Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

Colombia, siendo uno de los países megadiversos, especialmente en su región andina, presenta diferentes presiones que ponen en riesgo la diversidad y provisión de servicios ecosistémicos y, frente al cambio dinámico que estas implican, la restauración puede ser una herramienta para que estos paisajes se vuelvan resilientes. En el municipio de Floresta, departamento de Boyacá, por medio de investigación participativa, se recogieron elementos para diseñar acciones y planificar el proceso de ejecución de una estrategia de restauración tendiente a mejorar las condiciones del paisaje y el bienestar humano. El análisis participativo se realizó en torno a la mejora de los medios de vida vinculada a la restauración o rehabilitación de ecosistemas y áreas degradadas que aumenta la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos de interés para la comunidad. Esto presupone una amplia participación social en todas las fases de la restauración para garantizar la apropiación y gobernanza participativa de los procesos en el largo plazo. Junto con actores sociales de diferentes grupos etarios que son partícipes o líderes de procesos locales de desarrollo en Floresta o que mostraron interés en la restauración, se logró el diseño de mapas del estado actual del paisaje, descripción de causas de cambio o degradación en el mismo, un listado de actores clave que inciden en el uso del paisaje y una valoración de los servicios ecosistémicos percibida por la comunidad y cómo han variado a lo largo del tiempo. Se determinó que estos actores conciben los servicios de regulación y provisión como considerablemente degradados a lo largo de los últimos treinta años. Los actores participantes consideran necesario restaurar, principalmente, beneficios de regulación, seguidos de los de provisión y culturales. La comunidad se percibió con pocas fortalezas para la restauración, pero ven en el entorno más oportunidades que amenazas. Se decidió priorizar la restauración de áreas comunales de importancia para los acueductos comunales, mediante la regeneración forestal asistida por la eliminación de barreras o factores de degradación y la rehabilitación de zonas degradas, por medio de adaptaciones en los medios de vida, para mejorar la provisión de los servicios ecosistémicos. Se planificaron los pasos de ejecución de la estrategia y el monitoreo, procurando el fomento de la participación de toda la población, su capacitación y organización.

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are essential tools for conserving marine biodiversity and maintaining ecological balance. In Pakistan, however, enforcing MPA laws faces challenges deeply rooted in community dynamics and socioeconomic constraints. Coastal communities, whose generational reliance on traditional fishing practices and marine resource extraction forms the backbone of their socioeconomic structure, often view externally imposed conservation measures as direct threats to their livelihoods. This paper critically examines community-based challenges, including resistance to top-down enforcement, socioeconomic difficulties, inadequate local participation, and conflicts that arise from the intersection of customary rights and modern regulatory frameworks. Drawing upon local research and case studies, the study proposes a community-centered framework that emphasizes participatory governance, the development of alternative livelihood programs, targeted educational initiatives, and compensation mechanisms. By integrating community rights and indigenous knowledge into MPA management, Pakistan can enhance compliance, improve conservation outcomes, and promote sustainable marine biodiversity conservation.

Una gran cantidad de pesquerías a nivel mundial se encuentran sobreexplotadas o colapsadas, en especial las costeras. Esto es de vital importancia, pues la dependencia de los recursos costeros es cada vez mayor. En Uruguay la situación no difi ere de esta realidad, por lo cual son necesarias medidas de manejo pesquero que contemplen un uso sostenible de los recursos y consideren la protección de los ecosistemas en su integridad y complejidad. Este libro va más allá de los criterios convencionalmente empleados en Uruguay en el manejo de los recursos pesqueros, proponiendo por primera vez para el país el desarrollo de un Manejo Ecosistémico Pesquero (MEP). Se hace especial énfasis en la identifi cación de sitios prioritarios para establecer Áreas Marinas Protegidas como herramientas de un MEP. El análisis cuantitativo de largo plazo consideró la variabilidad espacial del esfuerzo pesquero, las características de los ecosistemas y los diferentes servicios que proveen, así como los principales confl ictos derivados de otras actividades antrópicas. Esto permitió identifi car los sitios más sensibles y con mayor prioridad para la implementación de un MEP, contemplando adicionalmente aspectos de conservación de la biota y sus hábitats. Finalmente, en este documento se propone, por primera vez para el sector pesquero uruguayo, la implementación de un sistema participativo de gobernanza: el co-manejo pesquero. Éste reconoce la legitimidad de la participación de los pescadores en el manejo de los recursos. Esto generará sinergias entre el manejo y la conservación, reconociendo la integridad de los ecosistemas como base para la sostenibilidad de los recursos y el crecimiento socio-económico.

