Modified citrus pectin

Heath forests, also called kerangas forests, have a different composition and structure compared to the adjoining dipterocarp forests. They are found throughout the tropic regions and grow well in nutrient-poor sandy soil. Hence, there is a need to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the constituent composition of the plant species growing in these forests as it would help the researchers to determine the complete potential of every species. In this study, the researchers have attempted to analyze the functional groups of the compounds present in the various sedge plant species present in the heath forests, such as Lepironia articulata, Dapsilanthus disjunctus and Eleocharis ochrostachys. For this purpose, they used the FT-IR analysis technique for determining the functional groups at absorbance values ranging between 400 and 4000 cm-1. Then, they identified the phenolic compounds and individual phenolic acids with the help of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography technique coupled with the photo Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD). In the past, the sedges were recognized for their valuable traditional properties as they contained several bioactive compounds. In this paper, the researchers extracted the water-soluble compounds from the sedge species using an alkaline technique, where they used sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for extraction of bioactive compounds for 12h in the oven at 60°C, followed by an acidic treatment using hydrochloric acid (HCl, pH 2). Thereafter, they re-extracted the supernatant using different types of solvents. The results of these experiments indicated that the sedge species contained 5 major functional groups, i.e., aliphatic ethers (1050-1150 cmˉ¹), alcohols (1200 cmˉ¹), aromatic hydrocarbon (1700-2000 cmˉ¹), aliphatic ketones (1705-1725 cmˉ¹) and aliphatic hydrocarbons (2950-2975 cmˉ¹). The researchers characterized the phenolic compounds present in the sedge species based on their retention time and then compared the UV data with the different standards that were used. It was noted that Lepironia articulata contained the maximal Total Phenolic Content (984.63 ± 5.96 µg GAE/g DW) out of all the sedge species that were studied. Also, trans-p-Coumaric acid was seen to be the main phenolic compound in Eleocharis ochrostachys (645.75 µg/g dw) whereas Vanillic acid was the main phenolic compound present in Dapsilanthus disjunctus (138.72 µg/g dw) and Lepironia articulata (114.72 µg/g dw). The results indicated that Caffeic acid, Ferulic acid, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, Vanillic acid and trans-p-Coumaric acid were present in high concentrations in the sedge species. Out of these compounds, trans-p-Coumaric was the main phenolic compound that was present in the sedge plant extracts. In this study, the researchers have described the uses of the FT-IR and HPLC analyses and also attempted to garner the interest of the researchers in the field of natural plant analysis.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is one of the oldest known edible fruit that contains the highest concentration of total polyphenols in comparison with other fruits studied. The main uses of pomegranates in food industries include fresh juice or pomegranate-based drinks. Since the juice yield of pomegranates is less half of the fruit weight, very large amounts of by-product wastes, such as peels, are formed every year. Pomegranate by-product wastes have been traditionally valorised as animal feed. Recently, a number of studies have proposed that some fruit or vegetable byproducts could be a source of natural antioxidants. The antioxidant capacity of pomegranate is related to the presence of phenolic materials, especially elagic acid and punicalagin. These compounds that are mostly found in the fruit peels cause the antimutation, antiviral, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity of different parts of pomegranate extracts. Pomegranate peel phenolics can be extracted with various ext...

This research aimed to study the chemical constituents and their biological activity of the peels of Citrus grandis Linn. (Tubtim Siam Pomelo). The peels of C. grandis Linn. were immersed in acetone at room temperature. After evaporation, the acetone extract was purified with column chromatography (CC) to give a flavonoid (1). The structure of pure compound (1) was elucidated by analyses of spectroscopic data and comparing their spectroscopic data with the previously published data. Crude acetone and 1 have been evaluated for antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and antimicrobial. Compound 1 has DPPH radicals and tyrosinase with IC50 0.123 ± 0.004 and 0.357 ± 0.117 mg/mL, respectively.

An alternative and high-yield method to obtain hesperidin, a bitter flavored flavanone glucoside, from orange (Citrus sinensis L. osbeck) peels waste is described. The proposed process, which add high-value to this kind of residue from orange juice processing industry, was based on a successful modification applied to extraction of naringin from grapefruit. This method involves extraction with methanol and crystallization in water with addition of dichloromethane, requiring shorter times and reducing of volume of solvent employed. Changing to hot extraction with methanol of fresh orange albedo led to higher yields of extraction in half the time required due to the direct method, avoiding air-dried albedo step. Application of described method led to 2.8% yield (w/w dry albedo) of hesperidin extracted in 89.4% purity determined by HPLC analysis. To add high-value to the flavanone obtained, it was subject to chemical transformation (oxidation and hydrolysis, 83% and 88% yield, respectively) into the flavone diosmetin (73% yield for 2 steps), an expensive and naturally-occurring flavonoid in low yields which exhibits a wide range of pharmacological properties.

The goal of present study was to appraise the bioactivity of compounds using TFC (total flavonoid content), DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power assay and ABTS (radical scavenging activity) of different solvent extracts, from Citrus limon (unripe and ripened) peels. In unripe peels the total flavonoid contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity and reducing power ranged from 18.23-57.56 mg/g CE (catechin equivalent), 21.69-65.82%, 38.96-84.83% and 0.01-1.8 mg /mL, respectively. For ripened lemon peels all these indicators ranged from 10.53-47.88 mg/g CE, 37.99-81.40%, 42.96-95.93% and 0.07-1.47 mg /mL respectively. Lemon peel extracts exhibited good antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilus, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium. Overall ripened lemon peel extracts showed higher antioxidant activity than unripe peels. The data presented in present study is an important factor to select ripened lemon peels as hi...

