Mangrove Ecology

We analyzed the concentrations of dissolved zinc, copper and lead in the estuarine waters of Indian Sundarbans during 2013. Dissolved metals in the study area exhibited the order Zn > Cu > Pb. Significant variations of selected metals were observed between stations and seasons (p < 0.01). The contamination history of this World Heritage Site provides substantial evidence that spatial variations of selected metals is influenced from multiple sources (like industrial discharge, antifouling paints used for conditioning fishing vessels and trawlers, shrimp farms etc.), whose magnitude varies at different sites.

Underwater archaeology, as a specialized branch of archaeological research, applies the same scientific principles used on land to the study of submerged cultural heritage. Its development was enabled by the invention of autonomous diving equipment in the mid-20th century, opening access to shipwrecks, sunken settlements, harbor structures, and ritual deposits. Research projects follow sequential phases, beginning with documentary studies and geophysical surveys—using tools such as side-scan sonar, sub-bottom profilers, and magnetometers—followed by targeted diving inspections and, when appropriate, systematic excavations. Documentation methods include photography, videography, photogrammetry, and detailed mapping, aimed at non-intrusive recording before any recovery. Excavations underwater adopt stratigraphic principles identical to terrestrial contexts, yet account for unique processes of sedimentation and site formation. A key advantage of underwater contexts lies in the preservation of organic material, often exceptional due to low oxygen, low temperatures, and protective sediments, though biological and environmental degradation still pose threats. Ultimately, underwater archaeology contributes not only to the recovery and conservation of artifacts but also to the interpretation of past human activities, maritime history, and cultural interactions, while emphasizing the importance of site protection and dissemination for educational and heritage purposes.

Serangga merupakan salah satu organsime dari Filum Arthopoda yang termasuk kelas Insekta. yang mempunyai peran yang sangat beragam dan seringkali mendominasi rantai makanan dan jala makanan didalam biomassa dan kekayaan spesies. Pada praktikum kali ini menggunakan metode Pitfall trap yang merupakan metode penangkapan hewan dengan sistem perangkap, khususnya untuk organisme yang hidup dipermukaan tanah atau di bagian serasah. Hasil dari indeks keragaman serangga didapatkan dari ketujuh titik tersebut rata-rata keanekaragaman tertinggi dikuasai oleh spesies dari famili Formicidae yakni Odontomachus bauri sebesar 0,369. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa spesies Formica glacialis mendominasi dengan nilai indeks dominansi spesies Formica glacialis 0,504 dan total sebesar 0,531. Serta indeks kelimpahan serangga tertinggi pada titik 3 sebesar 0,71%.

Faunus ater (Linné, 1758), a Pachychilid monotypic gastropod, is a well known brackish water snail from the Philippines and East Asia. In the year 1982 a single specimen was found in the estuary section of River Masachapa, Masachapa Town, on the Pacific coast of Nicaragua, 60 km from Managua. This trans-continental range extension is the first reported in the Americas.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perbandingan tepung singkong dengan tepung umbi ganyong serta variasi konsentrasi gliserol monostearat (GMS) agar diperoleh beras analog terfortifikasi dengan karakteristik yang baik. Manfaat yang diharapkan yaitu menyediakan alternatif bahan pangan pokok bagi masyarakat, memenuhi kebutuhan zat gizi mikro dan meningkatan pemanfaatan singkong dan umbi ganyong.Metode penelitian yang dilakukan terdiri dari penelitian tahap 1, tahap 2 dan tahap 3. Penelitian tahap 1 bertujuan untuk menentukan bahan baku utama terbaik yang digunakan dalam pembuatan beras analog dan analisis kimia pada bahan baku (singkong parut, singkong parut-press dan tepung umbi ganyong). Penelitian tahap 2 yaitu pembuatan beras analog terfortifikasi. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan pola faktorial 3 x 3 sebanyak 3 kali ulangan yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan. Pola percobaan faktorial tersebut terdiri dari...

Kepiting biola (Uca spp.) memiliki keanekaragaman yang tinggi dan penyebaran yang luas di pesisir pantai terutama daerah tropis dan sub tropis. Eksistensinya dalam ekosistem mudah dikenali karena mempunyai morfologi dimorfisme serta ukuran capitnya yang sangat mencolok. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kepadatan dua populasi kepiting biola, Uca lactea dan Uca coarcata pada karakteristik biotop berbeda di pesisir pantai Kota Bengkulu. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Januari sampai dengan April 2016 di Muara Sungai Hitam Kota Bengkulu pada lima titik penelitian yaitu pasir, lumpur, pasir bercampur lumpur, vegetasi bakau dan vegetasi tumbuhan api-api. Sampel diambil dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Analisa kandungan bahan organik dilakukan di BPTP Kota Bengkulu. Dari 5 titik penelitian secara keseluruhan diperoleh kepadatan 1,75 individu/m 2 . Populasi masing-masing Uca berdasarkan karakteristik biotop menunjukan bahwa Uca lactea dominan pada habitat yang ditumbuhi tumbuhan api-api dengan substrat pasir bercampur lumpur, komposisi pasirnya lebih banyak dari lumpur serta memiliki kadar bahan organik yang normal. Sementara itu Uca coarcata mendominasi area berlumpur tanpa vegetasi dengan kandungan organik yang tinggi. Populasi Uca dipengaruhi oleh kondisi substrat maupun kandungan bahan organik dan keberadaan vegetasi pada habitatnya. Uca lactea dan Uca coarcata dalam penelitian ini memiliki kemampuan adaptasi yang berbeda dalam biotop yang berbeda. Kata kunci: bengkulu, biotop, populasi, Uca lactea, Uca coarcata. PENDAHULUAN Crustacea menjadikan kawasan hutan mangrove sebagai tempat tinggal, tempat memijah, tempat mengasuh dan mencari makan. Crustacea seperti remis, udang dan kepiting sangat melimpah di ekosistem mangrove. Salah satu yang ter kenal adalah kepiting lumpur (Thalassina anomala) yang dapat membentuk gundukan tanah besar di mulut liangnya, serta kepiting biola (Uca) yang salah satu capitnya sangat besar. Terdapat sekitar 60 spesies kepiting di ekosistem mangrove. Kebanyakan memakan dedaunan, lainnya memakan alga atau detritus di sedimen tanah dan membuang sisanya dalam gumpalan-gumpalan pelet (Musa, 2010 dalam Alfira, 2014). Kepiting biola (Uca sp.) merupakan salah satu jenis kepiting yang memiliki habitat di daerah interdial, terutama di hutan mangrove dan pantai berpasir. Beberapa jenis kepiting biola ditemukan dalam jumlah yang melimpah dalam habitat mangrove. Kepiting ini ditemukan dipantai 536

