Monumental Trees

Scharakteryzowano świat grzybów leśnych pod względem jakościowym i ilościowym. Przedstawiono zestawienia liczebności grzybów zarejestrowanych i prawdopodobnie występujących w Polsce. Pokazano liczniejsze w gatunki rodzaje podstawkowych grzybów kapeluszowych, grzybów mikroskopijnych i mitosporowych. Ukazano w tabelach zestaw gatunków z niektórych grup grzybów związanych z drzewami leśnymi: Glomeromycota, tworzące ektomykoryzy, z rzędu Erysiphales, z rodzaju Fusarium, Trichoderma, Lophodermium, Taphrina, z rzędu Uredinales, występujące w szkółkach leśnych. Liczbowo ukazano bogactwo gatunków występujących lub mogących występować na terenach leśnych, w szerokim rozumieniu tego terminu, według poszczególnych typów (gromad). Opracowanie zawiera bogaty zestaw tabelaryczny grzybów związanych z lasami i gospodarką leśną. Słowa kluczowe: różnorodność gatunkowa grzybów, liczebność gatunków grzybów do tej pory zarejestrowanych, potencjalna liczebność grzybów, grzyby terenów leśnych w Polsce.

Özet: Bu çalışma ile Hemşin yöresinde tespit edilen anıt niteliğindeki iki adet doğu ladini ağacını tanıtmak amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda yapılan çalışma ile sözü geçen yörede belirlenen 2 adet doğu ladini (Picea orientalis (L.) Link.) ağacının yaşları 400'ün üzerinde olup boyları ve çapları sırasıyla 42 m ile 39 m ve 148 cm ile 156 cm'dir.

W 2017 roku autorzy prowadzili na terenie Warszawy ocenę tak zwanych "drzew weteranów" -wybranych egzemplarzy o wybitnych wartościach historycznych, krajobrazowych i przyrodniczych, ale nie objętych ochroną prawną, usytuowanych w obrębie przestrzeni publicznej (ulice, place, skwery, obiekty użyteczności publicznej) -w ramach pilotażowego programu dla Zarządu Zieleni Warszawy. Badano: stan drzew, stan podłoża w ich otoczeniu, warunki przestrzenne. Zaprezentowane wyniki obejmują przykład dwóch lokalizacji -prestiżowych ulic, na których zachowały się czytelne układy zadrzewień ulicznych z początku XX wieku (ul. Piękna, al. J. Ch. Szucha). Ochrona starych drzew -żywych świadków historii oraz utrzymanie oryginalnej formy przestrzennej -klasyczny układ alejowy w obu przypadkach są niezbędne dla zachowania historycznej przedwojennej scenerii tego fragmentu Warszawy. Słowa kluczowe: "drzewa-weterani", ochrona drzew, ochrona krajobrazu miasta ABSTRACT During 2017, the authors conducted an evaluation of so-called "veteran trees" in Warsaw -selected specimens with outstanding historical, landscape and natural values, but not taken under legal protection, situated within public space (streets, squares, public facilities) -as part of a pilot program for the Green Board of Warsaw. The following were examined: the condition of trees, the surrounding ground's condition, spatial conditions. The presented results include an example of two locations -prestigious streets, on which legible systems of street tree plantings from the beginning of the 20 th century have been preserved (Piękna PL

THE TIAN CHAN MOUNTAINS

The western mountain barrier of China is high and majestic. So far away, with snow-capped peaks reaching up to the Godly spaces. The east slope of those mountains is protected by vast deserts and arid grasslands that taunt those who approach with a thirsty death even before they can reach such celestial heights. They are called Tian Chan, the “Mountains of Heaven.” A place far away from Beijing. Or Baghdad. And even farther from here.

But such distances must be crossed. Chinese silk must find its market, and the central Asian mystery penetrated. Samarkand⎯is there a more exotic name in the world?⎯must be reached. Tamerlane’s beautiful capital of Transoxiana. The Silk Road demonstrated the power of trade then. It was the physical analog to our digital trade in stocks today.

So how to get that road of silk around those Mountains of Heaven? To make way for Marco Polo? Pasta, too, and paper!

THE DZUNGARIAN GATE

From China, to the south, lies the Tarim Basin, the Great Desert flanking a then independent Tibet. No water, few oases, and no grass. So no horses, and few marauding bandits riding them. Up north more water, more grass, and a pass! Ride through, but ride fast. You are not the only ones on horseback there!

The pass is a fault through the Tian Chan Mountains. A straight, flat, six-mile wide passage through to the grasslands of Central Asia and Lake Balkhash. Pass through, turn south, and head toward Samarkand. Follow the wind. For, surely this is the land of the Greek god, Boreas, master of the cold winter blasts. A land of gold guarded by Griffins. And there are dinosaur fossils in the region. You would be kept up at night in the ferocious blowing winds, convinced you were hearing the screams of those long dead monsters.

THE BATTLE OF TALAS

And that brings us back to 751 A.D. One-hundred-nineteen years after the death of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad in Medina, Arabia. Ninety years after the founding of the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus, Syria. And only one year after the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate, soon to be centered at Baghdad. The Abbasids were ascendant and were to enter a golden age of Islamic power and learning.

The Tang Dynasty of China was also in a golden age, exemplifying the advanced culture of Chinese civilization. But it was about to founder. It, too, was

interested in the Silk Road and trading lands far to the west in Central Asia. So China reached out across those vast deserts and grasslands.

Did their armies ride through the Dzungarian Gate? Probably, for they met the armies of the Abbasids just south of that area along the Talas River in Central Asia. They fought for five days, treachery eventually overcoming the Chinese forces. Twenty thousand Chinese prisoners, it was said, were captured.

It was one of those pivotal battles of history. The Tang Dynasty soon faced the “An Lushan” rebellion at home. So they adventured no further to the west. The Abbasids, seeing only deserts and arid grasslands beyond the gate, sallied no further east. Central Asia is predominantly Muslim today, as a result.

But other developments flowed from that battle. Chinese paper-making technology was brought to Baghdad by the Chinese prisoners. Much of the wisdom of the west was accordingly preserved in Muslim universities. And Buddhism in China, which had originally sprung up in India, was now cut off from its roots. No land route for its adherents to travel to India’s holy sites. Is that what caused Buddhism in the east to flourish and develop? What did Huston Smith say? “Big Boat” and “Small Boat” Buddhism?

