has been available before.

The Czerwona Woda River is the main watercourse in the Stołowe Mountains National Park and drains the major part of the Stołowe Mts. It was regulated in the past, but its channel has been spontaneously naturalised. Now, managed spruce forests grow along almost the entire length of this small mountain stream. The aims of the present study were to investigate diversity of plant communities connected with the Czerwona Woda stream and to prepare detailed vegetation maps. The results obtained can potentially be a reference for future restoration projects implemented in the Stołowe Mountains National Park. As a result of vegetation mapping, there were distinguished 20 plant communities representative of the current vegetation and 3 communities representative of the potential vegetation. Phytosociological data on the vegetation was documented by making 62 phytosociological relevés. Based on these, 9 forest communities were distinguished, of which 3 were classified into associations, 1 – in...

The objectives of the “Pilot study on harmonising National Forest Inventories in Europe” were demonstrating and implementing in real cases the harmonization of forest information using National Forest Inventory (NFI) data. The pilot study is thus a first attempt in Europe to provide harmonized NFI information at the supra-national level. Different technical approaches to harmonise selected NFI variables have been tested and evaluated. Four proposed approaches have been tested with real data for selected test sites in three different countries, namely Germany, Spain and Italy. For each of the three countries two test sites were selected, which represent different forest ecosystems but also most typical forests landscapes of the countries. This pilot project constitutes a first operational attempt to harmonize national datasets in order to derive a unique Forest Information database at European level that should allow the compilation and analysis of European forest datasets. How to ob...

Aspen is considered a keystone species, and aspen communities are critical for maintaining biodiversity in western landscapes. Inventories of aspen stand health across the Eagle Lake Ranger District (ELRD), Lassen National Forest, California, U.S.A., indicate that 77% of stands are in decline and at risk of loss as defined by almost complete loss of mature aspen with little or no regeneration. This decline is due to competition from conifers establishing within aspen stands as a result of modification of natural fire regimes coupled with excessive browsing by livestock. Restoration treatments were implemented in four aspen stands in 1999 using mechanical equipment to remove competing conifers to enhance the growth environment for aspen. Recruitment and establishment of aspen stems were measured in treated stands (removal of competing conifers) and non-treated stands (control) immediately prior to treatment and 2 and 4 years post-treatment. There was a significant increase in total aspen stem density and in two of three aspen regeneration size classes for treated stands compared to controls. Pre-treatment total aspen density was positively associated with total aspen density and density in all size classes of aspen (p < 0.001). The results demonstrate that mechanical removal of conifers is an effective treatment for restoring aspen.

Dall'anno 2000 la Direzione Protezione Natura (DPN) del Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare (MATTM) è competente nel settore antincendi boschivi (AIB) specificatamente per la previsione e prevenzione nelle aree protette statali-Parchi Nazionali (PN) e Riserve Naturali Sta tali (RNS)-in attuazione dell'art. 8 comma 2 della L. 353/2000 (Legge quadro in materia di incendi boschi vi). In particolare cura il supporto ed il coordina mento della pianificazione AIB in dette aree, verifica i piani degli enti gestori e quindi, previo il parere d'obbligo del Corpo Forestale dello Stato (CFS), chie de l'intesa alle Regioni territorialmente interessate per l'inserimento di questi piani nei corrispondenti piani AIB regionali (Petrucci 2007). La legge ha introdotto importanti novità in materia di lotta agli incendi boschivi, tra cui quella di favori re la prevenzione rispetto alla lotta attiva e, per far questo, obbliga le regioni e gli enti gestori delle aree protette statali ad elaborare un "Piano Anti Incendi Boschivi" (o Piano AIB). Il Piano elaborato da queste ultime, secondo criteri stabiliti in appositi Schemi di Piano AIB del MATTM, deve avere una serie di con

