Maximum Power Point Tracking for Solar

The accumulation of dust on solar panels, commonly referred to as soiling, is a critical factor that reduces solar energy conversion efficiency. Dust deposition blocks incident solar radiation, increases panel surface temperature, and degrades the optical properties of the glass cover, all of which contribute to performance losses. Previous research has shown that dust-related efficiency reductions can range from 5% to 40%, depending on dust type, particle size, and environmental conditions. Such losses not only decrease the overall energy output but also result in significant economic impacts, particularly in large-scale solar power plants. To address this challenge, various mitigation approaches such as manual cleaning, automated cleaning systems, surface coatings, and design optimization have been proposed to minimize the effect of dust and ensure sustainable energy production.

Every solar panel has a maximum operating power. However, when solar panels are directly connected to a battery, the panels are usually forced to operate at the battery voltage. This is almost always below the maximum power point of the panels, thereby causing panel under-utilization. To overcome this problem, maximum power point trackers (MPPT) have been developed. In this thesis, a technical comparative analysis is done between two commonly implemented MPPT (Perturb & Observe and Incremental Conductance) algorithms to ensure efficient maximum power point tracking. This is done by modelling a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) and integrating it into a PV system in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. These two direct MPPT algorithms are then implemented under changing solar irradiation and load conditions. From the simulations, when starting from 0 second, the P&O algorithm reaches the Pmpp of 1969 W at 26ms, while INC reaches the Pmpp of 1965 W at 49ms. In addition, when there is a c...

Microprocessors and microcontrollers are mostly used to control electrical systems. These chips front into problems while monitoring systems that need heavy computing and important processing. Likewise, they fail while handling inputs and outputs speeds, especially with multi-channel photovoltaic (PV) systems. In comparison to a digital signal processor (DSP) and microcontroller implementations, field programmable gate array (FPGA) device is able to integrate a great number of PV channels and to achieve short development time, cost less and more flexible operation. As well, new control algorithms are increasingly complex; using new performing technologies is very motivating. Mainly, FPGA technology is adopted thanks to its ability to control complex applications and intelligent laws. In opposition to traditional controls, fuzzy logic based control presents more efficiency and reliability response for non-linear systems. Therefore, this paper deals with the execution of the fuzzy-bas...

In central receiver systems, there are local controls that modify the position of the heliostats, where the trend is to increase the intelligence of the local controls in order to give them greater autonomy from the central control. This document describes the design and construction of a SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)-based heliostat control system (HCS) with a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for the orientation control. The HCS includes a supervisory unit with a graphical user interface, a wireless communication network, and a stand-alone remote terminal unit (RTU) implemented on a low-cost microcontroller (MCU). The MCU uses a solar position algorithm with a maximal error of 0.0027° in order to compute the position of the sun and the desired angles of the heliostat, according to a control command sent by the supervisory unit. Afterwards, the FLC orients the heliostat to the desired position. The results show that the RTU can perform all the tasks and calculations f...

This paper describes the design and implementation of a heliostat orientation control system based on a low-cost microcontroller. The proposed system uses a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) with the Center of Sums defuzzification method embedded on a dsPIC33EP256MU806 Digital Signal Processor (DSP), in order to modify the orientation of a heliostat by controlling the angular position of two DC motors connected to the axes of the heliostat. The FLC is compared to a traditional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller to evaluate the performance of the system. Both the FLC and PID controller were designed for the position control of the heliostat DC motors at no load, and then they were implemented in the orientation control of the heliostat using the same controller parameters. The experimental results show that the FLC has a better performance and flexibility than a traditional PID controller in the orientation control of a heliostat.

This project presents the design and implementation of an industrial automation system integrating Siemens S7-1200 PLC, Delta motor drive, and a web-based interface using the Modbus RTU protocol. The system allows remote control of motor speed, direction, and water level via a user-friendly web interface, ensuring energy efficiency, modular structure, and industrial compatibility. PID control was applied for precise water level management, and the system was tested for stability, efficiency, and scalability in industrial conditions.

Solar energy, accepted as an alternative energy source, is attracting commercial interest and scholars and researchers for improving efficiency and lowering the losses within the system. One of these significant losses is due to partial and complex shading. This study concentrates on reducing losses to enhance the efficiency of solar systems. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPTT) uses several alternative algorithms for efficient operations. We have selected four algorithms supporting MPPT, namely P&O, PSO, Adaptive cuckoo, and Dragonfly. These algorithms are applied on photovoltaic (PV) systems in four different scenarios: uniform irradiance, partial shading, complex partial shading, and multiple local maximum power points. According to this study, results show that the algorithms' performance vary significantly based on these scenarios. It has been shown that PSO has the longest tracking time compared to other but tracks the maximum power best when exposed to uniform irradiance. In contrast, DFO takes the shortest tracking time and performs best in I-V curves but do not have a maximum power point at the knee. Both adaptive cuckoo and PSO perform well in tracking the global maximum power point, particularly in partial shadings. The study provides insights into the strengths and weaknesses of each algorithm in different scenarios and can guide the selection of an appropriate algorithm for a given PV system.