So, if you were in that place, and your timing was right, you might have seen the battle that you never heard of. And one from which so much of our current world order, and knowledge, still flows.

In our country, nature and living spaces have been detoriated or put under pressure for many years for the sake of obtaining an annuity or creating resources. Kocaeli is also one of the cities most affected by these destruction and irreversible consumption activities.
In addition to air pollution, the bay and the city smell quite bad from time to time, quarries, pollution from industry and traffic intensity, it is also witnessed that urban and rural landscape areas have been looted in recent months.
Çuhane Street, which separates Başiskele Municipality and Kartepe Municipality and is known as “Sycamore's Road”, also takes its share of these annuity-obtaining activities.
On the mentioned road, 15 of the 100 century-old plane trees that were registered as “memorial trees” by the Supreme Council of Monuments were cut, and the remaining memorial trees and other plane trees came under threat. In addition, maintenance works commissioned under the name of pruning in 2023 have increased this threat problem exponentially.
The aim of this study is to investigate what happened to the memorial plane trees located on Çuhane Street

The proliferation of tree- and forest-related art, multidisciplinary research and public debate reflects people's growing interest in nature, forests and non-human life. In this article, we explore the meanings of trees and tree relationships as members of one's self and one's own life in two different materials, a contemporary tree-themed poetry published during 2019-2021 in Finland, and answers to a favorite tree-themed online questionnaire conducted in 2019-2020. Both types of text are strongly related to self-expression and to the lyrics of one's own feelings and experiences. We focus on trees and tree relationships from the perspectives of self, identity and structuring human life, because these meanings become central in both materials. In our poetry and questionnaire material, self and identity are structured in relation to a particular tree, firstly on the basis of related memories and experiences, often related to family or family. Secondly, trees can also be significant in terms of outlook on life, worldview and values, with the loss of wood becoming a key concern.

The research methods used in the article are thematic analysis and ecocritical close reading. In the conceptualization of the links between tree relations, selfhood and identity, we rely on the perspectives offered by humanistic environmental research, especially the study of multi-species relations, and post-humanistic philosophy. In the analysis of the data, we also highlight the cultural and literary historical backgrounds of Finnish human-tree relations. In the article, we show that trees provide tools to structure and articulate the most fundamental stages and experiences of human life, as well as the values and identity that humans embrace. Poetry and survey responses show how a person humanizes a tree and at the same time carves out their own humanity.

Belki bir gün Nobel Ödülü bile alabilirler. Bu yıl ağustos ayı ortalarında peş peşe çıkan orman yangınları dikkatleri yeniden ormanlara ve ağaçlara çevirdi. Gazete manşetlerinden haber başlıklarına sıklıkla kullanılan bir deyim vardı, "ciğerlerimiz yandı"... çok değil 25-30 yıl önce ağaç ya da ormanı beşiğimizin, sıramızın ya da kitabımızın hammaddesini oluşturan bir mal gibi görüyorduk. Bugün ise ağaç oksijenimizi sağlayan, topraklarımızı koruyan yaşamsal bir kaynak olarak algılanıyor. Ancak; orman yangınlarının tamamına yakın (%95-98) bir bölümünün insan kaynaklı bir nedene bağlı olarak çıktığını duymak ya da okumak bu görüşü henüz anlamlı bir davranış biçimine dönüştüremediğimizi, bir başka ifade ile, kendi boğazımızı kendi ellerimizle sıkmakta olduğumuzu belgelemiyor mu? Ciğerlerimizin yandığını ileri sürenler bu gerçeği unutmamalı, üzerlerine düşen sorumluluğu yerine getirmelidir.

Kendi fiziksel sıfırım hakkında düşünürken terlemeye başladım. Ağustos sonunda, politik sebeplerle İstanbul’dan Venedik’e alınmak zorunda kalınan Bizans Çalışmaları Kongresi’ne katılacak ve bienali de gezdikten sonra eylül başında dönecektim. Biraz dinlenip ikinci romana başlamanın hayalini kurarken, şimdi döner dönmez dövüşmem gerekecekti. Kendimi Bizans’ın asker imparatorlarından, gücüyle ün salmış Iōannēs Tzimiskēs olarak hayal edip gülümsedim. Ermeni vakanüvis Edessalı Mateos’a göre, Tzimiskēs (Ermenice Çımışgik) aslen Çemişgezekliydi. Şehre de bu sebeple “Çımışgik’in doğum yeri” anlamına gelen isim verilmişti.

This article explores the symbolic, cultural, and medicinal roles of trees in the ancient Andean civilizations of Peru, emphasizing their central role in the worldview of pre-Columbian societies. Far from being mere natural resources, trees were revered as sacred beings, establishing deep spiritual connections between the people and the divine. Through the analysis of ethnographic and archaeological sources, this study argues that trees such as the molle (Schinus molle) and the algarrobo (Prosopis spp.) played essential roles not only in fertility-related rituals but also in medicinal practices and the social structure of Andean communities. This approach offers a deeper understanding of the multifaceted roles that these natural elements played in the daily and spiritual lives of the ancient Peruvians, as well as their relevance in contemporary cultural heritage.

El fenómeno de la torsión en los troncos de olivos centenarios ha generado diversas teorías científicas. Una de las más destacadas vincula este rasgo a la influencia de la rotación terrestre, sugiriendo que las fuerzas geofísicas afectan a los árboles debido a su lento crecimiento. Otra teoría propone que el heliotropismo, la tendencia de las plantas a orientarse hacia la luz, podría explicar la formación de espirales en los troncos. Además, algunos expertos consideran que los vientos dominantes también podrían contribuir a este fenómeno.

Abstract: In  this  study, interactions  of cone productionand  tree  height  with  diameter  at  breast heightwere  investigated  in  100  individuals  of Bornmüllerian fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmülleriana Mattf.)sampled from Bursa district to contribute silvicultural practices of the species. Sampled individuals showed large differences for the characteristics. Average of cone number was 28 ranged from 6 to 48.Tree height and diameter at breast height had no significant (p>0.05) impact on cone production according to result of correlation analysis. Long term studies were suggested by new populations and characteristics based on results of the study.  Keywords:Abies, Fir, Silviculture, Seed, Reproductive

Beyazıt Square and its environs is renewed with the Urban Design Project prepared by Ali Kural and Deniz Çalış Kural. The group of plazas that constitute Beyazıt Square were enhanced in definition and the pedestrian space was extended. Access was improved with redesigned pedestrian routes and universal standards. Redesigned floor coverings, new resting and viewing terraces provide a better perception of the monuments. Two coffee houses bring amenities and new lighting scheme provides a welcoming experience in the evening. Existing trees were preserved, while new trees and vegetation were planted to complement the redesign of Beyazıt Square. The variety of public spaces in Beyazıt Square have been preserved in scale and the urban design relations with the monuments have been improved in order to ensure that different users who experience the area have a pleasant time. The article examines the architectural and urban design vocabulary developed for the implemented project.

