Marine Environmental/pollution

As an archipelago, the Philippines is heavily engaged in domestic and foreign shipping activities which makes it highly vulnerable to oil pollution. It is the purpose of this present paper to make a follow-up review of the oil spill situation in the Philippines which provides analysis and evaluation of aquatic oil spills in the past 22 years. Results showed that the frequency and volume of oil spills generally occur in areas with high maritime traffic and experienced short-term decreases on periods affected by economic recessions. The sources and causes of oil spills are discussed while examining the possible influences of the changing climate. While, these had been identified, there is a gap in the incident reporting of oil spills. It is recommended that data records on oil spill incidents in the Philippines be systematic, consistent and comprehensively entail information not limited to date, locality, source, cause, and spillage amount.

This research investigates The effects of biofouling on fuel consumption and
environmental impact. The influence of biofouling on the ship's hull from both an
environmental and economic standpoint, as well as the requirement for new, cutting-edge
antifouling technologies to meet future demand. The study reveals the various types of antifouling
paints under the two main mechanisms self-polishing copolymers (SPCs) and fouling
release coatings (FRCs) that were developed following the 2001 Tributyltin (TBT) ban. These
mechanisms increased pressure on paint manufacturers to create an effective substitute for
TBT-based paint as well as on shipping companies to find the most effective anti-fouling
systems. Through Strength Weaknesses Opportunities Threats (SWOT) analysis, the study
presents a methodology to help shipping companies choose the most effective anti-fouling
system among several options. The outcome reveals the strengths and weaknesses of the
potential anti-fouling systems.

Pollution rates in ports areas should be monitored on a regular basis in order to protect marine environment.
This study focused on the inhibitory effects of copper and zinc, and cybutryne (an antifouling
agent) discharged from the dry-dock cleaning process of ship hulls on the growth and amino acid content
of Dunaliella salina, a unicellular green marine alga. In addition, the metal concentrations in effluents
were assessed in order to know the potential threats and possible consequences of the effluent discharge
on the marine habitats. The antifouling cybutryne was found to be the most potent inhibitor of growth
and amino acid content in D. salina, followed by copper and zinc, which were present at very high concentrations
in the study area. However, the lowest concentration (5 mg/L) of the two heavy metals
increased the algae growth and amino acid content, and the results showed that Cu2+ produced more
growth inhibition effect on D. salina than Zn2+.

The runoff of textile dye effluents into public water bodies is a major environmental and health problem. Color removal,
in particular, has recently become of substantial scientific interest, as revealed by the multitude of related research reports.
The present study focused on measuring the efficiency of two marine algae, Ulva fasciata and Pterocladia capillacea, in
bio-removal of four synthetic dyes (RY2, RR195, RB19, and RB5) based on the fresh and dried biomass of the tested algal
species. According to the highest removal efficiencies of the dyes, two algal species were chosen from among nine different
algae. Bio-removal efficiency was examined under the effects of salinity and contact time. The results of this experiment
revealed that algae achieved high bio-removal efficiency of the examined dyes in both fresh and saline water, but the removal
percentages were higher in saline water compared to fresh conditions. The highest removal percentage recorded after 8 h by
fresh U. fasciata in saline water reached 82.75 and 83.23% for RY2 and RR195 dyes, respectively. Contact time has the highest
impact on dye removal in both algal species. The highest removal values were obtained in the case of dried U. fasciata,
which achieved impressive removal percentages that reached 100% for RB195 and RB5 and fresh P. capillacea which had
high removal percentages of 91.11, 94.85 and 97.13% for RR195, RB19, and RB5 dyes, respectively, after 8 h. Our results
revealed that the used algal species were highly significant in the biosorption of most used dyes.

