Market Power And Regulation

I would like to convey my sincere thanks to Prof. k .k .Ahuja , my Legal Aspects of Climate change & Environmental Management teacher, who always gave me valuable suggestions and guidance during the project. He has a source of inspiration and helped me understand and remember important details of the project. He gave me an amazing opportunity to do this wonderful project "Environmental Ethics in the Automobile Industry: A Case Study on Tesla's Sustainable Innovations "I also thank my parents and friends for their help and support in finalizing this project within the limited time frame .

The main goal of this chapter is to analyze the connection between the 4IR and global power politics, which are reconfiguring international relations. To this end, the chapter is structured in four parts. The first will focus on dissecting the key elements of the 4IR. The second part delves into the changes in international power balances, particularly in the Chinese upraising, the American retaliation through protectionism and industrial policy and the European struggle to offer a proper response. The third part focuses on the adaptation of the foreign policies of these countries in relation to the global South and on the prioritization of preferential access to the raw materials associated with the 4IR. Finally, the fourth part presents a condensed of the main conclusions derived from the previous analysis.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a strategy that companies adopt to ensure that their operations
are ethical, impactful, and beneficial to society. Its underlying goal is for businesses to operate in an
economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable manner. Examples include the Starbuck’s
Initiative for Youths, which offered grants to help support and develop youth action, as well as the US
Green Building Council’s LEED certification program which was used to help create energy and water
efficient designs.1
In this article, we will be discussing the historical roots of the concept of social
responsibility, then exploring the early stages of formal and academic writings regarding the social
responsibility of corporations. This will include CSR’s evolution, issues and challenges, legal constraints,
and considerations of CSR in the international context.

The interest and the discussion of School and Educational issues is still ongoing. Regarding this, it was approved the Law (Decreto-Lei) 75-2008, ruling the model of Autonomy, Administration and Management, being currently used. The research looks into the Chair issue of the General Council Panel, based in the Chapter III, Section I (Bodies), subsection I (General Council Panel) and II (Chair). Introduces the School as an organization, how it works and above all, the dynamics generated in the General Council, the strategic body where several representatives of the educational community and City Council sit. The theoretical framing of the discussion looks into the different regulatory forms, and into the administrative and management models of the last decades. Makes the analysis of the degree of autonomy, the roles and how the members take part in decisions, the power given by the law and that used in practice, the needs felt to make use of roles given, the new type of regulations, the capacity to implement, and the relation with the Chair. To relate with the prerequisites of this study, a certain geographic area in the interior of the country was considered, the Chairs were interviewed, and questionnaires were given and collected from the members of General Councils of the Secondary School Groups within the considered educational area.

Queensland experienced extraordinary growth in booked 2P coal seam gas (CSG) reserves, rising from 3,400 PJ in 2005 to 41,200 PJ in 2013. Given annual domestic consumption of ca. 700 PJ/a, 2P reserves rapidly shifted from 14 to 72 years supply. Profit-maximising firms sought to speed up commercialisation of reserves through the development of three liquefied natural gas (LNG) export plants at Gladstone. In this article, we present forecasts of Australia's east coast interconnected gas system with daily resolution using our dynamic partial equilibrium model. Modelling results show the rapid development of LNG plants combined with restrictive CSG development policies in NSW may result in unserved load from 2016. Relaxing development constraints or delaying construction of one LNG terminal by 1 year could have avoided the risk of Unserved Load events in the domestic gas market. Lessons can be learned from this CSG-LNG boom scenario. Facilitating new gas supplies is the most efficient way of alleviating the impacts of the CSG-LNG boom on domestic markets in the medium term. In the long-term, Australian policymakers may consider the merits of a National Net Benefits Test to maximise welfare through appropriate coordinationas is done by policymakers in the USAas opposed to protecting local industries through 'domestic gas reservation policies'.

Queensland experienced extraordinary growth in booked 2P coal seam gas (CSG) reserves, rising from 3,400 PJ in 2005 to 41,200 PJ in 2013. Given annual domestic consumption of ca. 700 PJ/a, 2P reserves rapidly shifted from 14 to 72 years supply. Profit‐maximising firms sought to speed up commercialisation of reserves through the development of three liquefied natural gas (LNG) export plants at Gladstone. In this article, we present forecasts of Australia's east coast interconnected gas system with daily resolution using our dynamic partial equilibrium model. Modelling results show the rapid development of LNG plants combined with restrictive CSG development policies in NSW may result in unserved load from 2016. Relaxing development constraints or delaying construction of one LNG terminal by 1 year could have avoided the risk of Unserved Load events in the domestic gas market. Lessons can be learned from this CSG‐LNG boom scenario. Facilitating new gas supplies is the most efficie...