Marine biodiversity forms the foundation of ocean ecosystems, supporting a wide range of
ecological functions and providing essential services to human societies. However, the rapid
degradation of marine habitats, overexploitation of resources, pollution, and the intensifying effects
of climate change have led to a significant decline in marine species and ecosystem health. This
paper explores the evolving trends in marine biodiversity conservation, emphasizing the role of
international agreements, marine protected areas (MPAs), ecosystem-based management, and
community-led conservation practices. The review critically examines the effectiveness of current
conservation policies and highlights the need for adaptive governance, stronger enforcement
mechanisms, and enhanced global cooperation. Furthermore, the integration of scientific innovation,
such as genetic monitoring and satellite-based tracking, into conservation planning is discussed as a
way to improve decision-making and policy outcomes. The study concludes by underscoring the
urgency of cohesive, inclusive, and science-informed policies to safeguard marine biodiversity for
future generations.

Coastal zones are usually managed with two main objectives: (1) conservation/maintenance of biodiversity and intrinsic ecosystem services and (2) maintenance of sustainable fisheries. The management needs that can be met with marine protected areas fall into corresponding categories. First, fully protected (that is, no-take) reserves-parks-

A travers cet ouvrage, Racha SALLEMI, démontre que ce sont les logiques « sanctuaristes » traduisant la mise en place de restrictions à l’accès aux ressources naturelles qui ont pendant longtemps dominé la vision des politiques de protection et de conservation des écosystèmes littoraux et marins. Adoptant un cheminement théorique transdisciplinaire, l’auteure met à l’épreuve les relations parfois tendues entre d’un côté la géographie et plus généralement les SHS et de l’autre l’écologie car traditionnellement
tendant vers deux pôles intellectuels contraires. Elle explique, à travers le cas de l’Aire Marine et Côtière Protégée (AMCP) des îles Kuriat au large de la baie de Monastir, les germes de la contestation socioéconomique vis-à-vis des mesures conservationnistes verticales de l’Etat tunisien. Ce dernier, obéissant des impératifs de circulation nord-sud des modèles de protection de la biodiversité marine, se retrouve tiraillé entre l’histoire des usages, le poids des acteurs locaux et la pesanteur de ses propres trajectoires politico-administratives. C’est en effet ce tiraillement visible à travers les mécanismes rigides et centralisés de la gouvernance des espaces marins, que l’auteure a tenté de décrypter en mettant en valeur l’importance des
concertations territoriales et celui de la participation en vue de garantir une acceptabilité durable des AMCP en Tunisie.

This paper examines the governance of Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas (CPHMPA) and Cabo de Gata-Níjar (CGNMPA) Marine Protected Areas, Spain. The governance approach adopted in CPHMPA is shared authority between regional and state governments, whereas in CGNMPA it is state-led. In each MPA, limited coordination between national and regional government, and weak management at both levels, has made achievement of strategic conservation objectives significantly more challenging. Inconsistencies in legislation applied to internal and territorial waters have left both MPAs vulnerable to local economic development priorities. The reliance on economic and legal incentives has increased employment opportunities within the communities studied, but has also incurred environmental and social costs. Overall, the authors conclude that the current governance approaches are insufficient to effectively address all the challenges faced. In order to achieve more effective and equitable outcomes for both MPAs, greater coordination between national and regional government is required, along with interventions to introduce more participative and knowledge incentives to generate a greater sense of stewardship among all stakeholders.

Permission to conduct this study was granted by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Environment in Spain and ethics approval was obtained for this study through submission of an ethics assessment to the University of Murcia Ethical Committee. Participants were informed of the aims of the project, how data would be used and how they could access the study results. Researchers obtained verbal consent from participants before conducting interviews. Personal identifying information was replaced with respondent ID numbers to ensure anonymity.

There is considerable controversy over the role of stakeholder participation (SP) in the management of marine protected areas (MPAs). On the one hand, SP advocates claim that successful MPAs make use of SP in their design and management. . On the other hand, SP critics argue that it is difficult to reach consensus between stakeholders on the need for MPAs, let alone the best way to manage them. This study aimed to investigate the extent of SP in the Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas MPA (CPH-MPA) in the Murcia province of south-eastern Spain, with a view to exploring this controversy. The research focused on the perceptions of respondents on the value of SP in CPH-MPA decision-making; the current extent of SP in the CPH-MPA; the challenges to it; and ways of overcoming those challenges. Fieldwork was carried out during 2013-2015 involving the collection of qualitative data from key informant interviews, community meetings, and individual surveys. These is data revealed a high degree of support for SP; very different perceptions about its current extent in CPH-MPA; the existence of many barriers to SP; and several recommendations to address these barriers. The study concluded that since immediate consensus on SP was absent, an experimental approach of adaptive comanagement (ACM) could be adopted to determine what kind of SP works best.