The presence of heavy metal ions in water is hazardous to one's health and the environment. Algae
are frequently exposed to heavy metal pollution as a result of industrial waste dumping into water
environments. Spirulina platensis, a significant kind of algae utilized commercially (especially for fish
feeding) as a good source of protein, amino acids, minerals, vital unsaturated fatty acids, and a number
of vitamins, was selected for this study because of its high nutritional value. This study examined how
S. platensis responded to five different concentrations of the three heavy metals (nickel, copper, and
zinc) in terms of its growth, fatty acid IR spectra, content, and total soluble protein profile. The
remaining four doses (two higher and two lower) for each element were selected to evaluate the
findings of 5 different concentrations of the three heavy metals because the EC50 for those three was
almost at 2.0 mg/l. Compared to zinc and nickel, copper demonstrated a greater growth inhibitory
impact as determined by optical density. Cu2+ was more noticeable than Zn2+ and Ni2+ when compared
to control cells in the IR spectra, which showed the creation of new molecules and the lack of other
compounds. Total fatty acids decreased under stress at all concentrations examined, while saturated
fatty acids outnumbered unsaturated fatty acids. Cu2+ stress resulted in a more marked destructive
effect of the heavy metal ions the protein profile than Zn2+ or Ni2+ stress.

This work aims to measure the role of zinc as an essential micronutrient for algal growth and the effect of using different
concentrations of this heavy metal on growth and essential metabolites of Dunaliella tertiolecta. The EC50 obtained was
around 15 mg/l. The results obtained proved that lower concentrations of the element increased growth and the content of
the measured metabolites (photosynthesis pigments, fatty acids, and protein) but with different responses. The increase in
content of these metabolic products with low concentrations of the tested heavy metal may be attributed to inhibition to
these metabolites’ export out of cells by heavy metals. The obtained infrared peaks of the major cell constituents of the
treated cells revealed the emergence of new peaks and the removal of others, indicating changes in cell constituents due to
changing zinc concentrations.

Owing to the increase of pollutant sources in oceans, seas, and lakes, there is an expected effect on growth and metabolism
of planktonic algae which are considered primary producers in the ecosystem. Therefore, it becomes urgent to carry out
laboratory studies to test to what extent these pollutants can affect the growth of algae which is necessary as a food for
marine fishes. Spirulina is considered the most important algal species due to its high nutritional value for humans and
animals. Therefore, this work investigated the effect of different concentrations of Ni2+,
Zn2+,
and Cu2+
metal ion pollutants
on growth of the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis. EC50 was identified to be around 2 mg/l for the three heavy metals.
The suitability of Idku Lake for Spirulina platensis growth was investigated using multi-criteria spatial modeling integrated
with remotely sensed data processing. Spatial distribution maps of turbidity, water nutrients, and phytoplankton were the
input criteria used to assess Idku Lake’s suitability. The results obtained proved that low concentrations of the tested heavy
metals stimulated growth and pigment fractions (chlorophyll a, carotenoids, and total phycobilins content) but to different
degrees. The inhibitory effect was more prominent in the case of copper ions than zinc and nickel ions with all concentrations
used. The overall suitability map of Spirulina platensis in Idku Lake showed that the whole lake is suitable for growth
and proliferation except for the northwestern corner due to the high salinity levels. The present paper helps to understand
the behavior of algae responding to environmental pollution, which supports environmental planners with the necessary
baseline for investigating the fate of pollutants and the potential risk.

Microalgae are rich source of protein
containing necessary amino acids at different levels.
The present study was designed to assess stimulatory
and/or inhibitory impact of five different concentrations
(5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/L) of three
essential heavy metals (nickel, zinc, and copper) on
protein content (soluble, insoluble, and total) of the
marine unicellular green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta.
Further, geospatial analyses were used to assess the
suitability of Qaroun Lake for D. tertiolecta proliferation.
The experimental results showed a gradual
increase in protein content of D. tertiolecta with low
concentrations of the three investigated heavy metals.
However, increasing levels of heavy metals led to inhibitory effect on protein synthesis in alga with
different grades. Ni, Zn and Cu levels in Qaroun lake
were found suitable for the proliferation of Dunaliella
(Lower than 5 mg/L). The present study highly recommends
the necessity to encourage site selection of
optimal marine environments suitable for the proliferation
of marine algae rich in protein content.