A New Model for Industrial Production and Final Uses of Ethanol However, aware of the environmental damage caused by burning this situation is changing as a result of public pressure, and even through trade unions and other associations, sanctioning laws aimed to control or phase out burning. At the federal level, sugarcane burning is regulated by Decree n. 2 661/98, which concerns mainly with phasing out burning in areas where harvesting can be done mechanically. The São Paulo State Law n. 11 241/02 is more restrictive than federal laws, and aims to phase out burning both in manually mechanized harvested areas. The law aims at phasing out burning in non-mechanized and mechanized areas by 2021 and 2031, respectively. Within this context, the São Paulo State signed, in June 2007, a cooperation protocol between the State Government, the Department of Agriculture and Supply and the Union of Sugarcane Industry-UNICA. This was a major step toward for ending sugarcane burning, putting forward previously agreed deadlines set by state law (Figure 1). It should be noted that this protocol has been signed by mills located in the state, representing 90% of the sector in São Paulo, and over 24 sugarcane supplier's cooperatives (UNICA, 2009). It is also worth noting that the São Paulo State is leader in this sector e.g. in 2007 produced approximately 60% of sugarcane planted in Brazil, compared to the second larger producer, Paraná State, with about 8% (IBGE, 2009). Other states, such as Goiás and Mato Grosso, there are also similar initiatives to phase out sugarcane burning (BNDES and CGEE, 2008). Therefore, we can say that in a short period of time, there will be availability large amounts of sugarcane trash; there are two main options available, not necessarily exclusive: i) leave sugarcane trash in the field or ii) recover it as a raw material for of fuels or chemicals. Sugarcane trash in the field Regarding the effects of trash 1 left on the field, CALDEIRA (2002) pointed out the positive aspects to the soil, in terms of erosion control, moisture retention, improved biological, chemical 1 Trash is material left in the field after harvesting; this is particularly the case with mechanical harvesting. Trash, consists of green and dry leaves, tops and fractions of stems, roots and soil particles attached to them (RIPOLI, 1991). Note: Mechanized areas have slope less of than 12%.

Khóm Cầu Đúc là một trong những sản phẩm chủ lực của tỉnh Hậu Giang với 04 sản phẩm đã đạt chuẩn OCOP 03 sao. Tuy nhiên, thực trạng sản xuất và tiêu thụ của ngành hàng vẫn còn nhiều hạn chế. Do vậy, nghiên cứu tiến hành phỏng vấn 78 quan sát gồm các tác nhân trong chuỗi giá trị ngành hàng. Bằng cách sử dụng các công cụ phân tích chuỗi giá trị. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy kênh tiêu thụ thông qua thương lái vẫn là kênh chính, chiếm tỷ trọng khoảng 89%, tỷ lệ ký hợp đồng tiêu thụ giữa nông dân với doanh nghiệp còn khá hạn chế. Kênh tiêu thụ thông qua du lịch cộng đồng đã góp phần mang về giá trị gia tăng cao cho người nông dân. Về cơ cấu chi phí sản xuất khóm, kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy chi phí giống, phân và lao động thuê chiếm tỷ trọng lớn. Để phát triển sinh kế cho nông hộ trồng khóm, tiết giảm chi phí là tất yếu và cụ thể là chi phí giống và đẩy mạnh ứng dụng cơ giới hóa để giảm chi phí thuê mướn lao động. ABSTRACT Cau Duc pineapple is one of the key products of Hau Giang province...

Khóm Cầu Đúc là một trong những sản phẩm chủ lực của tỉnh Hậu Giang với 04 sản phẩm đã đạt chuẩn OCOP 03 sao. Tuy nhiên, thực trạng sản xuất và tiêu thụ của ngành hàng vẫn còn nhiều hạn chế. Do vậy, nghiên cứu tiến hành phỏng vấn 78 quan sát gồm các tác nhân trong chuỗi giá trị ngành hàng. Bằng cách sử dụng các công cụ phân tích chuỗi giá trị. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy kênh tiêu thụ thông qua thương lái vẫn là kênh chính, chiếm tỷ trọng khoảng 89%, tỷ lệ ký hợp đồng tiêu thụ giữa nông dân với doanh nghiệp còn khá hạn chế. Kênh tiêu thụ thông qua du lịch cộng đồng đã góp phần mang về giá trị gia tăng cao cho người nông dân. Về cơ cấu chi phí sản xuất khóm, kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy chi phí giống, phân và lao động thuê chiếm tỷ trọng lớn. Để phát triển sinh kế cho nông hộ trồng khóm, tiết giảm chi phí là tất yếu và cụ thể là chi phí giống và đẩy mạnh ứng dụng cơ giới hóa để giảm chi phí thuê mướn lao động. ABSTRACT Cau Duc pineapple is one of the key products of Hau Giang province...