Seagrass conservation is critical for mitigating climate change due to the large stocks of carbon they sequester in the seafloor. However, effective conservation and its potential to provide nature-based solutions to climate change is hindered by major uncertainties regarding seagrass extent and distribution. Here, we describe the characterization of the world’s largest seagrass ecosystem, located in The Bahamas. We integrate existing spatial estimates with an updated empirical remote sensing product and perform extensive ground-truthing of seafloor with 2,542 diver surveys across remote sensing tiles. We also leverage seafloor assessments and movement data obtained from instrument-equipped tiger sharks, which have strong fidelity to seagrass ecosystems, to augment and further validate predictions. We report a consensus area of at least 66,000 km2 and up to 92,000 km2 of seagrass habitat across The Bahamas Banks. Sediment core analysis of stored organic carbon further confirmed the ...

Se analiza la política colombiana de financiamiento rural. para lo que se adelantan evaluaciones del entorno político, jurídico y normativo; de la creación y fortalecimiento de instituciones financieras dedicadas a servir a los clientes rurales; y de los mercados en los que los dos primeros ...

Governance starts with certain images about how the system that it aims to govern works. The extent to which stakeholders share these images determines the governability of the system. Investigating what these images are, what they constitute, and how they are expressed in governance interactions are important research questions. We approach these questions through conceptualizing images, how they influence institutional design and perceived governance outcomes, using marine protected areas (MPAs) as illustrations. This study asks how different stakeholders view MPAs and examines the similarities and differences of these images, and what principles and norms should be considered. Surveys were conducted with three stakeholder groups, i.e. smallscale fishers, tourism operators, and managers and scientists associated with MPAs in three locations, namely Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, Xcalac, Yucatan, Mexico, and Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. The results from the surveys show a high level of agreement among stakeholders across sites. Taken together, all three stakeholder groups are more consistent with the images about the objectives of MPAs than about the principles and norms underlying MPA design and operation. Further, they agree that people whose livelihoods depend on protected areas should have priority access. Finally, the three stakeholder groups differ about who should participate in the decision-making processes about MPAs. Our study suggests that incorporating knowledge about images in the institutional design and the day-to-day management of MPAs can help improve their governability and the overall governance. Jan argued that governance starts from preconceived images about the system that it aims to govern and the problems it needs to solve. The origins of these images, the observations they are drawn from, and the theories and assumptions contained therein are issues to be explored to determine the paths being followed in governance practices. These images, however, are not static, but are often subject to deliberation and reflection by all stakeholders involved in governance, including government actors, resource users, community members and scientists, throughout the governance process, and may consequently change over time. Furthermore, as observed by , images contain norms that are converted into principles as part of meta-order governance. This steers governing actions at the lower orders, be it institutional design (2nd order) or daily decision-making (1st order). Thus, making images transparent and explicit at the meta-order level will help to clarify where stakeholders are coming from conceptually, and what they consider fundamental or negotiable with regards to the means and goals of governance. This is true for environmental governance in general, as well as in the context of marine protected areas, which have proven to be more complex than originally envisaged . By name, marine protected areas (MPAs) evoke a positive image of preservation, conservation and protection of marine ecosystems . Governments, environmental organizations and academics around the world have, therefore, been very supportive of MPAs, as, for instance,

When marine protected areas (MPAs) do not succeed, which is often the case, their failure is mostly attributed to factors related to their design and operation. In this paper, it is argued that reasons for lack of success must be sought in the process that leads up to their establishment, i.e., the initial stage when the idea was conceived, communicated, and discussed among stakeholders. To illustrate the significance of the 'step zero', the creation of four MPAs in Spain and Me ´xico is analyzed. These case studies show how MPA proposals can easily be drawn not only into power struggles between stakeholders but also into political issues that extend far beyond the MPA itself. For this reason, the governance of MPAs requires broad considerations of the potential political risks and pitfalls. MPAs are, after all, not just a technical management measure, but a socio-political enterprise.