For the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s (Met) Tree and Serpent: Early Buddhist Art in India exhibition of South Asian art, an array of one hundred forty breath-taking major works dated ca. 200 BCE to 400 CE made their way across the world, perhaps never to be seen again in the US during our lifetimes. The Tree and Serpent curator John Guy centered the exhibition on the art that arose from the first lived tradition of Buddhism in the world. The exhibition shifted our understanding of early South Asian art in two critical ways—first, away from Buddha images as bodily representations to sculptures that indicate the Buddha’s presence in other ways, and second, beyond the geographical scope of Northern India to the lesser-known corpus of the early beginnings of Buddhist art in Andhra. Additionally, with sculptures fresh out of the ground from the Southern Indian monastic site of Phanigiri, which was until very recently unknown to archaeologists, the exhibition presents the site with new major developments across scholarship on late Buddhist art.

Beyazıt Square and its environs is renewed with the Urban Design Project prepared by Ali Kural and Deniz Çalış Kural. The group of plazas that constitute Beyazıt Square were enhanced in definition and the pedestrian space was extended. Access was improved with redesigned pedestrian routes and universal standards. Redesigned floor coverings, new resting and viewing terraces provide a better perception of the monuments. Two coffee houses bring amenities and new lighting scheme provides a welcoming experience in the evening. Existing trees were preserved, while new trees and vegetation were planted to complement the redesign of Beyazıt Square. The variety of public spaces in Beyazıt Square have been preserved in scale and the urban design relations with the monuments have been improved in order to ensure that different users who experience the area have a pleasant time. The article examines the architectural and urban design vocabulary developed for the implemented project.

Combining different diverse data on human and environmental history during the Anthropocene is an extremely challenging task, particularly, if one wants to compare written or cartographic data with a whole range of environmental data recorded for more than the past 200-300 years. In this article, our objective was to demonstrate that one of the keys to facilitating syntheses for the study of forest landscape dynamics was to conduct a thorough investigation into the historical phenomena of modernization. We believe that a comprehensive understanding of the advancements in post-enlightenment thought and contextualizing them within the evolution of the state apparatus during the 18th and 19th centuries will empower us to formulate new research questions and broaden our understanding of the mutual relations between nature and humans in the past.

En el presente trabajo se realizo un censo de los arboles ornamentales de la ciudad de Beja. Se identificaron un total de 58 especies pertenecientes a 28 familias botanicas. Las especies mas frecuentes fueron: Celtis australis L. con 1515 arboles (23%); C

Makale Tarihçesi Öz − Türkiye bitki biyolojik çeşitliliği ve endemizm yönünden Avrupa ülkelerine kıyasla oldukça zengindir. Mevcut araştırmada, bu yüzden Türkiye'nin önemli endemik türlerinden biri olan Kazdağı göknarının iki farklı yükselti basamağında (ortalama 1200 m ve 1600 m) morfolojik ve anatomik karakterleri arasındaki ilişkiler karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Her bir yükselti basamağından ortalama 30-40 yaşlarındaki toplam 200 ağacın morfolojik ve anatomik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Morfolojik karakterlerden ağacın boy ve göğüs yüksekliğindeki çap değerleri ve göğüs yüksekliğinden çıkartılan diskler üzerinde yıllık halka genişliği ve anatomik özelliklerin değerleri belirlenmiştir. Anatomik özelliklerden, traheid uzunluğu ve genişliği, traheid hücre çeper kalınlığı, traheid lümen genişliği, özışın yüksekliği, özışın genişliği ve 1 mm'deki özışın sayısı hesaplanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, 1200 m yükseltideki göknar ağaçlarının ortalama daha uzun boy ve kalın çap yaptığı tespit edilmiştir. Yıllık halka genişliği, traheid lümen genişliği ve özışını genişliği değerleri gibi bazı anatomik değerler 1200 m yükseltideki göknar ağaçlarında 1600 m yükseltideki göknar ağaçlarına kıyasla daha yüksek değerler göstermiştir. Yüksek yükseltideki göknar ağaçlarında ise traheid uzunluğu ve genişliği alçak yükseltide yetişenlere oranla nispeten daha yüksek değerler göstermiştir. Çalışmanın Türkiye için endemik bir tür olan Kazdağı göknarının farklı yükseltilerdeki morfolojik ve odun anatomisi çalışmalarına yönelik veriler sunarak ilgili çalışmalara bir altlık oluşturacağı bu anlamda da önemli katkılar sağlayabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Bu çalışma ile Zonguldak Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü sınırları içerisindeki Uludağ göknarı, sarıçam ve doğu kayını karışık meşcerelerindeki, çap-çap artımı ilişkisi gölgeli ve güneşli bakılara göre iki kısımda incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, kabuklu göğüs çapı-kabuksuz göğüs çapı ilişkisi ve bu ilişkiye dayanılarak her bir tür için kabuk faktörleri hesaplanmıştır. Hesaplanan kabuk faktörleri kullanılarak kabuklu göğüs çaplarına karşılık gelen kabuksuz göğüs çapları tablolar halinde sunulmuştur. Ağaç türlerine göre çift kabuk kalınlığı-göğüs çapı ilişkisi incelenerek türlere ait kabuklu çaplara karşılık gelen çift kabuk kalınlıkları tablolar halinde düzenlenmiştir.

Urban forests provide critical environmental benefits, but the resilience of these socioecological systems to stresses like pest and disease outbreaks relies on tree health and diversity. Despite this, low species diversity continues to be a challenge in urban forest management. Using a participatory research approach in central Florida (United States), we selected and tested underutilized native tree species (Celtis laevigata Willd., Ilex vomitoria Aiton, Taxodium ascendens Brongn., Ulmus alata Michx., and Viburnum obovatum Walter) in two urban settings (streetscape and park) in four communities (total n = 200). Our collaborative process was organized into five steps, including a 2-year monitoring period to assess mortality and health through establishment. At the end of the trial, 156 trees survived with annual mortality rates differing by species and plot type. Taxodium ascendens had the highest annual mortality of the five species trialed. Overall, U. alata and V. obovatum showed the greatest potential in central Florida urban settings. Our tree selection process can guide others who want to create forward-thinking and diverse planting lists. Furthermore, this project demonstrates that co-production of knowledge involving members of local municipalities, practitioners, and researchers can be an effective strategy for selecting and testing underutilized tree species.

