Meteorological Radar

Bu çalışmada 9 Temmuz 2012’de Samsun'un doğu ilçeleri olan Ayvacık, Çarşamba, Salıpazarı ve Terme’de aşırı yağışlar sonucu meydana gelen sel, taşkın ve heyelan olaylarının 3 saatlik operasyonu özetlenmiştir. Meteoroloji 10. Bölge Müdürlüğü’nden alınan son bilgilerde 9 Temmuz 2012 akşam saatlerinde Samsun’un doğusunda şiddetli yağışın beklendiği uyarısı alınmış, kritik bölgelerde AFAD ve UMKE ekipleri hazır bekletilmiştir. Haber Merkezi’ne ulaşan sel, ani sel, taşkın, mahsur kalma ve heyelan içerikli toplam 26 ihbar üzerine hazır bulundurulan Samsun, Sivas, Yozgat ve Ankara AFAD ekipleri ile Samsun UMKE ekiplerinden oluşan 70 personel, 12 araç ve 2 kurtarma botu bölgeye ilk anda sevk edilmiştir. Trafik güvenliğinin sağlanması amacıyla Samsun-Ordu karayolunun bir bölümü 30 dakika süreyle araç geçişine kapatılmıştır. Ayrıca, Sahil Güvenlik Komutanlığı’na ait 2 kurtarma helikopteri de ihbar bölgelerinde görev yapmıştır. Saat 19:30 sularında başlayan aşırı yağışlar 22:30 sularında azalarak sonlanmıştır. Ayvacık ilçesinde yaşanan heyelan sonucunda enkaz altından 1 ölü ve 2 yaralı çıkarılmıştır. Terme ilçesinde 3 boyutlu modelleme yardımıyla ani sel tehdidi oluşturacağı öngörülen 2 köy geçici olarak tahliye edilmiştir. 4 ilçede toplam 95 kişi güvenli alanlara nakledilmiştir.

During the night of October 29-30, 2013, a low-light video camera installed at Pic du Midi (2877 m) in the Pyrénées, recorded TLEs above a very active storm over the Mediterranean Sea. The minimum cloud top temperature reached-73°C at ~1600 UTC while its cloud to ground (CG) flash rate exceeded 30 fl min-1. Some sprite events have long duration last one second or more and resemble to dancing sprites. We analyze in detail the temporal evolution and estimated location of sprite elements for two series of sprite sequences, of them as well as the cloud structure, the lightning activity, the electric field radiated in a broad range of low frequencies and the current moment waveform of the lightning strokes. (i) In each series, event successive sprite elements sequences reflect the occurrence time and location of individual positive lightning strokes across the stratiform region. (ii) The longer time-delayed (> 20 ms) sprite elements correspond to the lower impulsive charge moment changes (iCMC) of the parent stroke (< 200 C km) and they are shifted few tens of kilometres from their SP+CG stroke. However, both short and long time-delayed sprite elements also occur after strokes that produce a large iCMC and that are followed by a continuing current. (iii) The long time-delayed sprite elements produced during the continuing current correspond to surges in the current moment waveform. They occur sometimes at an altitude apparently lower than the previous short time-delayed sprite elements, possibly because of the lowered altitude of the ionosphere potential. (iv) The largest and

This study is aimed to reach suitable regionalized models in which hydrological indices are deemed as dependent variables and physiographic features of various stations are independent variables. These variables are taken as inputs of multiple regression models. Results have shown that area is the factor affecting amplitude. Duration: area is the factor affecting D1, D4, D5, D6 and D11. Length of water stream is the factor affecting D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, and D11. Pure slope is the factor affecting D10 while Gravelius coefficient affects D11. Variability: Gravelius coefficient is the factor affecting V1, V5 and V6. Timing: area is the factor affecting T. Physiographic features and climate of different regions vary from one region to another. Form of the equations is not the same for all the selected regions. Therefore, it is likely that one variable very effective in one region does not enter the equation in another region. It may lead to necessity of further research on each region. Area which is almost the main factor affecting river flows in all researches conducted in Iran and other parts of the world, is of the highest role in Iranian studies. Drought is one of the most important natural events which are strongly interwoven with climate changes. Reversible events in arid or semi-arid resulted from deficient rainfall during a specific period of time may affect a vast part of lands. Determination of factors affecting hydrological droughts and study on the relationship among variables can be deemed as the most useful alternatives to deal with damages of droughts. The current study is aimed at introducing the most significant hydrological indices in order to analyze downstream of the understudy region and its relationship to 10 physiography factors. It is concluded that area used in the majority of researches conducted in Iran or other parts of the world is deemed as a significantly affective factor at least for river flows.