This study explored spatio-temporal patterns influencing reef fish richness and abundance in two coastal islands within marine protected areas (MPAs) in southeastern Brazil. Data were collected using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) during the 2022 seasonal cycle, with samples taken day and night. A total of 16 661 individuals from 81 species was recorded. The results showed that fish abundance was higher during the day, in winter and in areas with high temperatures. At night, in autumn, behavioural changes were observed in schooling species. Seasonal variations, including temperature changes and the oceanographic characteristics of the study area, influenced fish abundance and species composition, favouring tropical and subtropical species. Depth affected the islands differently: higher abundance was observed in deeper waters at Anchieta Island State Park, while shallower waters at Mar Virado Island showed greater abundance due to habitat complexity. Diurnal variation in richness was significant at Mar Virado Island, probably due to increased nocturnal predation. For fishing-targeted species, the islands showed

Biology is a complex subject. This fact, coupled with our human penchant for dichotomy, typically results in a parochial emphasis of our research interests and personal ken. Therefore, biologists often limit themselves to the study of plants or animals, prokaryotes or eukaryotes, invertebrates or vertebrates, cells or organisms, coldor warm-blooded vertebrates, cartilaginous or bony fishes, marine or terrestrial phenomena, ecological or physiological processes, etc. Nevertheless, moving outside one's preferred taxon or discipline invariably results in unique insights that may be gained only via such collaborations. Although these synergies are uncommon, we all are fortunate that some individuals have the ability to foster their production. Musick, who describes himself as being gifted with intellectual schizophrenia, is sufficiently polymathic to promote multidisciplinary considerations of common biological questions. His most recent contribution is this volume, the proceedings of ''The Symposium on the Ecology and Conservation of Long-Lived Marine Animals'' that he organized and chaired for the 1997 annual meeting of the American Fisheries Society in Monterey, California. This volume is unique in that it presents the thoughts and data of workers who study elasmobranchs, chondrosteans, teleosts, sea turtles, sea birds, pinnipeds, or cetaceans. Published reviews of the demographic characteristics and vulnerabilities of each of these groups are not uncommon, but this volume is a welcome contribution in that it is the simultaneous discussion of a wide range of marine taxa that all share long lifespans, slow growth, late maturity, and either low fecundity or sporadic recruitment. Musick was careful to assemble a well-balanced cadre of biologists who, for the most part, were careful to avoid overly narrow presentations; thus, most chapters of this book contain discussions that are taxonomically, geographically, or temporally diverse and mirror the scope and objective of the volume as a whole. This book, volume 23 of the AFS Symposium series, is comprised of 19 chapters written by 45 authors. Of the 19 chapters, 11 include a discussion of two or more species, nine present methods or theoretical approaches that could be applied to any taxon, three discuss an impressive range of taxa, and three are based on 50-100 years of collected data. In fact, of the eight chapters that present data for a single species only, four provide the only discussion of an important taxon (e.g., chondrosteans, pinnipeds, odontocetes, or mysticetes), and two use data from a single species to present methods that could be applied to any taxon; hence, nearly all chapters compliment the multidisciplinary scope of the volume itself. Chapter 1 (authored by Musick) provides the reader with a useful introduction to the problem of exploitation of long-lived animals. He succinctly summarizes the life-history parameters that unite these seemingly disparate taxa, result in their populations being particularly vulnerable to exploitation, and cause the recovery of their decimated populations to take decades. Next, he introduces the neophyte to two indices [the von Bertalanffy growth coefficient (k) and the intrinsic rate of increase (r)] that are useful in assessing the vulnerability of stocks to excessive exploitation. Finally, he makes a comprehensive plea to managers of long-lived marine animals to become more sensitive to the inherent vulnerability of these creatures. The remaining 18 chapters of the book do not appear to be arranged in any obvious order. Chapters 3, 4, 7, 14, and 16 are relatively provincial discussions of the plight of single species. Nevertheless, these five chapters taken as a unit compare and contrast the strategies of teleosts, chondrosteans, mysticetes, and pinnipeds. Chapters 6, 9, 10, 11, and 19 may seem to be of limited appeal because they contain data derived from one population of a single species yet should be of more general interest to the reader. This is because the thrust of these five chapters is to present a methodology that is useful for addressing the vulnerability of any longlived animal. A more synoptic approach is taken in chapters 2, 5, 12, 13, 17, 18, and 19. These chapters, in most cases, review the life histories of a wide range of species within one group, review the global status of an entire taxon, or take one approach to compare several disparate taxa. For example, Russell compares the life-history tactics of 63 species of seabirds (in 10 families) in chapter 5; Heist reviews all studies on

Horta, S., Ríos, M., Trinchin, R., & Marín, Y. (2025). Estrategias para la conservación de la biodiversidad marina en Uruguay. In Gristo P., Veroslavsky G., & de Santa Ana H. (Eds.), Territorio marítimo uruguayo: soberanía, naturaleza y recursos (1st ed., pp. 183–212). Administración Nacional de Combustibles, Alcohol y Pórtland (ANCAP).

