Mercury chloride

This research aimed to assess the potential effect of mint leaf as ameliorative approach in mercury chlorideinduced hepatotoxicity in adult rats. 35 adult rats were randomly assigned to 7 groups, each consisting of 4 animals. Groups A and B received 5mg/kg and 0.5mg/kg of mercury chloride (HgCl2) respectively, group C served as the control, while groups D and E received 800mg/kg and 1600mg/kg of Mentha piperita ethanolic leaf extract respectively while groups G and H received 800mg/kg + 0.5 mg/kg and 1600mg/kg + 0.5mg/kg of ethanoic leaf extract of Mentha piperita and HgCl2 respectively, for 4 weeks, Twenty-four hours after the final treatment, the rats were weighed and sacrificed under ketamine, and their blood which was collected through ocular puncture and centrifuged to get serum. The liver was harvested, fixed in formalin for histological examination. Data was collected such as body weight differences, organ weight, Alanine transaminase level (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase level (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase level (ALP), RESULT: Decreased ALP levels, Decreased ALT levels (except Group H), Increased AST levels. Combination therapy with EMP and low-dose mercury chloride showed potential benefits. The Histological results showed Group D 800 mg/kg: Mild hepatocellular damage, reduced inflammation, Group E (1600 mg/kg): Minimal hepatocellular damage, near-normal liver architecture while Group G&H Combination therapy (0.5 mg/kg HgCI +800/1600 mg/kg EMP): Significant reduction in liver damage. With the result of the current study, Ethanolic leaf extract of Mentha piperita exhibits hepatoprotective effects against mercury chloride-induced toxicity, suggesting potential therapeutic applications.

Background: Heavy metals are non-degradable pollutants, and mercury is one of them. It can harm fish and reduce its growth rate. One of the most effective ways to reduce the side effects of heavy metals is to use herbal compounds or their active ingredients. Thymol is a natural monoterpene in plants' essential oils, such as thyme. The positive effects of this substance have been proven to improve growth indicators in some fish, such as grass carp. Objectives: This research was conducted to investigate the protective effects of thymol on the growth factors of juvenile carp exposed to mercury. Methods: In the present study, 120 common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were randomly divided into 4 groups (control, HgCl 2 , thymol, and thymol+HgCl 2). Each group was replicated three times and included 10 fish. At first, the initial weight of the fish (W 0) was recorded, and then the fish were kept for 56 days. The control group fish were fed basic food and kept in mercury (II) chloridefree water. During 56 days, the fish of the thymol and thymol+HgCl 2 groups were fed with food containing thymol 100 mg/kg feed. The tank water of the fish of the thymol+HgCl 2 and HgCl 2 groups contained 0.44 mg/L mercury chloride. After 56 days, the final weight (W t) of the fish was also measured, and the growth factors (absolute growth, absolute growth rate, specific growth rate [SGR], food conversion ratio [FCR], and food conversion efficiency [FCE]) were calculated. Results: This research showed that thymol has a protective effect on growth factors following chronic mercury exposure. Thymol in the thymol+HgCl 2 group significantly improved absolute growth, absolute growth rate, and FCR compared to the HgCl 2 group. Also, thymol significantly improved SGR and FCE factors, although there was no significant difference with the mercury group. Conclusion: Thymol can effectively reduce the side effects caused by mercury chloride exposure in common carp.

Regardless of its serious health effect, mercury chloride is frequently utilized for surface sterilization to mitigate microbial contamination in sugarcane tissue culture. The current study aimed at finding an alternative safer and cost effective sterilization method to substitute mercury chloride. In the study, sugarcane shoot tip blocks were treated with three concentrations (1, 3, and 5% active ingredient of chlorine) of local bleach (Berekina) for varying exposure time (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min). Surface sterilization with 0.1% mercury chloride for 10 min was used as standard check. Combinations of the surface sterilization treatments were applied to explants of two sugarcane genotypes in completely randomized design. Data were collected on contamination and survival percentage of explants after 15 days of in vitro culturing on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2 mg l-1 6benzylamino purine + 0.5 mg l-1 indole-3-butyric acid. Data were subjected to three way analysis of variance. The study verified that surface sterilization with Berekina 5% ingredients of chlorine for 25 min exposure time is optimal for sugarcane shoot tip decontamination and this treatment combination can replace sterilization with 0.1% mercury chloride for 10 min.

