Medical Laboratory

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the impact of immunological stability (measured by CD4 + T cell and
CD8 + T cell counts) and membrane potential (MP) in albino rats fed leaf extract from Gongronema latifolium.
Materials and Procedures: Seven albino rats were randomly assigned to each of the two groups (n = 7); group 1, or
Control (C), was fed only regular food. For 28 days, 150 mg/kg of Gongronema latifolium leaf extract was given
to Group 2. The Nernst equation was used to establish the membrane potential level, and the flow cytometric
approach was used to quantify the amounts of CD4 + T cells (μl/count) and CD8 + T cells (μl/count). Albino rats
given 150 mg/kg of Gongronema latifolium leaf extract had significantly higher levels of membrane potential,
CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells than the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Gongronema latifolium leaf extractfed albino rats showed higher membrane potential, CD4 +, and CD8 + T cell counts, which may indicate that the
immunological characteristics and membrane potential of the rats are stable.

We are all delighted by the news that the Scientometrics Research Journal has been accepted into the Scopus citation index, simultaneously achieving a Q3 rank, marking a significant achievement of the year. This is a source of great joy and a symbol of collective victory and scientific solidarity. This major achievement results from a purposeful collective movement and constructive synergy among the journal's stakeholders. It also represents the maturity and dynamism of the Iranian scientific community in the fields of Scientometrics, Information Science, and Knowledge and Studies.  Essentially, this achievement clearly demonstrates how the solidarity of ideas and collective action, stronger than any other force, can propel the journal to new horizons.
As the editor-in-chief, I have always believed that the credibility and influence of a scientific journal result from a value chain formed within a vibrant and dynamic ecosystem, where every link plays a vital role. This chain consists of thinkers and experts who, through their various roles as authors, reviewers, editorial board members, the editor-in-chief, and readers, actively participate in contributing to creating synergy in the growth and promotion of the journal. The journal's success in attracting the attention of reputable international indexes is a testament to the fact that, after years of relentless effort, this ecosystem has transformed from a collection of individuals into an active and responsible scientific community. This success also signifies the confirmation of quality, high academic standards, and adherence to ethical principles in publishing, which are only possible through active and responsible participation.
A deeper look at this synergy clearly reveals how the collective and qualitative actions of the stakeholders have brought about this success.
Authors: The Principal Architects of Scientific Content
Authors are the heart and soul, as well as the principal architects, of the content in any scientific journal. Their role extends beyond merely writing a research paper and directly impacts a journal's success. By providing high-quality, innovative, and well-documented articles, authors enrich the journal. By addressing new issues or offering novel solutions to longstanding questions, they enhance the journal's appeal and significance. A journal recognized as a platform for publishing pioneering research quickly gains popularity among researchers, leading to an increased citation rate of its articles. The quality of any scientific journal depends directly on the vision and commitment of its authors. More than mere authors, they are the architects of the journal's content. By submitting innovative, problem-oriented, and well-documented research, authors not only contribute to human knowledge but also, with every word and data point in their articles, help shape the journal's credibility and reputation. Furthermore, their constructive engagement in responsibly responding to reviewer comments and meticulously revising articles demonstrates respect for the scientific process and cooperation with the journal. This directly enhances the final quality of the articles and, consequently, advances the Scientometrics Research Journal. In addition, commitment to research ethics and courage in presenting new ideas have been the prominent characteristics of the journal's authors.
Authors are responsible for publishing their research results with complete accuracy, honesty, and integrity. This commitment to scientific honor is the fundamental basis for gaining the trust of international databases.
Reviewers: The Conscience and Quality Enhancers
The peer review process is the heartbeat and turning point of scientific publishing.  In the Scientometrics Research Journal, an instructive review is the agenda; Our reviewers are not only serving as a scientific community, but also considering the quality enhancers of articles. As experts and confidants of the scientific community, reviewers have a serious task of ensuring the quality and credibility of the articles, and their role goes beyond a simple review.
A committed reviewer, by providing profound, constructive, and transformative feedback, helps the author elevate their research to a higher level. Reviewers act as a filter by meticulously evaluating the article's methodology, results, arguments, and innovation. A good reviewer not only points out the weaknesses of an article but also helps the author improve their article to a higher level by providing specific feedback and practical solutions. This feedback serves as a valuable learning opportunity for authors and leads to the growth of their knowledge. In addition, responsible reviewers help expedite the publishing process by adhering to specified deadlines. Speed, along with accuracy, makes the journal an attractive choice for authors. Furthermore, adherence to the principles of review ethics—such as avoiding conflicts of interest, confidentiality of information, and fair review and evaluation—is a principle to guarantee the credibility of both reviewers and the journal.  This comprehensive approach to peer review processes enhances the journal's articles to an excellent standard before receiving acceptance. Moreover, the speed and accuracy of the review, review process, with strict adherence to ethical principles and impartiality, transformed the Scientometrics Research Journal into a platform for superior research and gained the trust of the scientific community. This trust, which has been created in the shadow of the role of peer reviewers, is one of the most important evaluation criteria in the journal's acceptance process for indexing in databases such as Scopus.
Editorial Board: Guardians and Policymakers of the Scientific Path
The editorial board members are the journal's guardians and policymakers. With a deep understanding of the nature of Scientometrics and global trends, they have envisioned the journal's future. Their primary responsibility is to support the editor-in-chief in managing the complex publishing process based on scientific and ethical principles. This group, with its strategic vision, accompanies the editor-in-chief in guiding the journal toward emerging research areas and ensures the quality of articles by providing an appropriate platform for the editor's intelligent selection of reviewers.
The editorial board's commitment to international publishing standards, transparency in the review process, and adherence to ethical principles has strengthened the journal's readiness for acceptance in reputable international databases. Their empathy and collaboration in major decisions have transformed the journal into a specialized and trustworthy reference, providing strong support for the editor-in-chief's final decisions. Additionally, the editorial board significantly helps attract valuable articles by inviting prominent authors and introducing the journal within research circles.
Readers: The Life-Givers and Disseminators of Knowledge
The role of readers in the journal's success, especially in gaining international credibility, is highly crucial. As the final and indispensable link in this chain, their qualitative actions have significantly contributed to increasing the journal's impact factor and its advancement to a Q3 ranking. Although the main goal of research should not be merely to improve citation statistics, citing published articles is one of the most important factors in increasing a journal's impact factor and citation metrics. Therefore, every reader, in the capacity of an author, can contribute to the cycle of knowledge in their field by citing relevant and high-quality articles, particularly those recently published in the journal. This action solidifies the Scientometrics Research Journal's position as a platform for publishing high-quality articles.
Thus, every citation made by a researcher to an article in the Scientometrics Research Journal breathes life into the journal. A reader's qualitative behavior in citing published articles, disseminating knowledge, and creating scientific discussions around them not only boosts the journal's citation statistics but also demonstrates the journal's impact on the flow of science in the Iran and globally. These impacts are the most important factors in proving a journal's importance and credibility to reputable international indexes like Scopus. This active participation of readers shows they are more than just consumers of content and play a key role in giving life to and disseminating knowledge.
Final Word
The success of a scientific journal is the result of a great team effort. Every thinker and expert who plays a role in this ecosystem not only contributes to the journal's growth but also helps accredit themselves and their own scientific community. This solidarity and collective responsibility are the driving forces behind scientific progress, and we in the Scientometrics Research Journal are proud of it. The acceptance of this journal in the Scopus database is the result of a purposeful and qualitative synergy and the collective responsibility of all stakeholders. This achievement demonstrates the truth that when every individual in the scientific community acts in a responsible, qualitative, and collaborative manner, a journal can cross local boundaries and become a global reference.
Over the years, every author who entrusted us with their high-quality articles, every reviewer who meticulously evaluated submissions, every editorial board member who advanced the journal through insightful policies, and every editor who corrected texts or citations have contributed to this great success. Being accepted into Scopus demonstrates that this journal has been able to establish a valuable cycle of high-quality content production, accurate and responsible publication. This success achievement marks the journal's entry into a global network of knowledge and research, providi...