Kepiting biola ( Uca spp.) memiliki keanekaragaman yang tinggi dan penyebaran yang luas di pesisir pantai  terutama daerah tropis dan sub tropis. Eksistensinya dalam ekosistem mudah dikenali karena mempunyai morfologi  dimorfisme serta ukuran capitnya yang sangat mencolok. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kepadatan dua  populasi kepiting biola, Uca lactea dan Uca coarcata  pada karakteristik biotop berbeda di pesisir pantai Kota  Bengkulu. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Januari sampai dengan April 2016 di Muara Sungai Hitam Kota  Bengkulu pada lima titik penelitian yaitu pasir, lumpur, pasir bercampur lumpur, vegetasi bakau dan vegetasi  tumbuhan api-api. Sampel diambil dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling . Analisa kandungan bahan  organik dilakukan di BPTP Kota Bengkulu. Dari 5 titik penelitian secara keseluruhan diperoleh kepadatan 1,75  individu/m 2 . Populasi masing-masing Uca berdasarkan karakteristik biotop menunjukan bahwa Uca lactea dominan pada habita...

The Lower Gangetic Delta, encompassing the mangrove dominated Sundarban region, is one of the world's largest river deltas, formed by the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers. Spanning 9,630 km² across the Indian part, it houses the Indian Sundarban Biosphere Reserve. This reserve, divided into western, central, and eastern sectors, experiences varying salinity levels that significantly impact biodiversity. Salinity influences mangrove growth and fish populations, exemplified by the critically endangered mangrove species, Heritiera fomes. Mangroves in Sundarban delta play a crucial role in carbon dynamics due to their high carbon storage potential. The chapter emphasizes optimizing the ambient aquatic salinity to enhance carbon sequestration by mangroves. Porteresia coarctata, a saltmarsh grass, thrives in diverse salinity ranges, aiding ecological succession on new land masses. Mangrove associates like Suaeda and Salicornia are resilient to high salinity, suitable for halophyte farming, and can convert underutilized lands into productive carbon sinks, offering ecological and financial benefits, including carbon credits. However, the Sundarban mangroves face threats from deforestation, pollution, climate change, and overharvesting. Natural events and human activities, such as greenhouse gas emissions and overexploitation of natural resources, exacerbate these threats, endangering the ecosystem's stability, vital for coastal protection and carbon storage.

On May 14, 1987, newspapers all over the country carried a sensational story from Rome. The report said that chimpanzees had been crossed with humans — by artificial insem-ination of a female chimp with human sperm — and that embryos had resulted. It is not known if the report was true or a hoax. Nevertheless, the report raised both moral and scientific questions. The human genome was still being sequenced but would soon be completed. If the genomes of the other great apes could then be sequenced and compared with the human genome and armed with the same analytical techniques that allow biblical scholars to reconstruct ancestral texts by comparison of their differing descendent documents, evolutionary scientists should be able to reconstruct the genomes of the last common ancestor of chimps and humans; the common ancestor of chimps, humans, and gorillas; and so forth. The era of synthetic biology had not yet begun, but it was argued that it should eventually be possible to synthesize various ancestral genomes, implant them into primate surrogate mothers, and they in turn might give birth to their ancestors! Experimental evolution!

Mangroves have ecological and economic functions for coastal communities in Indonesia. However, with the location of growth were very carefully to the community settlement causing mangrove vulnerable to exploitation. This study describes the utilization of mangroves in North Maluku Province and various conservation efforts with local wisdom approach. The study was conducted through a phenomenological approach and qualitative research by observation, interviews. The analysis of data was qualitative descriptive. The result shows that people in the village of Tuada District of Jailolo used mangrove forest products like building materials, boat making materials and as firewood. Furthermore, mangrove conservation endangered by using the rules of logging on mangrove, allowance for utilizing the type of mangrove and the regulation for replanting. IndexTerms—Conservation, mangrove type, local wisdom. ___________________________________________________________________________________________...

Mangroves provide numerous ecological and biophysical services in the tropics and subtropics that support flood regulation, carbon sequestration, and reducing erosion from storm surges. Remote sensing satellite imagery provides valuable information for mangrove mapping and monitoring. The objective of this study is to detect the spatio-temporal changes in mangroves in Ampara District from 2004 to 2019 based on Landsat data. A semi-automated image classification technique was used to delineate and detect changes of mangrove vegetation in the Ampara District from 2004, 2009 and 2019 using Landsat 5 and 8 images. The multi-index approach was constructed using: (i) water masking using Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), (ii) mangrove detection using red and shortwave infrared (SWIR), SWIR and near-infrared (NIR) band ratios, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), (iii) mangrove classification using Principle Components Analysis (PCA) and an unsupervised classification. The...