An environmentally safe, efficient, and economical microwave-assisted technique was selected for the production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). To prepare uniformly disseminated AgNPs, xanthan gum (XG) was utilized as both a reducing and capping agent. UV–Vis spectroscopy was used to characterize the formed XG-AgNPs, with the absorption band regulated at 414 nm under optimized parameters. Atomic force microscopy was used to reveal the size and shape of XG-AgNPs. The interactions between the XG capping agent and AgNPs observed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The XG-AgNPs were placed in between glassy carbon electrode and Nafion® surfaces and then deployed as sensors for voltammetric evaluation of mercury ions (Hg2+) using square-wave voltammetry as an analytical mode. Required Nafion® quantities, electrode behavior, electrolyte characteristics, pH, initial potentials, accumulation potentials, and accumulation durations were all comprehensively investigated. In additio...

An environmentally safe, efficient, and economical microwave-assisted technique was selected for the production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). To prepare uniformly disseminated AgNPs, xanthan gum (XG) was utilized as both a reducing and capping agent. UV–Vis spectroscopy was used to characterize the formed XG-AgNPs, with the absorption band regulated at 414 nm under optimized parameters. Atomic force microscopy was used to reveal the size and shape of XG-AgNPs. The interactions between the XG capping agent and AgNPs observed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The XG-AgNPs were placed in between glassy carbon electrode and Nafion® surfaces and then deployed as sensors for voltammetric evaluation of mercury ions (Hg2+) using square-wave voltammetry as an analytical mode. Required Nafion® quantities, electrode behavior, electrolyte characteristics, pH, initial potentials, accumulation potentials, and accumulation durations were all comprehensively investigated. In additio...

Ex-vitro propagation of micropropagated sugarcane plantlets of three selected sugarcane genotypes was carried out with the objective of evaluating their propagation responses to the interaction effects of BAP and IBA. Accordingly, six levels of IBA (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 & 0.5mgL-1) and eight levels of BAP (0, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2 & 2.25mgL-1) with three sugarcane genotypes, each replicated three times were tested. The treatments were arranged in a factorial completely randomized design. Data on the number of tillers per shoot, average shoot length (cm) and number of active leaves per shoot were collected twice every 30 th day after 30days of treatment application. Analysis of variance revealed that the interaction effects of BAP, IBA and the sugarcane genotypes was very highly significant (P<0.0001) on the number of tillers per shoot, average shoot length and number of active leaves per shoot. The optimum number of tillers per shoot (5.67), average shoot length (40.77 cm) and number of active leaves per shoot (6.97) were obtained at 0.1mg/l IBA+0.75mg/l BAP in C132-81. In C86-56, the optimum number of tillers per shoot (4.50) was obtained at 0.1mg/l IBA+1.5mg/l BAP while the maximum average shoot length (48.33cm) and maximum number of active leaves per shoot (7.67) were obtained at 0.2mg/l IBA+0.75mg/l BAP. In SP70-1284, the optimum number of tillers per shoot (6.43) was obtained at 0.3mg/ l+1mg/l BAP with 16.05cm average shoot length and 4.87 active leaves per shoot. Thus, it can be deduced that production of an average of 5.5 plantlets per shoot within a month can be possible.

The reactions of HgCl 2 with 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole (bsd) in methanol afforded the polymeric complexes [HgCl 2 (bsd) 2 ] n (1) and [HgCl 2 bsd] n (2) in good yields. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Complex 1 is an one-dimensional (1D) polymer and consists of (HgCl 2 ) n chains running parallel to the c-axes. Complex 2 is a two-dimensional (2D) polymer and consists of (HgCl 2 ) n chains running parallel to the a-axes and being further bridged by bsd molecules to create a layer lying parallel to the ab plane. Both crystal structures are dominated by pÁÁÁp interactions between the bsd molecules, while the presence of NÁÁÁSe interactions increases the dimensionality in 1. Characteristic IR data are discussed in terms of the nature of bonding in the structures of the two complexes.