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has emerged as a potential biomarker for assessing disease activity and prognosis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the association between cfDNA levels and the established RA markers of inflammation and disease severity remains unclear. The current study aimed to detect plasma levels of cfDNA in patients with RA and to investigate their association with RA activity indicators (erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), disease activity score-28 (DAS28)), prognostic markers (rheumatoid factor (RF), anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA)), and the musculoskeletal ultrasonographic (US7) scores. This controlled cross-sectional study included 108 RA patients and 108 healthy controls. Plasma levels of cfDNA were quantified by real-time PCR using ALU repeats. Levels of ESR, CRP, RF, and ACPA were measured using routine laboratory assays. Synovial inflammation and joint damage evaluation was performed using the US7 scoring system. Plasma levels of cfDNA were higher in RA patients than controls (P < 0.001) and significantly increased with higher DAS28 scores among all RA activity groups. Also, cfDNA levels were significantly positively correlated with ESR, CRP, RF, and ACPA levels (P-values <0.001). Regarding US7, cfDNA was significantly positively correlated with synovitis and erosion scores (P-values <0.05) but did not correlate significantly with tenosynovitis scores (P-values >0.05). In addition, plasma cfDNA was significantly higher in seropositive RA patients than in seronegative patients (P = 0.007). The odds ratio for cfDNA as a risk factor for erosions was 2.254. This study revealed that cfDNA levels are elevated in RA patients and positively associated with disease activity indicators and prognosis markers. Further research is warranted to validate these findings in larger cohorts and explore the clinical implications of cfDNA measurement in RA management.

Background:  Laboratory investigations are often required to manage patients in the hospital. Laboratory request forms serve as a medium between the pathologists and the clinician. Improperly filled laboratory forms may result in misdiagnosis and inadvertent mix-up of patients results. We therefore undertook to document the extent to which Doctors properly fill laboratory request forms at the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Okolobiri. Methods:  One thousand two hundred laboratory request forms which had already been filled out by various Doctors in the hospital between January and June, 2013 were randomly selected and analysed. The forms were evaluated to assess the completeness of information entered by the requesting Clinician. Results:  The patients&#39; names and investigations requested were entered on all forms. 3.0% of forms did not state the gender of the patient, while 11.5% did not even give the age of the patient. 9.6% did not specify the patient&#39;s location ...

The proposal of activities with an interdisciplinary focus is part of a group of recommendations that you/they are carried out like part of the improvement of the methodological scientific work of those referred disciplines. The same ones have put into practice in the formation of the residents of Biomedical Basic Sciences in the Courses 2012 2013 and 2013 2014. These activities are guided in classes and their conception is carried out from the collective methodological preparation and singular that carry out the educational of these disciplines, what guarantees its interdisciplinary and integrative character in the treatment of the contents. As a result of the setting in practice of the referred activities their contribution was verified in the execution of the objectives of the specialist&#39;s formation and the integrated application of the knowledge, methods and performance ways and the possibility of revealing the interdisciplinary relationships. To build the theoretical mark a...