The present study aims to compare the toxicity effect of Copper and Irgarol
1051 as antifouling agents on metabolites products in marine
algae Dunaliella salina. Different concentrations of Cu (5, 15 & 25 mg/l)
and Irgarol 1051 (0.012, 0.025 & 0.050 μg/l) were laboratories prepared and
their impacts on growth, protein, and carbohydrates in Dunaliella
salina were tested. Selections of these concentrations were initiated based
on the response of the studied alga which had slightly or marked effects on
its growth, and also to avoid the non-effective and directly lethal
concentrations on the experimented alga. The obtained results showed
stimulation in the growth of algae under the effect of the lowest
concentration of the two tested antifoulings, however, there was a
suppression of algal growth by increasing the concentration of the two
antifoulings but with different degrees. There was a clear inhibition of
protein and carbohydrate production by increasing the concentration of the
two tested antifoulings. Also, Irgarol 1051 showed a toxic effect higher than
Copper, which is one of the essential micronutrients in the marine
ecosystem.

This study focused on heavy metal pollution as one of the most dangerous type of pollutants. The
presence of heavy metal ions in water can create a serious damage to the aquatic life because
they are accumulated through the food chain and produce toxic effects in plants, animals and
human. Port operations can lead to environmental impacts on air, water and land. Many
communities with environmental justice concerns also experience disparities in health outcomes
that they attribute to exposure to emissions from port operations. The biomarker concept has
been associated with an 'early warning' of pollution-induced stress. The work designed to
estimate the stimulatory or inhibitory effects of three heavy metals (nickel, zinc and copper) on
the growth of the marine unicellular green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta which used as biological
biomarker for different pollutants. Three heavy metals were selected during the present study
based on their abundance in the industrial waste water around Alexandria, as well as, their effect
on the receiving aquatic ecosystems, also they considered essential micro-element for growth of
different algal species. The results proved that Ni2+ were less toxic than both Zn2+ and Cu2+,
while Cu2+ is the most toxic one on growth of Dunaliella tertiolecta. Stimulatory effect of the
three heavy metals obtained at low concentrations only but increasing of heavy metal
concentration led to cause inhibitory effect but with different degrees depending on metal type
and concentration used.

The pollution increases, industrialization and rapid economic development impose serve risks to availability and quality of water resources in many areas worldwide. Discharge of heavy metals from metal processing industries is known to have adverse effects on the environment.
Great focus is being put on the research into improving the quality of wastewater by using of microalgae. The basic aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibilities and the performance of Chlorella salina (green alga) for bio-removal of heavy metals from wastewater before discharging in marine environment by studying the effect of the treatment process on its growth and the ability to remove different heavy metals (Zn, Ni, Mn, Fe and Cr) as toxic pollutants in wastewater.

Have studied lake close to neutral pH-7.67 to 7.73. All lakes in accordance with the classification of the European Union Water Framework Directive have been included in the first class. The concentration in the surface layer of P tot. Lake is little differentiated, is at level II quality class according to the classification of the European Union Water Framework Directive. Tested water lakes were changing the concentration of the PO 4 3diss-these concentrations correspond to water quality from III. The increase of the concentrations of phosphorus in the Lake may indicate a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the waters of the shallow and changes their status to release phosphorus compounds accumulated redox in sediment bottom. In the case of nitrogen-compounds nitrates and nitrites values for these indicators were at level I and II class in all the surveyed lakes in accordance with the classification of the European Union Water Framework Directive. Indicator, which indicates the high productivity of Lake is the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5). The level of this indicator values on the studied Lake was on level III class. In the remaining Lake oxygen concentration was similar (continued in I class). Fauna of the Resko Lake bottom during summer stagnation was poor in terms of quality, which proves its considerable biological degradation. In terms of the concentration in the test macrozoobenthos Lake dominated, and Oligochaeta, Diptera larvae.

This research was conducted in March-April 2018 in the waters of Indragiri River estuary. This study aims to analyze the concentration of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in water and scallop (Placuna placenta) and to calculate the safety limit in consuming the scallop from the estuary. Sampling was done at 6 stations and analysis of heavy metals concentration was performed by AAS Shimadzu AA-7000. The results of the study showed that the concentration of heavy metals between stations varied but the concentrations between stations in outer part and inner part of the estuary was not significantly different (p>0.