Phân tích chuỗi giá trị sản phẩm đồ gỗ xuất khẩu sử dụng nguyên liệu gỗ Keo (Acacia) ở vùng Nam Bộ nhằm mục tiêu đề xuất các chiến lược nâng cấp chuỗi giá trị để tăng cường năng lực cạnh tranh, mở rộng thị trường và nâng cao hiệu quả sản xuất. Nghiên cứu được áp dụng lý thuyết chuỗi giá trị của Kaplinsky and Morris (2001), phương pháp liên kết chuỗi giá trị của GTZ Eschborn (2007) thông qua các công cụ phân tích như: mô tả chuỗi giá trị, phân tích kinh tế chuỗi và phân tích SWOT. Dữ liệu phân tích được thu thập từ 123 quan sát. Kết quả phân tích cho thấy chuỗi giá trị có 6 chức năng cơ bản, 15 tác nhân tham gia hỗ trợ, thúc đẩy chuỗi, 4 kênh thị trường. Tại kênh phổ biến nhất, tổng giá tri gia tăng của chuỗi đạt được từ 1 m3 nguyên liệu gỗ tròn là 7.026.500 đồng/m3, tổng lợi nhuận đạt 1.585.600 đồng/m3. Hiện tại, chuỗi giá trị có 11 thuận lợi nhưng đồng thời tồn tại 13 khó khăn. Các nhóm chiến lược được đề xuất để nâng cấp  chuỗi giá trịgồm: 1) cải thiện tiêu chuẩn và chất lượng sản...

Luận án phân tích chuỗi giá trị cà phê Arabica tại Lâm Đồng được thực hiện dựa trên phương pháp tiếp cận phân tích chuỗi giá trị của GTZ (2007) và khung phân tích SCP mở rộng nhằm phân tích cấu trúc thị trường, thực hiện thị trường và kết quả thị trường của cà phê Arabica tại Lâm Đồng. Trên cơ sở đó, nghiên cứu tìm ra những điểm mạnh, điểm yếu, cơ hội cũng như những thách thức của chuỗi. Từ đó, đề xuất một số giải pháp nâng cấp chuỗi nhằm nâng cao GTGT và thu nhập cho các tác nhân tham gia
trong chuỗi, thông qua việc sử dụng công cụ phân tích ma trận SWOT.
Số liệu thứ cấp được thu thập từ Bộ Nông nghiệp & Phát triển Nông thôn, Bộ Công Thương, UBND tỉnh Lâm Đồng, Sở Nông nghiệp & Phát triển Nông thôn tỉnh Lâm Đồng, Niên giám thống kê của tỉnh Lâm Đồng và một số tỉnh thành khác cũng như từ các kết quả nghiên cứu có sẵn về chuỗi giá trị nông sản trong và ngoài nước. Số liệu sơ cấp được thu thập từ việc khảo sát 10 nhà cung cấp vật tư đầu vào, 200 nông hộ trồng cà phê Arabica, 60 thương lái, 16 công ty chế biến, 15 nhà bán lẻ, 5 công ty xuất khẩu và 8 chuyên gia về cà phê Arabica tại Lâm Đồng. Nghiên cứu sử dụng các phương pháp thống kê mô tả, phân tích biên ngẫu nhiên (SFA), mô hình PEST, mô hình 5 áp lực cạnh tranh của Porter (1985) và phân tích ma trận SWOT để thực hiện các nội dung nghiên cứu nhằm đạt được các mục tiêu nghiên cứu của luận án.
The thesis on analyzing the value chain of Arabica coffee in Lam Dong is carried out based on the value chain analysis approach of GTZ (2007) and the expanded SCP analysis framework. The study aims to analyze the market structure, market conduct, and market performance of Arabica coffee in Lam Dong. On that basis, the research analyses the chain's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges to propose
solutions to upgrade the chain to increase value-added and income for participating in the chain through the SWOT matrix analysis tool.
Secondary data were collected from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development, Ministry of Industry and Trade, People's Committee of Lam Dong province, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Statistical Yearbook of Lam Dong province, and some other provinces. Besides, secondary data were also collected from researches on the agricultural value chain.
Primary data were collected from 10 input suppliers, 200 Arabica coffee farmers, 60 traders, 16 processing companies, 15 retailers, and 5 exporters in Lam Dong province. Descriptive statistics method, market power analysis by stochastic frontier analysis (SFA), PEST model, Porter's five forces model (1985), and SWOT matrix were applied.