módulo que estuvo expuesto por 12 años a la intemperie. Estas medidas son comparadas con las realizadas a un módulo de igual tecnología que no fue expuesto. La metodología utilizada para la medida de estas resistencias se basa en datos que normalmente son otorgados por el fabricante o que se miden en cualquier condición arbitraria sin necesidad que sean las estándares. Del análisis de los resultados se observa que el incremento de la resistencia serie es significativo mientras que el decrecimiento de la resistencia paralelo no lo es. Palabras clave: energía solar, paneles fotovoltaicos, degradación, resistencia serie paralelo. Un módulo fotovoltaico es diseñado para que su vida útil sea superior a 20 años, pero factores como temperatura, radiación incidente y otros medioambientales, influencian en el rendimiento del mismo. Además de estos factores existen otros que también afectan el rendimiento de estos dispositivos, ellos son resistencias parásitas que su efecto es tenido en cuenta en el circuito equivalente por una resistencia serie y una paralelo y que son inherentes a los medioambientales.

Photovoltaic Panel (PV) is able to process various temperatures and solar irradiation into the desired purchasing power. PV panels can be used as public street lighting energy. In the general street lighting system the use of solar panels is very striking against the weather. The system is applied to minimal roads that will illuminate at night. The research carried out is by applying the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). This is one of two DC End DC Inductors (SEPIC) DC / DC Inductors that are connected to MPPT and PWM and LED lights so that they can work directly in the day and day. At this time, the purchase result during the day the PV panel fills the battery until it is fully charged, it takes a battery charging time of 7.51 hours. Whereas when the holiday battery LED lights for 45 minutes. After further research, the MPPT was 0.95%, while the efficiency obtained by PWM was 39.34%.

Abstrak Panel Fotovoltaik (PV) mampu mengolah masukkan berupa temperatur dan iradiasi matahari menjadi keluaran daya yang diinginkan. Panel PV bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber energi sistem penerangan jalan umum. Pada sistem penerangan jalan umum penggunaan panel surya sangat berpengaruh terhadap cuaca. Sistem tersebut diterapkan pada jalan yang minim akan penerangan pada malam hari. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk merancang sistem penerangan jalan umum berbasis konverter DC/DC Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter(SEPIC) yang terintegrasi dengan Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) serta Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) dan merancang rangkaian lampu LED agar dapat bekerja secara otomatis pada saat malam hari dan siang hari. Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah dengan menerapkan algoritma MPPT dan PWM. Pada penyelesaian tugas akhir ini, hasil pengujian saat siang hari panel PV mengisi baterai aki sampai terisi penuh, dibutuhkan waktu pengisian baterai selama 7,51 jam. Sedangkan saat ma...

In the paper problem of electromagnetic transient processes simulation for power transmission research is considered. Mathematical model of AC power transmission block "power source-power transformer-transmission-line-power autotransformerload" is presented. The problem of mathematical modeling of electric power systems with synchronous non-salient poles generators is considered. Expediency of electric power system elements creation and their adaptation to MATLAB/Simulink environment on the basis of mathematical models and macromodels is shown.

KWh-Meter adalah suatu instrumen untuk mengukur pengunaan konsumsi energi listrik. Pada umumnya masyarakat Indonesia menggunakan dua jenis kWh-meter yaitu kWh-meter analog dan kWh-meter digital. KWh meter analog bekerja menggunakan metode induksi medan magnet. Dari penggunaan kWh meter tersebut menimbulkan kerusuhan karna dirasakan terjadi perbedaan yang signifikan antara kesesuaian tampilan jumlah kWh pada kWh-meter dengan besarnya energi yang dikonsumsi oleh beban pada rumah tangga. Pada penelitian ini dirancang suatu sistem sehingga kerusuhan yang muncul bisa dihilangkan. Dimana telah dibuat prototipe berbasis mikrokontroler 328P untuk mendapatkan perbandingan keakuratan nilai kWh pada kWh-meter. Penulis menggunakan kamera untuk menangkap citra angka pada tampilan kWh-meter. Kemudian proses perbandingan akan dilakukan secara visual dengan bantuan sensor arus dan tegangan untuk menghitung energi yang digunakan. Selanjutnya hasil perbandingan penggunaan energi akan ditampilkan pada...

