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Long Bone Biomechanics

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lightbulbAbout this topic
Long bone biomechanics is the study of the mechanical properties and behavior of long bones under various forces and loads. It encompasses the analysis of stress, strain, and deformation in relation to bone structure, function, and adaptation, contributing to understanding bone health, injury mechanisms, and the design of orthopedic implants.
lightbulbAbout this topic
Long bone biomechanics is the study of the mechanical properties and behavior of long bones under various forces and loads. It encompasses the analysis of stress, strain, and deformation in relation to bone structure, function, and adaptation, contributing to understanding bone health, injury mechanisms, and the design of orthopedic implants.

Key research themes

1. How do mechanical loading parameters regulate bone mechanobiology and adaptation at cellular and tissue scales?

This theme focuses on understanding how bones sense and respond to mechanical stimuli at multiple biological scales. It emphasizes the cellular mechanotransduction processes, especially the role of osteocytes, and how dynamic mechanical loading regimes (strain magnitude, frequency, rate, and rest periods) influence bone formation, resorption, and overall remodeling. Such knowledge is critical for developing clinical interventions targeting bone strengthening and preventing fragility.

Key finding: Demonstrated that osteocytes act as primary mechanosensors embedded within bone matrix, translating dynamic mechanical loads (strain frequency >0.5 Hz) into biochemical signals by modulating sclerostin expression, which... Read more
Key finding: Provided an integrative overview of adaptive bone mechanobiology, emphasizing that habitual mechanical loading regulates bone structure at multiple hierarchical levels. Detailed how strain magnitude, rate, frequency, and... Read more
Key finding: Reviewed historical and modern mechanobiology concepts showing that bone remodeling follows a quantifiable mechanostat principle where strain magnitude dictates bone formation or resorption. Emphasized that mechanical loading... Read more
Key finding: Proposed that bone mechanoadaptation is site-specific and not governed by a single mechanostat threshold. Showed that bones throughout the skeleton may have different strain thresholds for remodeling influenced by genetics,... Read more

2. How do hierarchical bone structure and material properties determine whole bone mechanical behavior and influence site-specific adaptation?

This theme investigates the mechanical behavior of bone as a hierarchical composite organ, linking microstructural features such as mineralized collagen fibril orientation and porosity to macroscopic mechanical properties and deformation patterns under load. It highlights the complexity in predicting whole bone mechanical responses based on tissue-level material properties and geometry, underpinning adaptive remodeling and failure risks.

Key finding: Described the hierarchical and graded nature of bone from nanoscale collagen-mineral composites to organ-level architecture and how these multiscale features govern mechanical properties of whole bones. Highlighted... Read more
Key finding: Using theoretical modeling of dehydration-induced contraction vectors in mineralized collagen fibrils within sublamellae, quantified how fibril orientation anisotropically affects bone's mechanical properties. Demonstrated... Read more
by Sean Haddock and 
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Key finding: Showed that fatigue behavior of trabecular bone under cyclic compressive loading can be unified across human vertebral and bovine tibial trabecular bone when accounting for monotonic strength differences via a normalized... Read more
Key finding: Experimental analysis established non-linear, load-level-dependent viscoelastic behavior of bovine trabecular bone, including both recoverable and irrecoverable strains during creep cycles. Reported steady-state creep rate... Read more

3. How can multiscale computational models integrating cell biology, biomechanics, and mechanoregulation predict bone remodeling and pathological alterations?

This theme addresses the development and application of mathematical and computational models that couple biochemical signaling in bone cells with mechanical stimuli and tissue-scale properties to simulate site-specific remodeling. Such models aid in predicting normal and pathological bone adaptation (e.g., osteoporosis, disuse), enabling better understanding of disease progression and therapeutic outcomes.