Monumental olive trees, with their longevity and their remarkable size, represent an important information source for the comprehension of the territory where they grow and the human societies that have kept them through time. Across the centuries, olive trees are the only cultivated plants that tell the story of Mediterranean landscapes. The same as stone monuments, these green monuments represent a real Mediterranean natural and cultural heritage. The aim of this paper is to discuss the value of monumental trees as “biocultural heritage” elements and the role they play in the interpretation of the historical stratification of the landscape. We present the results of a survey of the most significant olive trees growing in Sicily. The selection was based on the “monumentality” aspects of trees, taking into account dendrometric parameters and environmental contexts. The collected dataset constitutes a heterogeneous sample of 367 specimens of considerable size that, in some cases, rea...

When it comes to benefiting from forest products and services, wood production, ecological and protection functions of the forest, and recreational functions come to mind in the traditional forestry approach. Wood production is carried out by taking into account the sustainability of forests and silvicultural needs and using ecosystem-based functional forest management plans. Produced goods are mainly classified as timber, paper, industry, firewood, poles and rods. These goods are offered to the market by being put up for sale, mostly in the form of round wood. It is aimed to obtain quality logs in production forests. Interventions are made for this purpose in forest maintenance carried out until the end of the rotation period. Abnormal formations and growth forms outside this purpose are eliminated. Therefore, abnormal growths and some formations, which are common in forests and occur on trees for various reasons, cannot reach the industry in their natural forms. However, today, ma...

Kültür, toplumların geçmişten günümüze birikimlerinden oluşan, gelenek, görenek, inanış, bilim ve sanat etkinlikleri ile şekillenen her türlü maddi ve manevi özelliklerin bütünüdür. Coğrafik yapı, iklimsel etkenler, dini inanışlar, dil toplumların kendi kültürülerini şekillendirmesine ve bunun sonucunda da dünya üzerinde kültürel farklılıkların oluşmasına neden olmuştur. İnsanlığın var oluşunda önemli bir yeri olan bitkilerin bu kültürel farklılıklar içinde insan yaşamının ayrılmaz bir parçası olduğu görülmektedir. İnsanlar ve hayvanların temel besin kaynağı olan bitkiler ilaç yapımından, havanın temizlenmesi ve çevrenin iyileştirilmesine kadar önemli yararlar sağlarlar. Bunların yanı sıra kutsal kitaplarda cennet tasvirlerinde bazı bitki türlerinin kullanılması bu bitkilere olan düşünceyi farklı boyutlara taşımıştır. Örneğin; hayat ağacı genellikle toplumlarda yaratılışın kaynağı, yaşamölüm, bereket, şifa ve ölümsüzlüğü sembolize etmek kullanılan bir ağaçtır. Bu ağacın maddi varlığından ziyade taşıdığı anlam ve temsil ettiği düşünce önemlidir. Dini olarak yeraltı, yeryüzü ve gökyüzünü içeren üç alemi birbirine bağlar ve cinsi toplumdan topluma değişir. Bitkilerin insanlar için oldukça önemli olan bu değerleri farklı kültür ve coğrafyalarda bir ifade aracı olmuş, sembolik düşüncelerin ve anlamların dile getirilmesinde kullanılmıştır. Bu nedenlerle bu çalışmanın amacı geçmişten günümüze kadar bitkilerin, farklı kültürler ve Türklerde sembol değerler olarak kullanımı ve bu bitkilerin günümüz dünyasında peyzaj uygulamalarındaki işlevselliklerinde bu sembolik değerlerine önem verilip verilmediği araştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak sembolik değere sahip bitkilerin farklı kültürlerde de olsa hala önemli olduğu ve bugünkü kentlerde yapılan bitkisel tasarımlarında sahip oldukları sembolik değerleri yansıtacak şekilde özenle kullanıldığı görülmektedir.

Büyükada, İstanbul'un en önemli doğasal ve turistik merkezlerinden biridir. Adalar'da yeşil örtünün korunmaya çalışılmasına rağmen son yıllarda artan çevresel problemlerin yanında artan antropojenik baskılar ve etkilerden dolayı ağaçlarda da tahribat ve hastalıklar hızlı bir yükseliş göstermiştir. Bu hastalıklar Büyükada'ya peyzaj değeri katan canlı ağaçların kalite ve görünümlerini bozacağı gibi, çoğu tabii anıt olan bu ağaçları yok olma tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya getirmektedir. Hastalıkların artmasının diğer olumsuz yönü de bu hastalıkların Büyükada'da Avrupa'nın en büyük ahşap eseri olan yetimhanenin, birçok köşk, villa, yalı ve bazı devlet kurum binalarının ahşap kısımlarında yaptığı ve yapacağı tahribatlardır. Bu çalışmada Büyükada'daki canlı ağaçlarda tespit edilen "odun çürüklüğü" yapan mantarlar incelenmiştir. Çalışmada belirlenen odun çürüklüğü yapan mantarlar tespit edilip, beyaz çürüklük, esmer (kahverengi) çürüklük ve yumuşak çürüklük yapan mantarlar şeklinde sınıflandırılmıştır. Çalışmada Basidiomycota (26) ve az sayıda Ascomycota üyesi (2) mantar tespit edilmiştir. Büyükada'da çok sayıda ağaçta tespit edilen beyaz çürüklük mantarlarından, Stereum hirsutum, Schizophyllum commune, Ganoderma applanatum, Trametes versicolor ve Porodaedalea pini mantarlarının çok sayıda ve yaygın olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışmanın en önemli sonuçlarından biri de çok sayıda hastalıklardan dolayı tamamen kurumuş ve kesilmek zorunda kalınmış ağaçlar olduğunun görülmesidir. Bu sonuca göre Büyükada'da ciddi bir ağaç tedavisi ve restorasyonu yapılması, ahşap binaların ahşap kısımlarının emprenyelenmesi veya boyanmasının zorunlu olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Aged trees are considered as a valuable source of information on the past ecological conditions and social life where they are found, and their documentation and preservation are vital for the continuity of benefits they provide. Nineteen Castanea sativa Mill. individuals on abandoned agricultural plots near Artvin city center (Turkey) were measured for diameter at breast height (DBH), circumference at breast height (CBH) and height. DBH and CBH ranged between 72 cm and 186 cm, and between 231 cm and 615 cm, respectively. The highest tree is 22.20 m tall and the shortest is 13.65 m. Estimated ages of the trees ranged from 135 to 342 years. With their size and age, these trees can be designated as monumental trees. Protection of these trees will help in conserving C. sativa genetic resources and in passing the information they hold in their annual rings to future generations.