In this study, 5 different citrus fruits (mandarin, ğrapefruit, oranğe, kumquat and lemon) harvested in Turkey were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. For this purpose, essential oils obtained with the Clevenğer apparatus. Essential oils components were determined with the help of GC-MS. Limonene was determined as a common component in all fruit peels, from the lowest to the hiğhest in order, approximately 24% in clementine mandarin, 28% in oranğe and 76% in lemon, 98% in ğrapefruit, %100 kumquat. Linalool was determined main component of oranğe and clementine mandarin. Dry matter and ash of peels was determined. In addition, the elements found in the peels were determined with the help of semedx. Accordinğ to the results of the sem-edx the peels are quite rich in terms of calcium and potassium.

Ramadan, K., Nader, S., & Ibrahim, A. (2018). Evaluation of sequential extraction of some biological materials from orange fruits peel (Citrus sinensis). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 24(6), 1129–1136 The possibility of sequential extraction and determination of some biological material from orange fruits peel (Valencia variety which is obtained from two areas S and G) has been verifi ed. Sequential extraction of essential oil, phenols, fi xed oil, pigments, proteins consequently, and the impact of each stage of extraction stages on properties of the extracted materials in the other stages has been measured. The chemical composition of Essential oil has been identifi ed by GC-MS. α-Limonene, β-Linalool, and β-Myrcene, major compounds are presence in the two regions oil. When sequential extrication was used the yield of water extract increased nearly 27% and the total phenolic compound increased higher than 5%, also yield of fi xed oil raised by 8-38%, аcid value and pig...

Solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasonic extraction (UE) was used for to extract phenolic compounds and amino acid from sunflower seeds. The influence of extraction process parameters (time, temperature, and the type of solvent (water and methanol) on the isolation of biological compounds was studied. The obtained extracts were qualitatively evaluated by chromatographic methods: HPLC, GC-MS, and spectroscopic methods: FT-IR, UV-VIS spectroscopy. It was shown that by microwave extraction were isolated free amino acids and phenolic compounds.

The aim of this study is to develop an extraction method for the producing of a safe and efficient source of antioxidant compounds from fresh and pre-treated sweet orange (Citrus sinensis cv shahsavari) peel. Three types of solvents (100% ethanol, 100% water and ethanol-water mixtures at the ratios of 35:65 and 65:35, v/v), three duration times (60, 120 and 240 min) were chosen as the parameters affecting the phenolic compounds and flavonoid contents, extraction yield and antioxidant activities. These properties were evaluated by using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, DPPH radical scavenging activity assay and the aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. The results showed that the extraction times within the current range of 60-240 min have no significant effect on the investigated properties. The binary water-ethanol mixture at the ratio of 65:35 showed the best extraction yield for total phenolic compounds of fresh orange peel. The lowest IC50 and the highest antioxidant a...

This research work was carried out to quantify the total phenolics, flavonoids and carotenoides, vitamin C contents, reported as antioxidants, in juices of four varieties of Pakistani Citrus limon. Juice was extracted from fresh lemon samples using classical method and subjected to study the various quality parameters. The total phenolic contents from juices of Citrus limon, determined following the Folin-Ciocalteu assay were found in the range of 690.62-998.29 mg/L, showing the significant inter-varietals variations. The total flavonoids and vitamin C contents from juices of Citrus limon were found in the range of 211.36-220.34 and 18.87-25.1 mg/L, respectively. Whereas, the total carotenoides contents of Citrus limon juices were found in a low concentrations i.e. 0.05-0.08 mg/L. The statistical analysis showed significant (p < 0.05) variations in the total phenolic, carotenoides and vitamin C contents while non-significant (p > 0.05) variation in total flavonoids contents among different varieties of Citrus limon.

Microwave assisted extraction of pectin from dried orange peel powder was carried out in a microwave oven with acidified water using concentrated nitric acid. Process parameters like pH of the acidified water (1.5, 2, 2.5), solvent: solid ratio (10, 20, 30), microwave power (360, 540, 720 W), and extraction time (30, 60, 90 s) were optimized by response surface methodology, using full factorial design. The optimized condition was found to be pH 1.5, solvent: solid ratio 20, microwave power of 630 W, extraction time of 89 sec for an optimized pectin yield of 13.32%. A second order polynomial equation generated for predicting pectin yield was validated by conducting 3 trials at the optimized point.

In the present study pectin was extracted from orange peel and its purification, modification and characterization was done. Pectin was extracted with an acid i.e. EDTA (ethylene diaminetetracetic acid) by using microwave method at 460W, for 15 mins. and pH (2-3). Purification of pectin was done by using partial oxidation with iodine solution and modification of pectin was done by using base hydrolysis. Yield of extracted pectin, purified pectin and modified pectin were 34.02, 38.88, 83.33% respectively. Pectin was identified with the help of stiff gel test, test with iodine solution. Extracted pectin contains many phytochemicals which were identified chemically. The characterization of pectin was done through TLC data and FTIR analysis. The FTIR spectra of extracted pectin, purified pectin, modified pectin samples were determined using a computerized FTIR spectrometer in the range of 44000-400 cm-1 by KBr pellet technique. Three outstanding features of infrared spectra of of pectin...