ИНФОРМАЦИя С КОНГРЕССОВ ТОМ LXII ВЫПУСК 4/2013 ■ Проведен анализ перспектив, проблем диагностики и контроля лечения у беременных на разных сроках. Описаны перспективные лабораторные методы оценки протекания гестозов, задержки развития плода, в том числе голотранскобаламина, высокочувствительного сердечного тропонина, мозгового натрийуретического пептида, витамина D(ОН), плацентарного фактора роста, липокалина, ассоциированного с желатиназой нейтрофилов. ■ Ключевые слова: голотранскобаламин; мозговой натрийуретический пептид; витамин D(OH); плацентарный фактор роста, высокочувствительный тропонин; липокалин, ассоциированный с желатиназой нейтрофилов.

Diagnostic and therapy monitoring prospectives and challenges with pregnant women of different gestational age have been analysed and reviewed. The advanced laboratory techniques for the prediction of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction, as well as such biomarkers as placental growth factor, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, holotranscobalamin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, B-type natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin I are discussed.).

Background & objectives: Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by sand flies. Many investigations are performed to find an effective and safe treatment for leishmaniasis. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of herbal extracts of Thymus vulgaris (Thyme) and Achillea millefolium (Yarrow), propolis hydroalcoholic extract and systemic glucantime against cutaneous leishmaniasis in Balb/c mice. Methods: A total of 45 mice were randomised into five groups each including nine mice. They were treated with pure ethanol 70°, systemic glucantime, Achillea millefolium hydroalcoholic extract, Thymus vulgaris hydroalcoholic extract and propolis hydroalcoholic extract for six weeks. The statistical tests including student t-test were used for analysis. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, ver 13.00. Results: Mean of ulcer size reduction were-17.66,-22.57, 43.29, 36.09 and 43.77% for the alcohol, glucantime, yarrow, thyme and propolis groups, respectively. The results were suggestive that Thymus vulgaris, Achillea millefolium and propolis hydroalcoholic extracts were significantly more effective in reduction of ulcer size as compared with glucantime (p = 0.006, 0.002 and 0.008, respectively). Interpretation & conclusion: Our results are suggestive that Thymus vulgaris, Achillea millefolium and propolis extracts are effective for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice. Regarding these results, we suggest that efficacy of these extracts alone or in combination are evaluated against human cutaneous leishmaniasis as a randomized clinical trial.

Background: The practice of Medical Laboratory Science has witnessed advancement globally, with increasing need for laboratory input in modern healthcare delivery. This has brought about the need for advanced education and training for practitioners of Medical Laboratory Science. Objectives: This descriptive, cross-sectional study assessed the perception and acceptance of the Doctor of Medical Laboratory Science (MLSD) degree among Medical Laboratory Scientists in Nigeria. Methods: The study involved five hundred (500) Medical Laboratory Scientists across Nigeria, who participated based on informed consent. The survey instrument was a structured questionnaire that contained demographic information and 16 items which the respondents responded to. Results: Out of the 500 respondents, 380(76%) were male while 120(24%) were female, with majority of them within 20 to 49 years of age. On the perception of the MLSD degree, 355(71%) of the respondents agreed that MLSD will increase employme...

Blood grouping is an essential laboratory procedure used to determine the antigenic properties of red blood cells and to ensure safe blood transfusion. This paper documents the procedure and relevance of blood grouping tests observed during the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES). Standard slide and tube methods were reviewed, with observations focused on their accuracy, simplicity, and applications in clinical practice. The findings emphasize that accurate blood grouping reduces the risk of transfusion reactions and highlights the importance of practical laboratory training for Biochemistry students.

Objectives Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are recommendations based on a systematic review of scientific evidence that are intended to help healthcare professionals and patients make the best clinical decisions. CPGs must be evidence-based and are designed by multidisciplinary teams. The purpose of this study is to assess the topics related to the clinical laboratory addressed in CPGs and evaluate the involvement of laboratory professionals in the CPG development process. Methods A total of 16 CPGs recommended by the Spanish Society of Laboratory Medicine and/or retrieved from PubMed-Medline were included. A review of the information provided in CPGs about 80 topics related to the clinical laboratory was performed. The authorship of laboratory professionals was assessed. Results On average, the 16 CPGs addressed 49% (standard deviation [SD]: 11%) of the topics evaluated in relation to the clinical laboratory. By order of frequency, CPGs contained information about 69% of postan...

Background Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) remains as the most used biomarker in the detection of early prostate cancer (PCa). Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are produced to facilitate incorporation of evidence into clinical practice. This is particularly useful when PCa screening remains controversial and guidelines diverge among different medical institutions, although opportunistic screening is not recommended. Methods We performed a systematic review of guidelines about PCa screening using PSA. Guidelines published since 2008 were included in this study. The most updated version of these CPGs was used for the evaluation. Results Twenty-two guidelines were selected for review. In 59% of these guidelines, recommendations were graded according to level of evidence (n = 13), but only 18% of the guidelines provided clear algorithms (n = 4). Each CPG was assessed using a checklist of laboratory issues, including pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical factors. We found th...

The assessment of educational objectives in the Human Morphophisiology discipline is difficult due to the fact that Stomatology curriculum does not contain the methodology to be followed by teaching staffs of the subjects included. This paper presents the theoretical and pedagogical basis for didactic work of teaching staffs related to the referred evaluation.