This study presents a systematic thematic literature review focused on the diversity of insect pollinators and pollination mechanisms among mangrove species, with particular emphasis on tropical and subtropical regions, including Guyana. The review aimed to synthesize current knowledge, identify research gaps, and emphasize the ecological importance of plant-pollinator interactions in mangrove ecosystems. Journal articles published between 2020 and 2025 were prioritized using Google Scholar and supplementary databases, including ResearchGate, Semantic Scholar, ScienceDirect, and others. Using a systematic thematic approach, 136 peer-reviewed journal articles were selected from an initial pool of 257, sourced through these online platforms. Older studies dating back to 1967 were included where relevant, to establish foundational context and highlight gaps in historical research. The review revealed that mangrove species employ various pollination strategies, including insect-mediated, wind, and other animal vectors. Insects such as bees, beetles, flies, and butterflies have been identified as key pollinators, attracted to unique floral traits, including morphology, scent, and nectar production. Despite these insights, the review highlights several critical research gaps. There is a pronounced geographic bias in the existing literature, with limited research conducted in mangrove-rich regions, such as Guyana. Additionally, there is a lack of species-level studies, long-term monitoring, and data on pollination efficiency. The effects of habitat degradation on pollinator communities and the underutilization of modern tools such as DNA barcoding and remote sensing further constrain ecological understanding. Addressing these gaps is crucial not only for strengthening mangrove conservation in Guyana but also for contributing to global efforts to protect coastal biodiversity. Improved research on pollination systems will support ecosystem resilience, guide restoration practices, and safeguard the ecological services mangroves provide to vulnerable coastal populations.

We carried out a pilot scale study on the application of Salicornia-based feed on Macrobrachium rosenbergiiin 2021 for a period of 240 days in Bali Island of central Indian Sundarban. The formulated feed was provided to the cultured species in the experimental pond and compared with those in the control pond where the commercial variety of prawn feed was used. Our first order analysis reflects the positive role of Salicornia-based prawn feed on both abiotic and biotic parameters like soil quality, water quality, condition index, survival rate and FCR value. ANOVA carried out with the culture results exhibit significant variations between the pond types and days for all the selected parameters, thus confirming the efficacy of Salicornia-based feed for M. rosenbergiii culture.

Indian Sundarbans, at the apex of Bay of Bengal sustains a wide variety of mangrove associate species. Salicornia brachiata and Suaeda maritima are two such species found in the supra-littoral zone of Sundarban estuarine mudflats. These two species are used in the present research to prepare common Indian snacks namely samosa and kachuri. The proximate and elemental analyses were carried out with the final products and compared with the control. We observed significant variations in protein, carbohydrate, fat, total fibre, Ca, Na and K between the control samples (in which the mangrove associate species have not been mixed) and final products (in which the mangrove associate species are mixed separately in the ratio 1:1). The increase of Ca, Na and K in the final products clearly depicts the upgradation of samosa and kachuri in terms of essential elements needed for the benefit of human body.

The mangrove dominated Indian Sundarbans possesses several types of habitats like estuaries, mudflats, swamps, tidal creeks, inlets etc. [1]. The temperature is not extreme in summer and winter seasons due to its proximity to the Bay of Bengal in the southern part of the deltaic complex. Average annual maximum temperature is around 27 0 C. The premonsoon season extends from the mid of March to June, and the postmonsoon seasons lasts from November to February. The monsoon usually sets in July and lasts up to the end of October. Rough weather with frequent cyclonic depressions occurs during mid-March to mid-September. Average annual rainfall is 1700 mm. Average relative humidity is about 85% which indicates high moisture load in the air. This unique ecosystem is the resident place of Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris). The deltaic complex sustains more than 100 islands, out of which about 50% are inhabited. The major threats on the ecosystem are high tides and waves due to which erosion occurs. The average tidal amplitude is around 3.0 m. We conducted survey at 24 stations in the Indian Sundarban region in February, 2018. Station selection was primarily based considering the blocks in Indian Sundarban. The present study has great implication as the agricultural productivity, pisciculture and construction of ecotourism units in this deltaic complex stand on the foundation of soil texture.

The Indian Sundarbans are noted for luxuriant mangrove diversity that is known to scrub carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Precise estimation of the biomass of these species is necessary for evaluating the carbon storage pattern in the mangroves of the lower Gangetic belt. The plant biomass estimation was carried out for an average of 25 trees in 15 (10 m × 10 m) plots from the intertidal mudflats of Chemaguri (southeast portion of Sagar Island) in low tide conditions from 10 th to 15 th September 2022. The estimated biomass was of the order Sonneratia apetala > Avicennia alba > Avicennia marina > Excoecaria agallocha > Avicennia officinalis. The stem, branch, and leaf biomass of each species were converted into carbon by multiplying with a factor of 0.45 as per the standard procedure. The deviations observed in the results obtained from both studies call for the standardization of the process.