Pectin is a heterogeneous polysaccharide found in the cell wall, middle lamellae of many fruits and vegetables, and is widely used as gelling agent, emulsifier and stabilizer in food industry. In keeping the importance of pectin in the food industry, ultrasound-assisted extraction of pectin from sweet lime peel was investigated. The individual and interactive effect of solid-solvent ratio, ultrasound power intensity and sonication time on the pectin yield, equivalent weight and methoxyl content were studied and analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The maximum pectin yield (36.4 g/100 g), equivalent weight (740.3 mg) and methoxyl content (7.1%) was obtained under optimal condition (solid-solvent ratio of 1:24.3 g/ml, ultrasound power intensity of 80 W/cm 2 and sonication time of 18.4 min). Significant (p \ 0.05) effect of process parameters was found in all responses of pectin extracted from sweet lime peel. It was also revealed from the present study that ultrasound-assisted extraction of pectin from sweet lime peel is an efficient approach toward waste valorization and extraction of pectin with high yield and good quality attributes.

Polyphenols are scientifically researched molecules because of their multiple biological activities. This study aims to compare the phenolic content and estimate the antioxidant and anti-microbial activities of leaf extracts and juice of ten varieties Citrus fruits grown in Algeria. Antioxidant properties were evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging activity, β-carotene-linoleic acid system and ferric reducing antioxidant capacity. Antimicrobial activity was carried out using agar well diffusion method. The results showed the highest levels of phenolic compounds in juice and leaves of different part and varieties of plant (*P < 0.05). Among all the varieties, C. maxima and C. aurantium presents the highest activity for the three methods cited previously (94.44-91.66% and 95.41-83.84%). On the other hand, antibacterial activity present on the plates was indicated by an inhibition zone surrounding the well containing the juice. The C. Limon and C. aurantium varieties exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zone ranging from (27.66 ± 0.58, 24.66 ± 1.53 mm) followed by grapefruit and mandarin with areas between (23.00 ± 1.00, 17.66 ± 0.58 mm) on the isolates used. In this study, whatever the parts of citrus (juice and leaves) have been found to contain higher amounts of phenolics and their efficiency as potent antioxidants and antimicrobial properties was confirmed.

Even though Citrus plants have antimalarial properties, there is no report of such about peels of C. maxima. This study explored fractions of peels of C. maxima for the presence of antimalarial activity using murine models. The crude extract was tested at 3 dose levels (125, 250, 500 mg/kg/b.w./day) and fractions at 2 dose levels (250 and 500 mg/kg/b.w./day). All treatments lasted 7 consecutive days. In the experimental design and layout, blood samples were collected from tails of animals on day 4 and day 7. Over 89% of the parasite was cleared by 125 mg/kg dose on day 7. The highest clearance at day 4 and day 7 were at 500 mg/kg aqueous fraction (84.85%) and 500 mg/kg ethyl acetate fraction (97.96%), respectively. Only the aqueous fractions (250 and 500 mg/kg) had clearances &gt; 80% on day 4. Other fractions having clearances &gt; 50% were 500 mg/kg n-butanol (61.90%) and 500 mg/kg n-hexane (59.57%). Results of day 7 show the presence of antimalarial principles in all the fraction...

Citrus species have interest from many researchers for a long time, due to their wide distribution and the diversity in of their chemical composition. On the other hand, it is very important to study and to consistently improve extraction methods in order to increase their efficiency. Several extraction methods based on six citrus species peels have been studied by comparing total yields and concentrations of some bio-compounds (phenols, carbohydrates, proteins and pigments), as well as the antioxidant activity. Extraction methods significantly differed in their results, due to the differences in the mechanisms of action. Extraction by Reflux assisted method gave the highest yield, but it was not the best method in total phenolic content. Maceration method was better in total phenolic content, however Ultrasound method gave the highest value of carbohydrates content. Generally, Citrus species have a high content of phenols and carbohydrates, low proteins content and good polar pigments content. Regarding TLC profile, there is an increase in metabolites (number of spots) when assisted extraction methods were used, so extraction by assisted methods increases both quantity and quality of extraction yield. It was noted that water was a suitable solvent for phenols and carbohydrates extraction. Using agricultural waste such as citrus peels has many biological, environmental, industrial and so economical benefits.

Colon cancer or colorectal cancer is one of the most common
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the particles utilized. Gold nanoshells are spheric structures
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gold layer that can absorb near-infrared light and convert it
to thermal energy to produce hyperthermia on in vivo models
of cancer tumors. Nanoparticles-assisted hyperthermia consists
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cells by nanoparticle irradiation with an external power source
capable of increasing temperature to 39°C - 45°C without
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nanomaterials, gold nanoshells show high biocompatibility
and low cytotoxicity, which is why adjuvant chemotherapy
and hyperthermia on gold nanoshells is a novel and promising
approach for the treatment of colorectal cancer.

D-Limonene essential oil was extracted from orange peels by soxhlation method using different solvents like ethanol, methanol, n-hexane, 1-propanol and distilled water in order to compare the yield percentage. The percentage of yield was in the order of ethanol > 1- propanol>hexane > distilled water>methanol. The study on variation of percentage yield with
extraction time and weight of the peels showed a linear trend. The extracted oils were characterized by UV-Visible, FT-IR and 1H NMR analysis.
Key words: D-Limonene, soxhlation, UV-Visible, FT-IR , 1H NMR