This research was conducted in March-April 2018 in the waters of Indragiri River estuary. This study aims to analyze the concentration of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in water and scallop (Placuna placenta) and to calculate the safety limit in consuming the scallop from the estuary. Sampling was done at 6 stations and analysis of heavy metals concentration was performed by AAS Shimadzu AA-7000. The results of the study showed that the concentration of heavy metals between stations varied but the concentrations between stations in outer part and inner part of the estuary was not significantly different (p>0.

Σκοπός Το πρόγραμμα DWNFDC υπολογίζει την αρχική διάλυση λυμάτων εκροής από διαχυτήρα σε θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον (κοντινό πεδίο). Το πρόγραμμα SOWNFDC υπολογίζει την αρχική διάλυση λυμάτων εκροής από αγωγό διάθεσης με μία οπή εκροής σε θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον (κοντινό πεδίο). Το πρόγραμμα DWFFDC υπολογίζει την περαιτέρω διάλυση (μακρινό πεδίο) λυμάτων εκροής από διαχυτήρα σε θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον, λόγω οριζόντιας διάχυσης και διασποράς για συντηρητικό και μη συντηρητικό ρύπο. Το πρόγραμμα SOWFFDC υπολογίζει την περαιτέρω διάλυση λυμάτων εκροής από αγωγό διάθεσης με μία οπή εκροής σε θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον, στο μακρινό πεδίο, λόγω οριζόντιας διάχυσης και διασποράς για συντηρητικό και μη συντηρητικό ρύπο. Το πρόγραμμα DPD&RDCC δίνει μία πρώτη υπολογιστική εκτίμηση του πλήθους και των διαμέτρων των διαφόρων τμημάτων διαχυτήρα διάθεσης λυμάτων εκροής στο θαλάσσιο περιβάλλον, καθώς και του συντελεστή τριβής κατά Darcy για τους αντίστοιχους ανυψωτήρες. Το πρόγραμμα Diaxitiras υπολογίζει τα υδραυλικά μεγέθη του διαχυτήρα καθώς και το απαραίτητο πιεζομετρικό φορτίο λειτουργίας του. Απώτερος στόχος του προγράμματος είναι η αξιολόγηση, από τον χρήστη, της γεωμετρικής-κατασκευαστικής επάρκειας του διαχυτήρα με βάση ορισμένα περιβαλλοντικά κριτήρια.

The present study aimed to establish pollution status in sediment along with the Industrial creek of Surat city, Gujarat. The physico-chemical properties of the sediment of the creeks of Surat city were analysed. The samples were collected monthly from three different sites for the period of six months. In the present investigation, the pH, temperature, H2S, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and silicate were examined in sediment sample. Statistical analysis of the data is presented to find out the correlation among measured variables. The present study revealed depreciate condition of sediment of industrial creek which points out to the need of regular monitoring of water resources and further improvement in the industrial waste water treatment methods.

Bendungan Telaga Tunjung terletak di Desa Timpag, Kecamatan Kerambitan, Kabupaten Tabanan, Provinsi Bali. Dalam perkembangannya, wilayah sekitar bendungan dimanfaatkan untuk kegiatan pertanian, industri serta pemukiman yang memungkinkan terdapatnya masukan bahan pencemar seperti logam berat. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, perlu dilakukan penelitian mengenai kualitas perairan ditinjau dari kandungan logam berat, mengingat fungsi bendungan yang dimanfaatkan untuk masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi konsentrasi kandungan logam berat Timbal (Pb) dan Kadmium (Cd) pada kolom air dan ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus, Linn.) di Bendungan Telaga Tunjung, yang dilakukan pada bulan Februari 2016. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode purposive sampling, dengan teknik pengambilan sampel air dilakukan secara komposit pada 5 stasiun berdasarkan perwakilan perairan bendungan. Pengambilan sampel air dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali setiap 2 minggu, dan pengambilan sampel ikan dilakukan se...