Australia has been one of the majority countries in the world which has committed to the Paris Agreement and has implemented it to cut their emission. Climate change is a tremendous challenge for human being for the past 20 years, since the development of technology and the growing needs of human has driven us to find more source to fulfil our needs. Australia has agreed to cut their emission for 26-28% that is envisioned to be realized in 2030. However, the Australia’s commitment becomes questionable since the massive approval of Liquified Natural Gas in 2016. Experts claim the approval of Liquified Natural Gas will disturb the steady graph emission of Australia. This study aims to find out and analyze the reason behind Australia massive approval to Liquified Natural Gas Project. This study is qualitative research using descriptive analysis method with secondary data types. The result of study shows that, the reason behind the massive approval of Liquified Natural Gas in Australia ...

Following the invasion of Ukraine, there is a call to replace Russian gas and oil with green electric energy. A prime sector subject to electrification is the transportation sector. Consequently, access to the critical minerals for electrification has become an important strategic issue in the electric vehicle industry. Our analysis indicates that the markets for scarce and critical minerals, like cobalt, graphite, lithium, and rare earth elements, are in a highly concentrated number of countries. China, a strategic partner of Russia, has a dominant power position in both graphite and rare earth elements and is a dominant player in the processing of copper, nickel, cobalt, lithium, and rare earth elements. Furthermore, at least 70% of cobalt, graphite, and rare earth element resources are in corrupt or very corrupt states. Transportation sector electrification might therefore increase Europe’s and the USA’s resource dependency on totalitarian, corrupt, and unstable countries. The surging resource dependency on China, Russia’s most important strategic partner, intensifies the geopolitical risk to the green transition. We suggest strategies like vertical control of supply chains, specific technology and infrastructure investments, innovation of other green energy sources, and exploration of critical minerals in other countries. Substitution and closed-loop technology also reduce resource dependency and geopolitical risk. However, closed-loop recycling cannot compensate for the short-run growth in the electric vehicle markets. Thus, the circular economy will reduce but not eliminate geopolitical risk. Countries, supply chains, and companies should examine the geopolitical risk and strategic uncertainty associated with different green energy sources and technology.

Australia has been one of the majority countries in the world which has committed to the Paris Agreement and has implemented it to cut their emission. Climate change is a tremendous challenge for human being for the past 20 years, since the development of technology and the growing needs of human has driven us to find more source to fulfil our needs. Australia has agreed to cut their emission for 26-28% that is envisioned to be realized in 2030. However, the Australia’s commitment becomes questionable since the massive approval of Liquified Natural Gas in 2016. Experts claim the approval of Liquified Natural Gas will disturb the steady graph emission of Australia. This study aims to find out and analyze the reason behind Australia massive approval to Liquified Natural Gas Project. This study is qualitative research using descriptive analysis method with secondary data types. The result of study shows that, the reason behind the massive approval of Liquified Natural Gas in Australia ...

As a key economic element, energy plays an important role in the development of societies. Economic growth and its urgent need for energy highlight the need for optimal energy use. Wind energy is an energy source that has become an increasingly common source of electricity. In this study, socio-economic impacts of the cost of electricity generated by wind power plants were assessed with Iran as the focus of this study. The environmental impacts of wind energy were also considered by reviewing and analyzing research papers. Studies showed that although the use of wind energy in Iran began in Manjil in northern Iran, no significant progress has been made in this field despite all the efforts over the past years. The results indicated that the initial cost of launching wind turbines was the most important factor in the failure of this technology. The costs of purchasing turbines, construction of roads, provision of electrical infrastructure, project management, installation of turbines...