I n the framework of our studies on Greek Citrus hybrids, we report here the chemical analyses of the oils from cold pressed peels of one grapefruit [Citrus paradisi Cv. Star Ruby x Citrus aurantium], four oranges [Citrus sinensis cv. Newhall x Citrumelo C. sinensis Cv. Newhall x trifoliata, C. sinensis Cv. Valencia Porou x citrumelo, C. sinensis Cv. Valencia Porou x trifoliata], one pomelo [C. grandis Cv. Cuban shaddock x trifoliata] and one mandarin [Citrus reticulata Cv. Tangelo Minneola x trifoliata]. All volatiles have been analyzed through GCMS and forty five constituents were identified: Terpenes (94%-99%), among which monoterpenes (88-98%) with limonene as the most abundant (80-95%). It is noteworthy that the detection of the sesquiterpene nootkatone (3.76%) in the essential oil of Citrus paradise, which is well known to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, which is the most expensive and valuable component of all Citrus. The essential oils of all six among studied Citrus leaves showed a different chemical profile in comparison with their peels content, as sabinene is considered (0.6%-78.5%) as the main component, which is in accordance with literature, while only in mandarin (Citrus reticulata) was absent. Moreover, alkanes are identified in high percentages in all Citrus samples. Furthermore, six polymethoxyflavones were isolated and structurally determined by NMR spectroscopy from the peels of C. sinensis Cv. Valencia Porou x citrumelo and Citrus reticulata espectively. Their structures were identified as: 3',4',5,6,7-pentamethoxyflavone (sinensetin),3',4',5,6,7,8h e x a m e t h o x y f l a v o n e (n o b i l e t i n) ,

Los métodos de liberación controlada y sostenida de moléculas constituyen una nueva estrategia de desarrollo en la industria farmacéutica que permite reducir dosis, frecuencias de administración y toxicidad de fármacos cuyas dosis terapéuticas presentan elevada toxicidad y/o importantes efectos secundarios. Este es el caso de fármacos utilizados para tratamientos de cáncer, cuya administración apropiada sigue presentando hoy en día un desafío para la industria farmacéutica y la medicina. En el presente trabajo se postula desarrollar vehículos más eficientes para el transporte y liberación de moléculas de interés biológico de uso humano y altamente tóxicas empleadas en el tratamiento de patologías agudas y crónicas. Se propone el empleo de biopolímeros naturales para su utilización como matrices transportadoras y el estudio de pruebas de concepto a escala de laboratorio, con la finalidad de una potencial aplicación en el ámbito farmacéutico. Se realizarán estudios con un fármaco sele...

Efecto anticancerígeno del almidón modificado de banano (Musa acuminata AAA 'Cavendish') en ratas tratadas con 1,2dimetilhidrazina Anticancer effect of modified banana (Musa acuminata AAA 'Cavendish') starch in rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine

Kumquat and calamondin are two small-size citrus fruits. Owing to their health benefits, they are traditionally used as folk medicine in Asian countries. However, the research on flavonoids and biological activities of kumquat and calamondin have received less attention. This review summarizes the reported quantitative and qualitative data of phenolic compositions in these two fruits. Effects of maturity, harvest time, various solvent extractions and heat treatment of phenolic compositions, and bioactivities were discussed; distributions of the forms of phenolic compounds existing in kumquat and calamondin were also summarized. Furthermore, biological activities, including antioxidant, antityrosinase, antimicrobial, antitumor, and antimetabolic disorder effects, have also been discussed. Effective phenolic components were proposed for a certain bioactivity. It was found that C-glycoside flavonoids are dominant phenolic compounds in kumquat and calamondin, unlike in other citrus fruits. Up to now, biological activities and chemical characteristics of C-glycoside flavonoids in kumquat and calamondin are largely unknown.

trabajo se encuentran soportado en la investigación titulada «Efectos de un preparado probiótico en un modelo de colitis experimental crónica en ratones, inducida por la ingesta de dextrano sulfato sódico (DSS)» tesis para obtener el título de Máster en

In this study, the green extraction of bioactive compounds from Rosehip (Rosa canina L.) fruits and their antioxidant activity were investigated. An ultrasound-assisted extraction combined with deep eutectic solvents (DES) was used for this purpose. Deep eutectic solvents based on citric acid were specially designed. Namely, hydrogen bond donor (HBD) such as glycerol and ethylene glycol as well as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) like citric acid were used. After choosing the best option of DES, for extraction of the bioactive ingredients, optimal extraction conditions of the ultrasonic-assisted extraction have been optimized through Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM). Total phenolics content (TPC), total anthocyanins content (TAA), and antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) have been found as 103.37 mg GAE/g DW in DES2, 92.23 mg GAE/g DW in DES1, 3.25mg C3G/100g-DW in DES2, 1.31 mg C3G/100g-DW in DES1, and 101.85% inhibition in DES2, 94....

This study evaluated for to optimization of dried lemon peel production conditions in vacuum microwave dryer as a novel drying technique by using response surface methodology (RSM) and to observation of its effects on the quality and volatile compounds. The optimum vacuum power (584 watt) and temperature (50 C) according to the highest b * value and limonene content while the minimum drying time occurs were estimated using RSM. The volatile constituents of fresh and dried lemon peels were investigated by headspace-solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography mass spectrometry, as a result, 32 and 34 compounds were identified, respectively. Furthermore, quality characteristics of the optimally developed lemon powder were studied. Dried peels had higher conservation of total phenolic compounds than fresh samples. Drying significantly affected the volatile compounds, antioxidant activity, total carotenoid, and ascorbic acid contents of lemon peel powders. Practical applications Drying is an important food preservation method. However, the effets of drying methods and conditions on foods quality are not clear. This study presents optimum conditions for drying lemon peels in vacuum microwave dryer and appreciates effect of drying system on some quality characteristics and volatile compounds. The data of present study will give information to food industry for installing industrial scale drying systems for aromatic products. It will be contributed to the improvement of firms' conditions that already in production. 1 | INTRODUCTION The citrus fruits (orange, lemon, grapefruit, mandarin, and lime) which are annually produced over 121 million tonnes, are the most grown agricultural product in the world. One third of the crop is processed as fruit juice (FAO, 2015). Residues and wastes that are released from processed products such as peels can cause microbial degradation and environmental pollution (Laufenberga, Kunza, & Nystroem, 2003; Montgomery, 2004). The citrus peel is rich in flavonoids and contains high concentrations of phenolic compounds (Hayat et al., 2010; Kamran, Youcef, & Ebrahimzadeh, 2009). For these reasons, citrus peels can be used as animal feed and food additives after dried (Mirzaei-Aghsaghali & Maheri-Sis, 2008). Lemon peels contain numerous nutrients such as vitamin C, niacin, dietary fiber, pectin, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Furthermore, they contain other nutrients with antioxidant properties such as flavonoids and phenylpropanoids which prevent the development of cancer cells, strengthen the immune system, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases by preventing free radicals from damaging

Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) from citrus genus are of particular interest because of their broad spectrum of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-atherogenic properties. Recently, the exploration into the beneficial health properties of PMFs in citrus fruits has dramatically increased. However, the supply of pure PMFs in the in vivo study is a limiting factor due to the difficulties in large-scale isolation of the interested PMFs. Therefore, the development of an efficient and a scalable separation method of PMFs is necessary and significant. In this paper, we report a newly developed method for efficient and relatively large-scale isolation of four PMFs from sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel by employing supercritical chromatography (

Even though Citrus plants have antimalarial properties, there is no report of such about peels of C. maxima. This study explored fractions of peels of C. maxima for the presence of antimalarial activity using murine models. The crude extract was tested at 3 dose levels (125, 250, 500 mg/kg/b.w./day) and fractions at 2 dose levels (250 and 500 mg/kg/b.w./day). All treatments lasted 7 consecutive days. In the experimental design and layout, blood samples were collected from tails of animals on day 4 and day 7. Over 89% of the parasite was cleared by 125 mg/kg dose on day 7. The highest clearance at day 4 and day 7 were at 500 mg/kg aqueous fraction (84.85%) and 500 mg/kg ethyl acetate fraction (97.96%), respectively. Only the aqueous fractions (250 and 500 mg/kg) had clearances > 80% on day 4. Other fractions having clearances > 50% were 500 mg/kg n-butanol (61.90%) and 500 mg/kg n-hexane (59.57%). Results of day 7 show the presence of antimalarial principles in all the fractions. This study demonstrated that the fruit peels of C. maxima possess antimalarial activity. More studies are needed to identify the mechanisms of action and active compounds involved.

Citrus (mandarin and orange) pomace is an agro-food industrial waste rich in polyphenols and dietary fiber with great potential as a functional ingredient. In this work, the chemical composition and in vitro bioaccessibility of health-promoting compounds present in raw citrus pomaces (Clemenule and Ortanique mandarins and Navel and Valencia oranges) were studied. In addition, the by-products were employed as food ingredients in cookies and the effect of the food matrix on the bioaccessibility of their bioactive compounds was evaluated. Nobiletin, hesperidin/neohesperidin, tangeretin, heptamethoxyflavone, tetramethylscutellarein, and naringin/narirutin were detected in the citrus samples by UHPLC-MS. Citrus pomaces were in vitro digested mimicking the human oral gastrointestinal conditions and the bioactivity of the digests (antioxidant, carbohydrases modulation, and anti-inflammatory effects) was assessed. The bioaccessibility of the antioxidants in the by-products was confirmed by Total Polyphenol Content (TPC) (6.6-11.0 mg GAE/g digest), ABTS (65.5-97.1 µmol TE/g digest), ORAC-FL assays (135.5-214.8 µmol TE/g digest), and inhibition of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) formation induced by treatment with tert-butyl hydroperoxide 1 mM in intestinal IEC-6 (19-45%) and CCD-18Co (28-45%) cells pretreated with the digests at concentrations ranging between 5 and 25 µg/mL. Inhibitors of the enzymatic activity of α-glucosidase (IC50 3.97-11.42 mg/mL) and α-amylase (IC50 58.04-105.68 mg/mL) also remained bioaccessible after in vitro digestion of citrus pomaces. In addition, the bioaccessible compounds in orange pomace samples significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 macrophages. The digests of orange pomace cookies with the nutrition claims "no-added sugars" and "source of fiber" presented antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties, and good sensory quality (6.9-6.7 on a scale of 1 to 9). The results obtained support the feasibility of unfractionated orange pomace as a functional ingredient for reducing the risk of diabetes. The health-promoting benefits observed in the present research might be, at least partially, associated with flavonoids.

The goal of present study was to appraise the bioactivity of compounds using TFC (total flavonoid content), DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power assay and ABTS (radical scavenging activity) of different solvent extracts, from Citrus limon (unripe and ripened) peels. In unripe peels the total flavonoid contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity and reducing power ranged from 18.23-57.56 mg/g CE (catechin equivalent), 21.69-65.82%, 38.96-84.83% and 0.01-1.8 mg /mL, respectively. For ripened lemon peels all these indicators ranged from 10.53-47.88 mg/g CE, 37.99-81.40%, 42.96-95.93% and 0.07-1.47 mg /mL respectively. Lemon peel extracts exhibited good antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilus, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium. Overall ripened lemon peel extracts showed higher antioxidant activity than unripe peels. The data presented in present study is an important factor to select ripened lemon peels as hi...