This paper aims at setting out elements inherent to the health technologist in clinical laboratory’s professional training model from the integration of basic biomedical-laboratory sciences. Among the theoretical methods used, analysis-synthesis allowed establishing the epistemological and praxeological basis of the training process; the inductivedeductive method made it possible to determine the categories that result from the research process and the systemic-structural-functional method was used to support the system-like nature of the model and modelling with the end of building it. In conclusion, Humanidades Médicas 2018;18(2):239-257 241 Centro de Desarrollo de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas en Salud subsystems of the model are established: basic biomedical sciences professionals’ aims, professional conceptualization of the integration of basic biomedical-laboratory sciences and the contextual assessment of integration in the training process, which expounds the training...

Some anticoagulants used in the laboratory for in vitro studies have some de-merits while others confer some changes on cellular components. Hence, the need to identify and characterize new anticoagulants. Aqueous extract of Triclisia dictyophylla was prepared and compared with EDTA and sodium citrate. 6mls of blood was collected from 200 human volunteers and dispensed 2mls each into EDTA, sodium citrate and 200mg of the extract. Standard methods were used to analyze the samples and the results were compared. The extract showed significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in PCV, Hb, platelet count, ESR and plasma viscosity while WBC showed significant reduction when compared. The refined extract could possess better anticoagulation activity which maybe of importance in the laboratory for in vitro use.

Background: Self-care is defined as a strategy to adapt the events and stresses of life, which improves health and includes special activities that alleviate the symptoms of the disease. This study aimed to investigate the impact of a self-care program on the self-esteem of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) attending rural health centers in Gorgan City in 2023.
Methods: A quasi-experimental, pre-and post-test intervention study was conducted using a multistage sampling technique in patients with T2DM and prediabetes attending health centers in rural health centers of Gorgan City. An educational program was conducted on 68 patients divided into two groups of diabetes and pre-diabetes (34 patients in each group). Data were collected using a personal information checklist, standard self-care questionnaires, and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. Follow-up was conducted two months after the intervention. The data were described using mean and standard deviation, and analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Chi-square, Independent T-test, and Paired T-test.
Results: The mean age in the T2DM group was 58 ±7.26, and 60.29 ± 9.47 years in the pre-diabetes group. The mean fasting blood sugar levels in the T2DM and pre-diabetes groups after the intervention were 131.24 and 100.94, respectively, which showed a significant statistical difference (P-Value=0.02). The mean self-esteem scores in the T2DM and pre-diabetes groups after the intervention also showed a significant statistical difference (P-Value =0.006).
Conclusion: In the current study, the present intervention led to the improvement of self-esteem and self-care scores in people with T2DM and pre-diabetes.

Background: Medicinal plants are used in treating diseases as low-risk, available and inexpensive natural materials with higher consumption by people comparing to synthetic antimicrobial drugs. Excessive use of antimicrobial drugs led to medicinal resistance against different antibiotics in most bacteria. In this empirical experimental study, the antimicrobial effects of methanolic extracts of 14 medicinal plants species were examined comparing to conventional therapeutic antibiotics against standard bacterial strains. The plant species were collected from dashti of Bushehr province.The methanolic extract of the cultivations broths were prepared in different concentrations (0/25%, 0/5%, 1%, 2% and 4%) dissolved in DMSO/ Methanolic solution and their antibacterial potency respected on the inhibition zone using the disc diffusion assay. The maximum effects on Escherichia coli belonged to Arundo donax and the least effects belonged to Calotropis procera. The maximum effects on Staphylococcus aureus belonged to Lawsonia inermis and the least effects belonged to Calotropis procera. The maximum effects on Micrococcus luteus belonged to Phoeniex doctylifera and the least effects belonged to Oligomeris baccatus. The maximum effects on Klebsiella pneumonia belonged to mnocarpos decander and the least effects belonged Oligomeris baccatus. The maximum effects on pseudomonas aeroginosa belonged to Arundo donax. The maximum effects on Bacillus subtilis belonged to Astragalus arbusculinus. The antimicrobial effects of 4% methanolic extracts of Arundo donax were comparable to Cephalotin (30mcg), Piperacilin (30mcg) and Amikacin (30mcg) against Escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeroginosa. The antimicrobial effects of %4 extracts of Lawsonia inermis were similar to Amikacin (30mcg) and Chloramphenicol (30mcg) against Klebsiella penumoniae.

Laboratory tube collection represents a fundamental step in the pre-analytical phase of laboratory medicine, directly impacting the accuracy, reliability, and clinical utility of diagnostic results. The process is governed by the principle of the "order of draw," a standardized sequence recommended by the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) to prevent additive cross-contamination between different blood collection tubes. Blood can be collected for serum or plasma analysis, depending on the type of tube and its anticoagulant properties. Each tube is color-coded for rapid identification and contains specific additives designed to preserve sample integrity, support target assays, and prevent metabolic or biochemical alterations. For example, sodium polyanethole sulfonate (SPS) in blood culture bottles promotes bacterial survival, sodium citrate preserves clotting factors for coagulation testing, plain red tubes allow clot formation for serum assays, heparinized green tubes provide plasma for urgent biochemistry tests, ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in lavender tubes preserves cellular morphology for hematology, and grey tubes combine oxalate and fluoride for glucose and lactate stabilization. While other specialized tubes (e.g., gold, tiger-top, pink) are used in practice, their sequence varies by institution. Proper tube mixing by inversion is essential, as under-mixing risks clotting while over-mixing may cause hemolysis. Errors in collection or order of draw can result in misdiagnosis, inappropriate management, or harm to patients, highlighting the need for strict adherence to standards, continuous staff training, and multidisciplinary oversight.