This paper discusses results of a pilot test applying PRISMA 2020 methodologies on research (inclusive years 1995-2023) carried out by the Science Department of the Mindanao State University-General Santos (MSU-GenSan) to identify information gaps and research needs of Sarangani Province in Southern Philippines. Included in this study were undergraduate theses, peer-reviewed publications, conference proceedings, and terminal reports, and retrieved 153 studies on various topics surrounding Sarangani Province. Among these, biodiversity assessment and natural and agroecosystem studies predominated in undergraduate theses and published articles, respectively. Study representation across municipalities in the province was fairly adequate, except for Malungon which had notably fewer studies. Unfortunately, a good number of undergraduate theses had been irretrievably lost (years

Los ecosistemas de manglar estan considerados entre uno de los mayores productores del mundo, estos ecosistemas cubren aproximadamente entre el 65 al 70 % de la linea costera mundial y su distribucion esta limitada a zonas tropicales y subtropicales. (Contreras, 1985

Increased land demand for human life tends to lead the most transitional allotment of land conservation in the coastal zone into settlements, ports, aquaculture, and other means of livelihood. Including mangrove ecosystem in the coastal region of Kepulauan Seribu (Thousand Islands). The purpose of study was to measure the success rates of mangrove trees planting and the growth rates of mangrove trees. The design of the study was exploratory research using a quantitative approach. The population were the mangrove trees planted under the Community Services Program of Universitas Terbuka held on October 28th 2013. The planted mangrove species was Rhizophora mucronata. The sample was selected from several land areas with 3 x 3 m survey plots available in 10 locations on the Untung Jawa Island. The study used both primary and secondary data. Data were collected using a survey method, and presented both in the form of frequencies and descriptions, and then analyzed descriptively. The prim...

Se reporta por primera vez la presencia de Sciades grandicassis en el Caribe colombiano, con ejemplares capturados en San Lorenzo de Camarones (La Guajira), ampliando su distribución conocida. Además, se incluye una clave para identificar las especies de la familia Ariidae en la región.

The Lower Gangetic Delta, encompassing the mangrove dominated Sundarban region, is one of the world's largest river deltas, formed by the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers. Spanning 9,630 km² across the Indian part, it houses the Indian Sundarban Biosphere Reserve. This reserve, divided into western, central, and eastern sectors, experiences varying salinity levels that significantly impact biodiversity. Salinity influences mangrove growth and fish populations, exemplified by the critically endangered mangrove species, Heritiera fomes. Mangroves in Sundarban delta play a crucial role in carbon dynamics due to their high carbon storage potential. The chapter emphasizes optimizing the ambient aquatic salinity to enhance carbon sequestration by mangroves. Porteresia coarctata, a saltmarsh grass, thrives in diverse salinity ranges, aiding ecological succession on new land masses. Mangrove associates like Suaeda and Salicornia are resilient to high salinity, suitable for halophyte farming, and can convert underutilized lands into productive carbon sinks, offering ecological and financial benefits, including carbon credits. However, the Sundarban mangroves face threats from deforestation, pollution, climate change, and overharvesting. Natural events and human activities, such as greenhouse gas emissions and overexploitation of natural resources, exacerbate these threats, endangering the ecosystem's stability, vital for coastal protection and carbon storage.

Dr. Abhijit Mitra is a leading marine ecologist with over three decades of research on mangrove ecosystems of the Indian Sundarbans. He has pioneered studies on carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and ecosystem services of mangroves, linking them to climate change mitigation and carbon credit frameworks. Author of more than 62 books and 742 scientific papers, Dr. Mitra has contributed significantly to blue carbon research and sustainable coastal management. His work emphasizes the role of mangrove afforestation in enhancing carbon sinks and building climate-resilient livelihoods. As Director of Research at Techno India University, West Bengal, he continues to mentor scholars and shape policy on mangrove conservation at national and global levels.

The Kathiawar Peninsula's coastal areas, crucial for Arabian Sea trade, face significant human impact from industries and fishing, potentially affecting intertidal life. The study explores the population dynamics of the mudskipper Scartelaos histophorus in the coastal area of Bhavnagar district, Gujarat, India, focusing on its ecological status along the muddy-rocky intertidal coastline. The research, using the quadrat method, categorized data into four seasons from 2022-23 to 2023-24. Hathab Coast showed the highest density and abundance of Scartelaos histophorus due to muddy habitats, while Ghogha had significant mangrove coverage. The mudskipper population characteristics were strongly correlated with the quantity and thickness of the mud layer, as it constructs burrows in the muddy substrate. Scartelaos histophorus was predominantly found in the upper intertidal zone during low tides.

A partir de la determinación de atributos estructurales y funcionales en tres parcelas de monitoreo (10 x 10 m) entre junio de 1995 y julio de 1996. Estructuralmente esta formación coincide con las características generales de bosques de borde de la región Caribe, es decir, árboles pequeños (en términos de DAP=11.3 cm y altura total=6.3 m) y en altas densidades (16.3 troncos/0.01 ha). Durante el periodo monitoreado se encontró una baja tasa de mortalidad por parcela (0.7 árboles/año) y se registró un aumento significativo entre los promedios de la medición inicial y final de la circunferencia a la altura del pecho (y las variables que se originan de esta medida). Las tasas promedio de crecimiento de altura total, DAPy área basal por árbol fueron de 26.7 cm/año, 0.17 cm/año y 2.9 cm 2 /año respectivamente. La hojarasca estuvo conformada principalmente por hojas (66.1%) y su tasa promedio de producción fue de 43.1 g/m 2 /mes (5.2 t/ha/año). Se detectó un patrón temporal de producción de hojarasca y sus componentes asociados a las épocas climáticas del área, según el cual durante la estación lluviosa son mayores las contribuciones de hojarasca total, hojas y propágulos, mientras que en la época seca disminuyen los aportes de todos éstos y se incrementa la producción de flores y ramas. De esta manera los periodos de fructificación y floración se ajustan a un ciclo anual reproductivo. En general la información obtenida es un nuevo aporte al conocimiento de los manglares de Chengue y permite concluir que los individuos monitoreados de A. germinans en Chengue contaron con las condiciones que les permitieron crecer y desarrollarse durante el periodo evaluado.