Citrus oils, extracted from the peels and other by-products of orange, lemon and grapefruit juice processing, are an important ingredient in many beverages, as well as in many other food and non-food products. This report develops estimates of U.S. production and use of citrus oils by species (orange, lemon and grapefruit) and by type of oil (cold-pressed, essence and distilled) in food and non-food products. These estimates are based on several sources, including a survey of known citrus oil producers, interviews with selected producers, interviews with users of citrus oils including representatives of the major flavor houses, published studies, and secondary data on citrus processing, soft drink consumption and international trade. The study began with development of a list of 27 firms, believed to include all the major U.S. producers of citrus oils. Of these, 15 responded to a mail questionnaire, reporting their citrus oil production. The respondents account for approximately 27 percent of grapefruit oil production, 86 percent of lemon oil production, and 42 percent of orange oil production. Total production was estimated at over 46.7 million pounds, of which 6.5 percent was grapefruit oil, 10.0 percent was lemon oil, and 83.5 percent was orange oil. Most of the grapefruit and lemon oil is food-grade cold-pressed oil, while the majority of the orange oil production is distilled stripper oil. Producers in the United States exported over half of their estimated 1994 lemon oil production; overall, exports accounted for about 30 percent of total citrus oil production (almost 14 million pounds). At the same time, the U.S. imported over 38 million pounds of citrus oils, with over 85 percent of the total being orange oil. The significant growth in citrus oil imports is in distilled orange oils, principally terpenes, which substitute for restricted petroleum-based chemicals in paint thinners, carpet cleaners, and other industrial uses. As much as 16.6 million pounds, or 35.5 percent of total 1994 citrus oil production, was used in food and beverage products. Beverages account for most citrus oils used in food products. Food and beverage use of U.S.-produced citrus oils averaged less than 0.066 pounds per capita in 1994.

Introduction. Food industry requires the antioxidants obtained from natural raw materials. It is important to establish the methods for incorporation of hydrophilic antioxidants to oil and fat products. Materials and methods. Oak bark was used as the raw material for the obtaining of antioxidants. The aqueous-ethanol solutions, alkali and acid addition, and microwave treatment were used for flavonoid extraction. The dry substances content in the extracts was determined gravimetrically. The kinetics of sunflower oil initiated oxidation was studied using a volumetric method in the presence of azobisisobutyric acid dinitrile. Results and discussion. Solvents with different ratios of water: ethanol were used to obtain extracts form oak bark. Application of higher ethanol concentrations in solvent resulted in increase of extract concentration. The extract concentration increased by 45% with an increase of ethanol concentration from 50 to 80%. Addition of 1% ascorbic acid increased the yield of extractive substances from 2.3 to 3.1%; addition of 1% citric or lactic acid increased the yield up to 4.3 and 3%, respectively. The microwave extraction does increase the extraction rate by 8 times and the yield of extractive substances by 1.5 times (from 2.3% dry substances in extract to 3.5%). The water-alcohol extracts added to sunflower oil together with the emulsifier dispersed it to particle sizes not more than 2-3 µm. Water and alcohol were removed by distillation under reduced pressure. After evaporation of solvent, the diameter of the hydrophilic phase particles decreased to nano-size. The dispersion of oak bark extracts in sunflower oil resulted in a 1.8-fold increase of the period of induction of sunflower oil oxidation, determined by the kinetics of accelerated oxidation and the accumulation of peroxides during the storage. Conclusions. The use of food acids in combination with a water-alcohol solvent and a microwave treatment effectively increased the extraction of antioxidants from oak bark.

Growing consumer awareness has made it more economical and environmentally friendly to use renewable resources. Orange fruits, also known as citrus fruits, are rich in various vitamins, minerals, folic acid, and antioxidants such carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanin's, and phenolic acids. They also contain linalool, which is present in large amounts (35%), such as fiber to support healthy immunity, which includes the stomach and digestive system; it is also beneficial for expectant mothers as it enhances digestion and promotes waste removal. All these have laxative and low-cholesterol properties as well as anti-infection, anti-cancer, diabetic, and anti-bacterial effects. Orange peel is thought to be quite useful for a number of medical conditions when consumed regularly. Orange peels can be used in an interesting process called anaerobic digestion, which produces biogas from food waste since it has a high energy content. This work has addressed the analysis of in-vitro and in-vivo tests for various purposes. Peels are an excellent natural source of health-promoting phytochemicals and can be used in the food sector as natural, preferred antioxidants and antimicrobials, anti-fungal, and used s for production of biofuels. More beneficial than Orange fruit is Orange peel. It is applied topically and taken orally, important information that can be helpful in selecting the best extraction technique for bioactive chemicals from vegetable sources. The review presents a comprehensive description on the Orange peel as various biological properties and other activities.

Lemon peels utilizable foodstuffs were analysed for crude protein, phosphorus, calcium, copper, manganese, iron, zinc, sodium, potassium and some chemical parameters in feedstuffs. The levels of protein (9.42 %), fat (4.98%), ash (6.26%), fiber (15.18%), sodium (755.5 mg/100g), potassium (8600 mg/100g), calcium (8452.5 mg/100g), copper (4.94 mg/100g), iron (147.65 mg/100g), magnesium (1429.50 mg/100g), zinc (13.94 mg/100g) and phosphorus (6656 mg/100g) detected in the lemon peels were compared with that of Iranian national standard for animal food. The value of fat, crude protein and fiber are comparable to the values for varieties of animal feed reported by Iranian national standard.