Key finding: Developed a fully coupled mechanobiological bone remodeling model linking bone cell population dynamics with micromechanical homogenization of bone stiffness. Introduced mechanoregulation based on microscopic strain energy... Read more
Key finding: Presented a comprehensive model integrating biomechanical loading, bone cell biochemical regulation, and microstructure-based material adaptation using beam theory and micromechanical homogenisation. Successfully simulated... Read more
Key finding: Reviewed existing mathematical frameworks modeling bone remodeling pathophysiology and pharmacological interventions. Emphasized models incorporating complex biochemical signaling (e.g., RANK-RANKL-OPG pathway),... Read more
Key finding: Combined in vivo monitoring, mechanical testing, and imaging to compare bone regeneration biomechanics in bone lengthening versus bone transport via distraction osteogenesis in sheep. Found distinct patterns in callus... Read more

All papers in Long Bone Biomechanics

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of muscle fatigue on the soccer instep kicking motion. The muscle fatigue was induced by repeated knee extension and flexion until exhaustion. The kicking motions of seven players were... more
Un ni iv ve er rs si it ty y o of f P Pr re et to or ri ia a ii Declaration of Original Work I, Kyra Elizabeth Stull, hereby declare that this thesis entitled, "An Osteometric Evaluation of Age and Sex Differences in the Long Bones of... more
The expansion of llama caravans and the dispersal of domesticated camelids to extra-Andean regions is one of the key topics in South American archaeology. One of the main indicators of both processes is the presence of domesticated... more
Bi-dimensional geometrical parameters of the proximal femur (femoral neck axis length, femoral neck width and neck-shaft angle) were evaluated in three identified Portuguese skeletal samples (Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection; Luis... more
Parole chiave: perdita di tessuto osseo, paleopatologia, radiogrammetria, Coimbra, Portogallo. riassunto -Il presente studio riguarda la perdita di tessuto osseo e la prevalenza di fratture patologiche in un campione di identità nota... more
As the humankind progresses to reach the outer planets, the quest to understand our roots, where we came from, is also getting widely addressed. The course of events from migration of our earliest common ancestor out of Africa to the... more
The tooth enamel from the human remains of ten archaeological individuals belonging to a chalcolithic site at Inamgaon, District Pune, Maharashtra, were analysed for stable carbon and oxygen isotope compositions. The human remains of the... more
Recognized as the most common type of bone disease in humans, osteoporosis poses a major health threat to roughly 28 million Americans . In women, the leading cause of osteoporosis is known to be a drop in estrogen during the time of... more
At the Treblinka extermination and forced labor camp only a few SS soldiers and around a hundred watchmen kept guard over thousands of prisoners. Despite their lower rank in the Nazi hierarchy than SS soldiers, watchmen were vital to... more
In a longitudinally designed study, we tested whether an isoflavone enriched soy extract (SE) stimulated peak bone gain in rats during growth and maturity so as to confer better bone conserving effect after ovariectomy with concurrent... more
Background: Kicking performance is the most studied technical action in soccer and lower limbs kinematics is closely related to success in kicking, mainly because they are essential in imparting high velocity to the ball. Previous studies... more
Bone problems are highly prevalent in laying hens. These problems affect the welfare, production and economic losses. Bone development begins in the embryonic period, and if the skeletal system develops well at that time, the subsequent... more
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are chronic skin ulcers associated with deep tissue destruction around the foot and ankle region with varying degrees of lower extremity vasculopathy and neuropathy. Diabetic foot ulcer is associated with a high... more
As a result, biomaterials have experienced great advances in the burgeoning need for suitable bone repair solutions, and ceramicbased biomaterials, in particular, have been suggested as a solution due to their biocompatibility,... more
This study aimed to assess whether a daily supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) can alter the body composition as well as bone turnover and the mechanical properties of the bones in systemic immunodeficiency. For this, we... more
Introduction: To specify which international criteria (ATP III, IDF or E uropean-Asian or LASO) according to th e circumference of the waist (WC) is most valid, safe and useful to diagnose obesity in the adult population of Chiclayo... more
Bone problems are highly prevalent in laying hens. These problems affect the welfare, production and economic losses. Bone development begins in the embryonic period, and if the skeletal system develops well at that time, the subsequent... more
Las relaciones que las comunidades de Mesoamérica mantenían con sus difuntos se han analizado a través de los comportamientos que abordan el cuerpo humano desde su fallecimiento hasta su destino final. La presencia de restos óseos humanos... more