1 Kandungan logam Timbel (Pb) pada kerang simping (Placuna placenta) dan potensi indeks kondisi (IK) sebagai biomarker morofologi untuk mendeteksi logam pencemar The concentration of lead in windowpane oyster (Placuna placenta) and potential of condition index as a morphological biomarker to detect metal pollution. Khusnul Yaqin 1 dan Liestiaty Fachruddin 1 1Program Studi Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan, Departemen Perikanan, FIKP, Universitas Hasanuddin 1 Laboratorium Produktivitas dan Kualitas Perairan, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Universitas Hasanuddin. Jln. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km 10, Makassar, 90245 Abstrak Sebagai filter-feeder, kerang simping, Placuna placenta, yang hidup menetap di dasar peairan sangat tepat untuk dijadikan sebagai eco-sentinel organism dalam biomonitoring perairan laut. Penelitian tentang kandungan logam Timbel (Pb) di dalam daging dan cangkang simping telah dilakukan di perairan Mandalle, Kabupaten Pangkajene Kepulauan, Sulawesi Selatan. Seratus ekor kerang simping dikumpulkan dengan tangan di perairan pantai desa Mandalle dan dilakukan pengukuran morfometri yaitu panjang, tinggi dan lebar serta bobot keringnya untuk keperluan penentuan Indeks Kondisi (IK). Dari hasil analisis logam di dalam daging dan cangkang kerang ditemukan bahwa kandungan logam Pb masing-masing yaitu 0,021 dan 0,014 mg/kg BK (berat kering). Kandungan itu belum melampaui batas yang ditentukan oleh BPOM tahun 2009 Nomor Hk.00.06.1.52.4011 yaitu 1,5 mg/kg BK. Nilai Maximum Tolerable Intake (MTI) atau ambang batas yang boleh dikonsumsi yaitu 7,79 kg/hari. Untuk kepentingan monitoring dengan menggunakan IK, nilai IK belum tampak berkorelasi secara signifikan dengan kandungan Pb yang ada di dalam daging maupun cangkang. Akan tetapi nilai koefisien korelasi kandungan Pb di dalam daging dengan IK masih lebih kuat dibandingkan dengan nilai korelasi kandungan Pb di cangkang. Kemungkinan untuk menjadikan IK kerang simping sebagai biomarker morfologi didiskusikan di makalah ini. Abstract As a filter feeder, windowpane oyster, Placuna placenta, which lives as a sedentary animal is very appropriate to be used as an eco-sentinel organism in marine bio-monitoring campaign. The study of lead (Pb) content in the tissue and shell of P. placenta was conducted in coastal waters of Mandalle, Pangkajene Kepulauan District, South Sulawesi. A hundred of oysters were collected from coastal waters of Mandalle. Morphometry parameters which were length, high, width, and dry weight of tissue were measured in the laboratory. Those parameters were used for determination of Condition Index (CI). Metal was analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The results showed that the contents of Pb in tissue and shell were 0.021 and 0.014 mg/kg DW (dry weight) respectively. The concentration of Pb in tissue was not overreach by BPOM 2009 Number Hk.00.06.1.52.4011 of 1.5 mg / kg DW (dry weight). After calculating Maximum Tolerable Intake (MTI), we found that MTI was 7.79 kg/day. In terms of marine monitoring campaign, we can theoretically use the CI as a morphological biomarker. After calculating the relationship between Pb in tissue and shell, we found that the value of CI was not correlated significantly with Pb content in tissue and shell. However, the correlation coefficient between Pb in tissue and CI was stronger than that in the shell. The potential of CI of windowpane oyster as a morphological biomarker was discussed. Pendahuluan Kerang simping (Placuna placenta) adalah kerang yang sejak dulu sudah dikenal manfaatkan ekonomisnya. Selain dagingnya yang gurih, cangkang kerang yang transparan Volume 1 (2) June 2018: 1-13