Citrus plant is native to tropical Asia. Despite that it is also found in all tropical and subtropical country. The worldwide annual production of citrus fruits is 105 million metric tons between 2000 and 2004 [1] and has been increasing steadily throughout 2000s reaching over 124 million tonnes by 2016 [2]. Citrus fruits belong to the family Rutaceae of the genus Citrus. Which includes fruits such as tangerine, orange, lemon, lime and grapefruit. Citrus fruits are well-known as a source of beneficial nutrients as well as phenolic compounds which are for human health. In major citrus producing countries such as Brazil and the United States, the percentage of fruits being utilized into juices reaches 96 % while the average percentage is 34 % [1]. Based on the average yield of juices, peel of citrus covers a big part of surplus [1,3-5]. Owing to a large amount of waste produced, fermentation of the waste is affecting the environment. Citrus by-products which eventually discarded

In this study, the concentrations of fatty acids and phytochemicals present in the essential oils extracted from Citrus limon peel and Cymbopogon citrates were studied. The essential oils were extracted and then characterized quantitatively using Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) technique. The results showed that the essential oil from both lemon peel and lemongrass contained lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. The essential oil from C. limon peel showed higher concentrations for lauric acid (76.461 mg/g), myristic acid (32.792 mg/g), and stearic acid (110.410 mg/g) compared to C. citrates (14.507, 20.490, and 60.182 mg/g respectively). The lemongrass essential oil showed a higher concentration of palmitic acid (72.194 mg/g) than the lemon peel (31.349 mg/g). The distributions of unsaturated fatty acids in C. limon peel essential oils were α-linoleic aci...

Antioxidant (AOA) and antimicrobial (AMO) activities of various solvent extracts of Arabica coffee pulp were evaluated. The dried coffee pulp was ground and extracted by maceration in various solvents; ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MtOH) and distilled water (W) at the pulp-to-solvent ratio of 1:5 for 3 days. The mixture was filtered and the obtained liquid extract was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain crude coffee pulp extract (CPE). The bioactive compounds, total polyphenol content (TPC), Total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) and AOA of the extracts were determined. Then, the extract providing the highest bioactive compounds and the highest AOA was used for AMO testing against some foodborne pathogens compared to those of the direct pressing extract (DP). The W extract exhibited the highest TPC(20.02 g GAE/100 g CPE) and it was higher than the EtOH (13.21 g GAE/100 g crude CPE) and MtOH (9.09 g GAE/100 g crude CPE) extracts, respectively. The higher AOA from both DPPH and FRAP assays was also observed in W extract compared to that of the MtOH and EtOH extracts. Therefore, the W extract was applied for AMO testing. The W extract exhibited the higher inhibitory effect against the gram positive bacteria than the gram negative bacteria with Staphylococcus aureus as the most resistant bacterium. The W extract (54.95 mg/mL) completely inactivated all microorganisms, except Escherichia coli in which no bactericidal effect was observed.

Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata was demonstrated to have a benefit healthy due to containing active pharmaceutical ingredients. However, A. formosanus is usually processed to produce tea bags which would destroy the bioactive compounds because of the processing procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of extracted methods including microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and fermentation by Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC-4356 to extract the active pharmaceutical ingredients from A. formosanus. The extracted liquid was analyzed total phenolics, total polysaccharide, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that three methods have a positive effect on the extraction of bioactive compounds of A. formosanus in which the fermentation showed the best result. The total phenolic content, total polysaccharide content and antioxidant capacity that extracted by the fermentation method were 11.762 mg GAE/g; 48.914 mg GE/g, and 1.582 m...

Extraction is the widely used techniques in the process of phytochemicals, natural compounds (phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, aroma compounds etc.) obtaining from plant material. Conventional solvent extraction methods are generally used for this purposes but, it has several disadvantages such as quite laborious, time-consuming, involve large amounts of solvents, target molecule degradation, the partial loss of volatiles and pose hazards to health and the environment. Some solvents (ethanol) require explosion proof facilities for production. Alternative extraction and separation techniques which are called “green extraction”, provides environmentally sustainable extraction process for high value phytochemicals from plants for use in foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other products. Great improvements can be achieved with the use of green extraction techniques such as supercritical CO2 extraction, ultrasoundassisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction,...

Orange (Citrus sinensis) juice contains a high amount of antioxidant compounds, such as polyphenols and vitamins. The aim of this work was to develop an adsorption procedure for the quantitative recovery of polyphenols from fresh orange juice. Different macroporous resins have been selected to evaluate their affinity for phenolic compound in order to purify the antioxidant compounds from the orange juice. The main compounds of orange juice were firstly characterized using an UPLC-UV-HRMS to define the metabolite profile, and subsequently three different types of adsorbent (XAD-2, XAD-4, and XAD-16N) were tested to concentrate these bioactive compounds. The time of contact was selected based on kinetic studies, and subsequently the adsorption and elution conditions were optimized in order to maximize the recovery of phenolic compounds to obtain an extract rich of bioactive compounds. Lastly, antioxidant capacity of the orange juice extract of selected macroporous resin, obtained unde...

L. (Rutaceae), commonly known as bitter orange, possesses multiple therapeutic potentials. These biological credentials include anticancer, antianxiety, antiobesity, antibacterial, antioxidant, pesticidal, and antidiabetic activities. The essential oil of was reported to display marked pharmacological effects and great variation in chemical composition depending on growing locations but mostly contained limonene, linalool, and -myrcene. Phytochemically, is rich in -synephrine, an alkaloid, and many health-giving secondary metabolites such as flavonoids. Animal studies have demonstrated a low affinity of -synephrine for adrenergic receptors and an even lower affinity in human models. The present review focuses on the different biological activities of the in animal and human models in the form of extract and its pure secondary metabolites. Finally, it is concluded that both the extract and isolated compounds have no unwanted effects in human at therapeutic doses and, therefore, can c...