In this study, 9 remaining water components of Madian River in the Baraftab were considered. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average modeling techniques are considered appropriate in creating and predicting components. SO42-, Na + and SAR show a declining fashion despite the different properties of brilliant water, which show an increasing lightness. However, practicing a delay to the position of the style desk was sure that the time group was ready for painting. Similarly, the time group study suggests that there is an unfamiliar location increase mode for all components except SO42-, Na + , and SAR. EC, Cl-, Ca2 + , Mg2 + and HCO3-show an increasing style, which is suggested to reduce the prominent water within the area. Depend on the sphere revisions, the extreme successful and relative population density, rising the use of artificial frameworks, departure city effluents and mainstream of rural manure in conservative method via streams, inopportune plans of burial litters, dispersal of nonsenses and disorders in floor waters and watercourses which later influx via streams are taken into deliberation because the important reasons of water brilliant worsening. Agronomic effluents and livestock are different causes that pollute floor water. Also, the water hazard outstanding worsening is rising because of extreme public boom with inside the area and green changes are energetic with inside the zone to exclude you larger ecological devastation.

In this study, 9 remaining water components of Madian River in the Baraftab were considered. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average modeling techniques are considered appropriate in creating and predicting components. SO42–, Na + and SAR show a declining fashion despite the different properties of brilliant water, which show an increasing lightness. However, practicing a delay to the position of the style desk was sure that the time group was ready for painting. Similarly, the time group study suggests that there is an unfamiliar location increase mode for all components except SO42–, Na + , and SAR. EC, Cl–, Ca2 + , Mg2 + and HCO3– show an increasing style, which is suggested to reduce the prominent water within the area. Depend on the sphere revisions, the extreme successful and relative population density, rising the use of artificial frameworks, departure city effluents and mainstream of rural manure in conservative method via streams, inopportune plans of burial litters, disp...

In this paper, a daily plan model to the irrigation of a crop field using optimal control was developed. This daily plan model have in consideration: weather data (temperatures, rainfall, wind speed), the type of crop, the location, humidity in the soil at the initial time, the type of soil and the type of irrigation. The aim is to minimise the water used in the irrigation systems ensuring that the field crop is kept in a good state of preservation. MATLAB was used to develop our mathematical model and obtain its output. Its results were compared with experimental ones obtained from a real farm field of grass in Portugal. This comparison not only allowed us to validate our model, but also allowed us to conclude that, using optimal control considerable savings in water resources, while keeping the crop safe are obtained. Some real test cases were simulated and the comparison between the optimised water to be used by the irrigation system (calculated by software) and the real amount of water used in irrigation site (on-off control system for irrigation) produced water savings above 10%.

A new characteristic timescale of a catchment is presented, the response timescale (RTS). It is a range of averaging time intervals which, when applied to catchment rainfall, yield smoothed time series that best approximate that of the resultant runoff. In determining the RTS, nothing is assumed about the nature of the rainfall-runoff transformation. In addition, this new measure is shown to be robust against measurement errors. An objective, automatic, observations-based algorithm is described that introduces the concept of peaks density for the estimation of RTS. Estimation is exemplified for single and multiple rainfall-runoff events through application to small catchments in Panama and Israel. In all cases, relatively stable values of response timescale are obtained. It is concluded that at least for the case studies, the response timescale is an intrinsic characteristic of the catchment and it is generally expected to be different from the catchment lag time and time of concentration.

During the night of October 29-30, 2013, a low-light video camera installed at Pic du Midi (2877 m) in the Pyrénées, recorded TLEs above a very active storm over the Mediterranean Sea. The minimum cloud top temperature reached-73°C at ~1600 UTC while its cloud to ground (CG) flash rate exceeded 30 fl min-1. Some sprite events have long duration last one second or more and resemble to dancing sprites. We analyze in detail the temporal evolution and estimated location of sprite elements for two series of sprite sequences, of them as well as the cloud structure, the lightning activity, the electric field radiated in a broad range of low frequencies and the current moment waveform of the lightning strokes. (i) In each series, event successive sprite elements sequences reflect the occurrence time and location of individual positive lightning strokes across the stratiform region. (ii) The longer time-delayed (> 20 ms) sprite elements correspond to the lower impulsive charge moment changes (iCMC) of the parent stroke (< 200 C km) and they are shifted few tens of kilometres from their SP+CG stroke. However, both short and long time-delayed sprite elements also occur after strokes that produce a large iCMC and that are followed by a continuing current. (iii) The long time-delayed sprite elements produced during the continuing current correspond to surges in the current moment waveform. They occur sometimes at an altitude apparently lower than the previous short time-delayed sprite elements, possibly because of the lowered altitude of the ionosphere potential. (iv) The largest and

We examine the reasons behind the fact that the Gaussian autocorrelation-function model, widely used in remote sensing, yields a particularly ill-conditioned sample-covariance matrix in the case of many strongly correlated samples. We explore the question numerically and relate the magnitude of the matrix-condition number to the nonnegativity requirement satisfied by all correlation functions. We show that the condition number exhibits explosive growth near the boundary of the allowed-parameter space. Simple numerical recipes are suggested in order to avoid this instability.