The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) Committee on Point-of-Care Testing (C-POCT) supports the use of point-of-care testing (POCT) outside of the hospital setting performed by healthcare professionals without formal laboratory education because of its numerous benefits. However, these benefits are associated with risks that must be managed, to ensure the provision of reliable test results and minimize harm to the patient. Healthcare professionals, local regulatory bodies, accredited laboratories as well as manufacturers should actively be engaged in education, oversight and advice to ensure that the healthcare professional selects the appropriate equipment and is able to analyze, troubleshoot and correctly interpret the point-of-care (POC) test results.

The acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes the illness COVID-19 first emerged throughout China in December 2019 and subsequently spread throughout the globe after the World Health Organization designated it a global outbreak in March 2020.We used the terms COVID-19, SARS-COV-2, Medical Laboratory Professionals,Diagnostic, and Importance, difficulties to search the databases of PubMed and Google Scholar for previously published material. Many molecular based diagnostic tests are applied in corona virus detection like Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction, Droplet Digital polymerase Chain reaction, Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification Test and more. Due to lack of availability of molecular and serologic tests that have been clinically validated or authorized by national or international regulatory bodies, Clinical laboratory experts are tackling threats to our global defense and wellness, including infectious ...

About this Log Book/ Clinical Record Book The Clinical Log Book is an essential academic and professional record for students of the Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Science (BMLS) program. Developed in line with the curriculum of Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University (ABVMU), it provides a systematic framework to document practical training and skill acquisition throughout the course.

Objectives Quality management for clinical laboratories requires the establishment of internal procedures including standard operating procedures (SOPs), internal quality control (QC), validation of test results and quality assessment. External quality assessment (EQA) and alternativeassessment procedures (AAPs) are part of the quality hierarchy required for diagnostic testing. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) document with requirements for conformance ISO 15189 and the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document (CLSI) QMS24 require participation in EQA schemes and AAPs where applicable. The purpose of this study was to perform a global survey of EQA and AAPs for key procedures in molecular diagnostic laboratories. Methods The Committee for Molecular Diagnostics of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC C-MD) conducted a survey of international molecular laboratories that covered specific topics of molecular...

Clinical laboratory professionals form the backbone of modern health care system. Work stress affects the overall physical and mental wellbeing of clinical laboratory professionals and their productivity. Long term untreated stress can lead to complications including cardiovascular diseases, mental illness, and musculoskeletal disorders. The objective of the study was to assess the work stress among clinical laboratory professionals, evaluate the work stress coping strategies, and to assess how effectively they get support in dealing with stress with the help of stress management programmes. Methods: A total of 228 clinical laboratory professionals have taken part in the study. The study period was from 15 th April 2023-24 th April 2023. Snowball sampling technique was used where online survey questionnaire developed using The Workplace Stress Scale™ Copyright © The Marlin Company, North Haven, CT, and the American Institute of Stress, Fort Worth, TX was shared and the data were analyzed. Two more questions were included in the study to know the coping strategies used by clinical laboratory professionals to manage work stress and how effectively work stress management workshops/programmes are used to monitor and resolve work stress and reduce or eliminate stress at the workplace. Results: Out of 228 participants, 43.85 % experienced fairly low stress to no stress whereas 39.47 % percentage of participants reported moderate stress and 16.66 % of the participant experienced severe stress out of which 2.19% had stress level which is potentially dangerous and should seek professional assistance which suggests that workplace stress is present among clinical laboratory professionals. Most of the participants in the study were females 164 (71.93%) 42.69% experienced fairly low to no stress,40.24% reported moderate stress,17.07% experienced severe stress including 1.22% having potentially dangerous stress. Out of 64 (28.07%) males, 46.88 % had fairly low to no stress,37.5% had moderate stress ,15.63% had severe stress out of which 4.69% had potentially dangerous stress levels. Employees need to develop coping mechanisms to reduce stress at work. Work stress coping strategies should be employed at management and individual levels to reduce the work-related stress. Organizations must conduct workshops on stress management, motivation, and education to assist clinical laboratory professionals in handling their work-related stress professionally.

Background and Objective: Stenotrphomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen with high mortality in immunocompromised cases. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify Stenotrphomonas maltophilia in the hospitals' environment and wards. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 1108 samples were collected from environment of two hospitals during 12 months. Identification of isolates was performed using biochemical, phenotypic (intrinsic resistance to carbapenems) and molecular methods (amplification of 23S rRNA gene). Results: Of the studied samples, 186 (16.78%) nonfermentative gram negative bacilli (NFGNB) were identified. Amongst NFGNB, 18 (1.62%) isolates were identified as S. maltophiliaby using biochemical tests. Of 18 biochemically identified isolates, 15 (83.3%) were confirmed via PCR. Sinks (40%) and men surgery ward ( 33.3 %( were the most contaminated sites and wards of hospitals, respectively. S. maltophilia is repeatedly isolated from sink which shows that the moist hospital environments need to be considered as a source for dissemination of bacteria.