Stature estimation is an important step to create a biological profile for human identification of unknown individuals in forensic anthropological practice, and it is well known that the long bone length is highly correlated with this... more
Fractures are ubiquitous in the archaeological record but the majority of these are the consequence of a traumatic incident and do not reflect any loss of strength inherent to the bone. So-called fragility fractures, particularly hip... more
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are chronic skin ulcers associated with deep tissue destruction around the foot and ankle region with varying degrees of lower extremity vasculopathy and neuropathy. Diabetic foot ulcer is associated with a high... more
The infamous Treblinka camp was one of numerous extermination camps throughout Poland, where Germans carried out mass killings of Jews. There were two camps in Treblinka, AL Treblinka I, a forced labor camp, and KL Treblinka II, the site... more
At the Treblinka extermination and forced labor camp only a few SS soldiers and around a hundred watchmen kept guard over thousands of prisoners. Despite their lower rank in the Nazi hierarchy than SS soldiers, watchmen were vital to... more
Bone problems are highly prevalent in laying hens. These problems affect the welfare, production and economic losses. Bone development begins in the embryonic period, and if the skeletal system develops well at that time, the subsequent... more
Predmetom záujmu projektu boli vybrané kostrové ostatky, na ktorých bolo možné pozorovať degeneratívne zmeny kĺbov palcov na nohách a prítomnosť osteofytov v okolí kĺbov. Išlo o ostatky, ktoré boli objavené a následne exhumované v areáli... more
The practice of Vajrayāna is predicated on a worldview different from that which frames classical Buddhist teachings, such as the Four Noble Truths. While classical theory and praxis are structured by the inexorability of dissatisfaction,... more
The aim of the present study was to investigate the histological structure of the fleshy muscle-bone interface in selected limb muscles in man, as compared to that of the enthesis, in an attempt to clarify the way muscle fibers transmit... more
While recent genomic and isotopic information show that migration has been pervasive along human history, southern Andean archaeology has largely overlooked its importance in shaping human trajectories of sociocultural change. Building on... more
Objectives: To explore throwing athletes as a prospective, within-subject controlled model for studying the response of the skeleton to exercise. Methods: Male pre-pubertal throwing athletes (n=12; age=10.3±0.6 yrs) had distal humerus... more
The infamous Treblinka camp was one of numerous extermination camps throughout Poland, where Germans carried out mass killings of Jews. There were two camps in Treblinka, AL Treblinka I, a forced labor camp, and KL Treblinka II, the site... more
In this study, we evaluate the performance of three algorithms as computational models of trabecular bone architecture, through systematic evaluation of morphometric, topological, and mechanical properties. Here, we consider the... more
INTRODUCTION: External auditory exostosis (EAE) is a benign, irreversible bony outgrowth that arises from the temporal bone. EAE projects into the external ear canal, potentially causing recurrent otitis externa and conductive hearing... more
Aims and objectives-Though, there is clear-cut right dominance in upper extremity; reports on lower extremity are ambiguous. Some authors observed preponderance of stronger thigh bones on right side others reported longer and heavier... more
ObjetivoLa obesidad y la osteoporosis son dos de las enfermedades cronicas mas relevantes en la mujer, y la relacion entre ambas ha sido controversial. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido estudiar la influencia de la obesidad sobre el... more
Shape is a key factor in influencing mechanical responses of bones. Considered to be smart viscoelastic and inhomogeneous materials, bones are stimulated to change shape (model and remodel) when they experience changes in the compressive... more
This paper aims to address the components, role and importance of cultural heritage in the cultural tourism development, analyzing Kosovo and its cultural heritage as a specific case. The favorable geostrategic position and natural... more
Sex estimation of the individuals in a sample is fundamental for any bioarchaeological study to define a particular demographic assemblage or to classify isolated remains. Long bones are an excellent alternative for sex estimation when... more
This thesis examines degenerative joint disease (DJD) in non-human primates with the aim to detect potentially contributing factors to its presence. Locomotor behaviour has received little attention in studies on DJD in non-human primates... more
Parole chiave: perdita di tessuto osseo, paleopatologia, radiogrammetria, Coimbra, Portogallo. riassunto-Il presente studio riguarda la perdita di tessuto osseo e la prevalenza di fratture patologiche in un campione di identità nota... more
Histology is used to describe post-mortem bone alterations, trauma, pathology, age estimation and to separate human and nonhuman bones. Many scholars are however not familiar with the intricate and variable microstructure of bone and due... more
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