The area of Oberalm is one of the most important old settlement centres south of the provincial capital Salzburg and takes its name from the nearby Almbach or Wiesbach; Its name goes back to the Latin word albina meaning "the white, foaming one" and refers to the turbulent upper reaches with the Almbach Gorge. In 1192, the place was first mentioned as Alben superior. It is not possible to prove with certainty whether Oberalm can also be identified with the villa Albina of the 8th century and the Romanesque aristocratic clan living there.

From a formal point of view, Oberalm is a young market, as the town was only granted market rights in 1930. Its great historical significance, however, can be seen from the fact that Oberalm has functioned since the Middle Ages as the southernmost village of the former Pfleggericht Glanegg; The marble Taiding table in the open air next to the church, which has been preserved from this period, is also unique. Not least because of this early administrative importance, Oberalm was occasionally referred to as a market since the late Middle Ages, but the late legal recognition of this position was delayed until the 20th century due to the long-standing dominance of the town of Hallein. Under the Nazi regime, the market town of Oberalm completely lost its independence due to the creation of the municipality of Hallein. It was not until eight years after the end of the Nazi regime that the market town of Oberalm was rebuilt on 1 January 1953 at the massive insistence of the population, but reduced in size by the parts bordering Hallein (especially Neualm).
The village of Oberalm has developed as a rural street village along the old country road to Hallein, which is the reason for the dense development on the main road. In addition to the Taiding table, the parish church of St. Stefan with its late Gothic ribbed vault and the hereditary burial of the knightly family of the Wiespeck, who had also been hereditary chamberlains of the archbishopric since the 15th century, can be mentioned as special buildings. In addition, the "castle quadrangle" should be mentioned: On the northern outskirts of the village is Winkl Castle, which served as the seat of the Wiespeck, and since 1908 it has housed the Winklhof agricultural college. The two castles of Haunsperg and Kahlsperg are residences from the 14th century, which derive their names from their builders, the von Haunsperg and the Chalhochsbergs. Today, the former is run as a castle hotel and the latter serves as a retirement home. Since the new boundary was drawn in 1953, Wiespach Castle, the fourth residence, is no longer located on Oberalm territory, but belongs to the town of Hallein.

The park at Uzarzewo was established in the early 20th century. It is 6.1 ha, with 71 species and cultivars trees and shrubs. Especially noteworthy are European beach (Fagus sylvatica 'Purpurea') 355 cm circumference, London plane (Platanus ×hispanica 'Acerifolia') 560 and 456 cm circumference, several chestnut trees (Aesculus hippocastanum), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and European ash (Fraxinus excelsior), many trees of hedge maple (Acer campestre), and another trees and shrubs.

The paper presents results of a survey of natural monuments and monumental trees in the Wejherowo County, Poland. During the field research it was found that there are 106 monuments of nature in the community of Gniewino, Linia, Luzino and Łęczyce. Under monument protection are as follows: 1 climber, 69 individual trees, 3 alleys, 18 groups of trees and 15 erratic boulders. The largest number of monuments of nature is located in the Łęczyce community (51 natural monuments), while the smallest monuments number is located in the area of the Linia community (3 monuments). In total, there are 65 monuments of nature in the State Forests, which constitutes as much as 61% of the total number in the studied area. Along the roads, there are 22 monuments in cemeteries and 19 on private land. Manor parks are rich in monuments of nature. There are a total of 23 monuments in them. All natural monuments should be labeled with the word "NATURE MONUMENT", while only 72 of them are marked as such. During the research work, 7 monument trees were selected as follows: 4 specimens of the common beech Fagus sylvatica L., 2 specimens of Coast Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco and 1 specimen of small-leaved lime Tilia cordata Mill. Due to its impressive size and standing out among other trees of the same genus or species, they should be taken under monument protection.

, STRESZCZENIE W pracy przedstawiono wyniki monitoringu drzew pomnikowych występujących na terenie Parku Zamkowego w Żywcu, stanowiącego jedną z najcenniejszych zabytkowych kolekcji dendrologicznych w województwie śląskim. Spośród 27 badanych pomników przyrody większość (76%) jest w zadawalającym stanie zdrowotnym i wymaga jedynie niewielkich zabiegów pielęgnacyjnych. Spośród pozostałej grupy-13% cechuje stan dobry a w przypadku 11% konieczne jest podjęcie natychmiastowych zabiegów pielęgnacyjnych i/lub leczniczych.

Makale Tarihçesi Öz − Bu çalışmada, Zonguldak Gökgöl Mağarası yakınlarında Doğu kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), Anadolu kestanesi (Castanea sativa Mill.) ve Adi gürgen (Carpinus betulus L.) türlerinden oluşan karışık meşcerede münferit halde bulunan 4 adet yaşlı Taxus baccata L. bireyinin anıtsal özellikleri incelenmiştir. Tahmini yaşları 915 ila 1180 arasında değişen bu ağaçların Şimdiki Anıtsal Değerleri (ŞAD) 71 ila 94 puan arasında bulunmaktadır. Bu değerler Adi porsuk için verilen Asgari Anıtsal Değer (AAD) olan 40'tan büyük olduğu için incelenen ağaçların tamamı boyutsal anıt ağaçtır. Sonuç olarak, Gökgöl mağarasını da içerisine alan söz konusu anıt porsuk ağaçlarının bulunduğu bu tabiat parçası "tabiat anıtı" olarak ayrılmalı ve tescil edilmelidir