T he experiment was conducted during January to March, 2023 at College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram to investigate and isolate MDR S. aureus from cattle in Mizoram. Nasal swab samples collected from cattle and inoculated in nutritional broth. Then samples were streaked on Baird Parker Agar (BPA) media plates and positive isolates were streaked on the Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA). The yellow colonies were coagulase-positive cocci and Staphylococci were recognized as gram-positive cocci by the Gram's staining technique. Suspicious colonies were placed into the nutrient broth tubes and cultured. Catalase test was performed for the confirmation of Staphylococci along with standard biochemical verifications. All the phenotypically validated S. aureus isolates were kept in nutritional agar, as well as in Luria Bertani (LB) broth for genotypic confirmation. MHA agar was used for the antimicrobial sensitivity test (Methicillin, Sulfafurazole, Cefotaxime, Clindamycin, and Doxycycline). Isolates were subjected to PCR to detect the presence of the mecA, and femA genes responsible for MRSA. In this study, 19.05% (8/42) of nasal swab samples were showing the presence of S. aureus. The overall percentage of MRSA was found to be 7.14% (3/42). Anti-microbial sensitivity test using different antibiotics revealed MDR S. aureus in samples collected from cattle. The genes specific for the MRSA i.e., mecA and femA could be detected in PCR that is responsible for the virulence of MDR S. aureus. This report dealt with the development and possible transmission of MDR S. aureus in cattle population of the region.

The International Standard Organization (ISO) 15189 accreditation has raised new enthusiasm among laboratory professionals. On the one hand, it satisfies the desire to undertake a pathway attesting the high degree of quality of laboratory performance measured according to the important role of Laboratory Medicine throughout patient care. On the other hand, it allows demonstrating how the competence of each staff member produces a great impact on the level of achieved performance. However, laboratory staff must recognize that application of ISO 15189 needs great commitment in terms of both time and efforts but, before all, in terms of ability to express competence. The application of ISO 15189 is needed for collecting experiences from different laboratories and identifying the most suitable approaches to comply with requirements and oversee challenges. A close cooperation among national Scientific Societies, as expression of medical laboratories, manufacturers of in vitro diagnostic medical devices (IVD) and national Accreditation Body is needed to guarantee success of ISO 15189 Accreditation.

У місці ушкодження судин швидко відбуваються генерація тромбіну та утворення фібрину. З початком коагуляції інші речовини в крові (фізіологічні антикоагулянти) діють як гальмівні механізми, обмежуючи згортання в певній ділянці ушкодження, тим самим вони запобігають утворенню згустків (досить великих, щоб перешкоджати нормальному кровотоку). Регуляція згортання проявляється на різних рівнях -або шляхом інгібування ферментів, або шляхом модуляції активності кофакторів. Найважливішими фізіологічними антикоагулянтами є антитромбін III (АТ), протеїн С (PC), протеїн S (PS), тромбомодулін (ТМ), кофактор гепарину II (КГII), інгібітор тканинного шляху згортання (TAFI), гепарин тощо [1, 2] (табл.). На початку XX ст. завдяки дослідницьким роботам C. Contanjean, P. Morawitz і W. Howell виявлено, що такий фермент, як тромбін, поступово втрачає свою активність при його додаванні до дефібринованої плазми або сироватки [3-5]. Ґрунтуючись на цьому факті, було висловлено припущення, що специфічним інактиватором цього ферменту в плазмі за нормальних фізіологічних умов може бути АТ. У 1916 р. J. McLean виділив гепарин із печінки та серця і продемонстрував його потужну антикоагулянтну дію [6]. Докази щодо його інгібувальної дії на очищені прокоагулянти надали в 1939 р. К. Brinkhous і співавт., які показали, що гепарин ефективний як антикоагулянт тільки за наявності одного з компонентів плазми, що отримав назву КГ або АТ [7]. У роботах Waugh та співавт. і Monkhouse та співавт. [8, 9] відзначено тісний зв'язок між активністю АТ та гепарину в плазмі. Ці дослідники припустили, що гепарин прискорює у 50-100 разів швидкість, з якою АТ нейтралізує тромбін. У 1968 р. ця гіпотеза була остаточно підтверджена U. Abilgaard [10, 11].

The safe packaging and transport of infectious substances represent a critical intersection of biosafety, public health preparedness, and regulatory compliance. Infectious substances, ranging from high-consequence pathogens (Category A) to lower-risk diagnostic specimens (Category B) and exempt biological materials, must be managed through a stringent combination of engineering controls, hazard communication measures, and operational protocols to mitigate the risk of accidental release or exposure during transit. This paper provides an in-depth examination of the internationally recognized triple packaging system, regulatory distinctions between infectious substance categories, and the integration of preservatives such as coolants and stabilizers—many of which are themselves regulated as dangerous goods. Specific packaging requirements under 49 CFR §173.196 (Category A) and §173.199 (Category B) are detailed alongside hazard communication standards, marking and labeling practices, and mandatory documentation such as the Dangerous Goods Transport Document (DGTD).
Special emphasis is placed on emergency response readiness, including the designation of responsible persons, the provision of a 24-hour emergency contact, and comprehensive spill management procedures that address both aerosolized and liquid contamination scenarios. Drawing from case studies, including laboratory-associated Salmonella outbreaks and specimen shipment practices during the Ebola, Zika, and COVID-19 epidemics, the paper underscores the consequences of procedural non-compliance and the critical need for interprofessional awareness. The discussion extends beyond laboratory personnel to include nurses and allied health workers, recognizing their role in initial specimen handling and waste management. Through a synthesis of technical standards, regulatory mandates, and biosafety principles, this work aims to equip professionals with the advanced knowledge required to ensure biosecure and regulation-compliant infectious substance transport in both routine and crisis contexts.