Adaptation to climate change is seen as the immediate response of people anywhere in the world. However, there is still a problem in its implementation as no solution fits all problems. Coastal communities' vulnerable situation is not exempted from climate change impacts, but the fact that it has numerous ecosystems provide basic life support. Thus, this paper is guided by the following objectives 1) determine ecosystems and socioeconomic sectors reliant and dependent on strategies and policies of coastal communities; and 2) examine the current adaptation strategies and activities. Focus group discussions among key officials and document analysis were carried on. After a rigorous examination, it was discovered that coastal communities are reliant on fishery and water resources ecosystem services. In this regard, adaptation options are geared toward the protection of these services to continually provide to local communities. Alternative livelihoods are also seen as a long-term response to climate change adaptation apart from policy and ordinances to protect and conserve the ecosystems.

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are important tools for management of marine ecosystems. While desired, ecological and biological criteria are not always feasible to consider when establishing protected areas. In 2001, the Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument (VICR) in St. John, US Virgin Islands was established by Executive Order. VICR boundaries were based on administrative determination of Territorial Sea boundaries and land ownership at the time of the Territorial Submerged Lands Act of 1974. VICR prohibits almost all fishing and other extractive uses. Surveys of habitat and fishes inside and outside of VICR were conducted in 2002-07. Based on these surveys, areas outside VICR had significantly more hard corals; greater habitat complexity; and greater richness, abundance and biomass of reef fishes than areas within VICR, further supporting results from 2002-2004 (Monaco et al., 2007). The administrative (political) process used to establish VICR did not allow a robust ecolo...

RESUMEN: La pesca con red de cerco costero se realiza en aguas continentales, principalmente, en el golfo de Guayaquil. Al ser una pesquería multiespecífica puede impactar negativamente sobre las especies no-objetivo, incluyendo a las especies vulnerables (e.g. tiburones, mamíferos marinos). Se determinó la incidencia de condrictios (i.e., tiburones, rayas y mantarrayas) mamíferos (lobos marinos, delfines y ballenas), tortugas y aves marinas, como el valor modal de la cantidad de individuos registrados, los meses con incidencia y la frecuencia relativa (i.e., porcentajes). Para las especies más representativas se realizó una comparación de la incidencia anual y un análisis de serie de tiempo (con cinco años de datos). La incidencia de condrictios fue baja (moda=1 individuo) y esporádica (entre 1 y 5 meses con incidencia), con cuatro especies observadas. Mobula birostris mostró la mayor cantidad de incidencias. Un total de siete especies de mamíferos marinos y cinco tortugas marinas fueron reportadas. Otaria flavescens y Chelonia mydas presentaron las mayores incidencias (90% del total de meses). La incidencia de aves marinas estuvo compuesta por 29 especies, Fregata magnificens, Pelecanus occidentalis y Sula nebouxii presentaron los mayores valores. Los patrones de incidencia de F. magnificens y P. occidentalis fueron similares, así como, entre O. flavescens, S. nebouxii y la pesca objetivo. Los resultados indican que la pesca con red de cerco no representa una amenaza para las especies vulnerables, al reportarse una nula mortalidad. Por otra parte, las incidencias de O. flavescens y S. nebouxii pueden ser usables para la gestión pesquera de la red de cerco costero. ABSTRACT: Fishing with purse seine coastal is carried out in continental waters, mainly in the Gulf of Guayaquil. Being a multi-species fishery, it can negatively impact non-target species, including vulnerable species (e.g., sharks, marine mammals). The incidence of chondrichthyans (i.e., sharks, rays, and manta rays), mammals (sea lions, dolphins, and whales), turtles, and seabirds were determined, as was the modal value of the number of individuals recorded, the months with incidence, and the relative frequency (i.e., percentages). For the most representative species, a comparison of the annual incidence and a time series analysis were performed. The incidence of chondrichthyans was low (mode=1 individual) and sporadic (between 1 and 5 months with incidence), with four species observed. Mobula birostris showed the highest number of incidences. A total of seven species of marine mammals and five sea turtles were reported. Otaria flavescens and Chelonia mydas had the highest incidences (90% of the total months). The incidence of seabirds was composed of 29 species; Fregata magnificens, Pelecanus occidentalis and Sula nebouxii had the highest values. The incidence patterns of F. magnificens and P. occidentalis were similar, as were those between O. flavescens, S. nebouxii, and the target fishery. The results indicate that purse seine fishing does not represent a threat to vulnerable species, as zero mortality was reported. On the other hand, the incidences of O. flavescens and S. nebouxii can be used for fishery management in the coastal purse seine.