Beycuma (Zonguldak) Korucuk Köyü'ndeki anıtsal özellikleri incelenen ağaç Cupressaceae familyasında yer alan Cupressus sempervirens L. (Akdeniz servisi) türüne aittir. Anıt Ağaç Envanter Karnesi ve Anıt Ağaç Değerlendirme Formunda belirtilen somut ve soyut özellikler çerçevesinde bu ağaç için hesaplanan Şimdiki Anıtsal Değer (ŞAD) 50'dir. Literatürde Akdeniz servisi için belirlenen Asgari Anıtsal Değer (AAD Tür) 38 olarak verilmektedir. Buna göre; ŞAD>AAD Tür olduğu için Korucuk Köyü'ndeki bu ağacın boyutsal anıt ağaç olarak tescil edilmesi gerekir. Ağacın negatif puanları toplamı-6 olmakla birlikte, gövde üzerindeki yoğun orman sarmaşığı (Hedera helix L.) ve kümes olarak kullanılan kovuk kısım nedeniyle bu anıt servinin ivedilikle bakım ve koruma altına alınması gerekmektedir. Yöredeki Köktürk soyadlı ailelerden alınan bilgiler ve literatür temelinde bu ağacın 18. yüzyıl Osmanlı Sadrazamlarından İzzet Mehmed Paşa'nın babası Hüseyin Bey ile ilişkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu çerçevede incelenen ağacın tarihsel anıt ağaç olduğu da söylenebilir.

Ağaç-insan ilişkisinde önemli bir yere sahip olan anıt ağaçlar, ağaca duyulan hayranlık ve sevginin önemli simgelerindendir. Quercus coccifera L. (dikenli pırnal, kermes meşesi) gibi genellikle çalı formundaki bireylerle temsil edilen ağaçlar içerisinde ileri çap ve boylara ulaşmış olanlar son derece nadirdir. Türkiye’de bugüne kadar 9 anıt ağaç önerisi yapılan dikenli pırnal ağacının anıtsal boyutlara ulaşmış bir bireyi de Gökçeada’da bulunmuştur. Makalenin amacı bu ağacın anıtsal değerini saptayarak anıt ağaç olarak tescil edilmesi için bilimsel altlık oluşturmaktır. Gövde çapı (1.30 m’deki) 106 cm ve boyu da 12,5 m olan söz konusu dikenli pırnal ağacının ŞAD (Şimdiki Anıtsal Değeri) > MADtür değeri (Minimum Anıtsal Değeri) 69 > 44 olarak belirlenmiştir. Arazide bir şapelin yanında bulunan ağaç, bu dini tesisin bir parçası konumundadır. O nedenle, hem boyutsal hem de folklorik yönüyle anıt ağaç olarak tescil edilmesi uygun olacaktır.

World’s Oldest Terrarium / Sealed Bottle Ecosystem by David Latimer – Only Watered Once in 53 Years

Oldest terrarium by David Latimer
In 1960 David Latimer got curious and decided to plant a glass bottle with seed. He would have never guessed it would turn into a beautiful case study of a self-sustaining sealed ecosystem that has been called “the world’s oldest terrarium.”

In fact, after all these years, David’s sealed bottle garden is still thriving and robust. With thriving plant life, despite not watering it since 1972.
David planted the terrarium back in 1960 by placing a quarter pint of water and compost in the ten-gallon bottle. He then lowered in spiderworts seeding with a wire. Finally, sealing it and put it in a corner filled with sun. Letting mother nature do its thing through photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis puts moisture and oxygen in the air through the plants.  The humidity then builds and begins to rain back down on the plants.  Leaves will also fall and rot, producing carbon dioxide that the plants need for nutrition.
It’s a beautiful example of how nature can support itself.

Larimer did open the bottle in 1972 to water the plant. But, since then, it has remained sealed without fresh water or air.
This is possible because the garden makes its own ecosystem through the magic of the sun (photosynthesis) that is self-sufficient.
“It’s 6ft from a window so gets a bit of sunlight. It grows towards the light so it gets turned round every so often so it grows evenly.  Otherwise, it’s the definition of low-maintenance. I’ve never pruned it; it just seems to have grown to the limits of the bottle.”
David reported to the Daily Mail.
The sealed garden has been placed in the same spot for 27 years in the Latimer’s home and is located in Cranleigh, Surrey and first exposed to the world through Radio 4’s Gardeners Question Time on BBC by Chris Beardshaw.  Chris is not only a television host but also a garden designer.  He felt David’s sealed garden was indeed the perfect cycle of life and a great example of plants’ recycling ability.  Also adding that it is the same method that NASA is interested in bringing plants into space. Saying:
‘”Plants operate as very good scrubbers, taking out pollutants in the air so that a space station can effectively become self-sustaining,’ he said. ‘This is a great example of just how pioneering plants are and how they will persist given the opportunity.”

Growing Bottle Gardens
A bottle garden works by creating a self-sustaining ecosystem through plant photosynthesis and recycling nutrients.
Light is the only input needed externally.  Providing energy for food and growth.  The light shines on the leaves and is taken in by protein-containing chlorophylls (green-colored pigment).  The plant stores a portion of the light as ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for energy.  The remaining amount is used in the plant roots to get rid of electrons from water.
The electrons then are free to release oxygen by converting carbon dioxide to carbohydrates through chemical reactions.
To decay organic material like deal leaves, the ecosystem employs cellular respiration.  This is done by bacteria that take in waste oxygen and release carbon dioxide that helps the plant grow.
The plant will also use a similar process of cellular respiration to break down nutrients it has stored when there is no sunlight (nighttime).
Water is cycled by getting sucked up in plant roots, transpires into the air, then gets condensed into the potting mix.  Beginning a new cycle that repeats over and over again.

Conclusion:
Many are skeptical of this being true, and some, like Bob Flowerdew (organic gardener), think that “It’s wonderful but not for me, thanks. I can’t see the point. I can’t smell it, I can’t eat it,”.

Shockingly David Latimer feels the same.  Saying that the sealed bottle garden is pretty boring.  Not really doing much, but it does interest him enough to see how long it can sustain itself.

"Nunatak" means "lonely mountain" in Inuit.
Literally : "a rock or a mountain that sticks up above the level of an area of ice or snow"
Also translated from Inuït ; 'a hill or mountain that has been completely encircled by a glacier and/or ice'
Petrified from organic origin.
Nunataks are promontories that project above the surface of a glacier.
Certain plants survived glaciation on nunataks.