The online teaching framework presented in this paper was developed for a third-year engineering design course at the University of Toronto, with more than 100 students located in 8 different time zones. The study was inspired by the pressing challenge faced by educators around the world in 2020 to fully transition to online teaching in a limited time, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.  Different facets of the course were restructured to enhance the learning experience of students, overcome the challenges associated with online instruction, and implement active learning techniques in the course whenever possible. This initiative included the development of interactive course notes and a course map, with links to videos, 3D models, asynchronous lectures, and short video explanations.  Several online paltforms were used in the framework, which are discussed in detail.  The proposed framework provided an alternative to achieve the desired teaching outcomes in an online teaching environment...

Nosocomial infection is an infection that is acquired in a hospital or other health care facilities like nursing home, rehabilitation facility, outpatient clinic, or other clinical settings. The aim of the study was to access the Prevalence of Nosocomial Infections and Plasmid Profile of Bacteria Isolates from Hospital Environments. A total number of 300 patients were recruited for this study. Classification of infections into sites was based on the diagnosis in the folders and the type of specimen sent to the microbiology laboratory for investigations. Subsequent identification was done based on morphology and biochemical tests. Susceptibility pattern of the isolates using the disk diffusion method was performed. Presence of plasmids was determined using the agar gel electrophoresis technique. The prevalence of nosocomial infections by site showed that urinary tract infection had the highest prevalence rate of (14.7%) and the lowest prevalence was recorded in blood stream infection...

Measurement uncertainty is a quality indicator that is used to show the distribution level of a test result in a laboratory. The aim of this study is to calculate the measurement uncertainty of ten biochemical parameters investigated in our laboratory and compare the obtained values with the permissible total error values (% TEa), which various authorities determine for these tests. The measurement uncertainty of glucose, ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, albumin, total protein and total cholesterol were investigated in the biochemical auto analyzer (Siemens Advia 2400). Fifty randomly selected 2 level (low and high) internal quality assessment results and external quality assessment of six-month data, the first six months of 2016, were calculated for each test. Nordtest guide was used for the measurement uncertainty calculation. The measurement uncertainties were calculated as 3.9%, 6.72%, 3.4%, 8.06%, 9.06%, 6.08%, 5.02%, 4.98%, 4.96% and 7.22% for glucose, ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, albumin, total protein and total cholesterol, respectively. The calculated measurement uncertainties were found to be lower than the CLIA'88 and RiLi-BEAK % TEa values, except for sodium. Calculated % TEa values for creatinine, sodium, total protein and albumin were found to be higher than Fraser % TEa values. A test result or a measurement is not sufficiently effective when reliability is not assessed. Laboratories should calculate the measurement uncertainty for each parameter. They should give the results that do not exceed the targeted % TEa values. Clinicians should be informed about the measurement uncertainties so that they consider it while evaluating patient results.

Measurement uncertainty is a quality indicator that is used to show the distribution level of a test result in a laboratory. The aim of this study is to calculate the measurement uncertainty of ten biochemical parameters investigated in our laboratory and compare the obtained values with the permissible total error values (% TEa), which various authorities determine for these tests. The measurement uncertainty of glucose, ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, albumin, total protein and total cholesterol were investigated in the biochemical auto analyzer (Siemens Advia 2400). Fifty randomly selected 2 level (low and high) internal quality assessment results and external quality assessment of six-month data, the first six months of 2016, were calculated for each test. Nordtest guide was used for the measurement uncertainty calculation. The measurement uncertainties were calculated as 3.9%, 6.72%, 3.4%, 8.06%, 9.06%, 6.08%, 5.02%, 4.98%, 4.96% and 7.22% for glucose, ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, albumin, total protein and total cholesterol, respectively. The calculated measurement uncertainties were found to be lower than the CLIA'88 and RiLi-BEAK % TEa values, except for sodium. Calculated % TEa values for creatinine, sodium, total protein and albumin were found to be higher than Fraser % TEa values. A test result or a measurement is not sufficiently effective when reliability is not assessed. Laboratories should calculate the measurement uncertainty for each parameter. They should give the results that do not exceed the targeted % TEa values. Clinicians should be informed about the measurement uncertainties so that they consider it while evaluating patient results.

Background: Abdominal organ sonography is a crucial part of the workup for treating sickle cell disease (SCD) patients. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the abdominal organs in SCD patients using ultrasonography. Methodology: A non-interventional descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Asir region Saudi Arabia from April 2019 to July 2020. The study was conducted in 78 patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Data were gathered using a data collection sheet included demographic information, clinical information including medication types, and complications linked to SCD. Furthermore, the study evaluated abdominal ultrasound findings pertaining to the liver, gall bladder, spleen, and kidneys. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: More than half of the study participants 43 (55.1%) were females. About 53.8% of the study participants received blood transfusions, and (11.5%) receive extra-vaccine. Concerning ultrasound findings, hepatomegaly was found in seventeen (21.8%), focal liver lesions in four (5.1%), gallstones in five (6.4%), splenomegaly in fifteen (19.3%), and the presence of splenic focal lesions was found in seven (9.0%). The most frequent complication associated with SCD was osteomyelitis sepsis in six cases (7.7%). The study revealed a significant correlation between the type of crisis and type of medication used and the size of the spleen (P-value <0.01), and no notable correlation was found between the types of crises and the size of the liver (P-value >0.05). Conclusion: Abdominal sonography in SCD patients revealed a wide range of alterations in the liver, gallbladder, and spleen. The most frequently observed complications in SCD were hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, localized lesions in both organs, and the presence of gallstones.