Este documento propone la creacion de una iniciativa de conservacion privada como mecanismo de mitigacion de los conflictos por uso del suelo que se presentan en la vereda Buenos Aires los Pinos en la zona de amortiguacion del Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza del municipio de la Calera. Este estudio se realizo con el fin de establecer actividades economicas y de conservacion en un mismo espacio de manera sustentable, que a su vez ayude a generar usos adecuados del suelo y corredores ecologicos. Para llegar a la propuesta de la iniciativa se tuvo que caracterizar los conflictos por usos del suelo que se presentaban en la zona de estudio, con esto se pudo identificar y analizar las areas de mayor interes para la conservacion, teniendo en cuenta este interes se hizo una interpretacion de las iniciativas de conservacion privada para elegir la que respondiera a las necesidades de la comunidad para su implementacion en un predio de la vereda.

. * Questo saggio è stato scritto come capitolo introduttivo di un libro in corso di preparazione: Economie di paesaggi. Conservazione e sviluppo locale. Costituisce una sintesi di esplorazioni concettuali, metodologiche e teoriche -ed anche di esperienze sul campo -che ho condotto negli ultimi anni intorno al tema delle politiche di conservazione nei parchi naturali italiani. (Per informazioni sul progetto di ricerca vedi: .

Este  artículo  analiza  los  modelos  turístico  admi-nistrativos  que  se  desarrollaron  y  se  siguen  implementando en el corregimiento de El Encano, municipio de Pasto, departamento de Nariño, en el que se encuentra La Laguna de la Cocha —segundo cuerpo de agua más grande de Colombia—, la cual goza  de  reconocimiento  como  humedal  de  gran  importancia  nacional  e  internacional  inscrita  en  el  Convenio  Ramsar.  Dichos  modelos  pretenden  generar  desarrollo  territorial.  Para  este  fin,  se realiza  una  revisión  documental  de  los  planes  de  desarrollo  turístico  —los  cuales  buscan  potenciar  el  turismo  de  la  región—,  una  revisión  de  dife-rentes  casos  -una  investigación  exhaustiva  de  la  caracterización-,  examinación  del  territorio  y  sus  habitantes-,  y  un  trabajo  de  campo  que  incluye  entrevistas  y  observación  participante.  Del  mismo  modo,  se  analizan  las  tendencias  en  calidad  terri-torial y ambiental. Esta reflexión se realiza desde una  mirada  de  la  ecología  política,  la  cual  busca  darles  voz  a  las  comunidades  más  vulnerables.  Desde este enfoque crítico se evidencian las difi-cultades  sociales  frente  al  modelo  propuesto  y  su  gestión.  Se  podría  contemplar  que  el  caso  de  El  Corregimiento  tiende  a  convertirse  en  un  espacio  de exclusión y desposesión del territorio, debido a sus características.

The population of Tokelau consists of approximately 1500 people, with between 400 and 600 people on each of the three atolls. A further 5000 Tokelauans live in New Zealand (SPC, 1998), with an unknown number living in Australia and Samoa. In 1996, Fakaofo, the location for this study, had a population of 564, living in 87 households, on two islands (SPC 1998). The island of Fale currently has a population of about 340 living in 51 households, with approximately 220 people in 33 households living on the other inhabited island of Fenua Fala (M. Pelasio, pers. comm.). Ten areas around the lagoon perimeter were surveyed for marine resources. There were usually three men either walking or swimming in the shallow water on the reef flat. Observations of fish life were made, and transects were undertaken in areas where there were sedentary resources of interest, e.g. trochus, clams, sea cucumbers and sea urchins. An intensive search for trochus was conducted in one area where anecdotal reports indicated they were abundant. Snorkelling over the reef was undertaken where conditions permitted. Figure shows the ten survey sites. Although extensive surveys for trochus were not conducted all around the atoll, the fact that n ews from Tokelau

As a seafood delicacy, the purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus is the most exploited echinoid species in the Mediterranean Sea, with a significant increase in total catches being reported over the last 2 decades. This work presents: (i) the findings from two demographic monitoring campaigns, conducted on P. lividus populations in summer 2023, at shallow depths within the coastal areas of Sicily and Apulia; (ii) a meta-analysis of the P. lividus density in the Mediterranean Sea over the last 30 years. In both sampled areas, the recorded individual density was lower than ever, with an average value of 0.2 ind/m 2. No significant difference in P. lividus density was detected between protected and non-protected areas. The observed rarity of the edible sea urchin is corroborated by a meta-regression analysis of data from 44 published articles over the period 1990-2020, showing that the decline of P. lividus populations in the Mediterranean Sea began in 2003, coincident with the occurrence of a pan-European heat wave and with the anomalous warming of the entire Mediterranean Sea.