PROGRAM STUDI MANAJEMEN SUMBERDAYA PERAIRAN DEPARTEMEN PERIKANAN FAKULTAS ILMU KELAUTAN DAN PERIKANAN UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN MAKASSAR 2017 ii HALAMAN PENGESAHAN Judul : Kandungan logam tembaga (cu) pada kerang simping Placuna placenta (Linnaeus,1758) di perairan untia kecamatan biringkanaya makassar NamaMahasiswa : Hasriyadi Nomor Pokok : L211 12 601 Program Studi : Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan Telah diperiksa dan disetujui oleh : Pembimbing Utama Pembimbing Anggota Dr. Ir. Khusnul Yaqin, M.Sc Dr. Ir. Liestiaty Fachruddin, M.Fhish NIP. 19680726199403 1 002 NIP. 19640617198803 2 00 2 Mengetahui Dekan Fakultas ilmu kelautan dan perikanan Ketua Program Studi Universitas Hasanuddin Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan Universitas Hasanuddin Dr. Ir. St. Aisjhah Farhum, M.Si Dr. Ir. Budiman Yunus, M.Si NIP. 196906051993032002 NIP. 19600614198601 1 001 Tanggal Pengesahan : 2017 iii ABSTRAK Hasriyadi. Kandungan Logam Tembaga (Cu) Pada Kerang Simping (Placuna placenta) Di Perairan Untia, Kecamatan Biringkanaya Kota Makassar. Dibimbing oleh KHUSNUL YAQIN, sebagai pembimbig utama dan LIESTIATY FACHRUDDIN, sebagai pembimbing Anggota. Kerang Simping (Placuna placenta) merupakan hewan non selektif filter feeder dan memiliki kebiasaan hidup sebagai hewan sedentary sehingga berdasarkan karakteristiknya itu dapat dijadikan sebagai sentinel organisme . Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan logam tembaga (Cu) pada daging kerang simping (Placuna placenta) di perairan Untia Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Oktober 2016 sampai Desember 2016., Sampel kerang simping (Placuna placenta) diambil di perairan Untia Makassar berdasarkan pola peredaran bulan. Sampel diukur morfometriknya yaitu panjang, tinggi, lebar serta berat daging kering, kemudian dikelompokkan berdasarkan waktu sampling untuk keperluan analisis kandungan logam yang dilakukan di Laboratorium Produktifitas Dan Kualitas Perairan, Jurusan Perikanan, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan Dan Perikanan, Universitas Hasanuddin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan konsentrasi logam tembaga pada kerang simping pada awal bulan konsentrasi sebesar 21,42 mg/kg, pertengahan bulan sebesar 287,3 mg/kg dan akhir bulan sebesar 112,45 mg/kg. Kandungan logam tembaga (Cu) melebihi batas maksimum untuk di konsumsi berdasarkan Badan Standardisasi nasional SNI nomor 4108.1 tahun 2011. Abstract The concentration of copper in windowpane Oyster (Placuna placenta) in waters of untia, subdistric of Biringkanaya Makassar. Supervised by KHUSNUL YAQIN As principal supervisor, and LIESTIATY FACHRUDDIN As the members of the supervisor. Windowpane Oyster (Placuna placenta) was non selective filter feeder and having life habits as a sedentary organism, which based on these characteristics can be made as sentinel organism. The purpose of this reasearch is to know the content of copper in windowpane oyster (Placuna placenta) in waters Untia, Makassar south Sulawesi. Reasearch conducted in october until December 2016. Sample windowpane oyster (Placuna placenta) were taken in the waters of Untia based on circulation pattern of the month. The measurements of the morphometry parameters which were length, width and dry weight of tissue, sampels then grouped based on sampling time for analysis of metal content which carried out in the Laboratory of Productivity and the Quality of Waters, Fishering Department, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fishering Hasanuddin