A study on assay of antimicrobial activity of some bacterial isolates of Sibolangit Natural Recreational Park of North Sumatra, Indonesia was conducted. Bacterial characterization was done by microscope observation and simple biochemical tests. To extract antimicrobial compounds from selected bacterial isolates, organic solvents such as methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane were used. To test antimicrobial activity of the extract, disc diffusion method was conducted using Gram-negative Escherichia coli, Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, and fungi Candida albicans, Fusarium oxysporum and Ganoderma boninense as test microorganisms. Twenty-nine isolates indicated to inhibit bacterial and fungal growth when isolated from soil samples. Bacterial ability to inhibit the growth of test microorganisms varied to some extent. These indicated that antimicrobial compounds of bacterial isolates differed. Three bacterial isolates S2T16-1, S3T32-3, and S3T33-3 were selected for further study. The study revealed that methanol extract of bacterial culture inhibited more test microorganisms compared to that of ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract. Among the three isolates, S3T32-3 was the most active one against the test microorganisms.

As aproximações conceituais entre o caranguejo e as populações que viviam nas margens do manguezal da cidade do Recife foram apontadas por Josué de Castro (1960), ganhando destaque em seu romance “Homens e Caranguejos”, onde o autor lança mão de uma escrita poética e autobiográfica sobre o menino João Paulo para evidenciar as questões sócio geográficas que ganhavam força com a modernização da capital pernambucana, destacando o modo como as populações ribeirinhas eram aterradas pela fome e miséria enquanto a cidade se expandia. Mais adiante, em meados da década de 1990, o movimento manguebit retorna a Josué de Castro e produz uma ruptura da noção do caranguejo destinado à morte. Este artigo busca discutir o deslocamento da denúncia necessária de Josué de Castro, com o homem-caranguejo fadado à miséria e à morte, para a posição do mangueboy de Chico Science cujo ímpeto insurgente produz uma outra experiência de cidade. Para analisar esse processo, partimos do conceito de devir em Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari para situar o caráter ético-estético-político do movimento mangue enquanto intensificador da potência das margens no litoral pernambucano.

This research aims to analyze the priority of tourism sustainability strategies for the Pamekasan Lembung Mangrove Ecotourism object using the Analytic Network Process approach. The quantitative research approach with the ANP Super Decisions method is used to analyze the complexity of the problems of economic aspects, social aspects, environmental aspects, infrastructure aspects, and institutional aspects by measuring the priority level based on the ratio value, primary data obtained directly from expert respondents, academic experts, regulatory experts and practitioners. The results show that to create tourism sustainability, the most appropriate development strategy is the strategy of increasing the value of capital, investment and promotion with the highest priority value of 35%, as a solution to the problem of capital and tourist visits and focusing on economic aspects with a priority level of 27.9%, with implications for policy recommendations for the government in preparing regional development planning, especially for sustainable tourism development.

We have studied the fossil fauna from the locality of Pourcy (Marne) in the northeast of the Paris Basin, France, housed in various collections, in order to assess the nature and diversity of the fauna and gain an insight into the nature of the conditions that could have produced this assemblage. The mollusc fauna is strongly indicative of varied tropical estuarine environments probably vegetated with mangroves, but may also contain material derived from underlying mangrove facies. Both coastal marine and terrestrial mollusc and vertebrate faunas are also represented. The terrestrial community contained indicators of subtropical rainforest lowland with broad river banks and lakes, but some reworking of materials seems likely. The early-middle Ypresian Falun de Pourcy probably reflected ongoing estuarine/mangrove conditions that characterised the late Sparnacian period. Preliminary species lists of mollusc and vertebrate fossils are given, together with a comparison of mollusc feeding guilds to those of a modern Indo-Pacific estuary system.

Resumen –- El efecto de la emisión de qì en corales del género Pseudodiploria afectados por el síndrome blanco en el Parque Nacional Arrecife de Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, México intentó ser estudiado. 18 colonias de coral formaron parte de los grupos control y experimental. Las 9 colonias del grupo experimental recibieron el tratamiento, no invasivo, de qì externo (con buceo libre y buceo con tanque) por 5 minutos, durante 3 semanas hasta completar 15 días de tratamiento. Desafortunadamente no fue posible medir la zona enferma de las colonias de coral ni hacer el análisis estadístico por lo que no se pudo concluir si en las colonias que recibieron qì externo, la enfermedad avanzó de manera diferente en relación con las colonias que no recibieron qì. Se presenta un análisis visual de las colonias esperando que la experiencia obtenida en el presente estudio quede como antecedente y sirva para futuros proyectos.

Sundarban is the largest productive contiguous mangrove forest in the world, located in the south-western part of Bangladesh. UNESCO declared three wildlife Sanctuaries of the Sundarban as 522 nd World Heritage Site in 1997. The unique and a house of diverse biodiversity of the Sundarban is not just a good to be conserved for its intrinsic value, but has a critical role in ecosystem processes that provide essential services to the country and the community living nearby. Species level traits were found to benefit a number of ecosystem services, with species abundance being particularly important for pest regulation, pollination and recreation, and species richness for timber production and freshwater fishing. It is also the hub of natural resources and beauties with several types of tourist destination which may be used as a potential tool for sustainable ecotourism promotion in future aiming one hand to protect the natural environment and cultural diversity, and on the other hand, generating a source of revenue for the local people without harming the nature. A new paradigm of management should look forward to considering climate change, ecological integrity, sustainable harvesting and ensuring continuity of the ecosystem services of the Sundarban. This paper, therefore, attempts to examine ecosystem services of the selected sites of the Sundarban in context of exploring their sustainable uses for both enhancing livelihood and promoting ecotourism.