Background: Procalcitonin (PCT) measurement is required for intensive care patients with systemic inflammation symptoms, early diagnosis of possible infections, and evaluation of sepsis severity and prognosis. Objectives: We aimed to determine the analytical performance of PCT measurement in a Roche Modular E170 (ECLIA) analyzer and compare the performance with VIDAS (BRAHMS/ELFA) analyzer findings. Material and methods: Within-day and between-day precision value, linearity was determined, and two methods were compared with regression and Bland-Altman analysis. Results: Both ECLIA and ELFA assays indicated excellent precision, where within-day precision varied between 1.18% and 3.97% CV, and between-day precision varied between 1.77% and 3.93% CV. The ECLIA method was linear up to 62.15 ng/mL. The arithmetic mean was 6.02 ng/mL with the ECLIA method and 8.02 ng/mL with the ELFA method. The correlation coefficient was r=0.996 and p=0.001. The correlation was linear between the two methods. Regression equation was found y=0.78x -0.23. The Bland-Altman figure was revealed the difference between the methods was specifically in lower concentrations (<0.15 ng/mL). Conclusions: Both methods show good precision and correlation. It was determined that the difference between methods was significant, especially at <0.15 ng/mL concentration.

The present study was designed in quasi-experiment to assess adoption of the essential clauses of particular clinical laboratory quality management requirements based on international organization for standardization (ISO 15189) in hospital laboratories and to evaluate the cost effectiveness of compliance to ISO 15189. The quality management intervention based on ISO 15189 was conceded through three phases; pre - intervention phase, Intervention phase and Post-intervention phase. In pre-intervention phase the compliance to ISO 15189 was 49% for study group vs. 47% for control group with P value 0.48, while the post intervention results displayed 54% vs. 79% for study group and control group respectively in compliance to ISO 15189 and statistically significant difference (P value 0.00) with effect size (Cohen&#39;s d) of (0.00) in pre-intervention phase and (0.99) in post - intervention phase. The annual average cost per-test for the study group and control group was 1.80 ± 0.25 vs. ...

This textbook is an academic resource tailored to the curriculum of the Bachelor in Medical Laboratory Science (B.M.L.S.) program at Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University (ABVMU). It focuses on the core principles and pathways of biochemical metabolism, providing structured coverage of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and nucleic acid metabolism. Key metabolic cycles such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, and the urea cycle are explained with clarity, along with disorders and clinical correlations. The book also explores enzyme kinetics, bioenergetics, hormonal regulation, and vitamins, integrating both theoretical foundations and practical relevance. With simplified explanations, diagrams, review questions, and clinical insights, this textbook aims to strengthen the conceptual understanding of students and support effective learning in laboratory science. It is ideal for classroom use, self-study, and examination preparation.

Aims: This study aims to reveal the inappropriate use of biochemical laboratory testing at Trakya University Hospital Biochemistry Laboratory, increase the awareness of the physicians and prevent time loss. This study was descriptive, retrospective and carried out by scanning data resources. Two 48-hour intervals were chosen to evaluate the test ordering habits of the physicians working at Trakya University Hospital. Between the dates of 3rd -5th of November 2017, Trakya University Hospital Biochemistry Laboratory was working fully functionally. However, between the dates of 10th -12th of November 2017, the automation system of the hospital was scheduled to be shutdown due to a technical error. All the physicians working at Trakya University Hospital were informed about the technical error of the automation system and were told that they would need to order only stat tests by using old-fashioned test request forms. The data of ordered tests in these two-time intervals were analyzed and compared by using frequencies and percentages as descriptive statistics. The mean number of tests per patient was 23 between 3rd -5th of November 2017 and 15.5 between 10th -12th of November 2017. The number of patients who had at least one test order decreased only 13.1% between 10th -12th of November 2017. The total number of departments who made at least one test order increased by one between 10th -12th of November 2017. This study indicates that physicians should be more careful while ordering tests which are necessary. Therefore, there is a need for better communication between the laboratory staff and physicians that also plays a significant role in providing better health care for the patients.

As Lieshmaniasis is considered as a huge hygienic problem and since epidemiological studies are effective in controlling this disease as well as taking prevention steps, the present study aims to assess the incidence rate of cutaneous lieshmaniasis in Chabahar, Sistan and Baluchestan within 2008-2010. This descriptive-analytical study has been conducted on the victims of cutaneous leishmaniasis during previous years in health centers of Chabahar, by extracting the demographic and epidemiologic information, recorded in Chabahar health centers, as well as analyzing the study data via SPSS software (ver, 18). Results: Out of total victims of cutaneous leishmaniasis under the study, the total incidence rate was reported 114 and 90 cases/100000 person-years, respectively, in males and females. The highest total incidence rate of the disease was in the age range of birth to 4 years )incidence rate of 196 cases/100000 person-years( and the lowest one in the age range of 5 to 9 years )incidence rate of 70 cases/100000 person-years(. Most damages (wounds) were observed in the hands and feet. Moreover, the majority of the patients had two wounds )incidence rate of 66 cases/100000 personyears(. The studied patients were Iranian and Afghani with the majority belonging to the former. A sum of 241 patients (37%) lived in cities, whereas the remaining 412 patients (63%) resided in the villages. Moreover, the highest incidence rate of the disease was reported in winter ( ) and the least one in autumn (2010). As the study results revealed, disease incidence rate in Chabahar during 2008-2010 had a descending trend, which can indicate an improvement in educational-hygienic status as well as observance hygiene practices by the people.