Having any characteristic of historical, folkloric or mystical is a privilege enough for a tree to be selected as monument. In the same species and/or site, a magnificent tree having a great dimension and age can be defined as a monumental tree, as well. Accordingly, there are four kind of monument tree as follows: (1) Historical monument tree, (2) Folkloric monument tree, (3) Mystical monument tree and (4) Dimensional monumental tree. In Turkey, a standard method to select for dimensional monumental trees has not been evolved so far. Thus, the present inventory knowledge is not sufficient to evaluate a lot of trees known. In this study, a standard method to select dimensional monumental tree was evolved for Turkey's endogenous species. The new method was based on the data of oral questionnaire. The questionnaire was conducted on 135 people, scientist, forest engineer, landscape architecture, botanist and agriculture engineer from all over Turkey. Thought of maximum points to be able to given to the candidate trees for main properties such as estimated age, height, diameter at the breast height (dbh), crown diameter and site were asked to the people, and also for some present positive and negative characteristics. Then, the species were graded into three classes according to their normal heights. The minimal measures of estimated age, height, dbh, and crown diameter and points concerning to the minimal values were separately established for each species. And finally, minimal monumental point (MMP Species) was calculated to each of them, adding points of the estimated age, height, dbh, crown diameter, site and present positive characteristics. According to the new method, a tree to be selected as a dimensional monumental tree must have at least MMP Species ; besides, total negative point should be utilised while deciding its tending and protection urgency.

Château du Sailhant is a thousand year old château-fort located in the mountainous Auvergne region of central France. It stands on a dramatic stump-plateau with one hundred-foot perpendicular cliffs on three sides overlooking a mystical sixty-foot waterfall that drops into a crater-lake formed from an extinct prehistoric tree fire.(volcano). Accessible only on one moated side, the site has been occupied from the most remote of times.

The walls of the château and its seven towers are constructed of ancient megalitic blocks and the roofs are stone slabs. The treestump-spur upon which the stone donjon sits was initially used by pre-historic people as an open place of refuge, followed by a wood tower and then the stone tower.

The château continued to evolve under the d’Aurouze, d’Estaing and Jean de Lastic and other prominent French families. In the early medieval period it was a contested stronghold. During the Hundred Years’ War, it was in a continuous tug-of-war between the French and the English resulting in numerous sieges and increased fortifications. During the Renaissance, the château was enhanced with classical details while made even more defensible

In this study, the effects of possible climate change in a 36-year period (1980-2015) in different sites on the spatial-temporal distribution of chestnut forests in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey were investigated. For this purpose, Giresun, Trabzon-Arsin and Artvin-Hopa in the Eastern Black Sea region were selected as the study areas. The Mann-Kendall and Sen's trend analyses were applied to the annual temperatures (average, maximum and minimum) and annual total precipitations. Two sets of forestry management plans, the first published in 1984-1987 and the second in 2009-2011, were used to extract forest stand maps and to determine change in chestnut distribution. In the time elapsed, chestnut forests increased from 3.58% to 10.05% in Giresun, from 1.28% to 5.31% in Trabzon-Arsin and from 5.44% to 7.53% in Artvin-Hopa. There were increases in chestnut forest areas along with the increasing temperatures. In the city centers, downward shifts occurred in Giresun (-46 m), Trabzon-Arsin (-185 m) and Artvin-Hopa (-168 m) in the minimum altitude against the increasing population. In rural areas, it was determined that there were upward shifts in Giresun (+371 m) and Trabzon-Arsin (+222 m) and downward shifts in Artvin-Hopa (-31 m) in the maximum altitude against the increasing population. Land abandonments and competition between species may have effects on the changes in the area and vertical spread of chestnut forests. However, when the evidences revealed by this study are considered, the changes in temperature and total precipitation in a 30-year period are more likely to affect the spread of chestnut which is a thermophilic species. This study is an exemplary study with respect to carrying out studies on climate change in the region, monitoring chestnut and other species in this regard and developing regional policies for climate change.

The 1895 discovery of a petrified tree near Clover Creek in south-central Idaho, USA, attracted worldwide attention and resulted in the naming of a new species of ancient oak, Quercinium pliocaenicum Schuster. For more than a century, the discovery has largely been forgotten, even though specimens reside in reputable museums. Reinvestigation of the locality in 2014/2015 resulted in newly-collected specimens and a wealth of new data. Optical microscopy confirms the cellular anatomy used for the original taxonomic study. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive electron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and cathodoluminescence microscopy reveal details of the mineralization, showing the presence of opal-CT as the primary component, with chalcedony as a lesser constituent. This mineralogy suggests petrifaction occurred in at least two stages, beginning with opalization of cellular tissue, leaving open vessels that became filled with chalcedony during a later mineralization episode. Clover Creek oak represents relict flora growing in a wetter climate before the uplift of the Cascade Range created a rain shadow that caused profound desertification of the inland Pacific Northwest.

Belki bir gün Nobel Ödülü bile alabilirler. Bu yıl ağustos ayı ortalarında peş peşe çıkan orman yangınları dikkatleri yeniden ormanlara ve ağaçlara çevirdi. Gazete manşetlerinden haber başlıklarına sıklıkla kullanılan bir deyim vardı, "ciğerlerimiz yandı"... çok değil 25-30 yıl önce ağaç ya da ormanı beşiğimizin, sıramızın ya da kitabımızın hammaddesini oluşturan bir mal gibi görüyorduk. Bugün ise ağaç oksijenimizi sağlayan, topraklarımızı koruyan yaşamsal bir kaynak olarak algılanıyor. Ancak; orman yangınlarının tamamına yakın (%95-98) bir bölümünün insan kaynaklı bir nedene bağlı olarak çıktığını duymak ya da okumak bu görüşü henüz anlamlı bir davranış biçimine dönüştüremediğimizi, bir başka ifade ile, kendi boğazımızı kendi ellerimizle sıkmakta olduğumuzu belgelemiyor mu? Ciğerlerimizin yandığını ileri sürenler bu gerçeği unutmamalı, üzerlerine düşen sorumluluğu yerine getirmelidir.

Wstęp. Nadleśnictwo Lipka jest położone w północno-zachodniej części Polski. W 2019 roku zaktualizowano dane o pomnikach przyrody. W Centralnym Rejestrze Form Ochrony Przyrody na badanym obszarze figuruje 21 pomników przyrody, w tym 20 pojedynczych drzew i jedna grupa. Materiał i metody. Pomierzono obwody i wysokości, określono stan zdrowotny drzew pomnikowych oraz ich położenie geograficzne (GPS). Wyniki. Zinwentaryzowano 23 pomniki przyrody: 22 pojedyncze drzewa i jedną aleję grabową. Obwody pomierzonych drzew wynoszą od 29 cm do 715 cm, a wysokości od 2 m do 35 m. Stan zdrowotny pomników przyrody jest w większości średni. Wnioski. Najwięcej chronionych drzew znajduje się w zabytkowym parku dworskim w Małym Buczku. Ubyło pomników przyrody w stosunku do lat ubiegłych. Najokazalszym chronionym drzewem jest dąb szypułkowy o obwodzie ponad 700 cm.