Yuniversity. The result of this reasearch showed the concentration of copper in windowpane oyster on beginning of the month is 21.42 mg/kg, middle of the month is 287.3 mg/kg and the end of the month 112.45 mg/kg. The consentration of copper (Cu) is exceeding the limit for human consumption based on SNI 4108.1 2011. v RIWAYAT HIDUP Hasriyadi dipanggil adhy lahir tanggal 05 Maret 1993, Merupakan anak ke tiga dari empat bersaudara. Dunia pendidikan mulai dirintis sejak tahun 2000 kemudian menyelesaikan pendidikan dasar pada tahun 2006 di SDN 161 Pinrang. Kemudian melanjukan di SMPN 5 Pinrang hingga tahun 2009. Dan kemudian melanjutkan pendidikan di SMKN 2 Pinrang, hingga tahun 20012. Pada tahun yang sama, melanjutkan kuliah di UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN Makassar. Terdaftar sebagai mahasiswa pada program Studi Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan, Jurusan Perikanan, Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan. vi KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdulillahirabbilalamin, tiada kata yang pantas diucapkan selain mengucap rasa syukur kehadirat Allah SWT atas segala kebesaran nikmat dan karunianya, taklupa kami panjatkan salawat dan salam bagi junjugan Muhammad Rasulullah SAW. Sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan Skripsi dengan judul "Kandungan Logam Tembaga (Cu) Dan Kepadatan Kerang Simping (Placuna placenta) Di Perairan Untia, Makassar, sulawesi selatan" Laporan ini dari hasil Skripsi yang telah dilaksanakan di perairan untia, makassar, sulawesi selatan dan merupakan persyaratan untuk kelulusan Skripsi bagi mahasiswa program studi Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan (MSP) Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar. Dengan segala kerendahan hati, penulis mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada: 1. Bapak Dr. Ir. Khusnul Yaqin, M.Sc, sebagai pembimbing utama dan Ir. Liesty Fachruddin, M.Fhish, sebagai pembimbing anggota yang telah memberi bimbingan, arahan, dan ilmu pengetahuan demi terselesaikannya laporan ini. 2. Prof. Dr. Ir. Farida G.sitepu, MS, Dr. Sri Wahyuni Rahim, M.Si, dan Dr. Irmawati, S.Pi. M.Si, selaku anggota penguji yang telah memberikan masukan, kritikan, dan saran yang membangun. 3. Kedua orang tuaku Ayahanda Effendy dan Ibunda Hj. Norma yang telah banyak memberikan bantuan dan dorongan, terutama atas segala doa yang tulus untuk keberhasialan hidup penenulis. 4. Saudara/i ku: Hasma wati. Effendy terimah kasih atas segala perhatian dan bantuan yang telah diberikan kepada penulis. vii 5. Terima kasih kepada rekanku Muhammad Fadil, Saidil, ReZky kurniansyah, Syamsir, Putu eka wisnawa, Arya kusuma dhani S.pi dan Muh, Rijal Affandy atas segala kerja samanya dalam pengambilan sampel sampai terselesainya laporan skripsi penulis 6. Seluruh teman-teman seperjuangan yang ada di Manajemen Sumberdaya Perairan Angkatan 2012, Terimah kasih atas doa, dukungan dan kerja samanya selama penelitian ini berlangsung. 7. Terimah kasih saran, motifasi dan bantuannya selama ini Radilla Rusdi, SKM Penulis menyadari bahwa dalam penyusunan laporan ini tentunya masih jauh dari kesempurnaan, untuk itu melalui kesempatan ini penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran dari berbagai pihak yang bersifat konstruktif demi kesempurnaan laporan ini. Akhir kata, penulis berharap agar skripsi ini bermanfaat untuk kepentingan bersama dan segala amal baik serta jasa dari pihak yang turut membantu penulis diterima oleh Allah SWT dan mendapat berkah serta karunia-Nya.Aamiin. Makassar, 2017