The phytoremediation of heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, copper and lead) using Phaseolus vulgaris and Arachis hypogaea were investigated using standard techniques. Heavy metal polluted soil samples were collected from Crush Rock Industries Ishiagu, Ebonyi State and heavy metal free soil samples (used as control) were obtained from Ebonyi State Ministry of Agriculture, Ishiagu Station. The seeds of the two plants were collected from the Enugu State Ministry of Agriculture. The experimental setup consists of 4 contaminated potted soils each of P. vulgaris and A. hypogaea. Another 4 potted soils not contaminated with heavy metals served as control. Soil analysis was carried out prior to planting. The polluted soil sample had slightly acidic pH (pH was 6.34±0.29), higher Cation Exchange Capacity (21.80±0.33), higher Cd (25.18±0.34), Cr (10.20±0.21), Cu (28.54±0.49) and Pb (9.92±0.36) levels but lesser soil organic carbon (0.87±0.10). After the duration of 62 days the plants were harvested, their leaves and roots were digested and subjected to further experimental tests [determination of Metal concentration, transfer factor and bioaccumulation factor (BAF)]. A. hypogaea showed highest Cd translocation factor 1.63±0.08, TF<1 was observed in all the plants examined for Cr. A. hypogaea showed the highest BAF for Cd, (1.16±0.08). BAF<1 was observed for Cr and Cu in the two plants examined. The BAF Original Research Article

The sole home for the iconic Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris), the Sundarbans mangrove forest, is now confronting multi-layered threats. This paper aims to analyse the existing integration approaches to conserve the invaluable wild species of the Sundarbans mangrove forest and critically evaluate the pragmatism and challenges of the integration approaches, such as in-situ and ex-situ methods, and the role of development partners, which include non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and other actors. This study finds that tree cover substantially increased by only 4% in the Sundarbans mangrove forest, whereas various forms of mangrove forest degradation are prevalent. The vulnerability of the wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, captive breeding centres, Ecologically Critical Areas (ECAs), eco-parks, and wildlife and game reserves also raises questions regarding the preservation of wild species. Yet, many local and foreign-run NGOs are launching numerous projects to conserve the Sundarbans mangrove forest and improve the livelihood of coastal forest-reliant communities.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui informasi mengenai daya dukung habitat Monyet ekor panjang di waduk Jatibarang, Kota Semarang provinsi Jawa Tengah. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Mei sampai dengan Juni 2018. Pendugaan nilai daya dukung didasarkan atas perhitungan produktifitas daun dan buah pakan monyet ekor panjang. Hasil perhitungan biomassa daun pakan didapatkan nilai 30,8 kg/hari pada tingkat tiang dan 44,9 kg/hari pada tingkat pohon. Biomassa buah didapatkan 55,4 kg/ha/hari berat basah atau 27,54kg/ha/hari berat kering. Sementara itu dugaan nilai daya dukung waduk Jatibarang untuk Monyet ekor panjang sebesar 14,809-24,838 ekor.

Macroinvertebrates are a diverse and functionally heterogeneous group, essential for energy flow and ecological regulation in coastal aquatic environments. The spatiotemporal variation of macroinvertebrate assemblages has been scarcely studied in coastal environments of the southern Mexican Pacific. This study aimed to characterize the spatiotemporal composition, richness, density, diversity, and evenness of macroinvertebrate assemblages associated with three habitat types (mangrove, rocky, and sandy) in the Boca del Cielo estuarine system, Chiapas, during the 2018 annual cycle. A total of 10,186 organisms belonging to 37 taxonomic units were manually collected and counted, with the highest observed richness found in the rocky habitat and significant differences in estimated richness among the three habitats. Taxonomic richness was also higher during the dry months, with gastropods being the most abundant group. The relationship between the community and environmental parameters was significant (ρ= 0.21, p=0.002), with temperature, depth, and habitat complexity being the variables most strongly correlated with the community. This study suggests that the physical characteristics of each habitat influence the composition and distribution of macroinvertebrates by affecting protection and food availability.

This study investigates the impact of super typhoon Pablo on mangrove forests in Barangay Lucod, Baganga, Davao Oriental. The mangroves in this area were severely affected by the typhoon, causing damage to individual trees and altering the overall ecosystem structure. The study aimed to assess the damaged and recovered mangroves in the affected area by measuring various parameters such as tree height, canopy branch length, and density. The study also assessed the density, relative density, frequency, and relative frequency of mangrove species, providing insights into their distribution patterns and abundance within the study area. Mangrove measurements were conducted using standard quadrat sampling methods, with four quadrats established within the study area. The results showed that the mangrove of quadrat 2 had the tallest tree which reached 8.5 m. among all quadrats. In canopy branch length, quadrats 3 and 4 have plants with longer branches (5.26 m and 3.6 m). In terms of density, Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora stylosa have (0.4 Ind/m 2 ) including Xylocarpus granatum (0.4 Ind/m 2 ). Additionally, the percentage of recovered (55%) and damaged mangroves (45%) in the different quadrats highlighted the ongoing recovery process following the super typhoon. The study contributes valuable information for understanding the impact of natural disasters on mangrove ecosystems and assessing their resilience and recovery mechanisms. The findings can aid in the development of effective conservation and rehabilitation strategies for mangrove forests in typhoon-prone regions in the Philippines.