Hard anions have long been known to bind strongly to the uranium of uranyl-salophen complexes. Upon functionalization of the salophen framework with one or two benzyloxy substituents, efficient ditopic receptors for alkali metal ions are obtained. The solid-state structures of complexes formed by the twoarmed receptor 1 with CsF and with the chlorides of K + , Rb + , and Cs + reported here reveal the existence of dimeric supramolecular assemblies in which two receptor units assemble into capsules fully enclosing (MX) 2 ion quartets. In addition to the strong coordinative binding of the anion to the uranyl center and to electrostatic cation-anion interactions, stabilizing interactions arise from coordination of each cation to six oxygens, three from each receptor, and most importantly, to two aromatic sidearms belonging to different receptors. There are marked differences in organization at the supramolecular level in the CsCl complex of the one-armed receptor 3, in that four uranyl-salophen units instead of two are assembled in a capsulelike arrangement housing a (CsCl) 2 ion quartet. However, both receptors achieve the common goal of having each metal cation in close contact with carbon atoms of two aromatic rings. 1 H NMR data provide strong evidence that cation-π(arene) interactions with the sidearms participate in binding also in solution.

The halide functionality on N-bridged tripodal receptors has shown a distinct behavior on their self-assembly structures and binding ability toward HgCl 2 and ClO 4anions. The receptors containing fluoro, chloro, and iodo groups crystallized to form hemicarcerands in the solid state, whereas the receptor with a bromo group forms a molecular capsule via C-H···Br and C-H···π interactions. The cavity of the molecular capsule is tunable and is capable of reversible encapsulating-releasing the guest molecules by pH modulation.

Mercuric chloride can readily enter into the biological cycle where it gets converted into other forms of mercury and causes severe neurotoxic, genotoxic and immunotoxic effects; a number of tripodal ligands have been synthesized that selectively bind mercuric chloride and in the presence of AgPF 6 , mercury can be removed and supramolecular complexes of the PF 6 − anion are formed.

Hard anions have long been known to bind strongly to the uranium of uranyl-salophen complexes. Upon functionalization of the salophen framework with one or two benzyloxy substituents, efficient ditopic receptors for alkali metal ions are obtained. The solid-state structures of complexes formed by the twoarmed receptor 1 with CsF and with the chlorides of K + , Rb + , and Cs + reported here reveal the existence of dimeric supramolecular assemblies in which two receptor units assemble into capsules fully enclosing (MX) 2 ion quartets. In addition to the strong coordinative binding of the anion to the uranyl center and to electrostatic cation-anion interactions, stabilizing interactions arise from coordination of each cation to six oxygens, three from each receptor, and most importantly, to two aromatic sidearms belonging to different receptors. There are marked differences in organization at the supramolecular level in the CsCl complex of the one-armed receptor 3, in that four uranyl-salophen units instead of two are assembled in a capsulelike arrangement housing a (CsCl) 2 ion quartet. However, both receptors achieve the common goal of having each metal cation in close contact with carbon atoms of two aromatic rings. 1 H NMR data provide strong evidence that cation-π(arene) interactions with the sidearms participate in binding also in solution.

Hard anions have long been known to bind strongly to the uranium of uranyl-salophen complexes. Upon functionalization of the salophen framework with one or two benzyloxy substituents, efficient ditopic receptors for alkali metal ions are obtained. The solid-state structures of complexes formed by the twoarmed receptor 1 with CsF and with the chlorides of K + , Rb + , and Cs + reported here reveal the existence of dimeric supramolecular assemblies in which two receptor units assemble into capsules fully enclosing (MX) 2 ion quartets. In addition to the strong coordinative binding of the anion to the uranyl center and to electrostatic cation-anion interactions, stabilizing interactions arise from coordination of each cation to six oxygens, three from each receptor, and most importantly, to two aromatic sidearms belonging to different receptors. There are marked differences in organization at the supramolecular level in the CsCl complex of the one-armed receptor 3, in that four uranyl-salophen units instead of two are assembled in a capsulelike arrangement housing a (CsCl) 2 ion quartet. However, both receptors achieve the common goal of having each metal cation in close contact with carbon atoms of two aromatic rings. 1 H NMR data provide strong evidence that cation-π(arene) interactions with the sidearms participate in binding also in solution.