Resumen: El siguiente trabajo muestra la aplicación del aprendizaje de un sistema adaptativo difuso, propuesto como lógica para un sistema de control, que permita detectar la pérdida de potencia de paneles fotovoltaicos en una instalación. El aprendizaje se plantea como método para obtener información de un panel fotovoltaico, utilizando la corriente de corto circuito y la tensión de circuito abierto como variables de entrada y el punto de máxima potencia como salida. El aprendizaje se realiza por medio de un algoritmo de ajuste que utiliza terna de valores pertenecientes a un panel (corriente de corto circuito, tensión de circuito abierto y máxima potencia) y permite encontrar la relación entre las variables de entrada y salida, información que se plasma en el plano de control del sistema difuso y sirve como referencia de la potencia máxima que puede entregar el panel en el momento que se realizo el aprendizaje. La degradación de la celdas que componen el panel tiene como consecuencia la pérdidas de potencia que este puede entregar, de manera que la medida de tensión de circuito abierto y corriente de corto circuito en esta situación, se relaciona con un punto de máxima potencia distinto al que se obtuvo en la referencia y menor. El sistema difuso procesa esta información, detecta la variación de potencia y produce un nuevo aprendizaje, obteniéndose del mismo un plano de control distinto al inicial. El proceso que consiste en realizar distintos aprendizajes permite realizar un seguimiento de la potencia máxima que un panel fotovoltaico puede entregar en el tiempo a trabes de los distintos planos de control generados.

This paper discusses about the photovoltaic (PV) system novel non-iterative maximum power point tracking algorithm with faster converging speed under varying solar irradiation level. PV system is a scattered renewable energy resource and a safe environmental energy source. However, the PV power oscillates around MPP value due to the fluctuations of temperature and insolation effects, leading to nonlinear maximum power tracking issues. For each change in atmospheric condition, output of the PV system changes necessitating the need to search for new maximum power conditions. An efficient maximum power point tracking (MPPT) device that improves the power transmitting efficiency along with a suitable high frequency direct current (DC) to DC power converter device are required for efficient operation. Finally, a comparison is made between existing MPPT algorithms and proposed novel non-iterative MPPT algorithm. The proposed MPPT system show that the overall tracking speed of the proposed MPPT is 5.6 times, 3.8 times faster than perturb and observe (P&O) method and INC method respectively. During the variation of irradiance, the power loss is reduced by 18.84% and 11.29% in comparison with P&O and INC method. The proposed method also minimizes the steady state oscillations.

Global electricity demand has increased in the last few years. This need is growing all the time as energy consumption increases using conventional energy, which will soon be phased out. So, we had to look at alternative energies, namely renewable energies. The largest and most efficient of these is solar energy, and to make the most of this energy with the greatest efficiency, the performance of these solar panels needs to be directly monitored. This study presents an independent monitoring system based on the internet of things (IoT) to measure essential factors (terminal voltage, load current, energy consumption, humidity, temperature, and light intensity). These values are realistic and accurate, based on the sensors used to measure the aforementioned factors and then using the Node MCU ESP8266 to transmit the analyzed data to the circuit. The Thingspeak platform was then employed to display, analyze, and store these results in real time.

Electricity is a crucial aspect in human life. With population growth, ongoing regional development, and continuous construction activities, the demand for electricity and fuel in Indonesia is increasing. The substantial power consumption leads to larger financial expenditures for the community. Additionally, the use of electricity, as it has been traditionally employed, has negative environmental impacts. Solutions are needed to address these issues, and one effort involves the use of renewable energy, such as the development of solar power plants (PLTS). PLTS, also known as solar cells, is preferred as it can be used for various relevant purposes in different locations, particularly in offices, factories, residential areas, and others. However, the use of static, single-axis, and dual-axis solar panels still has drawbacks, such as suboptimal sunlight intensity and high motor power consumption. Therefore, a flexible-axis solar panel tracking system has been developed to follow the direction of sunlight, ensuring optimal power efficiency, and significant electricity generation. The flexible-axis tracker system results in a 34.13% increase in power efficiency.

Конкретизация выдвинутой Г. Маркузе концепции одномерного мышления позволила выделить два типа одномерного мышления – короткое и длинное. Соотнесение характеристик одномерного мышления с иллюстрирующим конкретно-эмпирическим материалом показывает, что оно не связано с определенным историческим периодом и является врожденной характеристикой психической конституции личности, учитываемой в психосоциальном отборе.
The concretization of the concept of one–dimensional thinking put forward by G. Marcuse made it possible to distinguish two types of one-dimensional thinking - short and long. The correlation of the characteristics of one-dimensional thinking with illustrative concrete empirical material shows that it is not associated with a specific historical period and is an innate characteristic of the mental constitution of a person, taken into account in psychosocial selection.