Aim of study: In this paper, we present a decision support system (DSS) to support decision making where different stakeholders have to generate landscape and forest level strategic plans. We further present an interactive approach that may take advantage of a posteriori preference modelling (i.e. Pareto frontier technique) to facilitate the specification of the levels of achievement of various objectives. Area of study: The approach was applied to one planning cycle of a real world study case, the Leiria National Forest in Portugal. The Leiria National Forest, a managed area of approximately eleven thousand hectares in which 8,679 hectares are even aged stands of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait) aimed at the production of wood. Material and methods: The interactive approach, at first, tries to generate Pareto efficient frontiers for different objectives. Then, multiple decision makers are involved in the process to seek an agreement towards the definition of a consensual strategic plan. Main results: The system developed in this article integrates an information management subsystem, a module to generate alternative management regimes, growth model routines and a decision module that generates and solves mathematical formulations. It also provides a module to display reports and view the resulting solutions (management plans). We also build the Pareto frontier for different criteria. The results show that the proposed DSS can help solve strategic planning problems subject to sustainable management constraints where people organize themselves and participate jointly to manage their natural resources. Research highlights: The interactive approach facilitates the involvement of multiple stakeholders in the decision making process.

units to identify disturbance patterns across the United States using FIA plot data and time series of Landsat satellite images. Spatially explicit predictions of biomass loss and gain from 1972 to 2002 will be produced in 2-year intervals using 25 Landsat scenes distributed throughout the country. The map-based analyses that will be made possible through this collaboration will complement FIA's current ability to track disturbances at the county and State level. Overview of the Collaboration The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program has entered into a collaborative agreement with a diverse team of scientists for the purpose of using historical Landsat data to measure

The survey on values, objectives, beliefs, and attitudes, implemented as a module of the National Survey on Recreation and the Environment, asked over 7,000 respondents nationwide about their values with respect to public lands, objectives for the management of these lands, beliefs about the role the USDA Forest Service should play in fulfilling those objectives, and attitudes about the job the agency has been doing. This report-one of a series of similar regional reports-shows respondents from the Pacific Southwest (USDA Forest Service Region 5: California and Hawaii) are quite similar to those of the rest of the United States, although respondents from the Pacific Southwest show a stronger tendency towards allowing access for diverse uses and are slightly less inclined toward informing the public. Nationwide, as in the Pacific Southwest, the most important objective was conserving and protecting forests and grassland watersheds. Other reports in the series Are We Achieving the Public's Objectives for Forests and Rangelands? • Survey Responses From Region 3 (Arizona and New Mexico) RMRS-GTR-156 • Survey Responses From Region 8

Forests play an important role in the ecological, environmental, socio-economic and cultural lives of people. However, human-nature-forest interactions bring imbalances in the state of these resources, hence the need to monitor and manage the forest proactively. This chapter, therefore, assessed the gains and losses of three national parks in Ghana (including Mole, Digya and Kakum) for the period 1986 and 2020. Landsat TM and Landsat8 OLI images were used for the assessment. The Digya National Park has a spatial extent of 4121.89 km2. In 1986, the extent of the close forest cover was 88.0% of the park and it declined to 82.8% in 2020, a loss of 6.2%. The Kakum National Park covers an area of 463.42 km2. The close forest cover was 90.15% and 89.52% of the extent of the park in 1986 and 2020, respectively. The Mole National Park covers about 4602.19 km2. In 1986, 86.73% of the park was open forest, which was reduced to 80.83%, a loss of 5.90%. The study revealed 67% of open forest deg...

Thirty-two taxa of silica-scaled Chrysophyceae and Synurophyceae are reported from waterbodies in the Ocala National Forest, Florida, U.S.A. Many of the lakes in the Ocala area are poorly buffered and low in both pH and specific conductivity. The organisms observed were clearly differentially distributed over a pH gradient, with the majority of species being typical of acidic localities. Sixteen of the organisms were observed only in waterbodies with a pH below 5.5. Mallomonas wujekii, a species known to date only from this region, was one of the more common organisms found in half ofthe collections. Even though the localities are located in the subtropics, the flora had clear affinities to more northern regions of both North America and Europe, especially from acidic localities. In contrast, the flora had few similarities with those previously described from subtropical and tropical regions, including ones from Florida. This survey represents the first report of Mallomonas duerrschmidtiae and M. acaroides var. muskokana from the subtropics. The potential use of scaled chrysophytes in future paleolimnological studies of the Ocala region are discussed.