Abstract:
This study conducts a GIS-based evaluation of community adaptation initiatives in Kuakata Upazila, Southern Bangladesh, focusing on enhancing nature-led coastal resilience and mitigating climate-induced migration. Utilizing multi-temporal Landsat 5 (2004) and Landsat 8 (2024) Surface Reflectance imagery processed through Google Earth Engine (GEE), the research quantifies changes in mangrove cover using NDVI thresholding. Results indicate a net mangrove gain of approximately huge hectares alongside localized losses, reflecting the effectiveness of restoration efforts amidst ongoing environmental challenges. Socio-economic surveys combined with spatial analysis reveal that local communities have adopted adaptive livelihood strategies such as sustainable aquaculture and agroforestry that contribute to reducing vulnerability and migration pressure. Vulnerability mapping further identifies high-risk populations disproportionately affected by coastal hazards and salinity intrusion. The integration of remote sensing data and community-based insights underscores the importance of holistic approaches in fostering resilient coastal ecosystems. Findings provide actionable recommendations for policymakers to support scalable mangrove restoration and inclusive adaptation frameworks aimed at sustaining livelihoods and mitigating climate impacts in vulnerable coastal zones.
Keywords: Mangrove Restoration, GIS, Google Earth Engine, Coastal Resilience, NDVI.

Although trophic position or level is one of the most basic aspects of a benthic marine species&#39; ecology, its evolutionary significance remains obscure. Gastropods offer a suitable model for examining the relationship between trophic level and evolution since they exhibit a wide variety of trophic strategies and their mode of life is often reflected in their shell form. We examined 196 genera of Paleozoic gastropods (≈ 1/3 of known genera) for which first appearance and last appearance could be specified to stage level and for which trophic strategy could be inferred with a reasonable degree of confidence. We classified these genera into four trophic categories on the basis of shell characters relating to locomotion and clamping. These trophic categories are: Suspension feeders, Grazers on firm substrata, Soft substrate Grazers/Detritivores, and Carnivores. Suspension feeders are the most unambiguously recognizable category, marked by clear indicators of a sessile mode of life s...

The Lower Gangetic Delta, encompassing the mangrove dominated Sundarban region, is one of the world's largest river deltas, formed by the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers. Spanning 9,630 km² across the Indian part, it houses the Indian Sundarban Biosphere Reserve. This reserve, divided into western, central, and eastern sectors, experiences varying salinity levels that significantly impact biodiversity. Salinity influences mangrove growth and fish populations, exemplified by the critically endangered mangrove species, Heritiera fomes. Mangroves in Sundarban delta play a crucial role in carbon dynamics due to their high carbon storage potential. The chapter emphasizes optimizing the ambient aquatic salinity to enhance carbon sequestration by mangroves. Porteresia coarctata, a saltmarsh grass, thrives in diverse salinity ranges, aiding ecological succession on new land masses. Mangrove associates like Suaeda and Salicornia are resilient to high salinity, suitable for halophyte farming, and can convert underutilized lands into productive carbon sinks, offering ecological and financial benefits, including carbon credits. However, the Sundarban mangroves face threats from deforestation, pollution, climate change, and overharvesting. Natural events and human activities, such as greenhouse gas emissions and overexploitation of natural resources, exacerbate these threats, endangering the ecosystem's stability, vital for coastal protection and carbon storage.

Natural regeneration can potentially play a major role in large-scale landscape restoration in mangrove areas of Bangladesh Sundarban. Both, biological and physical factors can affect the establishment and early stages along the development of trees. This study examined the response of natural regeneration of major mangroves species in the Sundarban. We recorded appearing of seedlings of different mangrove species in 30 permanent sample plots (PSP) and area of each PSP is 400 m 2. The average number of seedlings appearing from 2000 to 2009 were recorded 36,363/year/ha although recruitment densities varied considerably among different parts of the forests. Heritiera fomes, Excoecaria agallocha, Ceriops decandra and other species together constituted 38.45%, 27.81%, 16.98% and 16.78% of the recruits (three months old seedlings) respectively. As well as the average number of seedlings appearing from 2010 to 2016 was found 31,752/year/ha. Heritiera fomes, Excoecaria agallocha, Ceriops d...

This document, "Keystone Species of Sundarbans," by Samanjit Sen Gupta, provides an insightful overview of the critical role played by various species in maintaining the delicate ecological balance of the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem. It begins by defining a keystone species as one with a disproportionately large impact on its environment relative to its abundance, likening it to the central stone in an arch, without which the entire structure collapses. The paper elaborates on different types of keystone species, including predators (e.g., tigers controlling food chains), prey (essential components of food webs like Antarctic krill), ecosystem engineers (e.g., beavers altering environments), mutualists (e.g., bees aiding plant reproduction), and producers (e.g., banyan trees providing food and shelter). It also introduces species with mixed roles, such as crabs, which act as both engineers and predators.
The document then focuses on specific keystone species within the Sundarbans. Crabs are highlighted for their crucial role in nutrient redistribution by consuming decaying organic matter, enhancing soil aeration through burrowing, providing a vital food source for other animals, and contributing to mangrove conservation by reducing waste and protecting the coastline. Specific crab species like Fiddler Crabs, Mangrove Horseshoe Crabs, and Scorpion Mud Lobsters are detailed for their unique contributions to soil health, ecosystem stability, and habitat creation.
The Sundari tree (Heritiera fomes) is identified as a botanical keystone species, forming 70% of the mangrove forest. Its roots prevent soil erosion and stabilize waterways, providing essential shelter and food for countless organisms. Among animal keystone species, the Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is presented as a top predator regulating fish, bird, and small mammal populations, crucial for aquatic food chain stability. The Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is noted as a piscivorous predator whose presence signifies river health and aids conservation efforts. Finally, the Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is emphasized as both a keystone and flagship species, controlling herbivore populations (deer and wild boar) to prevent overgrazing and symbolizing forest and biodiversity conservation. This comprehensive analysis underscores the interconnectedness of the Sundarbans ecosystem and the vital importance of these keystone species for its long-term health.