Due to the high dependency of photovoltaic (PV) solar cell's output on solar irradiance and, the ambient temperature. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are used extensively to operate the system at its full potentials. Moreover, being installed in outdoor spaces, PV modules are inevitably subjected to partial shading conditions, where different parts of the system are receiving different amounts of solar irradiance. In case of occurrence of partial shading conditions on a PV module that is equipped with bypass diodes, the power-voltage (P-V) curve will have multiple peaks. This multi-peak curve requires using an advanced algorithm which track the global maximum power point (GMPP) instead of being deceived and trapped in a local maximum power point. In this paper, the flamingo search algorithm (FSA) is adapted for GMPP tracking for a PV system under partial shading conditions. The FSA algorithm fetch for the GMPP by reading the PV panel power and setting accordingly the duty cycle of the buck converter. To investigate model validity, simulation is performed using the MATLAB/Simulink platform and results demonstrate good tracking performance and fast response that prove the robustness of the system against rapid variations in solar irradiance levels.

In this investigation, the absence of an electricity grid in numerous locations, including military bases, tiny houses, and chalets, prompted the development of a model for providing electrical energy through an off-grid Photovoltaic (PV) system in Konya, Türkiye. The study delineates the daily energy consumption of a residential dwelling as 39,974 Wh/day, and the feasibility of satisfying this demand through the implementation of a 9.45 kWp PV system is scrutinized. The research encompasses the determination of optimal tilt and azimuth angles set at 35° and 0°, respectively. The maximum global effective irradiation intensity, recorded in August at 208.3 kWh/m², contrasts with the minimum intensity observed in December, registering at 106.2 kWh/m². Likewise, electricity production attained its zenith in August at 1,581.3 kWh, starkly contrasting its lowest level in December at 791 kWh. Modelling outcomes conclude that Solar Fraction (SF) values equate to unity during summer but fall below unity during winter. Furthermore, a surplus in electricity generation relative to demand is observed during the summer, resulting in the full charge of batteries. Evaluating the annual average SF, it is deduced that the modelled system fulfils 90.8% of the energy requirement. The Performance Ratio (PR), an additional pivotal parameter in PV systems, reaches its zenith at 0.865 in November and its nadir at 0.614 in August. This comprehensive study underscores the efficacy of the modelled off-grid PV system in meeting the energy demands of the selected residence, emphasizing the significance of seasonal variations and key performance metrics in assessing system performance.

As photovoltaic (PV) system suffers considerable energy loss due to partial shading (PS), various approaches have been proposed to mitigate this problem. Among these, improving the maximum power point tracker (MPPT) algorithm seems to be the most feasible and economical solution. To date, there appears to be an absence of a single review paper that critically evaluates the performance of various types of MPPT algorithms during PS. To fill this gap, fifty prominent works on PS are analyzed from the theoretical and operational point of view. In particular, the paper will closely address the accurate detection for PS occurrence and the efficiency of global peak tracking. For certain selected cases, in-depth analysis is carried out to allow for an improved understanding on the operational intricacies of the algorithm. It is envisaged that this review paper would be a valuable one-stop reference to enable PV professionals to make more informed decisions when designing or choosing new MPPT algorithms for their inverters.

" We have reviewed the journals on soft computing technique based PV system MPPT. " Methodologies of all techniques are described. " Merits and limitations of the techniques are presented. " All techniques are compared with common benchmarks and future prospects are discussed.

This study proposes intelligent control strategies for optimizing the grid integration of photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy in hybrid systems using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The ANFIS control aims to enhance grid stability, improve power management, and maximize renewable energy (RE) utilization. The hybrid system's performance is evaluated through simulations, considering various environmental conditions and load demands. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed ANFIS-based control in dynamically adjusting the power output from PV and wind sources, ensuring efficient grid-connected operation. The findings underscore the potential of intelligent control strategies to contribute to the reliable and sustainable integration of RE into the grid.

This manuscript uses an active bypass circuit to preserve the photovoltaic (PV) modules from a significant reduction in power generation, which is transferring from partial shading. The active bypass circuit controls each PV module separately, including the shaded ones, by detecting the shaded region on these modules using an image processing technique. The active bypass circuit ensures that every PV module on the solar system is working at its maximum power operating point. Under partial shading conditions, the conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods have usually failed to track the global MPP. In order to overcome this limitation, this paper attempts to combine a fuzzy logic technique and an active bypass circuit to ensure the detection of a unique global power point (GMPP). A current source inverter (CSI) is used with a double-tuned resonant filter to eliminate the undesirable harmonics on the direct current (DC) side. In addition, an LC filter is used in the AC side to reduce the switching harmonics. The simulation results demonstrate improvement in the performance of the proposed MPPT method under partial shading conditions. Hence, the combination of the active bypass circuit and the image processing technique, based on a fuzzy logic decision-making approach, provides an effective process for the detection of the shaded region on the surface of the PV module. In addition, this combination ensures a unique global maximum power point (GMPP)for the proposed PV solar system.