The aim of present study was to explore nutritional value of mandarin peel (waste product) and utilize it in feed or an alternative to synthetic supplements as it is a powerful source of vitamin C and polyphenolic contents. Mandarin peels were dried by placing them at three different heating systems (Sun, vacuum oven and microwave drying) and extraction was carried out using four different solvent systems (methanol, ethanol, acetone and aqueous). Present results showed that mandarin peels retain best nutritional quality on electric oven drying followed by sun drying and microwave drying systems. A significant amount of ascorbic acid was found as sun drying (18.34 mg)…

The impact of hydrogen infusion into solvents on the extraction of phytochemicals was evaluated. Pure (water, ethanol, methanol) and hydrogen-rich solvents at temperatures (25°C and 35°C) were used for extracting phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and antioxidants from lemon peel. Incorporating hydrogen into all solvents increased the extraction of all phytochemicals. The hydrogen incorporation into solvents led to the highest increase in phenolics and flavonoid contents shown for hydrogen-rich methanol (HRM) followed by hydrogen-rich ethanol (HRE) at both 25°C and 35°C. The highest antioxidant extraction was shown for HRM. The hydrogen incorporation showed the highest phytochemical extraction in methanol and at 35°C. The increase in temperature increased the extraction efficiency, but less efficiently than the hydrogen incorporation. The HPLC phenolic profile confirmed the positive effect of both temperature and hydrogen incorporation on the extraction of flavonoids and non-flavo...

Sour sauces are an important part of Turkish cuisine and the Mediterranean diet. They are generally used as a flavoring in salads, cold appetizers and various dishes such as stuffed meatballs, raw meatballs and casseroles. In this study, it was aimed to obtain a sauce with a high consistency from the juice of bitter oranges grown in the Mediterranean climate, which is not evaluated due to its bitter taste due to its high naringin content and to be used in salads or meals. Carob molasses pulp (CMP) was used in the sauce preparation process to obtain high consistency. In addition to providing high consistency, CMP has increased the nutritional value of the sauce. For this purpose, bitter orange (Bitter orange aurantium)  juice was evaporated in the open boiler until it reached 25-30 ⁰Brix. After adding 2% CMP to the semi-evaporated bitter orange juice, the evaporation process was continued till it reached the final concentration of 55 ⁰Brix. The obtained sauce was evaluated in pH, tot...

The present investigation aimed to provide novel information on the chemical composition and in vitro bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds from raw citrus pomaces (mandarin varieties Clemenule and Ortanique and orange varieties Navel and Valencia). The effects of the baking process on their bioaccessibility was also assessed. Samples of pomaces and biscuits containing them as an ingredient were digested, mimicking the human enzymatic oral gastrointestinal digestion process, and the composition of the digests were analyzed. UHPLC-MS/MS results of the citrus pomaces flavonoid composition showed nobiletin, hesperidin/neohesperidin, tangeretin, heptamethoxyflavone, tetramethylscutellarein, and naringin/narirutin. The analysis of the digests indicated the bioaccessibility of compounds possessing antioxidant [6.6–11.0 mg GAE/g digest, 65.5–97.1 µmol Trolox Equivalents (TE)/g digest, and 135.5–214.8 µmol TE/g digest for total phenol content (TPC), ABTS, and ORAC-FL methods, respectively...

Phenolic acids were extracted from potato peels with NaOH treatment and a high-pressure homogenization (HPH) process. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity and extraction yield were determined with different treatment conditions.

Traditional extraction remains the method-of-choice for phytochemical analyses. However, the absence of an integrated analytical platform, focusing on customized, validated extraction steps, generates tendentious and non-reproducible data regarding the phytochemical profile. Such a platform would also support the exploration and exploitation of plant byproducts, which are a valuable source of bioactive metabolites. This study deals with the incorporation of (a) the currently sub-exploited high energy extraction methods (ultrasound (UAE)- and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)), (b) experimental design (DOE), and (c) metabolomics, in an integrated analytical platform for the extensive study of plant metabolomics and phytochemical profiling. The recovery of carotenoids from apricot by-products (pulp) is examined as a case study. MAE, using ethanol as solvent, achieved higher carotenoid yields compared to UAE, where 1:1 chloroform-methanol was employed, and classic extraction. Nuclear...

Citrus sinensis commercially known as an orange tree has a high pectin ratio and valuable essential oils. The huge amount of orange peel is generated in industries and they can be used as a raw material for essential oils and pectin. To obtain essential oils from orange peels distillation method is used and collected oil is analyzed to determine its d-limonene amount, also the yield of the essential oil production is calculated. The essential oil yield was found as 0.19%. GC results revealed that the sample had 94% dlimonene, and the data from the literature indicated that d-limonene amount of orange essential oil may vary between 32% and 98% depending on the variety of orange. In addition to essential oil, pectin was also extracted from the orange peels using two types of acids. First one was hydrochloric acid (HCl) as an inorganic acid, and the other was tartaric acid (TA) as an organic acid. The purpose of selecting the several types of acid was to observe the effects of acid type on pectin yield. The pectin amount obtained with HCl usage (4.72 % g pectin/orange fresh peel) was higher than that with TA usage (4.037 % g pectin/orange fresh peel). The experimental results for pectin contents of samples were also confirmed with the colorimetric test results. According to these results, concentrations of galacturonic acid in the samples obtained with HCl (0.509 mg galacturonic acid/mg) was found to be higher than the concentrations of galacturonic acid in the samples obtained with TA (0.103 mg galacturonic acid/mg).