Mangroves are known as highly functional and productive ecosystems despite the numerous human and environmental disturbances they face continuously. These disturbances are known to affect their ecosystem states as well as their biomass allocation in their roots, trunks, stems, and leaves. We utilized a combination of plotless sampling methods and established common allometric equations to examine and compare the aboveground, trunk, and root weights of over 600 Avicennia germinans trees found along the Guyana coastline in natural, degraded, and restored ecosystems. Our results highlighted that while the restored ecosystems possessed taller trees with greater densities, the natural ecosystems possessed trees with greater aboveground (54396.24 kg/ha), trunk (19127.08 kg/ha), and root weights (20984.44 kg/ha) due to greater diameter at breast height values (> 30-40 cm). Furthermore, positive correlation coefficients (0.97 < r s < 1.00) and regression values (p < 0.05) yielded compelling evidence in favor of the relationship between biomass allocation through tree organ weights and ecosystem types. Our findings support the notion that the composition and magnitude of disturbances within an ecosystem may affect mangrove tree biomass, hence influencing the net primary productivity of mangrove forests over time. This may have implications for their ability to accumulate and allocate biomass, as well as store carbon in the future. As such, the proactive conservation of existing mangrove forests is crucial for sustaining their productivity and viability, as well as augmenting their significance in biogeochemical cycles and their role in mitigating climate change.

This study records the first occurrence of Kryptolebias hermaphroditus Costa, 2011 in canals or perennial salty water pools in two mangroves of the Rio Grande do Norte state, in the estuaries of Ceará-Mirim River and Curimataú River. Due to its hermaphroditism and self-fertilization, a unique feature among vertebrates, this species is very important for many biological areas. Kryptolebias hermaphroditus depends on favorable conditions for their development, therefore, human impacts such as shrimp farming and removal of native vegetation from mangroves may affect populations of this species in northeastern Brazil.

Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat merupakan salah satu unsur yang harus dipenuhi oleh tenaga pengajar yang berprofesi sebagai dosen. Pengetahuan dan teknologi yang dihantarkan kepada publik atau sekelompok masyarakat binaan adalah wujud pengabdian bidang tridarma pendidikan, disamping sebagai penguatan kelompok masyarakat kegiatan ini juga menunjang peran institusi pendidikan dalam akses informasi dan teknologi yang dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat dalam mengatasi masalah sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan yang ada dimasyarakat. Tim kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat Universitas Terbuka yang terdiri dari sekelompok keahlian bidang lingkungan dan intervensi sosial pada penanganan pencegahan intursi air laut yang masuk pada lingkungan masyarakat di Rumah Susun Marunda Jakarta Utara. Pada kegiatan abdimas ini, pelaksanaan kegiatan dibagi menjadi tiga tahap yakni, observasi dan ceramah umum, pelaksanaan dan penanaman dengan teknik guludan pada rhizopra yang ditanam untuk lahan mangrove di Marunda dan ta...

Climate change is predicted to have an extremely destructive effect on Bangladesh. Natural disasters may take place even more frequently and be greater in magnitude. A rise in sea levels could submerge a considerable proportion of the country. The legal regulations per specific aspects of maritime law are the priority of lawyers as natural risks like rising sea levels, storm surges, or tsunami waves, the pollution of the marine environment all represent a severe threat to coastal inhabitants. Global climate change will thus not only cause environmental degradation but will drive massive social changes as innumerable people migrate from devastated areas. This might further overstretch inadequate infrastructure and governance mechanisms and will lead both to a collapse in living standards and a rise in social disorder. Thus, the article contributes to the expansion of the current regime whereby using the bay water cooling atomic energy plants prevents its use for fish farming purposes, or an oil spill on the high seas pollutes beaches that are essential for tourism within the coastal zone. Such activities destroy our natural climate and change the water level, and promote ocean acidification, ocean stratification, coral bleaching, change species; distributions and make other biological changes to the sea and littoral including the discharge of ballast wastewater which may carry alien invasive species.

The decline in global mangrove cover is major concern requiring immediate conservation. This article describes the status of mangrove loss, the conservation measures implemented and mangroves recovered. Further need for mangrove restoration and steps towards their protection are emphasized.

The Niger Delta region of Nigeria is a biodiversity hotspot, rich in fauna and flora, with robust ecological processes that drive the economy of the local communities. However, the area has not been formally recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot by international agencies such as the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The Niger Delta abounds in several species of mangroves, but the most dominant ones are the red (Rhizophora racemosa), black (Laguncularia racemosa), and white (Avicennia germinans) mangroves. The mangrove ecosystem in the Niger Delta is fast being replaced by Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans), yet no resultoriented action plan has been put in place to conserve the mangrove. The serious menace of oil pollution and overexploitation of fisheries and mangrove resources, in addition to environmental pressures, as well as poor recognition of brackish water bodies and aquaculture, causes serious danger to the sustainability of Nigeria's brackish water and the various fish resources, wildlife, and, inevitably, the coastal communities of the nation. This chapter provides essential information on the rich Niger Delta mangrove ecosystem and current conservation challenges and recommends strategies for sustainable management.