This manuscript uses an active bypass circuit to preserve the photovoltaic (PV) modules from a significant reduction in power generation, which is transferring from partial shading. The active bypass circuit controls each PV module separately, including the shaded ones, by detecting the shaded region on these modules using an image processing technique. The active bypass circuit ensures that every PV module on the solar system is working at its maximum power operating point. Under partial shading conditions, the conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods have usually failed to track the global MPP. In order to overcome this limitation, this paper attempts to combine a fuzzy logic technique and an active bypass circuit to ensure the detection of a unique global power point (GMPP). A current source inverter (CSI) is used with a double-tuned resonant filter to eliminate the undesirable harmonics on the direct current (DC) side. In addition, an LC filter is used in the AC ...

In photovoltaic (PV) power generation, partial shading is an unavoidable complication that significantly reduces the efficiency of the overall system. Under this condition, the PV system produces a multiple-peak function in its output power characteristic. Thus, a reliable technique is required to track the global maximum power point (GMPP) within an appropriate time. This study aims to employ a hybrid evolutionary algorithm called the DEPSO technique, a combination of the differential evolutionary (DE) algorithm and particle swarm optimization (PSO), to detect the maximum power point under partial shading conditions. The paper starts with a brief description about the behavior of PV systems under partial shading conditions. Then, the DEPSO technique along with its implementation in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is explained in detail. Finally, Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the performance of the proposed technique under different partial shading conditions. Results prove the advantages of the proposed method, such as its reliability, system-independence, and accuracy in tracking the GMPP under partial shading conditions.

Digital control techniques for Boost Converter and PWM Inverter which have potential application for power transmission system. The study is done in the field of inverter topologies, which is used to interface a wind energy module to the power grid/load. The boost converter and inverter are developed with focus on low cost, high reliability and mass- production. The switching strategy to control the Boost Converter and Inverter to which the load may be grid supply system or domestic lighting is developed. The control strategy for the Inverter should be such that, the required voltage amplitude and frequency (50 Hz) has to be supplied by the system. The switching strategy aims at reducing Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) problems, elimination of harmonics and hence Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), to reduce switching losses and also to operate the inverter at lowers switching frequencies. The controller is implemented on DSP and they are designed in such a way that they can be easi...

Solar Energy has enormous potential to fulfill the energy requirements of the world and can be extracted using solar cells. However, the solar cells are affected by poor efficiency and further affected by wind speed, orientation of the panel, temperature and dust deposition. There are different cleaning technologies devised by many industry experts to clean the solar panels. However, they are facing drawbacks when deployed in the solar farm. An efficient cleaning system, along with an added cooling system must be devised, so that the solar panels must be cleaned and cooled often to maximize the energy production. This paper presents a low-cost, energy-efficient, smart and innovative dust cleaning and cooling system for Photovoltaic (PV) Panels. The system is designed, fabricated, fully-automated using Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and tested successfully. A battery-charging kiosk, capable of charging two, 24V Lead Acid Batteries embedded within this prototype, shall provide clean-energy in a sustainable manner to the rural communities of the developing nations. The user can check the status of the battery such as battery voltage, battery temperature, and state of charge on the Human Machine Interface (HMI) panel while charging the batteries.

ARTICLE INFO In this paper systematic study on the novel gaseous fuel 'Powergas' for SI engine has been presented. Search for alternative fuel for internal combustion engine is one of the major research areas in this age of energy crises. 'Powergas' a synthetic fuel is said to be an effective alternative for gasoline and natural gas. Powergas is mainly consists of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, derived from Aqua-fuel. Though it has lower calorific value than gasoline and natural gas, its combustion characteristics, clean burning properties, cost effectiveness can make it suitable alternative. Powergas shows low performance characteristics like less brake mean effective pressure (BSFC) operating on same compression ratio compare to gasoline and natural gas. Performance can be improved by using high compression ratio. Engine downsizing can be used for improving performance of Powergas. Total hydrocarbons in exhaust are very minimal in case of powergas with compare to na...

This article presents a methodology to
enhance the electrical performance of a medium voltage
inverter’s cell.
Starting with a prototype developed as a master’s degree
final year project, we revised its design to take into
consideration the electromagnetic compatibility
constraints from the outset. The design was further
improved by adding the necessary filtering, switch
protection and voltage regulation stage in the form of a
DC-to-DC converter. We mentioned in the end how the
inverter’s cell performance can be significantly
improved if large band gap semiconductors are used
instead of conventional ones as the former overcome the
current, temperature and switching frequency
limitations of the latter.