This quantitative study examined the socioeconomic impact of the Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Cortes, Surigao del Sur, Philippines. The research aimed to assess how MPAs influence income, education, occupation, and marine resource availability. Using a descriptive-correlational design, structured surveys were conducted among 516 respondents, including fishermen, MPA managers, government officials, and community members, selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. Results indicated moderate positive impacts of the MPA on income generation, educational awareness, employment diversification, and marine resource conservation. Significant relationships were found between demographic characteristics such as age, gender, educational attainment, income, occupation, and the perceived socioeconomic benefits of the MPA. The study concludes that MPAs can enhance both ecological and socioeconomic outcomes when supported by inclusive community programs and alternative livelihood initiatives.

Documento elaborado por Adriana Hurtado y Marcela Santamaría dentro de su consultoría con el Instituto Humboldt para apoyar las actividades que tiene a su cargo la Secretaría Técnica de la MIM. Documento elaborado por Adriana Hurtado y Marcela Santamaría dentro de su consultoría con el Instituto Humboldt para apoyar las actividades que tiene a su cargo la Secretaría Técnica de la MIM. Documento elaborado por Adriana Hurtado y Marcela Santamaría dentro de su consultoría con el Instituto Humboldt para apoyar las actividades que tiene a su cargo la Secretaría Técnica de la MIM.

Popisivanje faune morskih staništa u istočnom dijelu Jadranskog mora nužna je pretpostavka za uspješno planiranje zaštite i gospodarenja u zaštićenim, ali i nezaštićenim područjima. Tema diplomskog rada je popisati faunu unutar livada morske cvjetnice Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile na području zaštićenih područja Istarske županije (Nacionalni park Brijuni, Javna ustanova Kamenjak), te nezaštićenih (obalno područje Medulina). Aktivnosti poput sidrenja brodova, ribolova i ronjenja mogu imati pogubne posljedice na livade morskih cvjetnica, te pripadajuću morsku faunu. Najveće srednje vrijednosti broja izdanaka po m2 utvrđene su u NP Brijuni (postaja Pusti(283,33 izdanaka po m2)), a najmanje vrijednosti bile su na postajama Bodulaš i Šekovac u Medulinskom zaljevu koji je izloženiji antropogenom utjecaju. Zbog smanjene gustoće izdanaka sve livade posidonije na istraživanom području spadaju u kategoriju „livade rijetke gustoće“. Ukupno je zabilježeno 208 vrsta, a najveća bioraznolik...

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Zones sensibles et luttes d’intérêts en Tunisie. Vers une gestion intégrée des territoires et des ressources dans la baie de Monastir ? Maher Gassab, Racha Sallemi, Tarik Dahou

The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of IUCN, Fauna & Flora International, TRAFFIC and ResourceAfrica and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union.

Sustainable tourism management is crucial in ensuring the long-term viability of the tourism industry while mitigating its environmental, socio-cultural, and economic challenges. Rapid tourism growth, if left unchecked, can lead to severe consequences such as environmental degradation, cultural commodification, economic vulnerability, and over-tourism, which negatively impact both host communities and ecosystems. This paper critically examines these challenges and explores strategic solutions that promote resilience and sustainability within the tourism sector. Key strategies discussed include the implementation of green policies, carbon offset programs, community-based tourism (CBT), smart tourism technologies, and the diversification of tourism offerings to reduce reliance on mass tourism. The study emphasizes the role of policy interventions, technological innovations, and stakeholder collaboration in creating a balanced tourism model that maximizes benefits while minimizing negative impacts. By integrating sustainable practices at all levels, the tourism industry can transition toward a more responsible, inclusive, and resilient framework that supports environmental conservation, cultural preservation, and economic stability. The insights provided in this paper serve as a valuable resource for policymakers, industry leaders, researchers, and destination managers in developing forward-thinking strategies that align with global sustainability goals.

Building on the legal review conducted by WCS in 2021, this report examines a selected set of key elements that provide a basis for the management of transnational marine protected areas. While the report focuses on Kenya and Tanzania, the methods developed for the compilation of national and international legal frameworks, as well as the identification of legal best practices and the assessment of legislation are all designed for use by any country.