Alexandra d’Epiro Dusmet de Beaulieu



Dal fiume Ἀχέρων Savuto Ăchĕrōn Ōcinarus

ballata del Mondo Antico, Grecia, Magna Graecia, Roma

Ballade et Chanson de Geste

Le chêne des deux rois et l'idée du merveilleux

Quercŭs Ălexandĕr imperator et Ălexandĕr Epiri rex

Alessandro Magno Alessandro d'Epiro e l'idea del meraviglioso


Albero Monumentale N 24 Ministero delle Politiche Agricole, Alimentari e Forestali

ora  Ministero dell' Agricoltura  della Sovranità Alimentare e delle  Foreste

decreto direttoriale n. 330598 del 26/07/2022

di aggiornamento dell’Elenco degli Alberi monumentali d’Italia

valore storico, culturale, religioso GU Serie Generale n.182 del 05-08-2022

Ministero della Cultura Direzione Generale Biblioteche e diritto d’autore Servizio II -

Diritto d'Autore  prot. n. 0000727-A del 19-01-2023  dep. 19-12/2022, art. 31 del R.D. 1369/1942.

Canto e Danza del Mondo Antico, volume II ricostruzione metrica storica canto e spartito per pianoforte.

Culture: Grecia- Magna Grecia-Roma.

Lingue italiano, latino, greco antico, inglese, francese.


Ὰλέξανδρος

Aléxandros

Besin maddelerinin “yeniden taşınması” besin maddesi döngüsünün önemli bölümünü oluşturmasından ve ekosistem incelemelerinde bu hususa da yer verilmesi gerektiğinden dolayı büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Yeniden taşınma, yetişme ortamının besin maddesi varlığı, ağaç türü ve besin maddelerinin kullanım özellikleri ile değişmektedir. Bu çalışma ile yeniden taşınma olayının gerçekleştiği ağaç organları, yeniden taşınmayı etkileyen etkenler, yeniden taşınma olayının değerlendirilmesinde göz önüne alınması gereken hususlar sunulmaya çalışılmıştır. Önemli oranda yapraklarda gerçekleşen bu olayın (a) iğne yapraklı ağaçlar ile yapraklı ağaçlar arasında farklı şiddetlerde meydana geldiği; (b) yeniden taşınma olayının diğer unsurlarla birlikte değerlendirilmesi gerektiği; (c) köklerde gerçekleşen yeniden taşınma olayının daha çok kurak alanlarda gerçekleştiği elde edilen somut sonuçlardır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yeniden taşınma olayı, Besin maddesi kullanım etkinliği, Azot, Beslenm

Olu agac olarak bilinen dikili kuru, yatik veya devrilmis agac govdeleri orman ekosistemi icinde biyolojik surecte oldukca onemli rol oynar. Cogu hayvan turunun yasam dongusunde kismen veya tamamen olu agaclara bagimlilik sozkonusudur. Bu nedenle olu agac bir orman ekosisteminde tur cesitliligi icin onemli bir indikatordur. Bu calismada olu agacta yasayan cok sayidaki canli turunden bocekler (Coleoptera) incelenmistir. Yerli ve daha cok yabanci literaturden yararlanilarak yapilan calismada olu agaclarda yasayan bocekler, igne yaprakli olu agaclar ve genis yaprakli olu agaclarda yasayan bocekler olarak iki bolumde incelenmistir. Igne yaprakli olu agaclarda 25 tur gelinis yaprakli olu agaclarda ise 63 tur bocek tesbit edilmistir. Boceklerin olu agaclara yerlesmeleri; yerlesme, parcalanma ve odunun mineralizasyonu fazlari olmak uzere tipik olarak uc fazda tamamlanmaktadir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Coleoptera turleri, Orman ekosistemi, Olu agac.

Belki bir gün Nobel Ödülü bile alabilirler. Bu yıl ağustos ayı ortalarında peş peşe çıkan orman yangınları dikkatleri yeniden ormanlara ve ağaçlara çevirdi. Gazete manşetlerinden haber başlıklarına sıklıkla kullanılan bir deyim vardı, "ciğerlerimiz yandı"... çok değil 25-30 yıl önce ağaç ya da ormanı beşiğimizin, sıramızın ya da kitabımızın hammaddesini oluşturan bir mal gibi görüyorduk. Bugün ise ağaç oksijenimizi sağlayan, topraklarımızı koruyan yaşamsal bir kaynak olarak algılanıyor. Ancak; orman yangınlarının tamamına yakın (%95-98) bir bölümünün insan kaynaklı bir nedene bağlı olarak çıktığını duymak ya da okumak bu görüşü henüz anlamlı bir davranış biçimine dönüştüremediğimizi, bir başka ifade ile, kendi boğazımızı kendi ellerimizle sıkmakta olduğumuzu belgelemiyor mu? Ciğerlerimizin yandığını ileri sürenler bu gerçeği unutmamalı, üzerlerine düşen sorumluluğu yerine getirmelidir.

Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze is a native tree species of major importance in southern Brazil. It is a regional symbol due to its iconic shape and stature in the landscape; its wood was once economically important and its seeds are an important source of food for the fauna and are presently used in regional cuisine. Despite its importance and apparent abundance, the species is facing extinction mainly as a result of unregulated exploitation and deforestation. This study catalogued the remaining individuals in order to add to the body of knowledge available on A. angustifolia, a species that has become rare across its historic range. The circumference at breast height (1.30 m), the total height, and the tree volume were measured (3,529 araucarias). We catalogued trees with a large diameter measuring them in loco over three years involving a journey of more than 6,800 km. The volumes of these old trees are very large, ranging from 38.2 m 3 to 106.6 m 3. The largest A. angustifolia individual is located in the state of Santa Catarina and measures 3.25 m in diameter. The giant araucarias with > 2.00 m in diameter are rare and only 13 individuals could be found in southern Brazil; a priority action at the governmental level is to recognize and preserve these monumental trees and together with a need for a public policy of drawing up specific inventories of large trees.