Solar energy is one of the important renewable energy resources as it is pollution free, clean, neverending and abundant. Solar photovoltaic technologies are mounting vigor attention in the modern electrical power applications due to fast growth in the relative sectors of semiconductor and power electronics. It is significant to operate solar photovoltaic energy conversion systems to its maximum power output to raise the efficiency. Maximum power point tracking plays a very important role for extracting maximum power from the solar photovoltaic module and transferring that power to the load. The present work highlights a survey on perturb and observe method maximum power point tracking technique for solar photovoltaic system undertaken by considering the various works already listed relative study has been carried out, which includes different perturb and observe method on maximum power point tracking techniques and draw their advantages and drawbacks. These techniques vary in many aspects, which can be broadly categorized on the basis of simplicity, way of implementing, type of sensors, total cost of the system, range of effectiveness, hardware requirement and speed of convergence. It is expected that this review work will provide precious information for solar photovoltaic professionals to keep alongside with the latest progress in this area, as well as for new researchers to get started on maximum power point tracking.

The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a technique used in power electronic circuits to extract maximum energy from the Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. In the recent decades, photovoltaic power generation has become more important due its many benefits such as needs a few maintenance and environmental advantages and fuel free. However, there are two major barriers for the use of PV systems, low energy conversion efficiency and high initial cost. To improve the energy efficiency, it is important to work PV system always at its maximum power point. So far, many researches are conducted and many papers were published and suggested different methods for extracting maximum power point. This paper presents in details implementation of Perturb and Observe MPPT using buck and buck-boost Converters. Some results such as current, voltage and output power for each various combination have been recorded. The simulation has been accomplished in software of MATLAB Math works.

A pill medication reminding system which will alert the user on the set time and indicate the user to take the medicine from the prescribed time allotted to a compartment. There are seven small chambers denoted with all the week days, each chamber is divided into three compartments as precisely for the three dosages in a day. The system focuses on improving the monitoring system in hospitals.

This study presents performance optimization of an Otto cycle (OC) gasoline engine using new criteria named as realistic power (RP) and realistic power density (RPD) conditions based on finite-time thermodynamics (FTT). The effects of design and operating parameters such as cycle temperature ratio, cycle pressure ratio, friction coefficient, engine speed, mean piston speed, stroke length, inlet temperature, inlet pressure, equivalence ratio, compression ratio and bore-stroke length ratio on the performance parameters such as effective efficiency, effective power and power density have been examined. Moreover, the energy losses have been determined as fuel's energy and they have been illustrated based on incomplete combustion, friction, heat transfer and exhaust output by using figures. Realistic values of specific heats have been used depend on temperature of working fluid. The results obtained demonstrated that the engine performance increases with increasing some parameters such as cycle temperature ratio, cycle pressure ratio, inlet pressure; with decreasing some parameters such as friction coefficient, inlet temperature. However, the engine performance could increase or decrease with respect to different conditions for some parameters such as engine speed, mean piston speed, stroke length, equivalence ratio and compression ratio. The results of this study could be used an engineering tool by Otto cycle engine designers.

In this paper we have proposed conference hall automation system. We have used optimum energy management concept. When any person enters the conference hall, system senses and accordingly operate the lights and fans and saves energy. Also we have used GSM module which is interfaced with the controller. Security against fire is added, fire alarm system is activated when it detects fire and dials a call from the connected phone. The principle used is very easy and simple to implement. Hardware required for the design is not very costly and easily available in the market.

Recently, renewable energy is considered a vital source for electricity generation that aims to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions acquired from fossil fuels. Concentrated solar power (CSP) is a growing technology that collects solar energy from the sunbeams. One of the efficient CSP topologies is the solar power tower (SPT), which aims to collect the direct sunbeams on a central collector using thousands of reflecting mirrors, called heliostats. Many literature reviews have presented the development of control techniques to improve tracking accuracy and SPT performance. However, on the component level, little work has been issued. This article introduces a comprehensive review of the different SPT drives. More than 100 papers have been classified and discussed to allocate the development and the research-gaps in SPT drives. The drive mechanisms, considering both the power source and mechanical transmission systems, have been classified and discussed. Additionally, a comprehensive review of the different electrical motors, along with their power electronic converters, used for heliostat units are presented, discussed, and compared. The advantages and the drawbacks of the different electrical drive systems are presented and discussed. Besides, the azimuth-elevation tracking technique is selected, discussed, and investigated with a dual-axis two linear actuators mechanism. Additionally, a case study for a small-sized heliostat prototype is presented, discussed, and analyzed using the azimuth-elevation dual-axis tracking to investigate the SPT's performance in Dhahran, KSA, as a promising location in the Gulf region. According to this review, the research gaps and future work have been highlighted to help interested researchers in this area finding potential challenges.