The prediction of river discharge using hydrological models (HMs) is of utmost importance, especially in basins that provide drinking water or serve as recreation areas, to mitigate damage to civil structures and to prevent the loss of human lives. Therefore, different HMs must be tested to determine their accuracy and usefulness as early warning tools, especially for extreme precipitation events. This study simulated the river discharge in an Andean watershed, for which the distributed HM Runoff Prediction Model (RPM) and the semi-distributed HM Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) were applied. As precipitation input data for the RPM model, high-resolution radar observations were used, whereas the HEC-HMS model used the available meteorological station data. The obtained simulations were compared to measured discharges at the outlet of the watershed. The results highlighted the advantages of distributed HM (RPM) in combination with high-resolution radar images, which estimated ac...

The prediction of river discharge using hydrological models (HMs) is of utmost importance, especially in basins that provide drinking water or serve as recreation areas, to mitigate damage to civil structures and to prevent the loss of human lives. Therefore, different HMs must be tested to determine their accuracy and usefulness as early warning tools, especially for extreme precipitation events. This study simulated the river discharge in an Andean watershed, for which the distributed HM Runoff Prediction Model (RPM) and the semi-distributed HM Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) were applied. As precipitation input data for the RPM model, high-resolution radar observations were used, whereas the HEC-HMS model used the available meteorological station data. The obtained simulations were compared to measured discharges at the outlet of the watershed. The results highlighted the advantages of distributed HM (RPM) in combination with high-resolution radar images, which estimated ac...

The prediction of river discharge using hydrological models (HMs) is of utmost importance, especially in basins that provide drinking water or serve as recreation areas, to mitigate damage to civil structures and to prevent the loss of human lives. Therefore, different HMs must be tested to determine their accuracy and usefulness as early warning tools, especially for extreme precipitation events. This study simulated the river discharge in an Andean watershed, for which the distributed HM Runoff Prediction Model (RPM) and the semi-distributed HM Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) were applied. As precipitation input data for the RPM model, high-resolution radar observations were used, whereas the HEC-HMS model used the available meteorological station data. The obtained simulations were compared to measured discharges at the outlet of the watershed. The results highlighted the advantages of distributed HM (RPM) in combination with high-resolution radar images, which estimated ac...

Quantitative Precipitation Estimates (QPEs) obtained from remote sensing or ground-based radars could complement or even be an alternative to rain gauge readings. However, to be used in operational applications, a validation process has to be carried out, usually by comparing their estimates with those of a rain gauges network. In this paper, the accuracy of three QPEs are evaluated for three extreme precipitation events in the last decade in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula. The first QPE is PERSIANN-CCS (Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Cloud Classification System) , a satellite-based QPE. The second and the third are QPEs from a meteorological radar with Doppler capabilities that works in the C band. Pixel-to-point comparisons are made between the values offered by the QPEs and those obtained by two networks of rain gauges. The results obtained indicate that all the QPEs were well below the rain gauge values in extreme rainfall time slots. There seems to be a weak linear association between the value of the discrepancies and the precipitation value of the QPEs. The main conclusion, assuming the information from the rain gauges as ground truth, is that neither PERSIANN-CCS nor radar, without empirical calibration, are acceptable QPEs for the real-time monitoring of meteorological extremes in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula.

Hydro-climatic excesses, for example humid and overflows, have most probable enlarged owing to climatically alteration and could due to simple effects on socio-financial, organizational and ecological areas. It was premeditated greatest hydraulic plans, for example barricades, it was distinct the excess of the streams. If the stream presences any situation to quantity the profit, the hydraulic mockups can be used to guesstimate it. SWAT is widely-used high-tech mockups. This investigation contemplates the understanding of the excess approximation for streams, by the SWAT prototypical; depend on changes in such meteorological parameters as rainfall, cosmological energy, airstream, moisture and temperature. The gained significances require that by 30.46% decay in the normal scheduled rainfall, brightness, qualified moisture, airstream and temperature, it was usual ermined 64.73% decay, 115.14% rise, 45.99% decrease, 126.58% rise and 40.15% rise in exhibited excess, independently. The wind speed and the solar energy are the most sensitive and temperature is the smallest penetrating parameters in the overflow approximation. These consequences signify "acceptable" and "very good" performances for discharge. While there is still some quantity of ambiguity, the practice of balancing information, for example soil dampness, to adjust and confirm the SWAT model package prototypical is beneficial, particularly when discharge information is infrequent, as for some watersheds in the humid region. Evaluation of the water usage efficacy is the important to efficiently accomplish agronomic water resource.