Australia has been one of the majority countries in the world which has committed to the Paris Agreement and has implemented it to cut their emission. Climate change is a tremendous challenge for human being for the past 20 years, since the development of technology and the growing needs of human has driven us to find more source to fulfil our needs. Australia has agreed to cut their emission for 26-28% that is envisioned to be realized in 2030. However, the Australia’s commitment becomes questionable since the massive approval of Liquified Natural Gas in 2016. Experts claim the approval of Liquified Natural Gas will disturb the steady graph emission of Australia. This study aims to find out and analyze the reason behind Australia massive approval to Liquified Natural Gas Project. This study is qualitative research using descriptive analysis method with secondary data types. The result of study shows that, the reason behind the massive approval of Liquified Natural Gas in Australia ...

Australia has been one of the majority countries in the world which has committed to the Paris Agreement and has implemented it to cut their emission. Climate change is a tremendous challenge for human being for the past 20 years, since the development of technology and the growing needs of human has driven us to find more source to fulfil our needs. Australia has agreed to cut their emission for 26-28% that is envisioned to be realized in 2030. However, the Australia’s commitment becomes questionable since the massive approval of Liquified Natural Gas in 2016. Experts claim the approval of Liquified Natural Gas will disturb the steady graph emission of Australia. This study aims to find out and analyze the reason behind Australia massive approval to Liquified Natural Gas Project. This study is qualitative research using descriptive analysis method with secondary data types. The result of study shows that, the reason behind the massive approval of Liquified Natural Gas in Australia ...

Brazil is one of the largest producers of electricity by means of hydroelectric plants; however, this generation process depends on large volumes of water directly affected by climate changes that, consequently, affect the production of electricity. Thus, the predominant production of electric energy, through hydroelectric plants in Brazil, is increasingly complemented by thermal plants to cope with the rapid growth of demand, the greater the amount of electricity generated by thermal plants, the more expensive is the cost of production and greater is the environmental impact due to the burning of fossil fuels. To combat this alternative, new renewable sources should be used in large scale. The three main sources of renewable energy for electricity generation in Brazil are: hydroelectric, wind and biomass of sugarcane, in specific the sugarcane bagasse. The aim of this study is to present how these renewable sources concentrate in a way regional, with the purpose of presenting how these sources can be complementary in the energy supply, according to the characteristics of seasonality of the same ones.

This paper presents and discusses the potential of power generation from last sugarcane harvest (2016/17), mainly by the combustion of two by-products; bagasse and straw. Bioelectricity production from the bagasse and the straw is possible through the grinding sugar cane and both are available in the driest period of the year (May to September) and match with the water shortage in the reservoirs of hydroelectric power plants to the same period. Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane of the world, in 2016 reached 607,136.697 tons, this crop is concentrated in the States of São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás, Minas Gerais and Paraná, that are responsible for over 90% of the bioelectricity production. Considering 2016/17 harvest, we have foreseen that the availability of bioelectricity could reach 74,994 GWh, but if we aggregate straw to the combustion at the boiler the electricity produced would reach 111,558 GWh. This potential power generated is almost 20% of total power energy supply in 2016. This way, Brazil can increase the share of the renewable resources at its power energy matrix and avoiding greenhouse gas emission. Moreover, we present a discussion about the current federal regulatory scope of electricity market and how bioelectricity is being inserted.

Energy security is a transitional concept heralding from traditional principles focused on security of
supply. Onshore conventional and unconventional gas reserves have played an integral role in
Australia’s energy security since its commercial production commenced in the Cooper Basin Region
in 1969. However, since 2015, the staggering increase in liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports, earning
Australia its title as the second largest global LNG exporter, has heightened competition for gas
supply in the Australian East Coast Gas Market (ECGM). This article examines whether the recently
enacted Australian Domestic Gas Supply Mechanism (ADGSM), in imposing controls on LNG
exports, marks a shift in regulation and policy by fostering gas security for the ECGM. This article
advances the argument that the ADGSM is an initial temporary and short-term step in seeking to
avert a domestic gas shortfall. It is argued that a market-based approach to gas regulation will not
provide gas security for Australia without additional regulatory measures and infrastructure
investment.

Ekonomi merupakan salah satu ilmu sosial yang mempelajari aktivitas manusia yang berhubungan dengan produksi, distribusi, dan konsumsi terhadap barang dan jasa. Istilah "ekonomi" berasal dari bahasa Yunani, yaitu οἶκος (oikos) yang berarti keluarga, rumah tangga dan νόμος (nomos) yang berarti peraturan, aturan, hukum. Secara garis besar,