Clean water is one of the important components needed in the process of making tofu. Water sources in the city of Bengkulu, whether managed by PDAM or from dug wells with a depth of less than ten meters, have poor water quality. This will affect to the quality of tofu produced. And wiil be affect to the tofu bussiness development at Bengkulu city in the future time. One alternative solution to solve this problem was designed water purifier using solar cell technology with microcontroller to overcome the clean and hygienic water supply more economical. Specific targets to be achieved in this activity are patents products with affordable raw materials and prices. The results of the manufacturing of the purification module show the LCD reading of the water quality parameters used for the preparation of tofu prior to treatment using TDS sensor detection and pH sensor are 5,885 and 8,320. While the LCD reading after the treatment using TDS sensor detection and pH sensors are 4,901 and 7,763. Further laboratory test results on the performance of water purification module for the manufacture of tofu application showed an increase of TSS level. The next result, amount of the total Coli content is 551/100mL at the before and become 28/100mL at the after. Meanwhile, the conductivity is being increased from 459 at the before and become 469 at the after.

Distributed generators (DGs) within distribution systems can be used as emergency sources to restore critical loads during a major outage caused by extreme events. Since the capacity of DGs is limited, the dynamic performance of DGs needs to be validated by simulations before executing restorative strategies. Currently, many DGs use power electronic converters for grid connection. Therefore, electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation is needed to study their transient characteristics for feasibility evaluation of service restoration plans. However, the detailed models of converters, which model each individual switch, are time consuming for EMT simulation, unsuitable for the purpose of online validation. This study first develops a simplified model of micro gas turbine (MTG). Then the dynamic average-value modelling technique is used to construct the average-value model (AVM) of grid-connected converters. Finally, the MTG generation system model is integrated into a distribution system model for feasibility evaluation of restoration strategies. A radial test system including three MTG generation systems is utilised to validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. The numerical simulation results indicate that compared with the detailed model, the AVM improves the efficiency of simulation while still accurately predicts the transient behaviours of MTG generation systems. The proposed model is applicable for the online validation of restoration strategies.

Distributed generators (DGs) within distribution systems can be used as emergency sources to restore critical loads during a major outage caused by extreme events. Since the capacity of DGs is limited, the dynamic performance of DGs needs to be validated by simulations before executing restorative strategies. Currently, many DGs use power electronic converters for grid connection. Therefore, electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation is needed to study their transient characteristics for feasibility evaluation of service restoration plans. However, the detailed models of converters, which model each individual switch, are time consuming for EMT simulation, unsuitable for the purpose of online validation. This study first develops a simplified model of micro gas turbine (MTG). Then the dynamic average-value modelling technique is used to construct the average-value model (AVM) of grid-connected converters. Finally, the MTG generation system model is integrated into a distribution system model for feasibility evaluation of restoration strategies. A radial test system including three MTG generation systems is utilised to validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. The numerical simulation results indicate that compared with the detailed model, the AVM improves the efficiency of simulation while still accurately predicts the transient behaviours of MTG generation systems. The proposed model is applicable for the online validation of restoration strategies.

This paper presents a robust two stage maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system of the photovoltaic (PV) module using an improved restricted control set model predictive control (iRCS-MPC) technique. The suggested work is improved in two aspects; a revision in conventional P&O algorithm is made by employing three distinct step sizes for different conditions, and an improvement in conventional MPC algorithm. The improved MPC algorithm is based on the single step prediction horizon that provides less computational load and swift tracking of maximum power point (MPP) by applying the control pulses directly to the converter switch. The computer aided experimental results for various environmental scenarios revealed that compared with the conventional method (conventional P&O + MPC), for the PV power and inductor current, the undershoot and overshoot is decreased to 68% and 35% respectively under stiff environmental conditions. In addition, the settling time needed to reach a stable state is significantly reduced in the proposed system. The viability of the solution suggested is verified in MATLAB/Simulink and by hardware experimentation. INDEX TERMS Boost converter, dc-dc power conversion, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), MPC, photovoltaic systems, model predictive control (RCS-MPC).

This brief solves critical long-standing numerical stability issues for solutions to the sinusoidal robust servomechanism problem implemented as discrete-time linear time-invariant transfer functions; new closed-form results for direct form I and direct form II implementations now enable such forms to be used indefinitely in open-loop autonomous, or feedforward, configuration, and also provide difference equation initialization and servocompensator output parameter estimation methods that can be quickly calculated and used to enhance transient system performance and to assess harmonic control components. Simulation and real-time experimental results presented, respectively, exhibit expected concordance and robust effectiveness, and therefore highlight the method whereby such linear configurations can be pragmatically applied to further reduce computational implementation requirements relative to their mathematically intensive nonlinear time-varying counterparts.

This paper presents the design and modeling of a two-phase resonant converter that drives a LED lamp with a high-frequency pulsed current free of instabilities and flicker effect, fulfilling the recommendations of the IEEE PAR 1789-2015, so that it enables visible light-based communication at a 10 kB/s bit rate. The dynamic study of the converter takes into consideration the effect of the reflected impedance of the output filter on the AC side. In order to evaluate the dynamic response of the converter, a Spice model is defined. A 120 W prototype intended for street lighting applications has been built to validate the analysis and modeling.