In this study, 9 remaining water components of Madian River in the Baraftab were considered. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average modeling techniques are considered appropriate in creating and predicting components. SO42-, Na + and SAR show a declining fashion despite the different properties of brilliant water, which show an increasing lightness. However, practicing a delay to the position of the style desk was sure that the time group was ready for painting. Similarly, the time group study suggests that there is an unfamiliar location increase mode for all components except SO42-, Na + , and SAR. EC, Cl-, Ca2 + , Mg2 + and HCO3-show an increasing style, which is suggested to reduce the prominent water within the area. Depend on the sphere revisions, the extreme successful and relative population density, rising the use of artificial frameworks, departure city effluents and mainstream of rural manure in conservative method via streams, inopportune plans of burial litters, dispersal of nonsenses and disorders in floor waters and watercourses which later influx via streams are taken into deliberation because the important reasons of water brilliant worsening. Agronomic effluents and livestock are different causes that pollute floor water. Also, the water hazard outstanding worsening is rising because of extreme public boom with inside the area and green changes are energetic with inside the zone to exclude you larger ecological devastation.

A instalação de um radar banda S em São José Campos possibilitou a observação de padrões na convecção sobre o Vale do Paraíba do Sul. A atividade convectiva da região, não associada a sistemas sinóticos, apresenta-se somente durante o horário de 17:00Z a 24:00Z nos meses de verão. A convecção mostra um padrão de alinhamento ao longo do Vale. A área de maior ocorrência da convecção localiza-se entre as cidades de Pindamonhangaba (PND) e Guaratinguetá (GUA), sendo que os horários preferenciais são os entre 20:00Z a 22:59Z. As maiores ocorrências nesta área atingem 26% de dias. Os máximos de intensidade dos ecos do radar são observados nas faixas de 14,6 a 19,5 dBz (~2 mm/h) e de 24,6 dBz a 29,5 dBz (~10,0 mm/h). Uma segunda área de ocorrência máxima localiza-se próxima à cidade de Cruzeiro (CRZ). As duas principais áreas de atividade convectiva mostram uma correlação inversa (-0,71) em termos de máxima intensidade de eco do radar. O enfraquecimento da atividade próximo a CRZ no períod...

To design and construct mosthydraulic structures, e.g. dams, it is essential to determine watershed runoff. If a watershed lacks any gaging station, thenhydrologic models can be utilized to estimate runoff. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is one of the most widelyusedcomputerwatershed models. In this model, we need to input meteorological data, such as precipitation, temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, and relative humidity;as well as watershed data, including curvenumberandroughness coefficient, to calculate the watershed runoff. Some watershedshave weather stations, but there is a risk that the recordeddataof a station do not represent the whole watershed and the use of such data may cause error. Consequently, the error of estimated runoff error needs to be determined. This study deals with the sensitivity of runoff estimatedusing the SWAT model to the variations in meteorological parameters, such as precipitation, solar radiation, wind, humidity, and temperature. Results indicate that with a 30% decrease in the average monthly precipitation, sunshine, relative humidity, wind and temperature, we witness,respectively,a 64.27% decrease, 114.67% increase, 45.93% decrease, 126.12% increase, and 39.21% increase in the estimated runoff.. Runoff estimation is found to be most sensitive to wind speed and solar radiation,and least sensitive to temperature.

Precipitation is one of the main components of
the hydrological cycle and knowledge of its spatial
distribution is fundamental for the prediction of
other closely related environmental variables, for
example, runoff, flooding and aquifer recharge.
Most of the precipitation in Mexico City is due to
convective storms characterized by a high spatial
variability, implying that modeling its behavior is
very complex. In this work stochastic simulation
techniques with a geostatistical approach
were applied to model the spatial variability
of the rainfall of three convective storms. The
analysis of the results shows that using the
proposed methodology spatial distributions of
rain are obtained that reproduce the statistical
characteristics present in the available information.

Precipitation is one of the main factors of the hydrologic cycle and the knowledge of its spatial distribution
is fundamental for flood prediction. Most of rainfall in Mexico City is produced by convective storms,
characterized by high spatial and temporal variability, which makes its estimation more difficult. This paper
presents a modification of the geostatistical procedure for spatial rainfall estimation introduced by Krajewski
(1987), which applies ordinary cokriging, combining meteorological radar images with rain gage data. Here,
unlike Krajewski’s procedure, in the ordinary cokriging method, the joint radar-rain gage spatial dependence
is considered by a linear coregionalization model. The proposed methodology is tested using radar and gage
data from a storm that occurred in the Valley of Mexico, and the results are compared with ordinary cokriging,
without a linear coregionalization model, and collocated cokriging methods.