This paper presents a systematic methodology for enhancing microstrip patch antenna (MPA) performance at 1.3 GHz for Phase Alternating Line (PAL) television broadcasting systems. Through the integration of slot-loaded patch geometries, substrate optimization, and array configurations, the proposed design achieves an 8.1 dBi gain and a 108 MHz bandwidth, representing improvements of 30% and 50% respectively, over conventional designs [1,2]. The approach combines analytical
modeling in MATLAB with full-wave electromagnetic simulations using CST Microwave Studio and is validated through precision measurements of fabricated prototypes. Key innovations include the implementation of a U-shaped slot for multi-resonant operation (∆ f = 45 MHz per iteration),
strategic selection of RT/Duroid 5880 substrate (ϵr = 2.2), and a 1 × 4 phased array configuration incorporating a defected ground structure (DGS) [5]. Experimental verification demonstrates 82% radiation efficiency and −22 dB cross-polarization isolation, fulfilling PAL-TV specifications while maintaining compact dimensions (58 × 58 × 1.6 mm) [6,7]. MATLAB and CST simulations analyze the antenna’s performance, including the reflection coefficient (S11) [11,12]. The optimized MPA achieves
a gain of 8 dBi with a bandwidth exceeding 100 MHz, aligning with the operational requirements of PAL TV applications [3,13]. Future work will explore adaptive configurations and alternative substrate materials. [14,15].

Raja Ampat, located in West Papua-Indonesia, is renowned as a favoured tourist destination for manta ray tourism. In the years following the pandemic, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of visitors. Despite the benefits from tourists' expenditures, however, managing the influx of tourists poses an ongoing challenge in promoting sustainable tourism. This chapter focuses on carrying capacity studies examining manta ray tourism's economic, social and physical aspects in the Dampier Strait-Raja Ampat. Data was collected through on-site observations, interviews and surveys. The study aims to contribute to efforts and actions to reduce adverse effects on manta ray populations and their environments while advancing conservation, educational initiatives and responsible tourism practices for manta ray sustainable tourism. In summary, recommendations for sustainable tourism practices are proposed, including collaboration between stakeholders to continue research and monitoring, enforce guidelines and support conservation initiatives.

Se hizo una evaluación en el 2009 de la cobertura de los tipos de vegetación existentes en las Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANP) en Durango y los hexágonos prioritarios generados por la CONABIO para identificar las prioridades de conservación. Se utilizó el programa de análisis de vacíos y omisiones de conservación (gap) de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica y un análisis de componentes principales. En el estado se registran 38 tipos de vegetación natural con una extensión de 9'629,553 ha, que representan 78 % de la superficie; 19 fitocenosis son vacíos de conservación que se distribuyen principalmente en la región central de la entidad y 17 corresponden a omisiones de conservación. La vegetación halófila y el pastizal halófilo en condición primaria constituyen proporciones superiores a 12 % (media nacional protegida); sin embargo, sólo equivalen a 2.2 % del territorio, con una extensión de 208,341 ha y se localizan en la Reserva de la Biosfera Mapimí. Con la incorporación de los hexágonos de importancia extrema, cuya extensión es de 141,335 ha, el número de asociaciones vegetales consideradas vacíos de conservación disminuyen a 15. De igual manera, con la suma de los hexágonos prioritarios, que abarcan 2'952,521 ha se cubren 15 de las 19 fitocenosis. No obstante los resultados obtenidos en el presente estudio para determinar las prioridades de conservación del estado de Durango, es necesario realizar trabajos específicos sobre los patrones de distribución de las especies, de las endémicas y en riesgo de extinción, en particular.

The increasing threats to marine ecosystems underscore the urgent need for effective conservation strategies. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) serve as critical tools for safeguarding these ecosystems, shielding them from human-induced pressures. If well managed, these areas have the potential to increase ecosystem resilience and have positive impacts on their surrounding communities. This study will investigate the management effectiveness of four MPAs in the Southeastern Mindanao, Philippines. To do this the MPA Management Effectiveness Assessment Tool (MEAT) was used followed by focus group discussions (FGDs). Four municipalities (Mabini, Lupon, San Isidro, Mati) and a total of 12 villages were studied. All MPAs had an excellent rating in their overall MEAT score, however, none of the MPAs were able to achieve the necessary thresholds to reach effectiveness level 3 (Sustained). The main management challenges identified were poor enforcement, limited funding, and lack of training. MEAT results do not appear to show the whole picture as, during the FGDs, fishers revealed several challenges and recommendations of each MPA. This project provided several recommendations that can serve as a baseline for the MPAs to improve both its ecological and social systems.