More than 1.1 billion people lack access to electricity in the world, among them 600 million are in sub-Saharan African countries. The socioeconomic life of the rural communities is highly affected by electricity supply. The demanding Interest for growth and development in developing countries led to a renewed interest of solar lights. Liter of night light is a solar powered light that is constructed from waste plastic bottles which lights up the rural community. This paper is about experimental analysis of liter of night light for potential use in rural electrification. The technology uses environmental friendly and locally available materials. The system is provided with battery storage, which allows it to operate for 13.5 hours continuously at full charge. Solar radiation is converted by PV solar panel to electric current. Circuit board is developed and fabricated to regulate and deliver consumable amount of voltage by the rechargeable lead acid battery. After testing five different solutions, the study found out that vinegar solution as the optimal solutions for the technology that can deliver 27lux of light to the surrounding. Simultaneously the study found out, that the light that is emitted from the bottle bulb is a function of volume, depth and solution type. And for this relationship curves are developed. And, the technology can be used for rural communities as it is.

The purpose of this paper is to enhance the performance and tracking efficiency of solar photovoltaic systems. This aim can be achieved by operating the photovoltaic array at its optimum power and reducing the output ripple problem of DC-DC converters that affect and stress sensible electronic loads. In view of that, an advanced maximum power point (MPP) tracking (MPPT) scheme, which can guarantee zero oscillation tracking of the accessible MPP and less ripple magnitude on the output side of the DC-DC boost converter, is used. Various simulations are carried out under three conditions of solar irradiance variation, namely, standard test conditions (STC), rapid, and Sin scenarios, using the MATLAB/Simulink® environment, to assess and benchmark the robustness of the tracking of the new MPPT scheme over the celebrated Increment of Conductance (INC) MPPT scheme. Based on the simulation results, the proposed scheme can significantly improve tracking accuracy and reduce the magnitude of r...

An integrated generator-rectifier system can produce high conversion efficiency and reduce the size of the active rectifier in high-power ac-to-dc conversion. A major disadvantage of this system is the use of bulky filter capacitors with passive rectifiers to obtain a low voltage-ripple dc bus. These filters are the main contributor to the overall system size, weight, cost, and failure, as well as to the low power factor at the ac ports powering the passive rectifiers. This article presents an alternative approach: integrating the function of the filter elements into the active rectifier. A voltage opposite the passive-rectifier ripple component is synthesized at the active-rectifier dc-side by modulating the ac-side current. Compensation occurs due to the series connection of the rectifier dc outputs. In addition, an overall control architecture is proposed to use the active rectifier both as a filter element and a dc-bus voltage regulator. Simulation on a 3-MW, 4.9-kV dc system shows the total dc-bus-voltage ripple factor is reduced by 57%, while the power factor at the passive-rectifier ac sides is 0.95. The proposed control architecture achieves regulation of the dc-bus voltage at variable dc-bus current and variable generator speed conditions. Experimental results corroborate the findings. Index Terms-AC-DC power conversion, dc power systems, power conversion, rectifiers. NOMENCLATURE x Time-domain variable. X Average value/ dc component of x. x Small signal/ perturbation/ ac component of x. x * / X * Reference value of x/ X. X(s) Laplace domain representation of x.

An integrated generator-rectifier system can produce high conversion efficiency and reduce the size of the active rectifier in high-power ac-to-dc conversion. A major disadvantage of this system is the use of bulky filter capacitors with passive rectifiers to obtain a low voltage-ripple dc bus. These filters are the main contributor to the overall system size, weight, cost, and failure, as well as to the low power factor at the ac ports powering the passive rectifiers. This paper presents an alternative approach: integrating the function of the filter elements into the active rectifier. A voltage opposite the passiverectifier ripple component is synthesized at the active-rectifier dcside by modulating the ac-side current. Compensation occurs due to the series connection of the rectifier dc outputs. In addition, an overall control architecture is proposed to use the active rectifier both as a filter element and a dc-bus voltage regulator. Simulation on a 3-MW, 4.9-kV dc system shows the total dcbus-voltage ripple factor is reduced by 57%, while the power factor at the passive-rectifier ac sides is 0.95. The proposed control architecture achieves regulation of the dc-bus voltage at variable dc-bus current and variable generator speed conditions. Experimental results corroborate the findings. Index Terms-Power conversion, ac-dc power conversion, rectifiers, dc power systems NOMENCLATURE x time-domain variable X average value/ dc component of x x small signal/ perturbation/ ac component of x x * / X * reference value of x/ X X(s) Laplace domain representation of x