The pollution problem due to non-biodegradable solid waste (NBDSW) along the Vasai Creek of Mumbai is one of the major issues which have remained totally neglected over past many years. The results of the present investigation indicates that plastics carry bags, milk/oil bags, plastic bottles, footwear and automobile tyres/tubes are some of the prominent NBDSW materials responsible for solid waste pollution along the Vasai Creek. The results also suggest the need to enforce strict control measures against the disposal of solid waste by adopting a well planned waste management system.

Thane Creek is one of the most important ecosystems around Mumbai and Thane, and the mangroves surrounding the ecosystem form the vital green lung for the residents. It is also an important feeding and breeding ground for fishes. Locals have been living in harmony amidst this ecosystem for ages, but in recent past, man has misused this ecosystem by way of releasing sewage, dumping solid waste, etc., and has succeeded in choking the ecosystem. This paper advocates habitat conservation and ecological studies with special reference to the physico-chemical characteristics of the sediment samples collected from six different sampling sites along the Thane Creek area. The constituents monitored included bulk density, moisture content, pH, EC, alkalinity, and chlorinity. The objective of the present work is to throw light on deteriorating condition of Thane Creek, suggesting the need for regular scientific studies, which will help to gauge the extent of pollution.

The present paper deals with assessment of physico-chemical properties of sediments samples collected along Mithi River of Mumbai. The study was carried for the period of two years i.e. 2009-10 and 2010-11 at three different sampling stations namely Jarimari near airport, CST Kalina road and Taximen's colony at Bandra Kurla Complex (BKC). It was observed that pH values at the above three sampling stations recorded during 2009-10 were 6.75, 6.63 and 4.30 respectively, which decreases to 4.95, 4.06 and 4.02 respectively during 2010-11. The above pH values were lower than that reported by Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) in 2004.The chloride content recorded at three sampling stations during 2009-10 were 3177 mg/L, 2849 mg/L and 1825 mg/L which increases to 3256 mg/L , 3176 mg/L and 2148 mg/L respectively during the year 2010-11. Similarly sulfate values recorded were 2204 mg/L, 3545 mg/L and 5811 mg/L during the year 2009-10 which increases to 4682 mg/L, 4266 mg/L and 5318 mg/L respectively for the three sampling stations during the year 2010-11. The above observed chloride and sulfate values were higher than that reported by MPCB in 2004. The other physico-chemical parameters like electrical conductivity, sulphide and phosphate contents were also found to be higher in 2010-11 as compared to that in 2009-10.

The present study was performed for the period of one year from January 2013 to December 2013 in order to understand the level of toxic heavy metals in the sediments of Mahul Creek near Mumbai. The annual average concentration of heavy metals like Cr, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, As and Hg was found to be 277.5, 121.7, 100.3, 63.8, 21.5, 14.6, 10.4 and 4.9 ppm respectively. It is feared that this heavy metals accumulated in the creek sediments may enter the water thereby creating threat to the biological life of an aquatic ecosystem. The results of present study indicates that the existing situation if mishandled can cause irreparable ecological harm in the long term well masked by short term economic prosperity due to extensive industrial growth.

The present study was performed for the period of one year from January 2013 to December 2013 in order to understand the physico-chemical properties of Mahul Creek water. From the results of our study it was observed that the annual average COD level was 362.09 ppm which was far higher than the maximum tolerable level of 250 ppm set for inland surface water as well as for marine coastal water. The annual average conductivity was found to be 6122.81 µS cm-1 which was very much above the conductivity limit for inland surface water of 1000 µS cm-1 set by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for propagation of fisheries. The annual average total alkalinity level was recorded as 166.25 ppm, which according to the UN Department of Technical Cooperation for Development (1985) was found to be strongly alkaline. The annual average hardness level of the creek water was found to be 2488.65 ppm which was above the limit of 300 ppm set by ISI. From the results of the present investigation it seems that the time has come to implement proper effluent water treatment techniques and enforcement of pollution control by the regulatory authority on the indiscriminate discharge of industrial wastewater into water bodies.

The present study was performed for the period of one year from January 2013 to December 2013 in order to understand the physico-chemical properties of sediments samples collected along the Mahul Creek of Mumbai. The annual average pH value of the creek sediments was recorded as 5.38. It is feared that such low pH value of sediment might increase the acidity of creek water thereby triggering the heavy metal toxicity which will further reduced survivorship in fish through chronic stress and affect the reproductive partner. The annual average salinity content of the sediment was recorded as 4601.17 ppm. It is important here to note that the high salinity of the sediment may increase the salinity level of creek water which is considered as a major stress factor for most freshwater organisms including crustaceans. The average annual concentration of phosphate in the creek sediment was found to 480.39 ppm. Such high concentration of phosphate in the creek sediments might accelerate the process of eutrophication. From the results it appears that as India moves towards stricter regulation of industrial effluents to control water pollution, greater efforts are required to reduce the risk due to the toxic pollutants which are released into the ecosystems.

The objective of study was to analyze the status of water pollution and heavy metal content on water, sediment and scallop in Tangerang Coastal Waters. The Storet index method was used to determine the status of pollution. Sampling was conducted for three times at two months interval. The content of heavy metals in water, sediment and scallop analyzed descriptively based on the applicable regulations. The results showed that the status of Tangerang Coastal Water was classified as moderate and hight polluted. The content of Pb in scallop from Cituis Coastal has been exceeded the quality standards established by BPOM and WHO, so it is not sutible to consump.